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and counting ballots subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Casting_and_counting_ballots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Block_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Block voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Block_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_block_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_block_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects of block voting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects_of_block_voting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects of block voting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_block_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landslide_victories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landslide_victories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Landslide victories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landslide_victories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_voting_and_strategic_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_voting_and_strategic_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tactical voting and strategic nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_voting_and_strategic_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compared_to_preferential_block_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compared_to_preferential_block_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Compared to preferential block voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compared_to_preferential_block_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacancies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacancies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vacancies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacancies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_block_voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_block_voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use of block voting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_of_block_voting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use of block voting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_of_block_voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>National elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sub-national_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Plurality block voting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrutini_majoritari_plurinominal" title="Escrutini majoritari plurinominal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escrutini majoritari plurinominal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrutinio_mayoritario_plurinominal" title="Escrutinio mayoritario plurinominal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escrutinio mayoritario plurinominal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrutin_majoritaire_plurinominal" title="Scrutin majoritaire plurinominal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scrutin majoritaire plurinominal" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_primary" title="Nonpartisan primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickrey-Clarke-Groves_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vickrey-Clarke-Groves mechanism">VCG mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratic_voting" title="Quadratic voting">Quadratic voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Plurality block voting</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Block_voting" title="Block voting">block voting</a> method for <a href="/wiki/Multiwinner_voting" title="Multiwinner voting">multi-winner elections</a>. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number of seats to be filled.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The candidates with the most votes are elected. The usual result when the candidates divide into parties is that the most-popular party in the district sees its full <a href="/wiki/Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">slate</a> of candidates elected, even if the party does not have support of majority of the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <b>plurality <a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a></b> is in common usage in elections for representative members of a body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example, a city, state or province, nation, club or association). Where the system is used in a territory divided into multi-member <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral districts</a> the system is commonly referred to as "block voting" or the "bloc vote". These systems are usually based on a single round of voting. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">party-list</a> version of block voting is party block voting (PBV), also called the <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">general ticket</a>, which also elects members by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> in multi-member districts. In such a system, each party puts forward a slate of candidates, a voter casts just one vote, and the party winning a plurality of votes sees its whole slate elected, winning all the seats. </p><p>Plurality block voting is distinct from <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">party block voting</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casting_and_counting_ballots">Casting and counting ballots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Casting and counting ballots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Block_voting">Block voting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Block voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a block voting election, all candidates run against each other for <i>m</i> number of positions, where <i>m</i> is commonly called the district magnitude. Each voter selects up to <i>m</i> candidates on the ballot. Each of the voters have <i>m</i> votes, and are able to cast no more than one per candidate. They cannot vote for the same candidate more than once, as is permitted in <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voters are permitted to cast their votes across candidates of different parties (<a href="/wiki/Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">ticket splitting</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>m</i> candidates with the most votes (who may or may not obtain a majority of available votes or support from the majority of the voters) are declared elected and will fill the positions. </p><p>Due to multiple voting, when a party runs more than one candidate, it is impossible to know if the party had support of as many voters as the party tally of votes (up to number of voters participating in the election) or if it had support of just the number of voters equivalent to the votes received by the most popular candidate and the other candidates of that party merely received votes from subset of that group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example">Example</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Candidates are running in a three-member district; each of the 10,000 voters may cast three votes (but do not have to). Voters may not cast more than one vote for a single candidate. </p><p>Party A has about 35% support among the electorate, Party B around 25% and the remaining voters primarily support independent candidates. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Candidate </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th colspan="2">Elected? </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A1</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>3555</b> </td> <td>36% </td> <td><b>3.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A2</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>3700</b> </td> <td>37% </td> <td><b>1.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Candidate A3</b> </td> <td style="background:#D10000"> </td> <td><b>Party A</b> </td> <td><b>3600</b> </td> <td>36% </td> <td><b>2.</b> </td> <td><b>Yes</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B1 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2600 </td> <td>26% </td> <td>4. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B2 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2500 </td> <td>25% </td> <td>5. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate B3 </td> <td style="background:#0008A5"> </td> <td>Party B </td> <td>2400 </td> <td>24% </td> <td>6. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I1 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>2300 </td> <td>23% </td> <td>8. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I2 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>2395 </td> <td>20% </td> <td>7. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I3 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>19% </td> <td>9. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>1800 </td> <td>15% </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I5 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>650 </td> <td>7% </td> <td>11. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Candidate I6 </td> <td> </td> <td>Independent </td> <td>600 </td> <td>6% </td> <td>12. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><i>TOTAL</i> </td> <td>28,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">TOTAL possible votes (3 per voter) </td> <td>30,000 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Voters </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>100% </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Candidates of Party A won in a landslide, even though they only received a plurality (35–37%) among the voters (10,000). This is because most parties run as many candidates as there are open seats and voters of a party usually do not split their ticket, but vote for all candidates of that party. </p><p>By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> system would likely elect 1 candidate from party A, 1 candidate from party B and 1 independent candidate in this scenario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_block_voting">Effects of block voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of block voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The block voting system has a number of features which can make it unrepresentative of the voters' intentions. Block voting regularly produces complete <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide</a> majorities for the group of candidates with the highest level of support. Additionally, like <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first past the post</a> methods, if there are many parties running and voters do not engage in <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a>, a small cohesive group of voters, making up only a minority of the voters, can elect all the open seats by merely constituting a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(voting)" title="Plurality (voting)">plurality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landslide_victories">Landslide victories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Landslide victories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under block voting, a slate of <a href="/wiki/Clone_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clone (voting)">clones</a> of the top-place candidate may win every available seat. A voter does have the option to vote for candidates of different political parties if they wish, but if the largest group of voters have strong party loyalty, there is nothing the other voters or parties can do to prevent a landslide. </p><p>While many criticize block voting's tendency to create landslide victories, some cite it as a strength. Since the winners of a block voting election generally represent the same slate or group of voters, there is greater agreement among those elected, potentially leading to a reduction in political <a href="/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)" title="Gridlock (politics)">gridlock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_voting_and_strategic_nomination">Tactical voting and strategic nomination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tactical voting and strategic nomination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block plurality voting, like single-winner <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting</a>, is particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">tactical voting</a>. Supporters of relatively unpopular <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">third parties</a> have a substantial incentive to avoid <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a> by casting all of their votes for a slate of candidates from a major party. </p><p>Parties in block voting systems can also benefit from <a href="/wiki/Strategic_nomination" title="Strategic nomination">strategic nomination</a>. Coalitions are actively hurt when they have more candidates than there are seats to fill, as <a href="/wiki/Vote-splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote-splitting">vote-splitting</a> will occur. Similarly, a coalition has a substantial incentive to nominate a full slate of candidates, as otherwise supporting voters may cast some of their remaining votes for opposing candidates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bullet_voting" title="Bullet voting">Bullet voting</a> is a strategy in which a voter only votes for a single candidate in an attempt to stop them being beaten by additional choices. Because the voter is essentially wasting a portion of their vote, bullet voting is only a good strategy when the voter has a strong preference for their favorite and is unsure of, and/or indifferent to, the other candidates' relative chances of winning, for example, if the voter supports an independent candidate or a minor party which has only nominated one candidate. Thus, block voting may look like <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single non-transferable voting">single non-transferable voting</a>. </p><p>This system sometimes fosters the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">electoral alliance</a> between political parties or groups as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalition</a>. This has been the case in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Mauritius">National Assembly of Mauritius</a>; the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_House_of_Representatives" title="New Hampshire House of Representatives">New Hampshire House of Representatives</a>, with the election of multiple <a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Liberty_Alliance" title="New Hampshire Liberty Alliance">New Hampshire Liberty Alliance</a> members; and in the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Senate" title="Vermont Senate">Vermont Senate</a>, with the elections of <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a> members <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ashe" title="Tim Ashe">Tim Ashe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Pollina" title="Anthony Pollina">Anthony Pollina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, similar situations arose within the <a href="/wiki/Multi-member_constituencies_in_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Multi-member constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom">multi-member constituencies in the Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compared_to_preferential_block_voting">Compared to preferential block voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compared to preferential block voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block voting, or block plurality voting, is often compared with <a href="/wiki/Preferential_block_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential block voting">preferential block voting</a> as both systems tend to produce landslide victories for similar candidates. Instead of a series of checkboxes, preferential block voting uses a <a href="/wiki/Preferential_ballot" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferential ballot">preferential ballot</a>. A slate of clones of the top preferred candidate will win every seat under both systems, however in preferential block voting this is instead the <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff</a> winner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vacancies">Vacancies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vacancies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, where Senatorial elections alternate between FPTP and block voting, each main candidate is registered along with two substitutes. Votes in either election are cast and counted based on these three-candidate slates; when a Senator leaves office before their eight-year term ends, the first substitute takes their place, and then the second if needed. </p><p>On the other hand, in political systems with a culture of by-elections, filling vacancies under Block Voting can be harder than in other voting methods. This is because by-elections to fill a single seat in a multi-member district can be expensive. In the Philippine Senate that has <a href="/wiki/Staggered_elections" title="Staggered elections">staggered elections</a>, the seat is filled up on the next scheduled election, such as in 1951, 1955 and 2001. </p><p>There are alternative ways of selecting a replacement in such systems: one way is to fill any seat that becomes empty by appointing the most popular unsuccessful candidate in the last election, i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Countback" title="Countback">countback</a>. This was used in the City of Edmonton (Canada) following the <a href="/wiki/1905_Edmonton_municipal_election" title="1905 Edmonton municipal election">1905 Edmonton municipal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_of_block_voting">Use of block voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use of block voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Plurality_block_voting" title="Special:EditPage/Plurality block voting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Plurality+block+voting%22">"Plurality block voting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Plurality+block+voting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Plurality+block+voting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Plurality+block+voting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Plurality+block+voting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Plurality+block+voting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_elections">National elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: National elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Block voting used for electing national legislatures </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg/500px-Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg/750px-Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg/1000px-Electoral_systems_map_block_voting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Block voting</a> (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffb281; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Block voting</a> (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV only for upper house of legislature</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D400AA; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> mixed BV and party-list PR</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is the country with the most extensive experience in plurality-at-large voting. Positions where there are multiple winners usually use plurality-at-large voting, the exception is the election for sectoral representatives in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>. The members of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> and all local legislatures are elected via this method. The members of the <a href="/wiki/Interim_Batasang_Pambansa" title="Interim Batasang Pambansa">Interim Batasang Pambansa</a> (the parliament) were also elected under this method in <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978</a>. </p><p>The following countries use block plurality voting (not including <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">party block voting</a> using plurality) in their national electoral systems: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Legislative body </th> <th>Latest election (year) </th> <th>Type of system </th> <th>Seats per constituency </th> <th>Electoral system </th> <th>Total seats </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation#District_magnitude" title="Proportional representation">Constituencies</a> </th> <th>Governmental system </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Brazil</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1 or 2 (<a href="/wiki/Staggered_elections" title="Staggered elections">staggered elections</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Block plurality voting</a> (BV) and <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) </td> <td>81 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal district</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> (Majlis) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_legislative_election" title="2024 Iranian legislative election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–30<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>Modified <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">two-round block voting</a> (BV) in multi-member districts, modified <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> (TRS) in single-member districts (25% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency) </td> <td>290 (285 directly elected) </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_Assembly_of_Experts_election" title="2024 Iranian Assembly of Experts election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–16 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati"><img alt="Kiribati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kiribati" title="Elections in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_(Kiribati)" title="House of Assembly (Kiribati)">House of Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Kiribati_parliamentary_election" title="2024 Kiribati parliamentary election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Two-round block voting</a> (BV) in multi-member districts, <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency) </td> <td>46 (44 directly elected + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio) </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos"><img alt="Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Laos</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="National Assembly of Laos">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Laotian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Laotian parliamentary election">2021</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>5–19 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>164 (149 directly elected)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>provinces </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali"><img alt="Mali" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mali" title="Elections in Mali">Mali</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Malian parliamentary election">2020</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">Two-round block voting</a> (BV) in multi-member districts, <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a> (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency) </td> <td>147<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands"><img alt="Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Elections in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Legislature</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Marshallese_general_election" title="2023 Marshallese general election">2023</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies (19 seats) and Block plurality voting (BV) in multi-member constituencies (14 seats) </td> <td>33 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania"><img alt="Mauritania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mauritania" title="Elections in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritania)" title="National Assembly (Mauritania)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Mauritanian_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Mauritanian