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Toggle Quran subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ma_malakat_aymanuhum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ma_malakat_aymanuhum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ma malakat aymanuhum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ma_malakat_aymanuhum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophet's_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophet's_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prophet's traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophet's_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Islamic_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Islamic_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditional Islamic jurisprudence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditional Islamic jurisprudence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Islamic_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_of_slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Source of slaves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_intercourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_intercourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sexual intercourse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_intercourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rights_and_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Rights and restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manumission_and_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manumission_and_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Manumission and abolition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manumission_and_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abolitionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolitionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Abolitionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolitionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_enslaved_people_and_freedmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_enslaved_people_and_freedmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable enslaved people and freedmen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_enslaved_people_and_freedmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الرق في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرق في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ইসলাম ধর্মে দাসত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলাম ধর্মে দাসত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caethwasiaeth_ac_Islam" title="Caethwasiaeth ac Islam – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caethwasiaeth ac Islam" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei_im_Islam" title="Sklaverei im Islam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei im Islam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="برده‌داری در اسلام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری در اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traite_arabo-musulmane" title="Traite arabo-musulmane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traite arabo-musulmane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%AC%ED%95%B4" title="노예제에 대한 이슬람교의 견해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제에 대한 이슬람교의 견해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8_%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ստրկությունը իսլամում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրկությունը իսլամում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="गुलामी पर इस्लाम के विचार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुलामी पर इस्लाम के विचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="עבדות באסלאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות באסלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhambaan_dalam_Islam" title="Perhambaan dalam Islam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhambaan dalam Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%81%A8%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="イスラームと奴隷制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラームと奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Рабство в исламе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство в исламе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_islame_dhe_skllav%C3%ABria" title="Feja islame dhe skllavëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja islame dhe skllavëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic views on slavery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjuus_islamilaisessa_maailmassa" title="Orjuus islamilaisessa maailmassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjuus islamilaisessa maailmassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri_inom_islam" title="Slaveri inom islam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaveri inom islam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இஸ்லாமில் அடிமைத்தனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இஸ்லாமில் அடிமைத்தனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam%27da_k%C3%B6lelik" title="İslam'da kölelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam'da kölelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Рабство в ісламі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство в ісламі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="غلامی اور اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلامی اور اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a 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title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act" title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Islamic views on slavery represent a complex and multifaceted body of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> thought,<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> with various Islamic groups or thinkers espousing views on the matter which have been radically different throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> Slavery was a mainstay of life in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and surrounding lands.<a href="#cite_note-auto-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> (sayings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>) address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.<a href="#cite_note-OEIW-4">[4]</a> Early Islam forbade enslavement of <a href="/wiki/Dhimmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmis">dhimmis</a>, the free members of Islamic society, including <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">non-Muslims</a> and set out to regulate and improve the conditions of human bondage. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> regarded as legal slaves only those non-Muslims who were imprisoned or bought beyond the borders of Islamic rule, or the sons and daughters of slaves already in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-OEIW-4">[4]</a> In later <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">classical Islamic law</a>, the topic of slavery is covered at great length.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> Slavery in Islamic law is not based on race or ethnicity. However, while there was no legal distinction between white European and black African slaves, in some Muslim societies they were employed in different roles.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Slaves in Islam were mostly assigned to the service sector, including as concubines, cooks, and porters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal20024-6">[6]</a> There were also those who were trained militarily, converted to Islam, and manumitted to serve as soldiers; this was the case with the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>, who later managed to seize power by overthrowing their Muslim masters, the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChase200398-99-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidus2014195-8">[8]</a> In some cases, the harsh treatment of slaves also led to notable uprisings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith20062–5-9">[9]</a> "The Caliphate in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th Century had 7,000 black eunuchs and 4,000 white eunuchs in his palace."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegal2002-10">[10]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Arab slave trade typically dealt in the sale of castrated male slaves. Black boys at the age of eight to twelve had their penises and scrota completely amputated. Reportedly, about two out of three boys died, but those who survived drew high prices.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a> and Muslim jurists castration of slaves was deemed unlawful this view is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> opines that in later times, the domestic slaves, although subjected to appalling privations from the time of their capture until their final destination, seemed to be treated reasonably well once they were placed in a family and to some extent accepted as members of the household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199013–14-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>, which differ between <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> address slavery extensively, assuming its existence as part of society but viewing it as an exceptional condition and restricting its scope.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> The hadiths forbade enslavement of <a href="/wiki/Dhimmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmis">dhimmis</a>, the non-Muslims of Islamic society, and Muslims. They also regarded slaves as legal only when they were non-Muslims who were imprisoned, bought beyond the borders of Islamic rule, or the sons and daughters of slaves already in captivity.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/220px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/330px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg/440px-Slaves_Zadib_Yemen_13th_century_BNF_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>13th century slave market, Yemen. <a href="/wiki/Slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Slaves">Slaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concubines" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubines">concubines</a> are considered as possessions in Sharia;<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a> Masters may sell, bequeath, give away, pledge, share, hire out or compel them to earn Money.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim slave trade">Muslim slave trade</a> was most active in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaRue_2023-20">[20]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic slave trade</a> had been suppressed, the ancient <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a> continued to traffic slaves from the African continent to the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-LaRue_2023-20">[20]</a> Estimates vary widely, with some suggesting up to 17 million slaves to the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Abolitionist movements began to grow during the 19th century, prompted by both Muslim reformers and diplomatic pressure from Britain. The first Muslim country to prohibit slavery was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-Montana_2013-22">[22]</a> During the 19th and early 20th centuries all large Muslim countries, whether independent or under colonial rule, banned the slave trade and/or slavery. The <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Dutch East Indies abolished slavery</a> in 1860 but effectively ended in 1910, while British India abolished slavery in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006120–122-23">[23]</a> The Ottoman Empire banned the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">African slave trade</a> in 1857 and the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a> in 1908,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt abolished slavery</a> in 1895, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan in 1921</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Persia in 1929</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006110–116-25">[25]</a> In some Muslim countries in the Arabian peninsula and Africa, slavery was abolished in the second half of the 20th century: 1962 <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">in Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a> in 1970, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a> in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> However, slavery has been documented in recent years, despite its illegality, in Muslim-majority countries in Africa including <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> One notable example is <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah_al-Habashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi">Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi</a>, who is noted for being the first <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">Muezzin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In modern times, various Muslim organizations reject the permissibility of slavery and it has since been abolished by <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">all Muslim majority countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> With abolition of <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">slavery in the Muslim world</a>, the practice of slavery came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-31">[31]</a> Many modern Muslims see slavery as contrary to Islamic principles of justice and equality, however, Islam had a different system of slavery, that involved many intricate rules on how to handle slaves.<a href="#cite_note-eoq-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-ali53-54-33">[33]</a> However, there are <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorist organizations</a> who have revived the practice of slavery while they were active.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia">Slavery in pre-Islamic Arabia</h2></div> Slavery was widely practiced in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, as well as in the rest of the ancient and <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval world</a>. The minority were white slaves of foreign extraction, likely brought in by Arab caravaners (or the product of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> captures) stretching back to biblical times. Native <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> slaves had also existed, a prime example being <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd ibn Harithah</a>, later to become Muhammad's adopted son. Arab slaves, however, usually obtained as captives, were generally ransomed off amongst nomad tribes.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> The slave population increased by the custom of <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">child abandonment</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a>), and by the kidnapping, or, occasionally, the sale of small children.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-36">[36]</a> There is no conclusive evidence of the existence of enslavement for debt or the sale of children by their families; the late and rare accounts of such occurrences show them to be abnormal, Brunschvig states<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> (According to Brockopp, debt slavery was persistent.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a>) Free persons could sell their offspring, or even themselves, into slavery. Enslavement was also possible as a consequence of committing certain offenses against the law, as in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-36">[36]</a> Two classes of slave existed: a purchased slave, and a slave born in the master's home. Over the latter the master had complete rights of ownership, though these slaves were unlikely to be sold or disposed of by the master. Female slaves were at times forced into <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> for the benefit of their masters, in accordance with Near Eastern customs.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-39">[39]</a> The historical accounts of the early years of Islam report that "slaves of non-Muslim masters ... suffered brutal punishments. <a href="/wiki/Sumayyah_bint_Khayyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumayyah bint Khayyat">Sumayyah bint Khayyat</a> is famous as the first martyr of Islam, having been killed with a spear by Abū Jahl when she refused to give up her faith. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> freed <a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Ribah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal ibn Ribah">Bilal</a> when his master, Umayya ibn Khalaf, placed a heavy rock on his chest in an attempt to force his conversion."<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> There were many common features between the institution of slavery in the Quran and that of pre-Islamic culture. However, the Quranic institution had some unique new features.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> According to Brockopp, the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves who had converted to Islam appears to be unique to the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-40">[40]</a> Islam also prohibits the use of female slaves for prostitution which was common in pre-Islamic history.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Brockopp states that the Qur'an was a progressive legislation on slavery in its time because it encouraged proper treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> Others state that Islam's record with slavery has been mixed, progressive in Arabian lands, but it increased slavery and worsened abuse as Muslim armies attacked people in Africa, Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-mg1-43">[43]</a> Murray notes that Quran sanctified the institution of slavery and abuses therein, but to its credit did not freeze the status of a slave and allowed a means to a slave's manumission in some cases when the slave converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-mg1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-pl1-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quran">Quran</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Alms-tax is only for the poor and the needy, for those employed to administer it, for those whose hearts are attracted ˹to the faith˺, for ˹freeing˺ slaves, for those in debt, for Allah’s cause, and for ˹needy˺ travellers. ˹This is˺ an obligation from Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/At-Tawbah" title="At-Tawbah">Surah At-Tawbah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=60">9:60</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Quran contains a number of verses aimed at regulating slavery and mitigating its negative impact.<a href="#cite_note-quran1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-mitigate-46">[46]</a> It calls for the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> (freeing) of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-mitigate-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberation-47">[47]</a> It prescribes kindness towards slaves.<a href="#cite_note-mitigate-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-kind-48">[48]</a> Slaves are considered morally equal to free persons, however, they have a lower legal standing. All Quranic rules on slaves are <a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">emancipatory</a> in that they improve the rights of slaves compared to what was already practiced in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-emancipatory-49">[49]</a> Many Muslims have interpreted Quran as gradually phasing out slavery.<a href="#cite_note-iniquity-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-emancipatory-49">[49]</a> The Quran calls for the freeing of slaves, either the owner manumitting the slave, or a third party purchasing and freeing the slave.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-47">[47]</a> The freeing of slaves is encouraged as an act of benevolence,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expiation">expiation</a> of sins.<a href="#cite_note-liberation-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=33">24:33</a> devises a <a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">manumission contract</a> in which slaves buy their freedom in installments. Two<a href="#cite_note-auto2-40">[40]</a> other verses encourage believers to help slaves pay for such contracts.<a href="#cite_note-eoq58-53">[53]</a> One of the uses of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Islam">pillar of Islam</a>, is to pay for the freeing of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The Quran prescribes kind treatment of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-kind-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-mitigate-46">[46]</a> Verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=36">4:36</a> calls for good treatment to slaves. The Quran recognizes the humanity of slaves,<a href="#cite_note-humanity-55">[55]</a> by calling them "believers", recognizing their desire to be free, and recognizing female slaves' aversion to prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a> Several verses list slaves as members of the household, sometimes alongside wives, children and other relatives.