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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a generalized timeline of religious violence in Nigeria. For more information on the current uprising (post-2009), see <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Religious Conflicts in Nigeria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png/220px-Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png/330px-Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png/440px-Nigeria-karte-politisch_english.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="482" /></a></span><br />Map of the 36 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">States of Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1953-present</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Nigeria</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Status</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">Ongoing</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Christians</a></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Muslims</a></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a> farmers</td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a> herders<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> (partially aligned with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> from 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-factions_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factions-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Shekau faction<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several minor factions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State"><img alt="Islamic State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State%27s_West_Africa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State's West Africa Province">ISWAP</a> (originally Barnawi faction of Boko Haram; from 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dialogue_End_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialogue_End-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_Ansaru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ansaru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ansaru" title="Ansaru">Ansaru</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ansaru_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansaru-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jihad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201422–24,_27_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201422–24,_27-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">AQIM</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201422,_26,_27_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201422,_26,_27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al-Shabaab</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201422,_26_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201422,_26-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201423_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201423-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/20px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/31px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/40px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIL</a> (from 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Province_vs_Shekau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Nigerian_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Police_Force" title="Nigeria Police Force">Nigeria Police Force</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:67%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> </td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Joint_Task_Force" title="Multinational Joint Task Force">Multinational Joint Task Force</a></b> (from 1994) </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_Cameroon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cameroon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/18px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/27px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Local militias and vigilantes<sup id="cite_ref-IsT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IsT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Joint_Task_Force" title="Civilian Joint Task Force">CJTF</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_4–8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_4–8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borno_Youths_Empowerment_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borno Youths Empowerment Scheme (page does not exist)">BOYES</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG20185,_6_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG20185,_6-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Nigeria)</li> <li><i>Comités de vigilance</i> (Chad, Cameroon)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_3,_7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_3,_7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Dan banga</i> (Niger)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG20183_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG20183-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">Foreign mercenaries</a><sup id="cite_ref-mercenaries_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercenaries-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STTEP" class="mw-redirect" title="STTEP">STTEP</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>Supported by:</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Medium_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medium-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><sup id="cite_ref-editioncnn_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editioncnn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><sup id="cite_ref-yahoo_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-Global_News_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_News-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-Channelst_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channelst-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Nation_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nation-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Jerusalem_Post_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-editioncnn_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editioncnn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-editioncnn_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-editioncnn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup id="cite_ref-US1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="width:100%"> 62,000 Christian civilians killed since the turn of the 21st century<sup id="cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelhaverluck-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iconreport_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iconreport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Religious violence in Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Religious violence in Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_violencein_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence<br />in Nigeria</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Sectarian riots</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1953_Kano_riot" title="1953 Kano riot">Kano (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Kano_riot" title="1980 Kano riot">Kano (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Kaduna_riots" title="2000 Kaduna riots">Kaduna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_bus_crash_riots" title="Abuja bus crash riots">Abuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Jos_riots" title="2001 Jos riots">Jos (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_World_riots" title="Miss World riots">Miss World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelwa_massacre" title="Yelwa massacre">Yelwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Jos_riots" title="2008 Jos riots">Jos (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jos_riots" title="2010 Jos riots">Jos (2010)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Religious violence in Nigeria</b> refers to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Christian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Muslim</a> strife in modern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, which can be traced back to 1953. Today, <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">religious violence</a> in Nigeria is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a>, which aims to establish an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigerian Christians</a> have been killed by the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herdsmen</a> and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelhaverluck-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iconreport_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iconreport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Silent_Slaughter_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silent_Slaughter-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clientwebproof.