parliamentary election">2023</a> </td> <td>mixed-member majoritarian </td> <td>1–3 (local districts), 40 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td><i>Coexistence+superposition</i> (parallel) <i>supermixed</i>/hybrid: <p><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a> (TRS) in single-member districts, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_non-transferable_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple non-transferable vote">two-round block voting</a> (BV) in dual-member districts, and <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) in larger districts + twice 20 nationally <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">List PR</a> (one set of 20 reserved for women) </p> </td> <td>157 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius"><img alt="Mauritius" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mauritius" title="Elections in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mauritius)" title="National Assembly (Mauritius)">National Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Mauritian_general_election" title="2024 Mauritian general election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>3 (for 20 constituencies) and 2 (for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Rodrigues" title="Rodrigues">Rodrigues</a>) </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>70 (62 directly elected + a maximum of 8 <a href="/wiki/Best_Loser_System" title="Best Loser System">Best Losers</a> appointed) </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Monaco" title="Elections in Monaco">Monaco</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Monaco)" title="National Council (Monaco)">National Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Monegasque_general_election" title="2023 Monegasque general election">2023</a> </td> <td>mixed-member majoritarian </td> <td>24 </td> <td><i>Superposition</i> / Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) using a single (<a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">panachage</a>) ballot: <p>Block plurality voting (BV) in single nationwide constituency for 16 seats; <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a> (8 seats) </p> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Assembly</a> (Khural) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=2024_Mongolian_legislative_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2024 Mongolian legislative election (page does not exist)">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–5 </td> <td>Two round block plurality voting (BV) candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats<sup id="cite_ref-mongolia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongolia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>76 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Realm of New Zealand</b> </td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue"><img alt="Niue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Niue">Niue</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Niue_Assembly" title="Niue Assembly">Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Niuean_general_election" title="2023 Niuean general election">2023</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1 (local districts), 6 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td>Parallel voting / <i>superposition</i>: <p><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) 14 seats + Block plurality voting 6 seats </p> </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><img alt="Oman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Oman" title="Politics of Oman">Oman</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_(Oman)" title="Consultative Assembly (Oman)">Consultative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Omani_general_election" title="2023 Omani general election">2023</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and Block plurality voting (BV) in two-seat districts </td> <td>86 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau"><img alt="Palau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Palau" title="Elections in Palau">Palau</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Palau" title="Senate of Palau">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Palauan_general_election" title="2024 Palauan general election">2024</a> </td> <td>single-winner districts </td> <td>13 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>13 </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Philippines</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_Senate_election" title="2022 Philippine Senate election">2022</a> </td> <td>block voting at-large </td> <td>12 (<a href="/wiki/Staggered_elections" title="Staggered elections">staggered elections</a>) </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>24 </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> <p><i>All cantons, except:</i> </p> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura"><img alt="Canton of Jura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Jura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Jura" title="Canton of Jura">Jura</a></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel"><img alt="Canton of Neuchâtel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_Swiss_federal_election" title="2023 Swiss federal election">2023</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–2 </td> <td>One-round (plurality) or two-round (majority) block voting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Cantons</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu"><img alt="Tuvalu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_and_political_parties_in_Tuvalu" title="Elections and political parties in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Tuvalu" title="Parliament of Tuvalu">Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Tuvaluan_general_election" title="2024 Tuvaluan general election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>16 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Crown dependencies and British Overseas territories</b> </td> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla"><img alt="Anguilla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Anguilla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Anguilla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Anguilla" title="Elections in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Anguilla_House_of_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguilla House of Assembly">House of Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Anguillian_general_election" title="2020 Anguillian general election">2020</a> </td> <td>single-winner districts </td> <td>1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td>Majoritarian parallel voting / <i>superposition</i>: <p><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in local constituencies + Block plurality voting (BV) nationwide </p> </td> <td>13 (Including 2 <i>ex officio</i>) </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands"><img alt="Falkland Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Falkland_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Politics of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Legislative Assembly of the Falkland Islands">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Falkland_Islands_general_election" title="2021 Falkland Islands general election">2021</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>3–5 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanley_(constituency)" title="Stanley (constituency)">Stanley constituency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_(constituency)" title="Camp (constituency)">Camp constituency</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey"><img alt="Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></b> <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey" title="States of Guernsey">States of Deliberation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_Guernsey_general_election" title="2020 Guernsey general election">2020</a> </td> <td>block voting at-large </td> <td>38 </td> <td>Block plurality voting, each voter has up to 38 votes </td> <td>40 (38 directly elected) </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Elections in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Manx_general_election" title="2021 Manx general election">2021</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Block plurality voting (BV) </td> <td>24 </td> <td>12 constituencies, partly based on historical parishes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey"><img alt="Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Jersey</a></b> <a href="/wiki/States_Assembly" title="States Assembly">States Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Jersey_general_election" title="2022 Jersey general election">2022</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1–4 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td>Majoritarian parallel voting / <i>superposition</i>: <p><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Block plurality voting (BV) in multi-member districts seats + Block plurality voting (BV) nationwide </p> </td> <td>49 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat"><img alt="Montserrat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Montserrat.