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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riot_control_and_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riot_control_and_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Riot control and laws</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Riot_control_and_laws-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Riot control and laws subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Riot_control_and_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Risk_of_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_of_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Risk of arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_of_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>National laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mode_of_trial_and_sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mode_of_trial_and_sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1.1</span> <span>Mode of trial and sentence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mode_of_trial_and_sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Association_football_matches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football_matches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1.2</span> <span>Association football matches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football_matches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation_for_riot_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation_for_riot_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1.3</span> <span>Compensation for riot damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation_for_riot_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_of_"riot"_and_cognate_expressions_in_other_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_of_"riot"_and_cognate_expressions_in_other_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1.4</span> <span>Construction of "riot" and cognate expressions in other instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_of_"riot"_and_cognate_expressions_in_other_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1.5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.2</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Riot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%BA%D8%A8" title="شغب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شغب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbiu" title="Disturbiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disturbiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiyam" title="Qiyam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qiyam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Бунт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бунт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldarull" title="Aldarull – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aldarull" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepokoje" title="Nepokoje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepokoje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terfysg" title="Terfysg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Terfysg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufruhr" title="Aufruhr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufruhr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Εξέγερση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξέγερση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbio" title="Disturbio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disturbio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulto" title="Tumulto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tumulto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istilu" title="Istilu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Istilu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="شورش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89meute" title="Émeute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Émeute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADr%C3%A9ib" title="Círéib – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Círéib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulto" title="Tumulto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tumulto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EB%8F%99" title="폭동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दंगा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दंगा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiri" title="Nemiri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nemiri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerusuhan" title="Kerusuhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerusuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93eir%C3%B0ir" title="Óeirðir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Óeirðir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommossa" title="Sommossa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sommossa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מהומות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהומות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruhara" title="Haruhara – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Haruhara" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2" title="दंगल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दंगल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusuhan" title="Rusuhan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rusuhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel" title="Rel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8B%95" title="暴動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="暴動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppt%C3%B8yer" title="Opptøyer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Opptøyer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppt%C3%B8yar" title="Opptøyar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Opptøyar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="بلوا (اړودور) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلوا (اړودور)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamieszki" title="Zamieszki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zamieszki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulto" title="Tumulto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tumulto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Бунт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бунт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trazira" title="Trazira – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Trazira" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92" title="කැරළි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැරළි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot" title="Riot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Riot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiri" title="Nemiri – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nemiri" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neredi" title="Neredi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Neredi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellakka" title="Mellakka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mellakka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kravall" title="Kravall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kravall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3ewwa%C9%A3t" title="Taɣewwaɣt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣewwaɣt" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a type of event. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Riot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Riot (disambiguation)">Riot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_strike_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/220px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/330px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Battle_strike_1934.jpg/440px-Battle_strike_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Teamsters">Teamsters</a>, armed with <a href="/wiki/Pipe_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe (material)">pipes</a>, riot in a clash with <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Teamsters_Strike_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934">Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg/220px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg/330px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg/440px-Bastille_2007-05-06_anti_Sarkozy_487633669_93d13b826b_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">Anti-Sarkozy rioters</a> wearing scarves to conceal their identity and filter <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France in May 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>riot</b> or <b>mob violence</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil disorder</a> commonly characterized by a group lashing out in a violent public disturbance against <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> or <a href="/wiki/People" title="People">people</a>. </p><p>Riots typically involve destruction of property, public or private. The property targeted varies depending on the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Braha,_D._2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braha,_D._2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Riots often occur in reaction to a <a href="/wiki/Grievance" title="Grievance">grievance</a> or out of <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a>. Historically, riots have occurred due to poverty, unemployment, poor <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">living conditions</a>, governmental <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a>) or religions (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">sectarian violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>), the outcome of a sporting event (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sports_riot" title="Sports riot">sports riot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Football_hooliganism" title="Football hooliganism">football hooliganism</a>) or frustration with legal channels through which to air grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While individuals may attempt to lead or control a riot, riots typically consist of disorganized groups that are frequently "chaotic and exhibit <a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior" title="Herd behavior">herd behavior</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Braha,_D._2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braha,_D._2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that riots are not irrational, herd-like behavior (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Mob_mentality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mob mentality">mob mentality</a>), but actually follow inverted social norms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dealing with riots is often a difficult task for police forces. They may use <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> or <a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas</a> to control rioters. Riot police may use <a href="/wiki/Less-than-lethal" class="mw-redirect" title="Less-than-lethal">less-than-lethal</a> methods of control, such as shotguns that fire <a href="/wiki/Flexible_baton_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible baton round">flexible baton rounds</a> to injure or otherwise incapacitate rioters for easier arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg/220px-Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg/330px-Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg/440px-Tompkins_square_riot_1874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>New York police attacking unemployed workers in <a href="/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Riot_(1874)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tompkins Square Riot (1874)">Tompkins Square Park</a>, 1874.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Food riots</a></b> are caused by <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> failures, incompetent food storage, hoarding, poisoning of food, or attacks by pests like <a href="/wiki/Locusts" class="mw-redirect" title="Locusts">locusts</a>. When the public becomes desperate from such conditions, groups may attack shops, farms, homes, or government buildings to obtain bread or other staple foods like grain or salt. <a href="/wiki/T._S._Ashton" title="T. S. Ashton">T. S. Ashton</a>, in his study of food riots among <a href="/wiki/Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Colliery">colliers</a>, noted that "the turbulence of the colliers is, of course, to be accounted for by something more elementary than politics: it was the instinctive reaction of virility to hunger."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C._H._Wilson_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="C. H. Wilson (historian)">Charles Wilson</a> noted, "Spasmodic rises in food prices provoked <a href="/wiki/Keelmen" title="Keelmen">keelmen</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> to riot in 1709, tin miners to plunder granaries at <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> in 1727."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2014)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1977_Egyptian_Bread_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Egyptian Bread Riots">1977 Egyptian Bread Riots</a>, hundreds of thousands of people rioted after food <a href="/wiki/Subsidy" title="Subsidy">subsidies</a> stopped and prices rose.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Police_riot" title="Police riot">police riot</a></b> is a term for the disproportionate and unlawful use of force by a group of police against a group of civilians. This term is commonly used to describe a police attack on civilians or provoking civilians into violence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A political riot is a riot for <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> purposes or that develops out of a political <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protest</a>. </p><p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Prison_riot" title="Prison riot">prison riot</a></b> is a large-scale, temporary act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners. It is often done to express a grievance, force change or attempt escape.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a <b><a href="/wiki/Race_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Race riot">race riot</a></b>, race or ethnicity is the key factor. The term had entered the English language in the United States by the 1890s. Early use of the term referred to riots that were often a mob action by members of a majority racial group against people of other perceived races.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg/220px-March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg/330px-March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg/440px-March_for_Alternative_-_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>March for Alternative - 25 student <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> rioters damage storefront windows in protests against the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In a <b><a href="/wiki/Religious_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious riot">religious riot</a></b>, the key factor is <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. Historically, these riots could involve groups arguing who possesses the primate of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rioting mob targets people and properties of a specific religion, or those believed to belong to that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg/220px-Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg/330px-Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg/440px-Starbucks_Barcelona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Starbucks" title="Starbucks">Starbucks</a> after <a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">anti austerity</a> protests and riots in Barcelona in April 2012</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sports_riot" title="Sports riot">Sports riots</a></b> such as the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a> can be sparked by the losing or winning of a specific team or athlete. Fans of the two teams may also fight. Sports riots may happen as a result of teams contending for a championship, a long series of matches, or scores that are close. Sports are the most common cause of riots in the United States, accompanying more than half of all championship games or series.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Almost all sports riots in the United States occur in the winning team's city.