<a href="#cite_note-humanity-55">[55]</a> The Quran recognizes slaves as morally and spiritually equal to free people.<a href="#cite_note-morallyequal-56">[56]</a> God promises an eternal life in the <a href="/wiki/Akhira" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhira">Hereafter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quran1-45">[45]</a> This equality is indicated in Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=25">4:25</a>, which addresses free people and slaves as “the one of you is as the other” (ba'dukum min ba'din).<a href="#cite_note-equal-57">[57]</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/39?startingVerse=29">39:29</a> refers to master and slave with the same word.<a href="#cite_note-equal-57">[57]</a> However, slaves are not accorded the same legal standing as the free. Slaves are considered as <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minors</a> for whom the owner is responsible.<a href="#cite_note-morallyequal-56">[56]</a> The punishment for crimes committed by slaves is half the punishment as to be meted out on free persons.<a href="#cite_note-eoq58-53">[53]</a> The legal distinction between slaves and the free is regarded as the divinely established order of things,<a href="#cite_note-quran1-45">[45]</a> which is seen as part of God's grace.<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a> The Quran recognizes slavery as a source of injustice, as it places the freeing of slaves on the same level as feeding the poor.<a href="#cite_note-iniquity-50">[50]</a> Nevertheless, the Quran doesn't abolish slavery. One reason given is that slavery was a major part of the 7th century socioeconomic system, and it abolishing it would not have been practical.<a href="#cite_note-iniquity-50">[50]</a> Most interpretations of the Quran agree that the Quran envisions an ideal society as one in which slavery no longer exists.<a href="#cite_note-iniquity-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-emancipatory-49">[49]</a> Slaves are mentioned in at least twenty-nine verses of the Quran, most of these are Medinan and refer to the <a href="/wiki/Legal_status" title="Legal status">legal status</a> of slaves. The legal material on slavery in the Quran is largely restricted to manumission and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sexual behavior">sexual relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> The Quran permits owners to take slaves as concubines, though it promotes abstinence as the better choice.<a href="#cite_note-eoq58-53">[53]</a> It strictly prohibits slave prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-eoq58-53">[53]</a> According to Sikainga, the Quranic references to slavery as mainly contain "broad and general propositions of an ethical nature rather than specific legal formulations."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The word 'abd' (slave) is rarely used, being more commonly replaced by some periphrasis such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">ma malakat aymanukum</a> ("that which your right hands own"). However the meaning and translation of this term has been disputed. <a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez#Islam_and_Individual_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas of Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez argued</a> that the term is used in the past-tense in the Quran, thus signalling only those individuals who were already enslaved at the dawn of Islam. This slight change in tense is significant, as it allowed Parwez to argue that slavery was never compatible with the commandments of the Quran and is in fact outlawed by Quranic Law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]-59">[59]</a> There are many common features between the institution of slavery in the Quran and that of neighboring cultures. However, the Quranic institution had some unique new features.<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> states that the Quranic legislation brought two major changes to ancient slavery which were to have far-reaching effects: presumption of freedom, and the ban on the enslavement of free persons except in strictly defined circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-lewis5-60">[60]</a> According to Brockopp, the idea of using alms for the manumission of slaves appears to be unique to the Quran, assuming the traditional interpretation of verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=177">2:177</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=60">9:60</a>. Similarly, the practice of freeing slaves in atonement for certain sins appears to be introduced by the Quran (but compare Exodus 21:26-7).<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> The forced prostitution of female slaves, a long practiced custom in the <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Eastern">Near Eastern</a>, is condemned in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-Esposito-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Murray Gordon notes that this ban is "of no small significance."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Brockopp writes: "Other cultures limit a master's right to harm a slave but few exhort masters to treat their slaves kindly, and the placement of slaves in the same category as other weak members of society who deserve protection is unknown outside the Quran. The unique contribution of the Quran, then, is to be found in its emphasis on the place of slaves in society and society's responsibility toward the slave, perhaps the most progressive legislation on slavery in its time."<a href="#cite_note-Brockopp-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ma_malakat_aymanuhum">Ma malakat aymanuhum</h3></div> The most common term in the Qur'an to refer to slaves is the expression ma malakat aymanuhum or milk al-yamin<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in short, meaning "those whom your right hands possess".<a href="#cite_note-64">[n 1]</a> This term is found in 15 Quranic passages,<a href="#cite_note-EoQ-65">[64]</a> making it the most common term for slaves. The Qur'an refers to slaves very differently than classical Arabic: whereas the most common Arabic term for slave is ‘abd, the Qur'an instead uses that term in sense of "servant of God", and raqiq (another Arabic term for slave) is not found in the Qur'an.<a href="#cite_note-EoQ-65">[64]</a> Thus, this term is a Qur'anic innovation.<a href="#cite_note-right129-66">[65]</a> The term can be seen as an honorific, as to be held by "the right hands" means to be held in honor in Arabic and Islamic culture, a fact that can be seen in Quranic verses that refer to those who will enter Paradise as "companions of the right hand."<a href="#cite_note-right129-66">[65]</a> The term also implies that slaves are "possessions".<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a> In four places, the Qur'an addresses slaves in the same terms as the free; for example, <a href="/wiki/Q39:29" class="mw-redirect" title="Q39:29">Q39:29</a> refers to both the master and the slave using the same word (rajul).<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Amir Ali</a> have argued that the expression ma malakat aymanukum should be properly read in the past tense, thus only referring to people already enslaved at the time the Qur'an was revealed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]–200-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prophet's_traditions">Prophet's traditions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_views_on_slavery&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamic_views_on_slavery#Section" title="Talk:Islamic views on slavery">talk page</a>. (October 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bilal.jpg/220px-Bilal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bilal.jpg/330px-Bilal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Bilal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Ribah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilal ibn Ribah">Bilal ibn Ribah</a> was an African slave who was emancipated when <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> paid his ransom upon Muhammad's instruction. He was appointed by Muhammad as the first official <a href="/wiki/Muezzin" title="Muezzin">muezzin</a>. This image depicts him atop the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> in January 630, when he became the first Muslim to proclaim <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.</figcaption></figure> The corpus of <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> attributed to Muhammad follows the general lines of Quranic teaching on slavery and contains a large store of reports enjoining kindness toward slaves.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Some modern Muslim authors [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] have interpreted this as an indication that Muhammad envisioned a gradual abolition of slavery, while Murray Gordon characterizes Muhammad's approach to slavery as reformist rather than revolutionary. He did not set out to abolish slavery, but rather to improve the conditions of slaves by urging his followers to treat their slaves humanely and free them as a way of expiating one's sins. According to sahih (authentic) hadith Muhammad encouraged gifting of slaves to be a better alternative to setting them free.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> When the people of Banu Qurayzah were defeated, he ordered some of the captives to be exchanged to purchase horses and arms.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Gordon argues that Muhammad instead assured the legitimacy of slavery in Islam by lending it his moral authority. Likely justifications for his attitude toward slavery included the precedent of Jewish and Christian teachings of his time as well as pragmatic considerations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The most notable of Muhammad's slaves were: <a href="/wiki/Safiyya_bint_Huyayy" title="Safiyya bint Huyayy">Safiyya bint Huyayy</a> received in exchange for seven other slaves,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> whom he freed and married; <a href="/wiki/Maria_al-Qibtiyya" title="Maria al-Qibtiyya">Maria al-Qibtiyya</a>, given to Muhammad by <a href="/wiki/Muqawqis" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqawqis">a Sassanid official</a>, who gave birth to his son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Muhammad" title="Ibrahim ibn Muhammad">Ibrahim</a> and was freed. <a href="/wiki/Sirin_(Islamic_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirin (Islamic history)">Sirin</a>, Maria's sister, whom he freed and married to the poet <a href="/wiki/Hassan_ibn_Thabit" title="Hassan ibn Thabit">Hassan ibn Thabit</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd ibn Harithah</a>, whom Muhammad freed and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_adoptional_jurisprudence" title="Islamic adoptional jurisprudence">adopted as a son</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_Islamic_jurisprudence">Traditional Islamic jurisprudence</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Source_of_slaves">Source of slaves</h3></div> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> presumed everyone was free under the dictum of The basic principle is liberty (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: al-'asl huwa 'l-hurriya), and slavery was an exceptional condition.<a href="#cite_note-liberty-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewis5-60">[60]</a> Any person whose status was unknown (e.g. a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/foundling" class="extiw" title="wikt:foundling">foundling</a>) was presumed to be free.<a href="#cite_note-liberty-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-4">[4]</a> A free person could not sell himself or his children into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-lewis6-77">[76]</a> Neither could a free person be enslaved due to debt or as punishment for a crime.<a href="#cite_note-lewis6-77">[76]</a> Non-Muslims living under Muslim rule, known as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a>, could not be enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Lawful enslavement was restricted to two instances: capture in war (on the condition that the prisoner is not a Muslim), or birth in slavery. Islamic law did not recognize the classes of slave from <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a> including those sold or given into slavery by themselves and others, and those indebted into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> Though a free Muslim could not be enslaved, <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion to Islam</a> by a non-Muslim slave did not require that he or she then should be liberated. Slave status was not affected by conversion to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Purchasing slaves and receiving slaves as tribute was permitted. Many scholars subjected slave purchases to the condition that slave should have been "rightfully enslaved" in the first place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith200633-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png/220px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png/330px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png/440px-V.M._Doroshevich-East_and_War-Eunuch_near_Door_of_Sultan%27s_Harem.png 2x" data-file-width="2135" data-file-height="3001" /></a><figcaption>Chief Eunuch of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> (1912)</figcaption></figure> In the instance of illness it would be required for the slave to be looked after. <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">Manumission</a> is considered a meritorious act. Based on the Quranic verse (24:33), Islamic law permits a slave to ransom himself upon consent of his master through a contract known as <a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">mukataba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azizah_Y._al-Hibri" title="Azizah Y. al-Hibri">Azizah Y. al-Hibri</a>, a professor of Law specializing in Islamic jurisprudence, states that both the Quran and Hadith are repeatedly exhorting Muslims to treat their slaves well and that Muhammad showed this both in action and in words.<a href="#cite_note-Hibri-81">[80]</a> Levy concurs, adding that "cruelty to them was forbidden."<a href="#cite_note-L77-82">[81]</a> Al-Hibri quotes the famous last speech of Muhammad and other hadiths emphasizing that all believers, whether free or enslaved, are siblings.<a href="#cite_note-Hibri-81">[80]</a> Lewis explains, "the humanitarian tendency of the Quran and the early caliphs in the Islamic empire, was to some extent counteracted by other influences,"<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> notably the practice of various conquered people and countries Muslims encountered, especially in provinces previously under <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>. In spite of this, Lewis also states, "Islamic practice still represented a vast improvement on that inherited from antiquity, from Rome, and from Byzantium."<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> Murray Gordon writes: "It was not surprising that Muhammad, who accepted the existing socio-political order, looked upon slavery as part of the natural order of things. His approach to what was already an age-old institution was reformist and not revolutionary. The Prophet had not in mind to bring about the abolition of slavery. Rather, his purpose was to improve the conditions of slaves by correcting abuses and appealing to the conscience of his followers to treat them humanely.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> The adoption of slaves as members of the family was common, according to Levy. If a slave was born and brought up in the master's household he was never sold, except in exceptional circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-L77-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_intercourse">Sexual intercourse</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_law#Three_classes" title="Babylonian law">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancillae" title="Ancillae">Ancillae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholop" title="Kholop">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_slave_trade" title="Prague slave trade">Prague slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_serfdom" title="History of serfdom">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Thrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_slave_trade" title="Genoese slave trade">Genoese slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_slave_trade" title="Venetian slave trade">Venetian slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_al-Andalus" title="Slavery in al-Andalus">Slavery in al-Andalus</a> ‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqt" title="Baqt">Baqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara_slave_trade" title="Bukhara slave trade">Bukhara slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_slave_trade" title="Khazar slave trade">Khazar slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_slave_trade" title="Khivan slave trade">Khivan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avret_Pazarlar%C4%B1" title="Avret Pazarları">Avret Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_imperial_harem" title="Safavid imperial harem">Safavid imperial harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_harem" title="Qajar harem">Qajar harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-walad" title="Umm al-walad">Umm al-walad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian slave trade">Circassian slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate">Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate">Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgarian_slave_trade" title="Volga Bulgarian slave trade">Volga Bulgarian slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_slave_trade" title="Bristol slave trade">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes_slave_trade" title="Nantes slave trade">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France" title="Slavery in New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyarring" title="Panyarring">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa" title="Slave Coast of West Africa">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">Corvée labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding" title="Slave raiding">Slave raiding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_children_in_the_military" title="History of children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_slavery" title="White slavery">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Angola" title="Slavery in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Chad" title="Human trafficking in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Comoros" title="Slavery in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mauritania" title="Slavery in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Nigeria" title="Slavery in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Seychelles" title="Slavery in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Somalia" title="Slavery in Somalia">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">Somali slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Zanzibar" title="Slavery in Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Americas">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Pre-Columbian_America" title="Slavery in Pre-Columbian America">Pre-Columbian America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec slavery">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">U.S. Natives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Field slaves in the United States">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Female slavery in the United States">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States" title="Penal labor in the United States">prison labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_codes" title="Slave codes">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Slave trade in the United States">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados_Slave_Code" title="Barbados Slave Code">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Trinidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Latin_America" title="Slavery in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Colombia" title="Slavery in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Cuba" title="Slavery in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restavek" title="Restavek">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bhutan" title="Slavery in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brunei" title="Slavery in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_China" title="Slavery in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_India" title="Slavery in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage_in_India" title="Debt bondage in India">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukri_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chukri System">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Indonesia" title="Slavery