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montserrat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Montserrat" title="Elections in Montserrat"><b>Montserrat</b></a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Montserrat" title="Legislative Assembly of Montserrat">Legislative Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_Montserratian_general_election" title="2024 Montserratian general election">2024</a> </td> <td>block voting at-large </td> <td>9 </td> <td>Block plurality voting, each voter has up to 9 votes </td> <td>11 (9 directly elected) </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena"><img alt="Saint Helena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saint_Helena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Helena" title="Politics of Saint Helena"><b>Saint Helena</b></a> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2021_Saint_Helena_general_election" title="2021 Saint Helena general election">2021</a> </td> <td>block voting at-large </td> <td>12 </td> <td>Block plurality voting, each voter has up to 12 votes </td> <td>15 (12 directly elected) </td> <td>single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands"><img alt="Turks and Caicos Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Elections in the Turks and Caicos Islands"><b>Turks and Caicos Islands</b></a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Parliament of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Parliament</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2025_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_general_election" title="2025 Turks and Caicos Islands general election">2025</a> </td> <td>block voting via multi-winner districts </td> <td>1 (local districts), 9 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td>Majoritarian parallel voting / <i>superposition</i>: <p><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Block plurality voting (BV) nationwide </p> </td> <td>21 (19 directly elected) </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands"><img alt="British Virgin Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Elections in the British Virgin Islands"><b>British Virgin Islands</b></a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="House of Assembly of the British Virgin Islands">House of Assembly</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023_British_Virgin_Islands_general_election" title="2023 British Virgin Islands general election">2023</a> </td> <td>single-winner districts </td> <td>1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) </td> <td>Majoritarian parallel voting / <i>superposition</i>: <p><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post</a> (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Block plurality voting (BV) nationwide </p> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>electoral districts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a single nationwide constituency </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary system</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-national_elections">Sub-national elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sub-national elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other countries using block voting: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, in many local government elections, and in <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Senate_nominee_elections" title="Alberta Senate nominee elections">Senate nominee elections</a> in Alberta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China#Local_government" title="Politics of China">local people's congresses in provincial, municipal and regional levels</a> with <a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> in 1998 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Hungary" title="Electoral system of Hungary">Hungary</a>, for local elections in municipalities under 10,000 residents. The system is officially called "individualized list electoral system" or "electoral system using personalized lists" (Hungarian: <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">egyéni listás választási rendszer</i></span>), which can be loosely interpreted as meaning personalized block voting, as opposed to party list systems, such as party block voting (<a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">general ticket</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party list PR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/City_and_Village_Councils_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="City and Village Councils of Iran">city and village councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, for provincial boards, and city, municipal and village councils</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, in some local elections, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow" title="Administrative divisions of Moscow">Moscow district councils</a> elections<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>q</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, for noble elections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in some local elections in <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Wales</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, in some state and local elections.</li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the election of municipal councilors takes place by majority vote<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plurinominal, in two rounds with <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">panachage</a>: </p> <ul><li>In the first round, candidates are elected if they receive an absolute majority of votes cast and the vote of a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of at least a quarter of registered voters;</li> <li>In the second round, a simple majority suffices. If multiple candidates receive the same number of votes, the election is won by the older of the candidates when no one can be elected based on the number of seats<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, all local governments are elected using bloc voting for city councils and for other multi-member bodies (there called "at-large" voting). In other Canadian provinces, smaller cities are generally elected under plurality-at-large, while larger cities are generally elected under the "ward system" which is a municipal adaptation of single member plurality. The sole exception is London, Ontario which has recently changed to the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote">Alternative Vote</a>. When Toronto was amalgamated in 1997, the new entity's <a href="/wiki/1997_Toronto_municipal_election" title="1997 Toronto municipal election">first election</a> used a similar rule. From 1871 to 1988, British Columbia had some multi-member ridings using plurality-at-large, and others elected under <a href="/wiki/Single_member_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="Single member plurality">single member plurality</a>, with the number of each varying