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clientwebproof.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914, only about a decade after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a> and other Islamic states by the British, which were to constitute much of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a>. The aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> saw Germany lose its colonies, one of which was <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided into <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British parts</a>, the latter of which was further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cameroons">northern</a> parts. Following a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> in 1961, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cameroons" title="Southern Cameroons">Southern Cameroons</a> elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cameroons">Northern Cameroons</a> opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory comprised much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the present and past insurgencies. </p><p>Following the return of democratic government in 1999, the Muslim-dominated northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia law, including <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemy law in Nigeria">punishments against blasphemy</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and apostasy.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several incidents have occurred whereby people have been killed for or in response to perceived blasphemy. Since the turn of the 21st century, 62,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigerian Christians</a> have been killed by the terrorist group <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herdsmen</a> and other groups.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelhaverluck-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iconreport_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iconreport-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The killings have been referred to as a silent genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Silent_Slaughter_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silent_Slaughter-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-clientwebproof.com_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clientwebproof.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religious_violence_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of religious violence in Nigeria">Timeline of religious violence in Nigeria</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Catholicism" title="Category:Anti-Catholicism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Persecutions</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Historical persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia" title="Pope Pius XII and Russia">Eradication of the Church under Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholic persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the modern era">Persecution of Christians in the modern era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Neo-Persian Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christianity in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Massacre in the Rue Haxo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iniquis_afflictisque" title="Iniquis afflictisque">Iniquis afflictisque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo" title="José Sánchez del Río">José Sánchez del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pro" title="Miguel Pro">Miguel Pro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Blanco" title="Bartolomé Blanco">Bartolomé Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocencio_of_Mary_Immaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocencio of Mary Immaculate">Innocencio of Mary Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_of_Manila" title="José María of Manila">José María of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">Burning of convents in Spain (1931)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Grimm" title="Alois Grimm">Alois Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Mayer" title="Rupert Mayer">Rupert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Lichtenberg" title="Bernhard Lichtenberg">Bernhard Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Josef_Metzger" title="Max Josef Metzger">Max Josef Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leisner" title="Karl Leisner">Karl Leisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Klausener" title="Erich Klausener">Erich Klausener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyr Saints of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine" title="Auguste Chapdelaine">Auguste Chapdelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_China" title="Pope Pius XII and China">Persecution of Christians in China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupimus_Imprimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupimus Imprimis">Cupimus Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_Chang" title="Beda Chang">Beda Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Tang" title="Dominic Tang">Dominic Tang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew of Phú Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_B%E1%BB%ADu_Di%E1%BB%87p" title="Trương Bửu Diệp">Trương Bửu Diệp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n" title="Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn">Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Kolbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksymilian Kolbe">Maksymilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108_Martyrs_of_World_War_II" title="108 Martyrs of World War II">108 Blessed Polish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Poloniae_annalibus" title="In Poloniae annalibus">In Poloniae annalibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloriosam_Reginam" title="Gloriosam Reginam">Gloriosam Reginam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invicti_athletae" title="Invicti athletae">Invicti athletae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Bossilkov" title="Eugene Bossilkov">Eugene Bossilkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_Baranyk" title="Severian Baranyk">Severian Baranyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Beran" title="Josef Beran">Josef Beran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drina Martyrs">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zynoviy_Kovalyk" title="Zynoviy Kovalyk">Zynoviy Kovalyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meminisse_iuvat" title="Meminisse iuvat">Meminisse iuvat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anni_sacri" title="Anni sacri">Anni sacri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ra_Salkah%C3%A1zi" title="Sára Salkaházi">Sára Salkaházi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ciszek" title="Walter Ciszek">Walter Ciszek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Leoni" title="Pietro Leoni">Pietro Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Romzha" title="Theodore Romzha">Theodore Romzha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Violence against Christians in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_attacks_on_Christians_in_southern_Karnataka" title="2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka">2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_murders_of_U.S._missionaries_in_El_Salvador" title="1980 murders of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador">Four U.S. missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ellacur%C3%ADa" title="Ignacio Ellacuría">Ignacio Ellacuría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutilio_Grande" title="Rutilio Grande">Rutilio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Mart%C3%ADn-Bar%C3%B3" title="Ignacio Martín-Baró">Ignacio Martín-Baró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segundo_Montes" title="Segundo Montes">Segundo Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_murders_of_Jesuits_in_El_Salvador" title="1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador">1989 