in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Japan" title="Slavery in Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Korea" title="Slavery in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malaysia" title="Slavery in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Mongol Empire">Slavery in the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Thailand" title="Slavery in Thailand">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Vietnam" title="Slavery in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Oceania">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Australia" title="Slavery in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding_in_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Europe" title="Sex trafficking in Europe">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Penal labour in the United Kingdom">Penal Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Britain" title="Slavery in Britain">Slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_slave_trade" title="Danish slave trade">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Slave_Coast" title="Dutch Slave Coast">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Malta" title="Slavery in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrall" title="Thrall">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Poland" title="Slavery in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Portugal" title="Slavery in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Romania" title="Slavery in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_slave_trade" title="Swedish slave trade">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Afghanistan" title="Slavery in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Algeria" title="Slavery in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Bahrain" title="Slavery in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Egypt" title="Slavery in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iran" title="Slavery in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Iraq" title="Slavery in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Jordan" title="Slavery in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kuwait" title="Slavery in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Lebanon" title="Slavery in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Libya" title="Slavery in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Morocco" title="Slavery in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Oman" title="Slavery in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Palestine" title="Slavery in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Syria" title="Slavery in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Tunisia" title="Slavery in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Qatar" title="Slavery in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Yemen" title="Slavery in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_Slavery_Commission" title="Temporary Slavery Commission">Temporary Slavery Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Slavery_Convention" title="1926 Slavery Convention">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Committee of Experts on Slavery">Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_of_Experts_on_Slavery" title="Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery">Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Hoc_Committee_on_Slavery" title="Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery">Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abolitionists" title="List of abolitionists">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Slave Trade Act">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (page does not exist)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_at_common_law" title="Slavery at common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Convention" title="Fugitive Slave Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slaves" title="List of slaves">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slave_owners" title="List of slave owners">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_survivors_of_American_slavery" title="List of last survivors of American slavery">last survivors of American slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_slavery-related_memorials_and_museums" title="List of slavery-related memorials and museums">List of slavery-related memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Slave marriages in the United States">Slave marriages in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_narrative" title="Slave narrative">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States" title="Slave Songs of the United States">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_catcher" title="Slave catcher">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_patrol" title="Slave patrol">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Slave_Route_Project" title="The Slave Route Project">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_in_the_United_States_involving_slavery" title="List of court cases in the United States involving slavery">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism">J.Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Lincoln</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_acres_and_a_mule" title="Forty acres and a mule">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_iron_bit" title="Slave iron bit">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Day" title="Emancipation Day">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forced_labour" title="Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forced_labour" title="Template talk:Forced labour"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forced_labour" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forced labour"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic marital jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Islamic views on concubinage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_concubinage_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of concubinage in the Muslim world">History of concubinage in the Muslim world</a></div><a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surah</a> 23, <a href="/wiki/Al-Muminun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muminun">Al-Muminun</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in verse 6 and Surah 70, <a href="/wiki/Al-Maarij" title="Al-Maarij">Al-Maarij</a>, in verse 30 both, in identical wording, draw a distinction between spouses and "those whom one's right hands possess", saying " أَزْوَاجِهِمْ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُمْ" (literally, "their spouses or what their right hands possess"), while clarifying that sexual intercourse with either is permissible. Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Abul_Ala_Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Ala Maududi">Abul Ala Maududi</a> explains that "two categories of women have been excluded from the general command of guarding the private parts: (a) wives, (b) women who are legally in one's possession".<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Islamic law, using the term <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a> ("what your right hands possess") considered sexual relations with female slaves as lawful.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-85">[84]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kecia_Ali" title="Kecia Ali">Kecia Ali</a>, the Qurʾanic passages on slavery differ strikingly in terms of their terminology and main preoccupations compared to the jurisprudential texts, that the text of the Qurʾan does not permit sexual access simply by the virtue of her being a milk al-yamīn or concubine while the "Jurists define zina as vaginal intercourse between a man and a woman who is neither his wife nor his slave. Though seldom discussed, forced sex with one's wife might (or, depending on the circumstances, might not) be an ethical infraction, and conceivably even a legal one like assault if physical violence is involved. One might speculate that the same is true of forced sex with a slave. This scenario is never, however, illicit in the jurists' conceptual world".<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Responding to a query about whether a man can be forced to have intercourse or if it is obligatory for him to have intercourse with his wife or concubine, Imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%CA%BDi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafiʽi">Al-Shafiʽi</a> stated "If he has only one wife or an additional concubine with whom he has intercourse, he is commanded to fear Allah Almighty and to not harm her in regards to intercourse, although nothing specific is obligated upon him. He is only obligated to provide what benefits her such as financial maintenance, residence, clothing, and spending the night with her. As for intercourse, its position is one of pleasure and no one can be forced into it."<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Prof._Dr._Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Öztürk">Mustafa Öztürk</a> follows <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a>'s footsteps and says that the verses are revealed on the historical context, the <a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a> are not among the essence and <a href="/wiki/Maqasid" title="Maqasid">purposes of religion</a>, with an example: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_concubinage" title="Islamic views on concubinage">Slaves were considered property</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a>; could be bought, sold, rented and shared.<a href="#cite_note-jebro-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a> decided that the paternity determination of the child to be born could be made by <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">draw</a>, and asks how many of you can accept this understanding today?<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Another viewpoint is of Rabb Intisar, who argues that according to the Quran, sexual relations with a concubine were subject to both parties' consent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntisar152-91">[90]</a> Similarly <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> writes that consent of a concubine was necessary for sexual relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonn201518-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._C._Brown" title="Jonathan A. C. Brown">Jonathan Brown</a> argues that the modern conception of sexual consent only came about since the 1970s, so it makes little sense to project it backwards onto classical Islamic law. Brown notes that premodern Muslim jurists rather applied the <a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">harm principle</a> to judge sexual misconduct, including between a master and concubine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2019282–283-93">[92]</a> He further states that historically, concubines could complain to judges if they were being sexually abused and that scholars like <a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">al-Bahūtī</a> require a master to set his concubine free if he injures her during sex.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201996-94">[93]</a> Islam permits sexual relations between a male master and his female slave outside marriage. This is referred to in the Quran as <a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">ma malakat aymanukum</a> or "what your right hands possess".<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> There are some restrictions on the master; he may not co-habit with a female slave belonging to his wife, neither can he have relations with a female slave if she is co-owned, or already married.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> In ancient Arabian custom, the child of a freeman by his slave was also a slave unless he was recognized and liberated by his father.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In theory, the recognition by a master of his offspring by a slave woman was optional in Islamic society, and in the early period was often withheld. By the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> it became normal and was unremarkable in a society where the sovereigns themselves were almost invariably the children of slave concubines.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The mother receives the title of "<a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">umm walad</a>" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'mother of a child'),<a href="#cite_note-umm_walad-99">[98]</a> which is an improvement in her status as she can no longer be sold. Among Sunnis, she is automatically freed upon her master's death, however for Shi'a, she is only freed if her child is still alive; her value is then deducted from this child's share of the inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> Lovejoy writes that as an umm walad, they attained "an intermediate position between slave and free" pending their freedom, although they would sometimes be nominally freed as soon as they gave birth.<a href="#cite_note-Paul-100">[99]</a> There is no limit on the number of female concubines a male master may possess.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> However, the general marital laws are to be observed, such as not having sexual relations with the sister of a female slave.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paul-100">[99]</a> In Islam "men are enjoined to marry free women in the first instance, but if they cannot afford the bridewealth for free women, they are told to marry slave women rather than engage in wrongful acts."<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> One rationale given for recognition of concubinage in Islam is that "it satisfied the sexual desire of the female slaves and thereby prevented the spread of immorality in the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:0-103">[102]</a> A slave master could have sex with his female slave only while she was not married. This attempt to require sexual exclusivity for female slaves was rare in antiquity, when female slaves generally had no claim to an exclusive sexual relationship.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> According to Sikainga, "in reality, however, female slaves in many Muslim societies were prey for members of their owners' household, their neighbors, and their guests."<a href="#cite_note-:0-103">[102]</a> In Shiite jurisprudence, it is unlawful for a master of a female slave to grant a third party the use of her for sexual relations. The Shiite scholar <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Tusi">Shaykh al-Tusi</a> stated: ولا يجوز إعارتها للاستمتاع بها لأن البضع لا يستباح بالإعارة "It is not permissible to loan (the slave girl) for enjoyment purpose, because sexual intercourse cannot be legitimate through loaning"<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and the Shiite scholars al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki, <a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a> and Ali Asghar Merwarid made the following ruling: ولا تجوز استعارة الجواري للاستمتاع "It is not permissible to loan the slave girl for the purpose of sexual intercourse"<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Under the <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">legal doctrine</a> of kafa'a (lit."adequacy, equivalence"), the purpose of which was to ensure that a man should be at least the social equal of the woman he marries, a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a> is not as good as the son of a freedman, and he in turn not as good as the grandson of a freedman. This principle is pursued up to three generations, after which all Muslims are deemed equally free.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Lewis asserts that since kafa'a "does not forbid unequal marriages", it is in no sense a "Muslim equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nuremberg Laws</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid laws">apartheid laws</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. His purpose, he states, is not to try to set up a moral competition - to compare castration and apartheid as offenses against humanity."<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3></div> Within <a href="/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic jurisprudence">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, slaves were excluded from religious office and from any office involving jurisdiction over others.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Freed slaves are able to occupy any office within the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic government</a>, and instances of this in history include the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> who ruled Egypt for almost 260 years and the <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> who have held military and administrative positions of note.<a href="#cite_note-schimmel-110">[109]</a> With the permission of their owners they are able to marry.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a>, a contemporary scholar on <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic civilization</a>, asserts that because the status of slaves under Islam could only be obtained through either being a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a> (this was soon restricted only to infidels captured in a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">holy war</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> or born from slave parents, slavery would be theoretically abolished with the expansion of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-schimmel-110">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman</a> agrees, stating that the Quranic acceptance of the institution of slavery on the legal plane was the only practical option available at the time of Muhammad since "slavery was ingrained in the structure of society, and its overnight wholesale liquidation would have created problems which it would have been absolutely impossible to solve, and only a dreamer could have issued such a visionary statement."<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Islam's reforms stipulating the conditions of enslavement seriously limited the supply of new slaves.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a> Murray Gordon does note: "Muhammad took pains in urging the faithful to free their slaves as a way of expiating their sins. Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim scholars">Muslim scholars</a> have taken this mean that his true motive was to bring about a gradual elimination of slavery. An alternative argument is that by lending the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> of Islam to slavery, Muhammad assured its legitimacy. Thus, in lightening the fetter, he riveted it ever more firmly in place."<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In the early days of Islam, a plentiful supply of new slaves were brought due to rapid conquest and expansion. But as the frontiers were gradually stabilized, this supply dwindled to a mere trickle. The prisoners of later wars between Muslims and Christians were commonly ransomed or exchanged.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to Lewis, this reduction resulted in Arabs who wanted slaves having to look elsewhere to avoid the restrictions in the Quran, meaning an increase of importing of slaves from non-Muslim lands,<a href="#cite_note-L9010-114">[113]</a> primarily from Africa. These slaves suffered a high death toll.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-L9010-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Manning (professor)">Patrick Manning</a> states that Islamic legislations against the abuse of the slaves convincingly limited the extent of enslavement in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and to a lesser degree for the whole area of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad Caliphate</a> where slavery had existed since the most ancient times. However, he also notes that with the passage of time and the extension of Islam, Islam, by recognizing and codifying slavery, seems to have done more to protect and expand slavery than the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-115">[114]</a> In theory, free-born Muslims could not be enslaved, and the only way that a non-Muslim could be enslaved was being captured in the course of holy war.<a href="#cite_note-Sikainga-116">[115]</a> (In early Islam, neither a Muslim nor a Christian or Jew could be enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Slavery was also perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims to Islam: A task of the masters was religious instruction. Conversion and assimilation into the society of the master didn't automatically lead to emancipation, though there was normally some guarantee of better treatment and was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-Paul-100">[99]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> authorities approved the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of all the "<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>". According to some jurists -especially among the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a">Shi'a</a>- only Muslim slaves should be liberated.