from one election to the next. Other Canadian provincial legislatures have in the past used plurality-at-large or <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>, but now all members of provincial legislatures are exclusively elected under single-member plurality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, block voting is used for a tiny proportion of the territory's population to elect the members of the <a href="/wiki/Election_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Committee">Election Committee</a>, which is responsible for selecting the territory's Chief Executive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_use">Former use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Former use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block voting was used in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> from 1901 to 1948 (from 1918, this was preferential block voting). Block voting was also once used in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used for multi-member constituencies in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">parliamentary</a> elections in the United Kingdom until their abolition, and remains in use throughout <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> for some <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local elections</a>. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jersey" title="Elections in Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guernsey" title="Elections in Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Elections in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Elections in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> (until 2013, FPTP since 2017), the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BV_Idea_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BV_Idea-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block plurality voting is or was also used in the election of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate of Poland</a> (until 2011), the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Chamber_of_Deputies" title="Argentine Chamber of Deputies">Argentine Chamber of Deputies</a> (between 1854 and 1902, and between 1906 and 1910), of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Lebanon" title="Parliament of Lebanon">Parliament of Lebanon</a>, the plurality seats in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Mauritius" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Mauritius">National Assembly of Mauritius</a>. In some Lebanese and Palestinian constituencies, there is only one seat to be filled; in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Palestinian_legislative_and_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Palestinian legislative and presidential election">Palestinian election of 1996</a> there were only plurality seats, but in <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006</a> half the seats were elected by plurality (two by first past the post; the others by block voting, in districts that ranged in size from two to nine seats); half by proportional representation nationwide. (The usual one-party sweep produced by block voting is seen in Hebron in the 2006 election where one party took all the district's nine seats.)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form of block plurality voting was used for the elections of both houses of Parliament in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> before proportional representation was implemented in 1900. The system, however, was combined with a system similar to a <a href="/wiki/Runoff_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff election">runoff election</a>; when not enough candidates had the majority of the votes in the first round to fill the seats, a second round was held between the highest ranked candidates of the first round (with two times as many candidates as seats to be filled). In some constituencies there was only one seat to be filled. A similar system to elect part of the <a href="/wiki/State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">Mongolian parliament</a>. 48 Representatives are elected from districts with 1–3 members, the representatives are required to achieve at least 28% of the vote in a district to be elected, if there are unfilled seats after the first round of voting, a second round similar to the Belgian system is held to fill the remaining seat. The remaining representatives are elected separately using party list proportional representation on the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-mongolia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mongolia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block voting was used in some constituencies for the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Japan">House of Representatives of Japan</a> in the first six general elections between 1890 and 1898: while the majority of seats was elected by plurality in 214 single-member districts, there were 43 two-member districts that elected their representatives by block voting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">Voting bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_approval_voting" title="Block approval voting">Block approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_France" title="Municipal elections in France">Municipal elections in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/election-political-science/Plurality-and-majority-systems">"Election - Plurality, Majority, Systems | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20071019/NEWS/710190361">City of Hendersonville, NC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050949/http://www.blueridgenow.com/article/20071019/NEWS/710190361">Archived</a> June 25, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsReillyEllis2005" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Andrew; Reilly, Ben; Ellis, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook?lang=en"><i>Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook</i></a>. Stockholm, Sweden: International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-85391-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-85391-18-9"><bdi>978-91-85391-18-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221113519/http://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electoral+System+Design%3A+The+New+International+IDEA+Handbook&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Democracy+and+Electoral+Assistance&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-91-85391-18-9&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Reilly%2C+Ben&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idea.int%2Fpublications%2Fcatalogue%2Felectoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlurality+block+voting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progressiveparty.org/organize/state-officeholders">"State Officeholders | Vermont Progressive Party"</a>. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/voter_rights.shtml">http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/voter_rights.shtml</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703231524/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/voter_rights.shtml">Archived</a> July 3, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/458/613.html">Rogers v. Lodge, (1982) Supreme Court Case</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plurality_block_voting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idea.int/publications/esd/index.cfm">A Handbook of Electoral System Design</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International IDEA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es">Electoral Design Reference Materials</a> from the <a href="/wiki/ACE_Electoral_Knowledge_Network" title="ACE Electoral Knowledge Network">ACE Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org/">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a> Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tallyj.apphb.com/">TallyJ Election System</a> A website tool customized to support Baha'i elections.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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