murders of Jesuits</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence in Nigeria</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rother" title="Stanley Rother">Stanley Rother</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation">List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Catholic Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">United States</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Coyle" title="James Coyle">James Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Menace_(newspaper)" title="The Menace (newspaper)"><i>The Menace</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Compulsory_Education_Act" title="Oregon Compulsory Education Act">Oregon Compulsory Education Act</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots" title="Philadelphia nativist riots">Philadelphia nativist riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_Convent_riots" title="Ursuline Convent riots">Ursuline Convent riots</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Santoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Santoro">Murder of Andrea Santoro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">Catholic Church in North Korea</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_Norway" title="Anti-Catholicism in Norway">Anti-Catholicism in Norway</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_church_burnings" title="2021 Canadian church burnings">2021 Canadian church burnings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Pratulin" title="Martyrs of Pratulin">Martyrs of Pratulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Chelm_Eparchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Chelm Eparchy">Conversion of Chelm Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union">Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Victims_of_Soviet_persecutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions (page does not exist)">Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Religious conflict in Nigeria goes <a href="/wiki/Kano_riot_of_1953" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano riot of 1953">as far back as 1953</a>, and in the case of the town of <a href="/wiki/Tafawa_Balewa,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafawa Balewa, Nigeria">Tafawa Balewa</a>, to 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1980s saw an upsurge in violence due to the death of <a href="/wiki/Maitatsine" title="Maitatsine">Mohammed Marwa</a> ("Maitatsine") (<a href="#Maitatsine">see below</a>). In the same decade, the military ruler of Nigeria, General <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Babangida" title="Ibrahim Babangida">Ibrahim Babangida</a>, enrolled Nigeria in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a>. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation#Member_states" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">certain other African member states</a> have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>. </p><p>Since the return of democracy to <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in 1999, <a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia</a> was instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-plurality states, when then-<a href="/wiki/Zamfara_State" title="Zamfara State">Zamfara State</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Rufai_Sani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Rufai Sani">Ahmad Rufai Sani</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_sharia_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_sharia-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, the serious outbreak between Christians and Muslims occurred in <a href="/wiki/Kafanchan" title="Kafanchan">Kafanchan</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna State</a> in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders were able to polarize their followers through speeches and public demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The activities in those times had led to the loss of lives and properties as they moved about destroying government facilities which they saw as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. These religious campaigns have seen an increase in gun battles between the members of these sects and security forces with loss of lives witnessed on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although direct conflicts between Christians and Muslims were rare, tensions did flare between the two groups as each group radicalised. There were clashes in October 1982 when Muslim zealots in Kano were able to enforce their power in order to keep the Anglican House Church from expanding its size and power base. They saw it as a threat to the nearby Mosque, even though the Anglican House Church had been there forty years prior to the building of the Mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, there were two student groups in Nigeria who came into contestation, the Fellowship of Christian Students and the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Students_Society_of_Nigeria" title="Muslim Students Society of Nigeria">Muslim Student Society</a>. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the <a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State_College_of_Education" title="Kaduna State College of Education">Kaduna State College of Education</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kafanchan" title="Kafanchan">Kafanchan</a>. This quarrel accelerated to the point where the Muslim students organised protests around the city and burned a Church at the college. The Christian majority at the college retaliated on March 9. Twelve people died, several Mosques were burnt and a climate of fear was created. The retaliation was pre-planned.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exploitation of the media used to propagate the ideas of the conflict, thereby radicalising each force even more. Media was biased on each side so while places like the Federal Radio Corporation discussed the idea of defending Islam during this brief moment of terror, it did not report the deaths and damage caused by Muslims, galvanising the Muslim population. Similarly, the Christian papers did not report the damage and deaths caused by Christians but rather focused on the Islamic terror.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other individuals leading these religious movements use the media to spread messages which gradually became more intolerant of other religions, and because of these religious divisions radical Islam continues to be a problem in Nigeria today.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maitatsine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kano_1980_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano 1980 riot">Kano 1980 riot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maitatsine" title="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yan_Tatsine" title="Yan Tatsine">Yan Tatsine</a></div> <p>In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major <a href="/wiki/Kano_1980_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kano 1980 riot">Islamic uprising</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Maitatsine" title="Maitatsine">Maitatsine</a> and his followers, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Tatsine" title="Yan Tatsine">Yan Tatsine</a> that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, the German evangelist <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bonnke" title="Reinhard Bonnke">Reinhard Bonnke</a> was accused of attempting to start a crusade in Kano, causing a <a href="/wiki/Religious_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious riot">religious riot</a> leading to the deaths of more than a dozen people.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2010s"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932010s"></span>2000s–2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s–2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the restoration of democracy in 1999, secular governments have dominated the country at the federal level, while the Muslim-dominated Northern Nigerian states have implemented strict Sharia law. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2009, the Islamist movement <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> has fought an armed rebellion against the Nigerian military, sacking villages and towns and taking thousands of lives in battles and massacres against Christians, students and others deemed enemies of Islam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Riots">Riots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of <a href="/wiki/Abuja_bus_crash_riots" title="Abuja bus crash riots">Abuja in 2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2001_Jos_riots" title="2001 Jos riots">Jos in 2001</a> were <a href="/wiki/Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Riots">riots</a> between <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jos" title="Jos">Jos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> about the appointment of a Muslim politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, as local coordinator of the federal programme to fight poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-ct_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ct-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another such riot killed over 100 people in October 2001 in Kano State.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the Nigerian journalist <a href="/wiki/Isioma_Daniel" title="Isioma Daniel">Isioma Daniel</a> wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_riots" title="Miss World riots">violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> placed on her life.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Miss_World_2002" title="Miss World 2002">2002 Miss World</a> contest was moved from Abuja to London as a result. The rest of the 2000s decade would see inter-religious violence continue in Jos and Kaduna. </p><p>The reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_cartoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed cartoons">Mohammed cartoons</a> brought about a series of violent protests in Nigeria. Clashes between rioters and police claimed several lives, with estimates ranging from 16<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to more than a hundred.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to reprisal attacks in the south of the country, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than a hundred lost their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s–2020s"><span id="2010s.E2.80.932020s"></span>2010s–2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 2010s–2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> called out the killing of Christians in Nigeria.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Deborah_Yakubu" title="Lynching of Deborah Yakubu">Deborah Yakubu</a>, a Christian student in Sokoto, was lynched outside her university by a Muslim mob.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the lynching, there was violence against other Christian sites, according to a statement released by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sokoto" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Sokoto">Catholic Diocese of Sokoto</a>. "During the protest, groups of youths led by some adults in the background attacked the Holy Family Catholic Cathedral at Bello Way, destroying church glass windows, those of the Bishop Lawton Secretariat, and vandalized a community bus parked within the premises. St. Kevin’s Catholic Church was also attacked and partly burnt; windows of the new hospital complex under construction, in the same premises, were shattered. The hoodlums also attacked the Bakhita Centre […], burning down a bus within the premises.”<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2022, a massacre left over 50 parishioners dead in the <a href="/wiki/Owo_church_attack" title="Owo church attack">St. Francis Xavier Church</a>, in Owo.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsibility for the attack was unclear, but the Government blamed <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_%E2%80%93_West_Africa_Province" title="Islamic State – West Africa Province">ISWAP</a>, whereas many locals blamed <a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herdsmen</a>. </p><p>Besides issues with terrorist groups Boko Haram and ISWAP, Christians also complain of persecution by <a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herdsmen</a>, who are mostly Muslim, and who have terrorised mostly Christian farmers in the Middle Belt. Christian clergy and faithful have also been targeted in cases of kidnapping by armed gangs seeking ransoms. In a speech in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, in October 2022, bishop <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Chikpa_Anagbe" title="Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe">Wilfred Chikpa Anagbe</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Makurdi" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi">Roman Catholic Diocese of Makurdi</a>, compared the situation of Christians in his country to "nothing short of a Jihad clothed in many names: terrorism, kidnappings, killer herdsmen, banditry, other militia groups" and called on the international community to abandon what he termed a "conspiracy of silence" on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a>, four Catholic priests were murdered in Nigeria in 2022 alone, and 23 priests and one seminarian were kidnapped during the year, or had been kidnapped before but remained in captivity in 2022. The majority of the kidnapped priests were later released, although three were killed and, in November 2022, three were still missing, including Fr John Bako Shekwolo, who was kidnapped in March 2019. A further four nuns were kidnapped in 2022, and released soon afterward. The priests who were murdered were Fr Vitus Borogo,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fr Joseph Bako,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fr John Mark Cheitnum,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fr Christopher Odia.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic organisation, which has several projects in Nigeria, deplored the wave of violence, saying: "The increase in kidnappings, murders and general violence against civilians, including members of the Catholic clergy in many parts of Nigeria, is a scourge that is yet to be properly addressed by the local authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further three Catholic clerics were murdered for reasons of persecution in 2023, namely Fr Isaac Achi, seminarian Na'aman Danlami, and Benedictine friar Godwin Eze. During the same year 25 priests or seminarians and three women religious were kidnapped in Nigeria, making it the country with the highest number of Catholic clergy kidnap victims in the world, that year.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During an online conference, in June 2022, bishop Matthew Man-Oso Ndagaoso, from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Kaduna" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna</a>, summed up the problems affecting Christians in the country. "For the past 14 years the nation has been grappling with <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram</a>, mostly in the northeast. While we were grappling with that, we had the issue of banditry in the northwest. And while we were grappling with this, we had the issue of kidnappings for ransom, which is becoming more widespread. And while grappling with this we have the old conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Fulani_herdsmen" title="Fulani herdsmen">Fulani herders</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the murders and kidnappings of priests in Nigeria, the same bishop said, in another interview, "everybody is on edge. All of us, the clergy, the laypeople, everybody. People are afraid, and rightly so. People are traumatised, and rightly so. With this situation, nobody is safe anywhere. If you go out of your house, even in the daytime, until you come back, you are not safe".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of massacres of Christians in parts of Nigeria's Middle Belt continued to emerge regularly. Around Christmas 2023 at least 300 Christians were murdered in Plateau State. None of the perpetrators were held to account.