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In practice, traditional propagators[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam in Africa</a> often revealed a cautious attitude towards proselytizing because of its effect in reducing the potential reservoir of slaves.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rights_and_restrictions">Rights and restrictions</h4></div> "Morally as well as physically the slave is regarded in law as an inferior being," Levy writes.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Under Islamic law, a slave possesses a composite quality of being both a person and a possession.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> The slave is entitled to receive sustenance from the master, which includes shelter, food, clothing, and medical attention. It is a requirement for this sustenance to be of the same standard generally found in the locality and it is also recommended for the slave to have the same standard of food and clothing as the master. If the master refuses to provide the required sustenance, the slave may complain to a judge[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>], who may then penalize the master through sale of her or his goods as necessary for the slave's keep. If the master does not have sufficient wealth to facilitate this, she or he must either sell, hire out, or manumit the slave as ordered. Slaves also have the right to a period of rest during the hottest parts of the day during the summer.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The spiritual status of a Muslim slave was identical to a Muslim free person, with some exemptions made for the slave. For example, it is not mandatory for Muslim slaves to attend Friday prayers or go for Hajj, even though both are mandatory for free Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-eoi27-122">[121]</a> Slaves were generally allowed to become an imam and lead prayer, and many scholars even allowed them to act as an imam for <a href="/wiki/Jumuah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumuah">Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid prayers</a>, though some disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-eoi27-122">[121]</a> Evidence from slaves is rarely viable in a court of law. According to the most popular Sharia manual by Imam Shafi, the very first requirement for a legal testimony to be acceptable from a witness is that the witness must be free.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> As slaves are regarded as inferior in Islamic law, death at the hands of a free man does not require that the latter be killed in retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The killer must pay the slave's master compensation equivalent to the slave's value, as opposed to blood-money. At the same time, slaves themselves possess a lessened responsibility for their actions, and receive half the penalty required upon a free man. For example: where a free man would be subject to a hundred lashes due to pre-marital relations, a slave would be subject to only fifty. Slaves are allowed to marry only with the owner's consent. Jurists differ over how many wives a slave may possess, with the Hanafi and Shafi'i schools allowing them two, and the Maliki school allowing four. Slaves are not permitted to possess or inherit property, or conduct independent business, and may conduct financial dealings only as a representative of the master. Offices of authority are generally not permitted for slaves, though a slave may act as the leader (<a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a>) in the congregational <a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">prayers</a>, and he may also act as a subordinate officer in the governmental department of revenue.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Masters may sell, bequeath, give away, pledge, hire out or compel them to earn money.<a href="#cite_note-L77-82">[81]</a> By the view of some <a href="/wiki/Madh%27hab" class="mw-redirect" title="Madh'hab">madh'hab</a> (but not others), a master may compel his slave to marry and determine the identity of the marriage partner.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">mahr</a> that is given for marriage to a female slave is taken by her owner, whereas all other women possess it absolutely for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> A slave was not allowed to become a <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judge</a>, but could become a subordinate officer.<a href="#cite_note-eoi27-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manumission_and_abolition">Manumission and abolition</h3></div> The Quran and Hadith, the primary Islamic texts, make it a praiseworthy act for masters to <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">set their slaves free</a>. There are numerous ways in Islamic law under which a slave may become free: <ul><li>An act of piety by the owner.<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">mukataba</a> contract: the slave and master draw a contract whereby the master will grant the slave freedom in exchange for a period of employment,<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a> or a certain sum of money (payable in installments).<a href="#cite_note-bbcfree-130">[129]</a> The master must allow the slave to earn money.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a> Such a contract is recommended by the Qur'an.<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a></li> <li>A female slave who gives birth to her owner's child becomes an umm walad and becomes automatically free upon the death of her owner.<a href="#cite_note-umm_walad-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcfree-130">[129]</a> The child would be automatically free and equal to the owner's other children.<a href="#cite_note-:1-131">[130]</a></li> <li>The owner can promise, either verbally<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">writing</a> that the slave is free upon the owner's death. Such a slave is known as a mudabbar.<a href="#cite_note-bbcfree-130">[129]</a></li> <li>A Muslim who has committed certain sins, such as involuntary <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a>, is required to free a slave as an expiation.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a></li> <li>Anytime the owner of the slave declares the slave to be free the slave becomes automatically free, even if the owner made the statement accidentally or jokingly.<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a> For example, if a slave owner said "You’re free once you’ve finished this task", intending to mean "you’re done with work for the day", the slave would become free despite the owner's ambiguous statement.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a></li> <li>A slave is freed automatically if it is discovered the slave is related to the master; this could happen, for example, when someone purchases a slave who happens to be a relative.<a href="#cite_note-L8081-129">[128]</a></li></ul> Gordon opines that while Islamic jurisprudence considered manumission as one way of <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</a> of sin, but other means of atonement also existed: for example, giving charity to the poor was considered superior to freeing a slave.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-134">[133]</a> And while Islam made freeing a slave a meritorious act, it was usually not a requirement,<a href="#cite_note-liberation-47">[47]</a> making it possible for a devout Muslim to still own a slave.<a href="#cite_note-:1-131">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> stated that sometimes slaves refused freedom due to lack of employable skills, as freedom from the master meant the slave might go hungry.<a href="#cite_note-RFBurton-135">[134]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jafar_as-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar as-Sadiq">Jafar as-Sadiq</a>, all Muslim slaves become automatically free after a maximum of 7 years in servitude. This rule applies regardless of the will of the owner.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Some scholars hold that the abolition of slavery was one of the aims of Islam, a view that Islamic feminists scholar <a href="/wiki/Kecia_Ali" title="Kecia Ali">Kecia Ali</a> finds well intentioned but ahistorical and simplistic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004-137">[136]</a> She suggest that while there was definitely an "emancipatory ethic" (encouragement for freeing slaves) in Islamic jurisprudence and that "it is possible to view slavery as inconsistent with basic Qur'anic precepts of justice and human equality before God",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004-137">[136]</a> slavery was also "marginal to the Qur'anic worldview" and "there has not been a strong internally developed critique of past or present slaveholding practices".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004-137">[136]</a> The subsequent shift in attitudes within Islam towards slavery have also been compared to similar shifts within Christianity towards Biblically sanctioned slavery, which was widespread in the late antique world in which both the Bible and Quran arose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelton2010107-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/150px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/225px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Slavezanzibar2.JPG/300px-Slavezanzibar2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of a slave boy in the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a>. 'An Arab master's punishment for a slight offence.' c. 1890. From at least the 1860s onwards, photography was a powerful weapon in the abolitionist arsenal.</figcaption></figure> In the Ottoman Empire, restrictions on the slave trade began to be introduced during the eighteenth century, in the context of Ottoman-Russian warfare. Bilateral agreements between the Ottoman and Russian empires enabled both sides to retrieve captives taken during war in return for ransom payments. Ransoming of enslaved war captives had been common before this, but had depended on the agreement of a captive's owner; by establishing this as a legal right, the agreements restricted the rights of slaveowners and contributed to the development of the international law concept of "prisoner of war."<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist movement</a> starting in the late 18th century in Western Europe<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> led to gradual changes concerning the institution of slavery in Muslim lands both in doctrine and in practice.<a href="#cite_note-eois-35">[35]</a> One of the first religious decrees comes from the two highest dignitaries of the Hanafi and Maliki rites in the Ottoman Empire. These religious authorities declared that slavery is lawful in principle but it is regrettable in its consequences. They expressed two religious considerations in their support for abolition of slavery: "the initial enslaving of the people concerned comes under suspicion of illegality by reason of the present-day expansion of Islam in their countries; masters no longer comply with the rules of good treatment which regulate their rights and shelter them from wrong-doing."<a href="#cite_note-EI2-37-141">[140]</a> According to Brunschvig, although the total abolition of slavery might seem a reprehensible innovation and contrary to the Quran and the practice of early Muslims, the realities of the modern world caused a "discernible evolution in the thought of many educated Muslims before the end of the 19th century." These Muslims argued that Islam on the whole has "bestowed an exceptionally favorable lot on the victims of slavery" and that the institution of slavery is linked to the particular economic and social stage in which Islam originated. According to the influential thesis of <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Ameer Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur’an</a> disapproved of slavery, but Muhammad could not abolish the institution overnight as it would have disrupted society and economy. The Prophet thus ordered an immediate betterment in the status and treatment of slaves, and encouraged manumission, trusting that slavery would soon die out.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> was the first Muslim country to abolish slavery, in 1846. Tunisian reformers argued for the abolition of slavery on the basis of Islamic law. They argued that while Islamic law permitted slavery, it set many conditions, and these conditions were impossible to enforce in the 19th century and widely flouted. They pointed to evidence that many slaves sold in Tunisian markets had been enslaved illegally, as they were either Muslim or the subject of a friendly state at the time of capture (Islamic law allowed the enslavement only of non-Muslims in the course of war). They also argued that the circumstances for legal enslavement in the 19th century were very rare, because Tunisia and other Muslim states were not permanently at war with non-Muslim powers, as the first Muslim state had been. Therefore, one could assume that the vast majority of the 19th-century slave trade was illegal, and the only way to prevent illegal enslavement was to prohibit the slave trade entirely. Furthermore, since the child of a slave and a free man was considered free, the institution of slavery was not sustainable without a slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-Montana_2013-22">[22]</a> By the early 20th century, the idea that Islam only tolerated slavery due to necessity was to varying extent taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a>. According to Brockopp, in the Ottoman Empire and elsewhere the manumission contract (<a href="/wiki/Mukataba" title="Mukataba">kitaba</a>) was used by the state to give slaves the means to buy their freedom and thereby end slavery as an institution. Some authorities issued condemnations of slavery, stating that it violated Quranic ideals of equality and freedom. Subsequently, even religious conservatives came to accept that slavery was contrary to Islamic principles of justice and equality.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h3></div> By the 1950s–1960s, a majority of Muslims had accepted the abolition of slavery as religiously legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006221-145">[144]</a> Islam as a whole has never preached the freedom of all men "as a doctrine" up to the current day.<a href="#cite_note-:2-146">[145]</a> However, by the end of the 20th century, all Muslim countries had made slavery illegal,<a href="#cite_note-greattheft-147">[146]</a> and the vast majority of Muslim organizations and interpretations of sharia firmly condemn <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">modern-day slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-146">[145]</a> In 1926, the Muslim World Conference meeting in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> condemned slavery.<a href="#cite_note-consensus-148">[147]</a> Proceedings from an <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Islamic_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Islamic Conference">Organization of Islamic Conference</a> meeting in 1980 upheld human freedom and rejected enslavement of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006221-145">[144]</a> Most Muslim scholars consider slavery to be inconsistent with Quranic principles of justice.<a href="#cite_note-greattheft-147">[146]</a> Bernard Freamon writes that there is consensus (<a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a>) among Muslim jurists that slavery has now become forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-consensus-148">[147]</a> However, certain contemporary clerics still consider slavery to be lawful, such <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a> of Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-greattheft-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Fawzan2-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Al-Fawzan1-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a> (1906–1966) wrote in <a href="/wiki/Fi_Zilal_al-Quran" title="Fi Zilal al-Quran">Fi Zilal al-Quran</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a>) that slavery was adopted by Islam at a time it was practiced world-wide for a period of time "until the world devised a new code of practise during war other than enslavement."<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Qutb's brother, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qutb" title="Muhammad Qutb">Muhammad Qutb</a>, contrasted sexual relations between Muslim slave-owners and their female slaves with what he saw as the widespread practice of pre-marital sex in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> (1903–1979) wrote: <blockquote>Islam has clearly and categorically forbidden the primitive practice of capturing a free man, to make him a slave or to sell him into slavery. On this point the clear and unequivocal words of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> are as follows:<blockquote style="font-size:inherit; quotes:none">"There are three categories of people against whom I shall myself be a plaintiff on the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a>. Of these three, one is he who enslaves a free man, then sells him and eats this money" (al-Bukhari and Ibn Majjah).</blockquote> The words of this Tradition of the Prophet are also general, they have not been qualified or made applicable to a particular nation, race, country or followers of a particular religion. ... After this the only form of slavery which was left in Islamic society was the prisoners of war, who were captured on the battlefield. These prisoners of war were retained by the Muslim Government until their government agreed to receive them back in exchange for Muslim soldiers captured by them ...<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg/170px-Sayyid_Qutb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Sayyid_Qutb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></figcaption></figure> William Clarence-Smith<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> criticized the above two as: "dogged refusal of <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Mawlana Mawdudi</a> to give up on slavery"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage188_188]-155">[154]</a> and the notable "evasions and silences of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qutb" title="Muhammad Qutb">Muhammad Qutb</a>".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage186_186]-157">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg/170px-Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg/255px-Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg/340px-Taqiuddin_Al_Nabhani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">Taqiuddin al-Nabhani</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">Taqiuddin al-Nabhani</a>, a shariah judge and founder of <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> movement, gives the following explanation: <blockquote>When Islam came, for the situations where people were taken into slavery (e.g. debt), Islam imposed Shari’ah solutions to those situations other than slavery. ... It (Islam) made the existing slave and owner form a business contract, based upon the freedom, not upon slavery ...  As for the situation of war, ...  it clarified the rule of the captive in that either they are favoured by releasing without any exchange, or they are ransomed for money or exchanged for Muslims or non-Muslim citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></blockquote> The website of the organization stresses that because sharia historically was responding to a contract, not the institution of slavery, a future caliphate could not re-introduce slavery.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taqi_al-Modarresi" title="Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi">Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi</a> met with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> and other religious leaders to draft an inter-faith declaration to "eradicate modern slavery across the world by 2020 and for all time." The declaration was signed by other <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a> leaders and the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al_Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Imam of Al Azhar">Grand Imam of Al Azhar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belardelli-160">[159]</a> In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Taqi_Mesbah-Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi">Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi</a> declared that "Islam has devised solutions and strategies for ending slavery, but that does not mean that slavery is condemned in Islam".<a href="#cite_note-Rajaee-176-161">[160]</a> He argued that ordinances of slavery could apply to prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-Rajaee-176-161">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Iranian <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Kadivar" title="Mohsen Kadivar">Mohsen Kadivar</a> has used an Islamic legal technique called naskh aqli (abrogation by reason) to conclude that slavery is no longer permissible in Islam.