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Diocese of Makurdi, in Benue State, also in the Middle Belt, at least 500 Christians were killed throughout 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further large-scale massacre took place around Easter 2024 in Plateau State, killing at least 39 people, while at least 239 were confirmed to have bene killed in Benue State in the first three months of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Religion in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia_in_Nigeria" title="Sharia in Nigeria">Sharia in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_Northern_Nigeria" title="Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria">Islamic extremism in Northern Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Nigeria" title="List of massacres in Nigeria">List of massacres in Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Boko_Haram_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Boko Haram insurgency">Timeline of Boko Haram insurgency</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-factions-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-factions_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Yusuf_(Boko_Haram)" title="Mohammed Yusuf (Boko Haram)">Mohammed Yusuf</a>'s death, Boko Haram splintered into numerous factions which no longer operated under a unified leadership. Though Abubakar Shekau eventually became the preeminent commander of the movement, he never really controlled all Boko Haram groups. Instead, the factions were loosely allied, but also occasionally clashed with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2014ii,_22,_26,_27_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2014ii,_22,_26,_27-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation changed in 2015 when Shekau pledged allegiance to ISIL.<sup id="cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Province_vs_Shekau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boko_Haram_joins_ISIL_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boko_Haram_joins_ISIL-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leadership of ISIL eventually decided to replace Shekau as a local commander with Abu Mus'ab al-Barnawi, whereupon the movement split completely. Shekau no longer recognized the authority of ISIL's central command, and his loyalists started to openly fight the followers of al-Barnawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Province_vs_Shekau-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Shekau did never officially renounce his pledge of allegiance to ISIL as a whole; his forces are thus occasionally regarded as "second branch of ISWAP". Overall, the relation of Shekau with ISIL remains confused and ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarnerHulme201822_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarnerHulme201822-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansaru-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ansaru_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact origin of Ansaru is unclear, but it had already existed as Boko Haram faction<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201426_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201426-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before officially announcing its foundation as separate group on 1 January 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG201426_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG201426-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raghavan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raghavan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group has no known military presence in Nigeria since 2015, but several of its members appear to be still active.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETRADOC_G-220154,_19_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTRADOC_G-22015">TRADOC G-2 (2015)</a>, pp. 4, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2014ii,_22,_26,_27-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2014ii,_22,_26,_27_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICG2014">ICG 2014</a>, pp. ii, 22, 26, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Province_vs_Shekau-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Province_vs_Shekau_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56 am EST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/chad-votes-send-troops-cameroon-nigeria-fight-boko-111630189.html">Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203823/http://news.yahoo.com/chad-votes-send-troops-cameroon-nigeria-fight-boko-111630189.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> AFP for Yahoo! 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Vigilantes+Settle+Local+Scores+With+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2015-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2Fvigilantes-settle-local-scores-with-boko-haram%2F2644375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_4–8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_4–8_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICG2018">ICG (2018)</a>, pp. i, 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG20185,_6-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG20185,_6_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICG2018">ICG (2018)</a>, pp. 5, 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_3,_7-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG2018i,_3,_7_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICG2018">ICG (2018)</a>, pp. i, 3, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICG20183-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICG20183_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICG2018">ICG (2018)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercenaries-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mercenaries_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdama_Nossiter2015" class="citation news cs1">Adama Nossiter (12 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/world/africa/nigerias-fight-against-boko-haram-gets-help-from-south-african-mercenaries.html">"Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315043241/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/13/world/africa/nigerias-fight-against-boko-haram-gets-help-from-south-african-mercenaries.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mercenaries+Join+Nigeria%27s+Military+Campaign+Against+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.au=Adama+Nossiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F13%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigerias-fight-against-boko-haram-gets-help-from-south-african-mercenaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Freeman2015" class="citation news cs1">Colin Freeman (10 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11596210/South-African-mercenaries-secret-war-on-Boko-Haram.html">"South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180318204757/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/11596210/South-African-mercenaries-secret-war-on-Boko-Haram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=South+African+mercenaries%27+secret+war+on+Boko+Haram&rft.date=2015-05-10&rft.au=Colin+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fafricaandindianocean%2Fnigeria%2F11596210%2FSouth-African-mercenaries-secret-war-on-Boko-Haram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mashable.com/2015/01/31/african-union-boko-haram-troops/African">Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Mashable.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashable.com">Mashable.com</a>, 31 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medium-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medium_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-african-union-readies-an-army-to-beat-boko-haram-694150ba6ebb">The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703072009/https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-african-union-readies-an-army-to-beat-boko-haram-694150ba6ebb">Archived</a> 3 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Medium.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-editioncnn-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-editioncnn_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-editioncnn_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-editioncnn_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/26/africa/africa-isis-training/index.html">"Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts"</a>. CNN. 27 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306022148/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/26/africa/africa-isis-training/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feeling+the+heat%3A+West+combats+extremists%27+advance+in+Africa%27s+deserts&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F02%2F26%2Fafrica%2Fafrica-isis-training%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Global_News-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Global_News_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnews.ca/news/1330088/canada-joins-effort-to-free-300-nigerian-schoolgirls/">Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701054847/http://globalnews.ca/news/1330088/canada-joins-effort-to-free-300-nigerian-schoolgirls/">Archived</a> 1 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 14 May 2014 3:23 pm Updated: 15 May 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/kidnapped-schoolgirls-british-experts-nigeria-boko-haram">Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192204/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/07/kidnapped-schoolgirls-british-experts-nigeria-boko-haram">Archived</a> 8 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIaccino2016" class="citation web cs1">Iaccino, Ludovica (5 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-turns-east-russia-pakistan-now-selling-warplanes-help-boko-haram-fight-1594886">"Nigeria turns east: Russia and Pakistan now selling warplanes to help in Boko Haram fight"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614044901/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/nigeria-turns-east-russia-pakistan-now-selling-warplanes-help-boko-haram-fight-1594886">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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General Buratai visits Colombia"</a>. <i>The NEWS</i>. 