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></div> In response to the Nigerian extremist group <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>'s Quranic justification for kidnapping and enslaving people,<a href="#cite_note-CNNEssenceTerror-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a>'s religious justification for enslaving <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a> women as <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">spoils of war</a> as claimed in their digital magazine <a href="/wiki/Dabiq_(magazine)" title="Dabiq (magazine)">Dabiq</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> 126 Islamic scholars from around the Muslim world, in late September 2014, signed an <a href="/wiki/Open_letter" title="Open letter">open letter</a> to the Islamic State's leader <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, rejecting his group's interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> to justify its actions.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-christianpost-2014-09-25-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[n 2]</a> The letter accuses the group of instigating <a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">fitna</a> – sedition – by instituting slavery under its rule in contravention of the <a href="#Modern_interpretations">anti-slavery consensus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholarly community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OpenLetToAlBagh-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_enslaved_people_and_freedmen">Notable enslaved people and freedmen</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilal_ibn_Rabah" title="Bilal ibn Rabah">Bilal ibn Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Haritha_al-Kalbi" title="Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi">Zayd ibn Haritha al-Kalbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammar_ibn_Yasir" title="Ammar ibn Yasir">Ammar ibn Yasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hurrem Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhayb_the_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhayb the Roman">Suhayb the Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_ibn_Abi_Rabah" title="Ata ibn Abi Rabah">Ata ibn Abi Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahshi_ibn_Harb" title="Wahshi ibn Harb">Wahshi ibn Harb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Malika" title="Alam al-Malika">Alam al-Malika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutuz" title="Qutuz">Qutuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ayaz" title="Malik Ayaz">Malik Ayaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aybak" title="Aybak">Aybak</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_slave_trade" title="Balkan slave trade">Balkan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_slave_trade" title="Red Sea slave trade">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery in ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_antiquity" title="Slavery in antiquity">Slavery in antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe" title="Slavery in medieval Europe">Slavery in medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_modern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in modern Africa">Slavery in modern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in 21st-century Islamism">Slavery in 21st-century Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr#CITEREFHuthayfa2013" title="Abu Bakr">Slaves freed by Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjasha_al-Hadi" title="Anjasha al-Hadi">Anjasha al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The term's translations has many variations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Ali" title="Abdullah Yusuf Ali">Abdullah Yusuf Ali</a>: "those whom your right hands possess".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Shakir" class="mw-redirect" title="M. H. Shakir">M. H. Shakir</a>: "those whom your right hands possess".Shakir, M. H. (Ed.). (n.d.). The Quran. Medford, MA: Perseus Digital Library. Surah 4:24</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Hughes">Thomas Patrick Hughes</a>: "that which your right hand possesses".<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Patrick_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Patrick Hughes">Hughes, T. P.</a> (1885). In A Dictionary of Islam: Being a Cyclopædia of the Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs, together with the Technical and Theological Terms, of the Muhammadan Religion. London: W. H. Allen & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._J._Dawood" title="N. J. Dawood">N. J. Dawood</a>: "those whom you own as slaves."N. J. Dawood, "The Koran," <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>, 1999 edition.</li> <li>Dr Kamal Omar: "as except those whom your right hands held in trust'"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/st48.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322134202/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/4/st48.htm">Archived</a> 2021-03-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Abubakar_Shekau" title="Abubakar Shekau">Abubakar Shekau</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, a Nigerian extremist group, said in an interview "I shall capture people and make them slaves" when claiming responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/2014_Chibok_kidnapping" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Chibok kidnapping">2014 Chibok kidnapping</a>. ISIL claimed that the Yazidi are idol worshipers and their enslavement part of the old <a href="/wiki/Shariah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shariah">shariah</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">spoils of war</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1">b</a> Brockopp, Jonathan E., “Slaves and Slavery”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Brunschvig, R., “ʿAbd”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. 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(17 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0051.xml">"Indian Ocean and Middle Eastern Slave Trades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies_Online" title="Oxford Bibliographies Online">Oxford Bibliographies Online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846733-0051">10.1093/OBO/9780199846733-0051</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Ocean+and+Middle+Eastern+Slave+Trades&rft.btitle=Oxford+Bibliographies+Online&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846733-0051&rft.aulast=La+Rue&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199846733%2Fobo-9780199846733-0051.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525101036/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">"Focus on the slave trade"</a>. May 25, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1523100.stm">the original</a> on May 25, 2017. Retrieved July 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+the+slave+trade&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F1523100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montana_2013-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montana_2013_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montana_2013_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontana2013" class="citation book cs1">Montana, Ismael (2013). The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813044828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813044828"><bdi>978-0813044828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolition+of+Slavery+in+Ottoman+Tunisia&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0813044828&rft.aulast=Montana&rft.aufirst=Ismael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006120–122-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006120–122_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, pp. 120–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdem1996" class="citation book cs1">Erdem, Y. Hakan (1996). Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and its Demise, 1800-1909. Macmillan. pp. 95–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333643232" title="Special:BookSources/0333643232"><bdi>0333643232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+its+Demise%2C+1800-1909&rft.pages=95-151&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0333643232&rft.aulast=Erdem&rft.aufirst=Y.+Hakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006110–116-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006110–116_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, pp. 110–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_A._Klein" title="Martin A. Klein">Martin A. Klein</a> (2002), Historical Dictionary of Slavery and Abolition, Page xxii, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810841029" title="Special:BookSources/0810841029">0810841029</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Segal, page 206. See later in article. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Segal, page 222. See later in article. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, David (2004-01-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZEL3kdcQggC&q=Bilal">Muslim Societies in African History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53366-9"><bdi>978-0-521-53366-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies+in+African+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53366-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZEL3kdcQggC%26q%3DBilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103121418/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/cairodeclaration.html">"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library"</a>. 2018-11-03. Archived from the original on 2018-11-03. Retrieved 2024-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Human+Rights+Library&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Finstree%2Fcairodeclaration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortese2013-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortese2013_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCortese2013">Cortese 2013</a>. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCortese2013 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-eoq-32"><a href="#cite_ref-eoq_32-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>eoq</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-ali53-54-33"><a href="#cite_ref-ali53-54_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2006">Ali 2006</a>, pp. 53–54: "...the practical limitations of the Prophet’s mission meant that acquiescence to slave ownership was necessary, though distasteful, but meant to be temporary." harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAli2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icct.nl/publication/isis-and-their-use-slavery">"ISIS and Their Use of Slavery"</a>. International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - ICCT. Retrieved 2024-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Centre+for+Counter-Terrorism+-+ICCT&rft.atitle=ISIS+and+Their+Use+of+Slavery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icct.nl%2Fpublication%2Fisis-and-their-use-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eois-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eois_35-12">m</a> Brunschvig. 'Abd; <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_36-1">b</a> Lewis (1992) p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brockopp-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brockopp_37-7">h</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Qur'an">Encyclopedia of the Qur'an</a>, Slaves and Slavery </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Mendelsohn (1949) pp. 54—58 </li> <li id="cite_note-Esposito-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Esposito_39-1">b</a> John L Esposito (1998) p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_40-1">b</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=177">2:177</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/9?startingVerse=60">9:60</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/UMT/SubSites/jitc/FileManager/JITC%20Fall%202015/04.Bernard%20Lewis.pdf">"Bernard Lewis on Slavery in Islam (An Analytical Study)"</a> (PDF). Journal of Islamic Thought and Civilization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330013644/http://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/UMT/SubSites/jitc/FileManager/JITC%20Fall%202015/04.Bernard%20Lewis.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2017-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Thought+and+Civilization&rft.atitle=Bernard+Lewis+on+Slavery+in+Islam+%28An+Analytical+Study%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadmin.umt.edu.pk%2FMedia%2FSite%2FUMT%2FSubSites%2Fjitc%2FFileManager%2FJITC%2520Fall%25202015%2F04.Bernard%2520Lewis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Gad Heuman and James Walvin (2003), The Slavery Reader, Volume 1, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415213042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415213042">978-0415213042</a>, pp. 31-32 </li> <li id="cite_note-mg1-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mg1_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mg1_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1989" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Murray (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA18">Slavery in the Arab World</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 18–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941533300" title="Special:BookSources/9780941533300"><bdi>9780941533300</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226044956/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=18-39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780941533300&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l81hwFPvzYC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pl1-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pl1_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy2000" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, Paul (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16">Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love/page/16">16–17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521784306" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521784306"><bdi>978-0521784306</bdi></a>. <q>The religious requirement that new slaves be pagans and need for continued imports to maintain slave population made Africa an important source of slaves for the Islamic world. (...) In Islamic tradition, slavery was perceived as a means of converting non-Muslims. One task of the master was religious instruction and theoretically Muslims could not be enslaved. Conversion (of a non-Muslim to Islam) did not automatically lead to emancipation, but assimilation into Muslim society was deemed a prerequisite for emancipation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+Slavery%3A+A+History+of+Slavery+in+Africa&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0521784306&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationsi0000love%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-quran1-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quran1_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quran1_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-quran1_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig,_R.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003</a>. <q>2. The Kor'an. The Religious Ethic. a.—Islam, like its two parent monotheisms, Judaism and Christianity, has never preached the abolition of slavery as a doctrine, but it has followed their example (though in a very different fashion) in endeavouring to moderate the institution and mitigate its legal and moral aspects. Spiritually, the slave has the same value as the free man, and the same eternity is in store for his soul</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitigate-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitigate_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitigate_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitigate_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitigate_46-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlayinka_Kudus_Amuni" class="citation book cs1">Olayinka Kudus Amuni. Pade Badru, Brigid M. Sackey (ed.). Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in Gender Relations and Political Reform. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. pp. 48–9. <q>The Qur'anic injunctions were such as to mitigate the effects of slavery and to provide considerable encouragement for manumission. Kindness to slaves is enjoined in the following verse: [2:177]. In this verse, kindness to slaves is enjoined along with goodness to parents, kindsmen and orphans. Elsewhere the Qur'an says [90:4116].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Africa+South+of+the+Sahara%3A+Essays+in+Gender+Relations+and+Political+Reform&rft.pages=48-9&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.au=Olayinka+Kudus+Amuni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberation_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberation_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberation_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberation_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lewis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Race_and_Slavery_in_the_Middle_East" title="Race and Slavery in the Middle East">Race and Slavery in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 6. <q>[The Quran] recommends, without requiring, his liberation by purchase or manumission. The freeing of slaves is recommended both for the expiation of sins (IV:92; V:92; LVIII:3) and as an act of simple benevolence (11: 177; XXIV:33; XC:13).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kind-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kind_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kind_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Vol. 5. p. 59. <q>Finally, the important role played by slaves as members of this community may help explain the Quran's emphasis on manumission and kind treatment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Quran&rft.pages=59&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emancipatory-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emancipatory_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emancipatory_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emancipatory_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_K._Freamon" class="citation book cs1">Bernard K. Freamon. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 122–3. <q>Before embarking on the typological analysis it is also important to note at the outside that all of the important Quranic rules on slavery are emancipatory. None of the Quran provisions actively further, promote, or counsel the continuation of the pre-Islamic institutions of slavery. Rather, as I and others have argued elsewhere, the message of the Quran appears to be one that exhorts humankind to work toward the attainment of a slavery-free society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possessed+by+the+Right+Hand%3A+The+Problem+of+Slavery+in+Islamic+Law+and+Muslim+Cultures&rft.pages=122-3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.au=Bernard+K.+Freamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iniquity-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iniquity_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iniquity_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iniquity_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iniquity_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamara_Sonn2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS6wCgAAQBAJ&q=quran+free+slaves&pg=PA18">Islam: History, Religion, and Politics</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118972311" title="Special:BookSources/9781118972311"><bdi>9781118972311</bdi></a>. <q>The Quran clearly recognizes that slavery is a source of inequity in society becaise it frequently recommends freeing slaves, along with feeding and clothing the poor as part of living a moral life (90:12-19)...the Quran does not abolish the institution of slavery...slavery was an integral part of the economic system at the time the Quran was revealed; abolition of slavery would have requires an overhaul of the entire socioeconomic system. Therefore, instead of abolishing slavery outright, virtually all interpreters agree that the Quran established an ideal toward which society should: a society in which no one person would be enslaved to another.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=9781118972311&rft.au=Tamara+Sonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS6wCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dquran%2Bfree%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/2?startingVerse=177">2:177</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=33">24:33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/90?startingVerse=13">90:13</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> (Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=92">4:92</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/5?startingVerse=92">5:92</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/58?startingVerse=3">58:3</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-eoq58-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoq58_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoq58_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoq58_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoq58_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Quran. Vol. 5. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Quran&rft.pages=58&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmer_Faruk_Senturk2007" class="citation book cs1">Omer Faruk Senturk (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wq8eXoo7TtgC&q=zakat+freeing+slaves&pg=PR10">Charity in Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Zakat</a>. Tughra Books. p. x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597841238" title="Special:BookSources/9781597841238"><bdi>9781597841238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charity+in+Islam%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Zakat&rft.pages=x&rft.pub=Tughra+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781597841238&rft.au=Omer+Faruk+Senturk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwq8eXoo7TtgC%26q%3Dzakat%2Bfreeing%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-humanity-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humanity_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-humanity_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 5. p. 57. <q>The Qur'an, however, does not consider slaves to be mere chattel; their humanity is directly addressed in references to their beliefs (q 2:221; 4:25, 92), their desire for manumission and their feelings about being forced into prostitution (q 24:33)...The human aspect of slaves is further reinforced by reference to them as members of the private household, sometimes along with wives or children (q.v.; q 23:6; 24:58; 33:50; 70:30) and once in a long list of such members (q 24:31). This incorporation into the intimate family is consistent with the view of slaves in the ancient near east and quite in contrast to Western plantation slavery as it developed in the early modern period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=57&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-morallyequal-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morallyequal_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-morallyequal_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamara_Sonn2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> (6 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS6wCgAAQBAJ&q=quran+free+slaves&pg=PA18">Islam: History, Religion, and Politics</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118972311" title="Special:BookSources/9781118972311"><bdi>9781118972311</bdi></a>. <q>The Quran acknowledges that slaves do not have the same legal standing as free people; instead they are treated as minors for whom the owners are responsible. But it recommends that unmarried Muslims marry their slaves (24:32), indicating that it considers slaves and free people morally equal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+History%2C+Religion%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.isbn=9781118972311&rft.au=Tamara+Sonn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS6wCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dquran%2Bfree%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-equal-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-equal_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-equal_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp. "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 5. p. 57. <q>In one case, the Qur'an refers to master and slave with the same word, rajul (q 39:29). Later interpreters presume slaves to be spiritual equals of free Muslims. For example, q 4:25 urges believers to marry "believing maids that your right hands own" and then states: "The one of you is as the other" (ba'dukum min ba'din), which the <a href="/wiki/Jalalayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalalayn">Jalalayn</a> interpret as "You and they are equal in faith, so do not refrain from marrying them".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=57&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Sikainga (2005), p.5-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/198">198</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis5-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis5_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis5_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lewis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_Slavery_in_the_Middle_East:_An_Historical_Enquiry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (page does not exist)">Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 5. <q>But Qur'anic legislation, subsequently confirmed and elaborated in the Holy Law, brought two major changes to ancient slavery which were to have far-reaching effects. One of these was the presumption of freedom; the other, the ban on the enslavement of free persons except in strictly defined circumstances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Historical+Enquiry&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/24?startingVerse=33">24:33</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Gordon 1989, page 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alhakam.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-those-whom-your-right-hand-possesses-milk-al-yamin">www.alhakam.org/what-is-the-meaning-of-those-whom-your-right-hand-possesses-milk-al-yamin</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp (2006). "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 5. Brill. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-right129-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-right129_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-right129_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Freamon" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Freamon. Possessed by the Right Hand: The Problem of Slavery in Islamic Law and Muslim Cultures. pp. 129–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possessed+by+the+Right+Hand%3A+The+Problem+of+Slavery+in+Islamic+Law+and+Muslim+Cultures&rft.pages=129-130&rft.au=Bernard+Freamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]–200-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage198_198]–200_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/198">198</a>–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig,_R.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003</a>. <q>Tradition delights in asserting that the slave's lot was among the latest preoccupations of the Prophet. It has quite a large store of sayings and anecdotes, attributed to the Prophet or to his Companions, enjoining real kindness towards this inferior social class.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=25&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lewis1992" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Lewis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi">Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519123412/https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2020-03-04. <q>This point is emphasized and elaborated in innumerable hadiths (traditions), in which the Prophet is quoted as urging considerate and sometimes even equal treatment for slaves, denouncing cruelty, harshness, or even discourtesy, recommending the liberation of slaves, and reminding the Muslims that his apostolate was to free and slave alike.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Historical+Enquiry&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2592">"Sahih al-Bukhari 2592, Sunnah.com Saying and Teaching of Prophet Muhammad"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329101515/https://sunnah.com/bukhari:2592">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sahih+al-Bukhari+2592%2C+Sunnah.com+Saying+and+Teaching+of+Prophet+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fbukhari%3A2592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kalamullah.com/tabari.html">"The History of al-Tabari [Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk]"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+%5BTa%27rikh+al-rusul+wa%27l-muluk%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalamullah.com%2Ftabari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988">, Vol 8, p. 39 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Gordon1989" class="citation book cs1">Murray Gordon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&pg=PA19">Slavery in the Arab World</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941533300" title="Special:BookSources/9780941533300"><bdi>9780941533300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780941533300&rft.au=Murray+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l81hwFPvzYC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/ibnmajah:2272">"Sunan Ibn Majah 2272 - The Chapters on Business Transactions"</a>. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunan+Ibn+Majah+2272+-+The+Chapters+on+Business+Transactions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fibnmajah%3A2272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721220320/http://www.lastprophet.info/is-muhammad-a-force-of-good-">"Aydin, p.17 (citing Ibn Abdilberr, İstîâb, IV, p. 1868; Nawavî, Tahzib al Asma, I, p. 162; Ibn al Asîr, Usd al Ghâbe, VI, p. 160)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lastprophet.info/en/content/view/111/14/1/17/">the original</a> on July 21, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aydin%2C+p.17+%28citing+Ibn+Abdilberr%2C+%C4%B0st%C3%AE%C3%A2b%2C+IV%2C+p.+1868%3B+Nawav%C3%AE%2C+Tahzib+al+Asma%2C+I%2C+p.+162%3B+Ibn+al+As%C3%AEr%2C+Usd+al+Gh%C3%A2be%2C+VI%2C+p.+160%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lastprophet.info%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F111%2F14%2F1%2F17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hughes (1996), p. 370 </li> <li id="cite_note-liberty-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liberty_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-liberty_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig,_R.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis6-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis6_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis6_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lewis" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_Slavery_in_the_Middle_East:_An_Historical_Enquiry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (page does not exist)">Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Historical+Enquiry&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_A.C._Brown" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan A.C. Brown. Slavery and Islam. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. 85. <q>Unenslavability extended to non-Muslims living under Muslim rule. There was agreement that these dhimmis could not be enslaved even if they rebelled against the Muslim government. Even if enemies from outside the Abode of Islam captured dhimmis living under Muslim rule and took them as slaves, they were not legally owned according to the Shariah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Islam&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.au=Jonathan+A.C.+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Lewis 1990, page 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith200633-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith200633_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, p. 33: "The rider was sometimes added that such people should have been 'rightfully enslaved', although what this meant was far from clear" </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibri-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibri_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibri_81-1">b</a> Azizah Y. al-Hibri, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-L77-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L77_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L77_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L77_82-2">c</a> Levy (1957) p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Gordon 1987, page 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.searchtruth.com/tafsir/Quran/23/index.html#sdfootnote7sym">"23. Surah Al Muminoon (The Believers) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an"</a>. www.searchtruth.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220720103738/https://www.searchtruth.com/tafsir/Quran/23/index.html#sdfootnote7sym">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-20. Retrieved 2022-07-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.searchtruth.com&rft.atitle=23.+Surah+Al+Muminoon+%28The+Believers%29+-+Sayyid+Abul+Ala+Maududi+-+Tafhim+al-Qur%27an+-+The+Meaning+of+the+Qur%27an&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchtruth.com%2Ftafsir%2FQuran%2F23%2Findex.html%23sdfootnote7sym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-85"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_85-0">^</a> Brunschvig. 'Abd; Encyclopedia of Islam, page 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html">https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsy-Syafi'i_R._A.1989" class="citation book cs1">Asy-Syafi'i R. A., Al-Imam (1989). Al-Umm = Kitab induk. Vol. 5. Kuala Lumpur: Victory Agencie. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839581522" title="Special:BookSources/9789839581522"><bdi>9789839581522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Umm+%3D+Kitab+induk&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Victory+Agencie&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9789839581522&rft.aulast=Asy-Syafi%27i+R.+A.&rft.aufirst=Al-Imam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2010">Ali 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/KeciaAliMarriageAndSlaveryInEarlyIslam/page/n129/mode/1up">119</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Levy (1957) p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jwl85m-bSeA">3 Çarpıcı Örnek: Kurban, Kölelik ve Allah Tasavvuru</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIntisar152-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIntisar152_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIntisar">Intisar</a>, p. 152. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIntisar (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESonn201518-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonn201518_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSonn2015">Sonn 2015</a>, p. 18. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSonn2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2019282–283-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2019282–283_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2019">Brown 2019</a>, p. 282–283. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown201996-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown201996_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2019">Brown 2019</a>, p. 96. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrown2019 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Tahfeem_ul_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahfeem ul Qur'an">Tahfeem ul Qur'an</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maududi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maududi">Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi</a>, Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=1">23:1-6</a>: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir#Tafsir" title="Ibn Kathir">Tafsir Ibn Kathir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4:24/tafsirs/en-tafisr-ibn-kathir">4:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Lewis 1990, page 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Lewis 1990, page 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-umm_walad-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umm_walad_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-umm_walad_99-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050417/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2424">Archived</a> 2017-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Umm al-Walad, "Mother of the son. Refers to a slave woman impregnated by her owner…", Oxford Islamic Studies Online </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_100-2">c</a> Paul Lovejoy (2000) p.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kecia_Ali" title="Kecia Ali">Kecia Ali</a> (2010), Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam, Harvard University Press, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Nashat (1999) p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_103-1">b</a> Sikainga (1996), p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kecia_Ali" title="Kecia Ali">Ali, Kecia</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC">Marriage and Slavery in Early Islam</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674059177" title="Special:BookSources/9780674059177"><bdi>9780674059177</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104847/https://books.google.com/books?id=C229nbjq8TMC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2018-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Slavery+in+Early+Islam&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674059177&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Kecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC229nbjq8TMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Shaykh al-Tusi stated in Al-Mabsut, Volume 3 page 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> al-Muhaqiq al-Kurki in Jame'a al-Maqasid, Volume 6 page 62, Allamah al-Hilli in Al-Tadkira, Volume 2 page 210 and Ali Asghar Merwarid in Al-Yanabi al-Fiqhya, Volume 17 page 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Lewis 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> John Joseph, Review of Race and Color in Islam by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a>, Vol. 5, No. 3. (Jun., 1974), pp. 368-371. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Lewis 1990, page 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-schimmel-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schimmel_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schimmel_110-1">b</a> Schimmel (1992) p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Esposito (2002) p.148 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Fazlur Rahman, Islam, University of Chicago Press, p.38 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Murray Gordon, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC">Slavery in the Arab World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104847/https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> 2018-11-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." New Amsterdam Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987. Page 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-L9010-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L9010_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L9010_114-1">b</a> Lewis (1990) p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-115"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_115-0">^</a> Manning (1990) p.28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sikainga-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Sikainga_116-0">^</a> Sikainga (1996) p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> John Esposito (1998) p.40 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Lewis(1990) 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Murray Gordon, "Slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab World</a>." <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> Press, New York, 1989. Originally published in French by Editions Robert Laffont, S.A. Paris, 1987, page 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Levy, p.78 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Khalil b. Ishaq, quoted in Levy (1957) p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-eoi27-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eoi27_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoi27_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eoi27_122-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig,_R.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam volume 1. Vol. 1. Brill. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+volume+1&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0003&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relianceofthetravellertheclassicmanualofislamicsacredlawindexed">"Imam Shafi, Umdat as-Salik (Reliance Of The Traveller The Classic Manual Of Islamic Sacred Law Indexed)"</a>. Retrieved 18 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imam+Shafi%2C+Umdat+as-Salik+%28Reliance+Of+The+Traveller+The+Classic+Manual+Of+Islamic+Sacred+Law+Indexed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelianceofthetravellertheclassicmanualofislamicsacredlawindexed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> Section o24.