25 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203023444/http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/01/in-pictures-lt-general-buratai-visits-colombia/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+NEWS&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+Lt.+General+Buratai+visits+Colombia&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenewsnigeria.com.ng%2F2016%2F01%2Fin-pictures-lt-general-buratai-visits-colombia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Channelst-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Channelst_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelstv.com/2015/05/30/egypt-pledges-to-support-nigeria-in-fight-against-boko-haram//">"Egypt Pledges To Support Nigeria in Fight Against Boko Haram • Channels Television"</a>. 30 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041259/https://www.channelstv.com/2015/05/30/egypt-pledges-to-support-nigeria-in-fight-against-boko-haram//">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Egypt+Pledges+To+Support+Nigeria+in+Fight+Against+Boko+Haram+%E2%80%A2+Channels+Television&rft.date=2015-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelstv.com%2F2015%2F05%2F30%2Fegypt-pledges-to-support-nigeria-in-fight-against-boko-haram%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nation-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nation_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenationonlineng.net/boko-haram-egypt-assures-nigeria-of-support///">"Boko Haram: Egypt assures Nigeria of support – The Nation Nigeria"</a>. 20 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095609/http://thenationonlineng.net/boko-haram-egypt-assures-nigeria-of-support/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boko+Haram%3A+Egypt+assures+Nigeria+of+support+%E2%80%93+The+Nation+Nigeria&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthenationonlineng.net%2Fboko-haram-egypt-assures-nigeria-of-support%2F%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Jerusalem_Post-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Jerusalem_Post_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Israel-sends-experts-to-help-hunt-for-Nigerian-schoolgirls-kidnapped-by-Islamists-352822">Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910094455/https://www.jpost.com/International/Israel-sends-experts-to-help-hunt-for-Nigerian-schoolgirls-kidnapped-by-Islamists-352822">Archived</a> 10 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>; 20 May 2014 18:03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_McGregor2019" class="citation web cs1">Andrew McGregor (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aberfoylesecurity.com/?p=4419">"Nigeria Seeks Russian Military Aid in its War on Boko Haram"</a>. <i>Aberfoyle International Security</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Telegraph&rft.atitle=British+troops+to+help+fight+against+Boko+Haram+as+SAS+target+Isil&rft.date=2014-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fdefence%2F11306242%2FBritish-troops-to-help-fight-against-Boko-Haram-as-SAS-target-Isil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US1-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US1_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/14/obama-deployment-us-troops-cameroon-boko-haram">"Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Agence France-Presse. 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018133839/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/14/obama-deployment-us-troops-cameroon-boko-haram">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obama+to+deploy+300+US+troops+to+Cameroon+to+fight+Boko+Haram+%26%23124%3B+World+news&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Foct%2F14%2Fobama-deployment-us-troops-cameroon-boko-haram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/usa-troops-deployed-cameroon-boko-haram-fight-151014212428195.html">"US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight"</a>. Al Jazeera English. 14 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018055734/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/usa-troops-deployed-cameroon-boko-haram-fight-151014212428195.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+troops+deployed+to+Cameroon+for+Boko+Haram+fight&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2Fusa-troops-deployed-cameroon-boko-haram-fight-151014212428195.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belvpo.com/ru/91354.html/">Беларусь попала в ТОП-20 мировых лидеров по экспорту вооружений</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027190036/http://www.belvpo.com/ru/91354.html/">Archived</a> 27 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i>Военно-политическое обозрение</i>, 1 марта 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michaelhaverluck-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michaelhaverluck_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Haverluck2020" class="citation web cs1">F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Church+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fchurch-in-nigeria-under-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2022-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/murder-of-priests-in-nigeria/">"Murder of two catholic priests in Nigeria"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Murder+of+two+catholic+priests+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fmurder-of-priests-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2022-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/murder-of-fr-joseph-in-nigeria/">"ACN deplores murder of Fr Joseph in Kaduna, Nigeria"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=ACN+deplores+murder+of+Fr+Joseph+in+Kaduna%2C+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-05-12&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fmurder-of-fr-joseph-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2022-07-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/another-priest-killed-in-nigeria/">"Another priest killed in Nigeria"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Another+priest+killed+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-07-21&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fanother-priest-killed-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2022-07-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/three-more-priests-kidnapped-in-nigeria/">"Three more priests kidnapped in Nigeria"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Three+more+priests+kidnapped+in+Nigeria&rft.date=2022-07-05&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fthree-more-priests-kidnapped-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2024" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2024-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/dozens-of-priests-arrested-in-2023-as-authoritarian-regimes-crack-down-on-church/">"Dozens of priests arrested in 2023 as authoritarian regimes crack down on Church"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Dozens+of+priests+arrested+in+2023+as+authoritarian+regimes+crack+down+on+Church&rft.date=2024-01-09&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fdozens-of-priests-arrested-in-2023-as-authoritarian-regimes-crack-down-on-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2022" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2022-06-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/religious-freedom-in-nigeria/">"The Government has failed us in Nigeria, and the West is complicit"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=The+Government+has+failed+us+in+Nigeria%2C+and+the+West+is+complicit&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Freligious-freedom-in-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2024" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2024-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/nigeria-no-justice-for-300-people-massacred-on-christmas-eve/">"Nigeria: No justice for 300 people massacred on Christmas Eve"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+No+justice+for+300+people+massacred+on+Christmas+Eve&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fnigeria-no-justice-for-300-people-massacred-on-christmas-eve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2024" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2024-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/attacks-caused-over-500-victims-in-nigerias-benue-state-in-2023/">"Attacks caused over 500 victims in Nigeria's Benue State in 2023"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Attacks+caused+over+500+victims+in+Nigeria%E2%80%99s+Benue+State+in+2023&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fattacks-caused-over-500-victims-in-nigerias-benue-state-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACN2024" class="citation web cs1">ACN (2024-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acninternational.org/brutal-killing-of-christians-in-nigerias-middle-belt-continue/">"Brutal killing of Christians in Nigeria's Middle Belt continue"</a>. <i>ACN International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACN+International&rft.atitle=Brutal+killing+of+Christians+in+Nigeria%E2%80%99s+Middle+Belt+continue&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.au=ACN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facninternational.org%2Fbrutal-killing-of-christians-in-nigerias-middle-belt-continue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICG2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117095404/https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/nigeria/216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf">"Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Africa Report</i> (216). <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 3 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/west-africa/nigeria/216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Curbing+Violence+in+Nigeria+%28II%29%3A+The+Boko+Haram+Insurgency&rft.issue=216&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Fafrica%2Fwest-africa%2Fnigeria%2F216-curbing-violence-in-nigeria-ii-the-boko-haram-insurgency.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICG2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311012721/https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/244-watchmen-of-lake-chad-vigilante-groups-fighting-boko-haram.pdf">"Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Africa Report</i> (244). <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a>. 23 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/244-watchmen-of-lake-chad-vigilante-groups-fighting-boko-haram.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa+Report&rft.atitle=Watchmen+of+Lake+Chad%3A+Vigilante+Groups+Fighting+Boko+Haram&rft.issue=244&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net%2F244-watchmen-of-lake-chad-vigilante-groups-fighting-boko-haram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTRADOC_G-22015" class="citation book cs1">TRADOC G-2 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.publicintelligence.net/USArmy-BokoHaram.pdf"><i>Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Eustis" title="Fort Eustis">Fort Eustis</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Training_and_Doctrine_Command" title="United States Army Training and Doctrine Command">United States Army Training and Doctrine Command</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Threat+Tactics+Report%3A+Boko+Haram&rft.place=Fort+Eustis&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Training+and+Doctrine+Command&rft.date=2015&rft.au=TRADOC+G-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfo.publicintelligence.net%2FUSArmy-BokoHaram.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnerHulme2018" class="citation journal cs1">Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808191724/https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf">"The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CTC Sentinel</i>. <b>11</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Combating_Terrorism_Center" title="Combating Terrorism Center">Combating Terrorism Center</a>: 21–28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctc.usma.edu/app/uploads/2019/01/CTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CTC+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+State+in+Africa%3A+Estimating+Fighter+Numbers+in+Cells+Across+the+Continent&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Hulme%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctc.usma.edu%2Fapp%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FCTC-SENTINEL-082018-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence+in+Nigeria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence_in_Nigeria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrights.de/doc_it/countries/nigeria/background/kayode_int_270101.html">Arewa politicians are to blame for riots in Nigeria - OPC's chief speaks out in Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725021337/http://www.humanrights.de/doc_it/countries/nigeria/background/kayode_int_270101.html">Archived</a> 2014-07-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photius.com/countries/nigeria/national_security/nigeria_national_security_religious_sectariani~10048.html">Nigeria Religious Sectarianism</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Africa" title="List of conflicts in Africa">conflicts in Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">Egyptian Crisis</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-coup_unrest_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Post-coup unrest in Egypt (2013–2014)">Post-coup unrest</a> (2013–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_terrorism_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of terrorism in Egypt (2013–present)">Terrorism in Egypt</a> (2013–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kufra_conflict" title="2008 Kufra conflict">2008 Kufra conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_crisis_(2011%E2%80%93present)" title="Libyan crisis (2011–present)">Libyan crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factional_violence_in_Libya_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)">2011–2014 factional violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">2014–2020 civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Western Sahara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> (1970–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">War, 1975–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Clashes, 2020–present</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> (1991–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Maghreb_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)">Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a> (2010–2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communal_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Communal conflicts in Nigeria">Communal conflicts in Nigeria</a> (1998–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">Herder–farmer conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_the_Niger_Delta" title="Conflict in the Niger Delta">Niger Delta conflict</a> (2003–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Niger_Delta_conflict" title="2016 Niger Delta conflict">2016 conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Southeastern_Nigeria" title="Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria">Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria</a> (2021–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Tuareg rebellions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(1990%E2%80%931995)" title="Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)">1990–1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2007%E2%80%932009)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)">2007–2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sierra Leone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Liberia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Liberian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Liberian_Civil_War" title="First Liberian Civil War">1989–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Liberian_Civil_War" title="Second Liberian Civil War">1999–2003</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Côte d'Ivoire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ivorian Civil Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="First Ivorian