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Except according to Hanafis, who make a free man liable to retaliation in cases of murder </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Levy (1957) pp. 78-79 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Khalil bin Ishaq, II, 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Sachau, p.173 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Levy, p.114 </li> <li id="cite_note-L8081-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-L8081_129-6">g</a> Levy pp. 80-81 </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcfree-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcfree_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcfree_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcfree_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml">"Slavery in Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225141842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-25. 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Retrieved 2020-07-12. <q>در بعضى از روايات اسلامى آمده است: بردگان بعد از هفت سال خود به خود آزاد مى‏ شوند، چنانكه از امام صادق(عليه السلام) مى خوانيم: «كسى كه ايمان داشته باشد بعد از هفت سال آزاد مى شود صاحبش بخواهد يا نخواهد و به خدمت گرفتن كسى كه ايمان داشته بعد از هفت سال حلال نيست»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9+%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85&rft.date=2018-08-19&rft.aulast=Makarem+Shirazi&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakarem.ir%2Fmain.aspx%3Ftypeinfo%3D44%26lid%3D0%26mid%3D411870%26catid%3D27286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli2004-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAli2004_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAli2004">Ali 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazelton2010107-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazelton2010107_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazelton2010">Hazelton 2010</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiley2018" class="citation book cs1">Smiley, Will (2018). From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198785415" title="Special:BookSources/9780198785415"><bdi>9780198785415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Slaves+to+Prisoners+of+War%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+Russia+and+International+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198785415&rft.aulast=Smiley&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldfield2011" class="citation web cs1">Oldfield, John (2011-02-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml">"British Anti-slavery"</a>. British History in depth. BBC History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925213603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/antislavery_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2016-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+in+depth&rft.atitle=British+Anti-slavery&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft.aulast=Oldfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fantislavery_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-37-141"><a href="#cite_ref-EI2-37_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunschvig,_R.1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brunschvig, R. (1986). "ʿAbd". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Brill. pp. 37–38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAbd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=37-38&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Brunschvig%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith2017" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300166460-006/html">"5. Islamic Abolitionism in the Western Indian Ocean From c. 1800"</a>. Indian Ocean Slavery in the Age of Abolition. 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Yale University. November 8, 2008. p. 6. Retrieved February 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trades+in+the+Indian+Ocean+and+Arab+Worlds%3A+Global+Connections+and+Disconnections&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglc.yale.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Findian-ocean%2Fsmith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_E._Brockopp2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jonathan E. Brockopp (2006). "Slaves and slavery". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 5. Brill. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slaves+and+slavery&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jonathan+E.+Brockopp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006221-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006221_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006221_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/slavery_1.shtml">"Slavery in Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2023-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+Islam&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fslavery_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-greattheft-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greattheft_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greattheft_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greattheft_147-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled_Abou_El_Fadl2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> (2009). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>. pp. 255–266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Theft%3A+Wrestling+Islam+from+the+Extremists&rft.pages=255-266&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Khaled+Abou+El+Fadl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-consensus-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-consensus_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-consensus_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Freamon1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Freamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Freamon (page does not exist)">Bernard Freamon</a> (1998). "Slavery, Freedom, and the Doctrine of Consensus in Islamic Jurisprudence". <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Human_Rights_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Human Rights Journal">Harvard Human Rights Journal</a>. 11 (1): 60–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Human+Rights+Journal&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+Freedom%2C+and+the+Doctrine+of+Consensus+in+Islamic+Jurisprudence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-61&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Bernard+Freamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Fawzan2-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Fawzan2_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018033802/http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2">"Author of Saudi Curriculums Advocates Slavery"</a>. SIA News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianews.org/english/article.cfm?qid=132&sid=2">the original</a> on October 18, 2005. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Author+of+Saudi+Curriculums+Advocates+Slavery&rft.pub=SIA+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabianews.org%2Fenglish%2Farticle.cfm%3Fqid%3D132%26sid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527215140/https://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2003/11/11/16588041.php">Alt URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Fawzan1-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Fawzan1_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140527211742/http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf">"Taming a Neo-Qutubite Fanatic Part 1"</a> (PDF). salafi publications, abdurrahman.org. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abdurrahman.org/innovation/thequtbisuroori_d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014. <q>Questioner: ... one of the contemporary writers is of the view that this religion, at its inception, was compelled to accept the institution of slavery ... [but] ... that the intent of the Legislator [i.e. God] is to gradually end this institution of slavery. So what is your view on this? Shaikh Salih alFawzaan: These are words of falsehood (baatil) ... despite that many of the writers and thinkers -- and we do not say scholars -- repeat these words. Rather we say that they are thinkers (mufakkireen), just as they call them. And it is unfortunate, that they also call them `Du'at' (callers). ... These words are falsehood ... This is deviation and a false accusation against Islaam. And if it had not been for the excuse of ignorance [because] we excuse them on account of (their) ignorance so we do not say that they are Unbelievers because they are ignorant and are blind followers .... Otherwise, these statements are very dangerous and if a person said them deliberately he would become apostate and leave Islaam. ..."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taming+a+Neo-Qutubite+Fanatic+Part+1&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=salafi+publications%2C+abdurrahman.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabdurrahman.org%2Finnovation%2Fthequtbisuroori_d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> [Source of Q&A: Cassette Recording dated 4/8/1416 and subsequently verified by the Shaikh himself with a few minor alterations to the wording.] [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fi_Zilal_al-Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Fi Zilal al-Qur'an">Fi Zilal al-Qur'an</a>, Surah Tawbah (3/1669) also in Tafsir of Surah Baqarah (/230), tafsir of Surah Mu'minoon (4/2455), tafsir of Surah Muhammad (6/3285) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Qutb, Muhammad, Islam, the Misunderstood Religion, Markazi Maktabi Islami, Delhi-6, 1992 p.50 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> From "Human Rights in Islam" by 'Allamah Abu Al-'A'la Mawdudi. Chapter 3, subsection 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/slav3.htm">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203193405/http://www.central-mosque.com/fiqh/slav3.htm">Archived</a> 2007-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417083811/http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staffinfo.cfm?contactid=36">Archived</a> April 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage188_188]-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage188_188]_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/188">188</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf">"Department of Economic History"</a> (PDF). London School of Economics and Political Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603012804/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/Research/GEHN/GEHNPDF/Conf3_WCSmith.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-06-03. Retrieved 2015-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Department+of+Economic+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lse.ac.uk%2FeconomicHistory%2FResearch%2FGEHN%2FGEHNPDF%2FConf3_WCSmith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage186_186]-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarence-Smith2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsislamabolitionof0000clarpage186_186]_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarence-Smith2006">Clarence-Smith 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar/page/186">186</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> al-Shakhsiyah al-Islamiyyah (The Islamic Personality) by <a href="/wiki/Taqiuddin_al-Nabhani" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiuddin al-Nabhani">Taqiuddin al-Nabhani</a>, Volume 3, Slavery Section </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery">"The Islamic view on Slaves and Slavery"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101111114656/http://www.khilafah.com/index.php/the-khilafah/foreign-policy/2764-the-islamic-view-on-slaves-and-slavery">Archived</a> 2010-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, khilafah.com 13 May 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Belardelli-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Belardelli_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelardelli2014" class="citation news cs1">Belardelli, Guilia (2 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html">"Pope Francis And Other Religious Leaders Sign Declaration Against Modern Slavery"</a>. Huffpost Religion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018013533/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/12/02/pope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-10-18. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+And+Other+Religious+Leaders+Sign+Declaration+Against+Modern+Slavery&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft.aulast=Belardelli&rft.aufirst=Guilia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F12%2F02%2Fpope-francis-and-other-re_n_6256640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajaee-176-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rajaee-176_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajaee-176_161-1">b</a> see also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajaee2007" class="citation book cs1">Rajaee, Farhang (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV0gqOX6gDEC&pg=PA178">Islamism and Modernism: The Changing Discourse in Iran</a>. Austin TX: University of Texas Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292774360" title="Special:BookSources/9780292774360"><bdi>9780292774360</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 November 2015. <q>Islam has devised solutions and strategies for ending slavery, but this does not mean that slavery is condemned in Islam. If, in a legitimate war, Muslims gain dominance over unbelievers and take them captive, in the hand of the victorious Muslims they are considered slaves and the ordinances of slavery apply to them. [source: Ettela'at, 10 Mehr 1372/October 1, 1993]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamism+and+Modernism%3A+The+Changing+Discourse+in+Iran&rft.place=Austin+TX&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780292774360&rft.aulast=Rajaee&rft.aufirst=Farhang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZV0gqOX6gDEC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html">Transcript of TV interview with Dr. Soroush by Dariush Sajjadi, Broadcast, Homa TV, 9 March 2006</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220623/http://www.drsoroush.com/English/Interviews/E-INT-HomaTV.html">Archived</a> 2015-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 15 July 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html">"متن مصاحبه داريوش سجادی با دکتر سوش"</a>. Dr. Soroush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307050311/http://www.drsoroush.com/Persian/Interviews/P-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-03-07. Retrieved 7 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86+%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%87+%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4+%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1+%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4&rft.pub=Dr.+Soroush&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drsoroush.com%2FPersian%2FInterviews%2FP-INT-13841218-HomaTV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988">(in Persian) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_A.C._Brown" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan A.C. Brown. Slavery and Islam. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. pp. 219–220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+Islam&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.au=Jonathan+A.C.+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNEssenceTerror-165"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNEssenceTerror_165-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLister2014" class="citation news cs1">Lister, Tim (6 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/">"Boko Haram: The essence of terror"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513033040/http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/06/world/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 13 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boko+Haram%3A+The+essence+of+terror&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft.aulast=Lister&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F05%2F06%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigeria-boko-haram-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerran2014" class="citation news cs1">Ferran, Lee (5 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347">"Boko Haram: Kidnappers, Slave-Owners, Terrorists, Killers"</a>. ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104104804/https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/boko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers/story?id=23598347">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Boko+Haram%3A+Kidnappers%2C+Slave-Owners%2C+Terrorists%2C+Killers&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft.aulast=Ferran&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBlotter%2Fboko-haram-kidnappers-slave-owners-terrorists-killers%2Fstory%3Fid%3D23598347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_167-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100">"Islamic State Seeks to Justify Enslaving Yazidi Women and Girls in Iraq"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101221822/http://www.newsweek.com/islamic-state-seeks-justify-enslaving-yazidi-women-and-girls-iraq-277100">Archived</a> 2014-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, 10-13-2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Allen McDuffee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/">"ISIS Is Now Bragging About Enslaving Women and Children"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830060025/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/10/isis-confirms-and-justifies-enslaving-yazidis-in-new-magazine-article/381394/">Archived</a> 2017-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, October 13, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Salma Abdelaziz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery/">"ISIS states its justification for the enslavement of women"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621204748/http://www.cnn.com/2014/10/12/world/meast/isis-justification-slavery">Archived</a> 2017-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, October 13, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Richard Spencer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html">"Thousands of Yazidi women sold as sex slaves 'for theological reasons', says Isil"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409195532/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11158797/Thousands-of-Yazidi-women-sold-as-sex-slaves-for-theological-reasons-says-Isil.html">Archived</a> 2018-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, 13 October 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold">"To have and to hold: Jihadists boast of selling captive women as concubines"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829145631/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21625870-jihadists-boast-selling-captive-women-concubines-have-and-hold">Archived</a> 2017-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, October 18, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauren_Markoe2013" class="citation news cs1">Lauren Markoe (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html">"Muslim Scholars Release Open Letter to Islamic State Meticulously Blasting Its Ideology"</a>. The Huffington Post. Religious News Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925115145/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/09/24/muslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Muslim+Scholars+Release+Open+Letter+to+Islamic+State+Meticulously+Blasting+Its+Ideology&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.au=Lauren+Markoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2014%2F09%2F24%2Fmuslim-scholars-islamic-state_n_5878038.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-christianpost-2014-09-25-173"><a href="#cite_ref-christianpost-2014-09-25_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Samuel (25 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/">"International Coalition of Muslim Scholars Refute ISIS' Religious Arguments in Open Letter to al-Baghdadi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Post" title="The Christian Post">The Christian Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402083022/https://www.christianpost.com/news/international-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Post&rft.atitle=International+Coalition+of+Muslim+Scholars+Refute+ISIS%27+Religious+Arguments+in+Open+Letter+to+al-Baghdadi&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianpost.com%2Fnews%2Finternational-coalition-of-muslim-scholars-refute-isis-religious-arguments-in-open-letter-to-al-baghdadi-127032%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OpenLetToAlBagh-175"><a href="#cite_ref-OpenLetToAlBagh_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140925193528/http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php">"Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi"</a>. September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lettertobaghdadi.com/index.php">the original</a> on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Letter+to+Al-Baghdadi&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flettertobaghdadi.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1990" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdjvedBeMHYC">Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505326-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Historical+Enquiry&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505326-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdjvedBeMHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegal2002" class="citation book cs1">Segal, Ronald (2002-02-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdh3GYnXvrAC">Islam's Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-52797-6"><bdi>978-0-374-52797-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%27s+Black+Slaves%3A+The+Other+Black+Diaspora&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002-02-09&rft.isbn=978-0-374-52797-6&rft.aulast=Segal&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfdh3GYnXvrAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Kenneth Warren (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C">Firearms: A Global History to 1700</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+A+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82274-9&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DesnWJkYRCJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1">Lapidus, Ira M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ">A History of Islamic Societies</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51430-9&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFJNBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2004" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Kecia (2 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html">"Islam and Slavery"</a>. The Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, Brandeis University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101014010/https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/muslim/slavery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Slavery&rft.pub=The+Feminist+Sexual+Ethics+Project%2C+Brandeis+University&rft.date=2004-02-02&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Kecia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fprojects%2Ffse%2Fmuslim%2Fslavery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazelton2010" class="citation book cs1">Hazelton, Jacqueline L. (25 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NaVhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3">Beyond Slavery: Overcoming Its Religious and Sexual Legacies</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11389-3"><bdi>978-0-230-11389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Slavery%3A+Overcoming+Its+Religious+and+Sexual+Legacies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11389-3&rft.aulast=Hazelton&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNaVhAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Bernard1990" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceslaveryinmid0000lewi">Race and Slavery in the Middle East</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505326-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505326-5"><bdi>0-19-505326-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+Slavery+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-19-505326-5&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceslaveryinmid0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy,_Paul_E.2000" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationsi0000love">Transformations in Slavery</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78430-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78430-1"><bdi>0-521-78430-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+Slavery&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78430-1&rft.au=Lovejoy%2C+Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationsi0000love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning,_Patrick1990" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Patrick (1990). Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34867-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34867-6"><bdi>0-521-34867-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+African+Life%3A+Occidental%2C+Oriental%2C+and+African+Slave+Trades&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-34867-6&rft.au=Manning%2C+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon,_Murray1987" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Murray (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l81hwFPvzYC">Slavery in the Arab World</a>. New York: New Amsterdam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941533300" title="Special:BookSources/9780941533300"><bdi>9780941533300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=New+York%3A+New+Amsterdam+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780941533300&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l81hwFPvzYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, Willian Gervase (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamabolitionof0000clar">Islam and the Abolition of Slavery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-522151-0"><bdi>978-0-19-522151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-522151-0&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=Willian+Gervase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamabolitionof0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrams,_W._H.1967" class="citation book cs1">Ingrams, W. H. (1967). Zanzibar. UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-1102-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-1102-6"><bdi>0-7146-1102-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zanzibar&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-7146-1102-6&rft.au=Ingrams%2C+W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Habeeb Akande, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqAlCQAAQBAJ">Illuminating the Darkness: Blacks and North Africans in Islam</a> (Ta Ha 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Hibri2003" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj">"An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence"</a>. 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411122411/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1917&context=ilj">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2018-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=27+Fordham+International+Law+Journal+195&rft.atitle=An+Islamic+Perspective+on+Domestic+Violence&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Al-Hibri&rft.aufirst=Azizah+Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.lawnet.fordham.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1917%26context%3Dilj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.J._BearmanTh._BianquisC.E._BosworthE._van_Donzel" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">C.E. Bosworth</a>; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). "Abd". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> Online. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-3912">1573-3912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abd&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.issn=1573-3912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom,_JonathanBlair,_Sheila2002" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780300094220">Islam: A Thousand Years of Faith and Power</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09422-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09422-1"><bdi>0-300-09422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+A+Thousand+Years+of+Faith+and+Power&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09422-1&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780300094220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis,_Robert_C.2004" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Robert C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9"><bdi>1-4039-4551-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Slaves%2C+Muslim+Masters&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4039-4551-9&rft.au=Davis%2C+Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116405722392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito,_John1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamstraightpat00espo_0">Islam: The Straight Path</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511233-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511233-4"><bdi>0-19-511233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-511233-4&rft.au=Esposito%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamstraightpat00espo_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"> - First Edition 1991; Expanded Edition : 1992.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2012" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Alison (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.117.2.410">"The Children of the Desert and the Laws of the Sea: Austria, Great Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Mediterranean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century"</a>. American Historical Review. 117 (2): 410–444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr.117.2.410">10.1086/ahr.117.2.410</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159756171">159756171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Children+of+the+Desert+and+the+Laws+of+the+Sea%3A+Austria%2C+Great+Britain%2C+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Mediterranean+Slave+Trade+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=410-444&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr.117.2.410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159756171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252Fahr.117.2.410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaved_Ahmed_Ghamidi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Ahmed Ghamidi">Javed Ahmed Ghamidi</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Mizan" title="Mizan">Mizan</a>. Lahore: <a href="/wiki/Al-Mawrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mawrid">Al-Mawrid</a>. OCLC 52901690.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mizan&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Al-Mawrid&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Javed+Ahmed+Ghamidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan,_Yusuf_FadlGray,_Richard2002" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Yusuf Fadl; Gray, Richard (2002). Religion and Conflict in Sudan. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9966-21-831-9" title="Special:BookSources/9966-21-831-9"><bdi>9966-21-831-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Conflict+in+Sudan&rft.pub=Nairobi%3A+Paulines+Publications+Africa&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9966-21-831-9&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Yusuf+Fadl&rft.au=Gray%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes,_Thomas_PatrickPatrick1996" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Thomas Patrick; Patrick (1996). A Dictionary of Islam. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0672-2"><bdi>978-81-206-0672-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0672-2&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Thomas+Patrick&rft.au=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd.:_Holt,_P._M_;_Lambton,_Ann;_Lewis,_Bernard1977" class="citation book cs1">Ed.: Holt, P. M ; Lambton, Ann; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29137-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29137-2"><bdi>0-521-29137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-521-29137-2&rft.au=%27%27Ed.%27%27%3A+Holt%2C+P.+M+%3B+Lambton%2C+Ann%3B+Lewis%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJok,_Madut_Jok2001" class="citation book cs1">Jok, Madut Jok (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warslaveryinsuda0000jokj">War and Slavery in Sudan</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1762-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1762-4"><bdi>0-8122-1762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Slavery+in+Sudan&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8122-1762-4&rft.au=Jok%2C+Madut+Jok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarslaveryinsuda0000jokj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuynboll1910" class="citation book cs1">Juynboll (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbuchdesislmi00juyn">Handbuch des Islamischen Gesetzes</a>. Leyden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+des+Islamischen+Gesetzes&rft.place=Leyden&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Juynboll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbuchdesislmi00juyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalil_bin_Ishaq" class="citation book cs1">Khalil bin Ishaq. Mukhtasar tr. Guidi and Santillana (Milan, 1919).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mukhtasar+tr.+Guidi+and+Santillana+%28Milan%2C+1919%29&rft.au=Khalil+bin+Ishaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy,_Reuben1957" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Reuben (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialstructureo0000levy">The Social Structure of Islam</a>. UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521091824" title="Special:BookSources/9780521091824"><bdi>9780521091824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Structure+of+Islam&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=9780521091824&rft.au=Levy%2C+Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialstructureo0000levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohn,_Isaac1949" class="citation book cs1">Mendelsohn, Isaac (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.7521">Slavery in the Ancient Near East</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 67564625.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Mendelsohn%2C+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.7521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Vanessa2005" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Vanessa (2005). The Qajar Pact. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-763-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-763-7"><bdi>1-85043-763-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qajar+Pact&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85043-763-7&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontana,_Ismael2013" class="citation book cs1">Montana, Ismael (2013). The Abolition of Slavery in Ottoman Tunisia. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813044828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813044828"><bdi>978-0813044828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolition+of+Slavery+in+Ottoman+Tunisia&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0813044828&rft.au=Montana%2C+Ismael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr,_Seyyed2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Seyyed Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780060099244">The Heart of Islam: Enduring Values for Humanity</a>. US: HarperSanFrancisco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-009924-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-009924-0"><bdi>0-06-009924-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heart+of+Islam%3A+Enduring+Values+for+Humanity&rft.place=US&rft.pub=HarperSanFrancisco&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-06-009924-0&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Seyyed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780060099244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst,_Richard1997" class="citation book cs1">Pankhurst, Richard (1997). The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century. The Red Sea Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932415-19-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-932415-19-9"><bdi>0-932415-19-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Borderlands%3A+Essays+in+Regional+History+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+End+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=The+Red+Sea+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-932415-19-9&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachau1897" class="citation book cs1">Sachau (1897). Muhammedanisches Recht [cited extensively in Levy, R 'Social Structure of Islam']. Berlin, Germany.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammedanisches+Recht+%5Bcited+extensively+in+Levy%2C+R+%27Social+Structure+of+Islam%27%5D&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.date=1897&rft.au=Sachau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel,_Annemarie1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (1992). Islam: An Introduction. US: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1327-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1327-6"><bdi>0-7914-1327-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=US&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7914-1327-6&rft.au=Schimmel%2C+Annemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSikainga,_Ahmad_A.1996" class="citation book cs1">Sikainga, Ahmad A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/slavesintoworker0000sika">Slaves Into Workers: Emancipation and Labor in Colonial Sudan</a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77694-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77694-2"><bdi>0-292-77694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+Into+Workers%3A+Emancipation+and+Labor+in+Colonial+Sudan&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-292-77694-2&rft.au=Sikainga%2C+Ahmad+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fslavesintoworker0000sika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiley,_Will2018" class="citation book cs1">Smiley, Will (2018). From Slaves to Prisoners of War: The Ottoman Empire, Russia and International Law. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198785415" title="Special:BookSources/9780198785415"><bdi>9780198785415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Slaves+to+Prisoners+of+War%3A+The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+Russia+and+International+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780198785415&rft.au=Smiley%2C+Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToledano,_Ehud2014" class="citation book cs1">Toledano, Ehud (2014). The Ottoman Slave Trade and its Suppression. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691613932" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691613932"><bdi>978-0691613932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Slave+Trade+and+its+Suppression&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0691613932&rft.au=Toledano%2C+Ehud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker,_Judith_E.Nashat,_Guity1999" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Judith E.; Nashat, Guity (1999). Women in the Middle East and North Africa. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21264-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21264-2"><bdi>0-253-21264-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-253-21264-2&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Judith+E.&rft.au=Nashat%2C+Guity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+views+on+slavery" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ahmad A. Sikainga, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/221303">Shari'a Courts and the Manumission of Female Slaves in the Sudan 1898-1939</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430121313/http://www.jstor.org/stable/221303">Archived</a> 2016-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The International Journal of African Historical Studies > Vol. 28, No. 1 (1995), pp. 1–24</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531155248/http://ebooks.i360.pk/2016/04/28/slavery-historic-perspective-islamic-reforms-by-dr-hafiz-safwan-muhammad-chohan/">Slavery: Historic Perspective & Islamic Reforms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_and_religion" title="Template:Slavery and religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_and_religion" title="Template talk:Slavery and religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_and_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery and religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Slavery_and_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery and religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views on slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_slavery" title="Christian views on slavery">Christian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_slavery" title="Jewish views on slavery">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">The Bible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith and slavery">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_slavery" title="Catholic Church and slavery">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_slavery" title="Mormonism and slavery">Mormonism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world">History of slavery in the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_monasticism" title="Forced monasticism">Forced monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_abolitionism" title="Christian abolitionism">Christian abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a 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