Civil War">2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Ivorian_Civil_War" title="Second Ivorian Civil War">2010–2011</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Civil_War" title="Guinea-Bissau Civil War">Guinea-Bissau Civil War</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Guinea_clashes" title="2013 Guinea clashes">Guinea clashes</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a> (1982–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Gambian_constitutional_crisis" title="2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis">2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECOWAS_military_intervention_in_the_Gambia" title="ECOWAS military intervention in the Gambia">ECOWAS military intervention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Togoland_Rebellion" title="Western Togoland Rebellion">Western Togoland Rebellion</a> (2020–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Angola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a> (1975–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinda_War" title="Cabinda War">Cabinda War</a> (1975–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">DR Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> (1996–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a> (1998–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> (2004–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituri_conflict" title="Ituri conflict">Ituri conflict</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23 Movement</a> conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">2012–2013 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">2022–2024 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batwa%E2%80%93Luba_clashes" title="Batwa–Luba clashes">Batwa–Luba clashes</a> (2013–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwina_Nsapu_rebellion" title="Kamwina Nsapu rebellion">Kamwina Nsapu rebellion</a> (2016–2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Republic<br />of the Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Civil wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1993%E2%80%931994)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–1994)">1993–1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_Civil_War_(1997%E2%80%931999)" title="Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)">1997–1999</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932003_conflict_in_the_Pool_Department" title="2002–2003 conflict in the Pool Department">Pool Department conflict</a> (2002–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_War" title="Pool War">Pool War</a> (2016–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Central African<br />Republic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> (2004–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War (2012–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Djotodia period, 2013–2014</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Chad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)">Civil War (2005–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northern_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Northern Chad">Insurgency in Northern Chad</a> (2016–present) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Chad_offensive" title="2021 Northern Chad offensive">2021 offensive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ethiopia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLA_insurgency" title="OLA insurgency">OLA insurgency, 2018–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Ogaden" title="Insurgency in Ogaden">Insurgency in Ogaden</a> (1994–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Afar_insurgency" title="Second Afar insurgency">Second Afar insurgency</a> (1995–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict</a> (2000–2018) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">War, 1998–2000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" title="Afar–Somali clashes">Afar–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benishangul-Gumuz_conflict" title="Benishangul-Gumuz conflict">Benishangul-Gumuz conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromia%E2%80%93Somali_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromia–Somali clashes">Oromia–Somali clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Amhara" title="War in Amhara">War in Amhara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Somalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Puntland–Somaliland dispute</a> (1998–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)">2009–present phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy off the coast of Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Kenya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kenya" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kenya">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali%E2%80%93Kenyan_conflict" title="Somali–Kenyan conflict">Somali–Kenyan conflict</a> (1963–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likoni#The_Likoni_Massacres" title="Likoni">Likoni massacres</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_Kenyan_crisis" title="2007–2008 Kenyan crisis">Kenyan crisis</a> (2007–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Tana_River_District_clashes" title="2012–2013 Tana River District clashes">2012–2013 Tana River District clashes</a> (2012–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baragoi_clashes" title="Baragoi clashes">Baragoi clashes</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">South Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence_in_South_Sudan" title="Ethnic violence in South Sudan">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="South Sudanese Civil War">Civil War</a> (2013–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyei_conflict_(2022%E2%80%932023)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyei conflict (2022–2023)">Abyei conflict (2022–2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Sudan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Sudanese Civil War</a> (1983–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict</a> (2011–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heglig_Crisis" title="Heglig Crisis">Heglig Crisis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_clashes_(2022%E2%80%932023)" title="Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023)">Blue Nile clashes</a> (2022–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">Sudanese civil war</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Uganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a> (1987–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Democratic_Forces_insurgency" title="Allied Democratic Forces insurgency">Allied Democratic Forces insurgency</a> (1996–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasese_clashes" title="Kasese clashes">Kasese clashes</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">genocide</a> (1990–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_Civil_War" title="Djiboutian Civil War">Djiboutian Civil War</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands_conflict" title="Hanish Islands conflict">Hanish Islands conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_invasion_of_Anjouan" title="2008 invasion of Anjouan">2008 invasion of Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian%E2%80%93Eritrean_border_conflict" title="Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict">Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict</a></li> <li>Burundian conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">1993–2005 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">2015–2018 unrest</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Mozambique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> (1977–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO_insurgency_(2013%E2%80%932021)" title="RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)">RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Cabo_Delgado" title="Insurgency in Cabo Delgado">Insurgency in Cabo Delgado</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprivi_conflict" title="Caprivi conflict">Caprivi conflict</a> (1994–1999)</li> <li>Lesothan conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community_intervention_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African Development Community intervention in Lesotho">SADC intervention in Lesotho</a> (1998–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Lesotho_political_crisis" title="2014 Lesotho political crisis">2014 Lesotho political crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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