<sup id="cite_ref-ballard20111226_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballard20111226-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riots1844staugestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Riots1844staugestine.jpg/220px-Riots1844staugestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Riots1844staugestine.jpg/330px-Riots1844staugestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Riots1844staugestine.jpg/440px-Riots1844staugestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>St. Augustine's Church on fire during the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Nativist_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Nativist Riots">Philadelphia Nativist Riots</a> in 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>The economic and political effects of riots can be as complex as their origins. Property destruction and harm to individuals are often immediately measurable. During the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a>, 2,383 people were injured, more than 12,000 were arrested, 63 people were killed and over 700 businesses burned. Property damage was estimated at over $1 billion. At least ten of those killed were shot by police or National Guard forces.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/2005_civil_unrest_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 civil unrest in France">2005 civil unrest in France</a> lasted over three weeks and spread to nearly 300 towns. By the end of the incident, over 10,000 vehicles were destroyed and over 300 buildings burned. Over 2,800 suspected rioters were arrested and 126 police and firefighters were injured. Estimated damages were over €200 Million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Riot_control_and_laws">Riot control and laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Riot control and laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">Riot control</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_(487645695).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg/220px-Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg/330px-Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg/440px-Police_fighting_against_anti-Sarkozy_with_tear_gas_%28487645695%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>Law enforcement teams deployed to control riots often wear body armor and shields, and may use <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> against anti-Sarkozy demonstrators in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>Riots are typically dealt with by the police, although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include <a href="/wiki/Attack_dog" title="Attack dog">attack dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullet" title="Plastic bullet">plastic bullets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bullet" title="Rubber bullet">rubber bullets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper spray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flexible_baton_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible baton round">flexible baton rounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snatch_squad" title="Snatch squad">snatch squads</a>. Many police forces have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations. Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Support_Group" title="Territorial Support Group">Territorial Support Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>), <a href="/wiki/Special_Patrol_Group" title="Special Patrol Group">Special Patrol Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>), <a href="/wiki/Compagnies_R%C3%A9publicaines_de_S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9" title="Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité">Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mobiele_Eenheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobiele Eenheid">Mobiele Eenheid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Arrest_unit" title="Arrest unit">Arrest units</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wasserwerfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wasserwerfer.jpg/220px-Wasserwerfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wasserwerfer.jpg/330px-Wasserwerfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wasserwerfer.jpg/440px-Wasserwerfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Water cannon during a riot in Germany, 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>The policing of riots has been marred by incidents in which police have been accused of provoking rioting or crowd violence. While the weapons described above are officially designated as <a href="/wiki/Non-lethal" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-lethal">non-lethal</a>, a number of people have died or been injured as a result of their use. For example, seventeen deaths were caused by <a href="/wiki/Rubber_bullet" title="Rubber bullet">rubber bullets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> over the thirty five years between 1970 and 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_of_arrest">Risk of arrest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk of arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A high risk of being arrested is even more effective against rioting than severe punishments.<sup id="cite_ref-bb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="This is the opinion of a one economics professor apparently based only the observation of two events - needs more robust sources (August 2011)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Riot#Dubious" title="Talk:Riot">discuss</a></i>]</sup> As more and more people join the riot, the risk of being arrested goes down, which persuades still more people to join. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_laws">National laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, rioting<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an offense under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a> (IPC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988 the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Force">Israeli army</a> issued rules of engagement for the use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bullets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic bullets">plastic bullets</a> which defined a "violent riot" as a disturbance with the participation of three or more persons, including stone throwing, erection of a barrier or barricade, burning a tire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg/220px-1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg/330px-1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg/440px-1981_Brixton_Riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/1981_Brixton_riot" title="1981 Brixton riot">Brixton race riot</a> in London, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Riot</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Statutory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory">statutory</a> offence in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. It is created by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/64/section/1">section 1(1)</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a>. Sections 1(1) to (5) of that Act read: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(1) Where 12 or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.</p></blockquote> <p>A single person can be liable for an offence of riot when they <i>use</i> violence, provided that it is shown there were at least twelve present <i>using or threatening</i> unlawful violence. The word "violence" is defined by section 8. The violence can be against the person or against property. The <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i> is defined by section 6(1). </p><p>In the past, the <a href="/wiki/Riot_Act" title="Riot Act">Riot Act</a> had to be read by an official – with the wording exactly correct – before violent policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after the Act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd. See also the <a href="/wiki/Black_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Act">Black Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Mode_of_trial_and_sentence">Mode of trial and sentence</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mode of trial and sentence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riot is an <a href="/wiki/Indictable-only_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indictable-only offence">indictable-only offence</a>. A person convicted of riot is liable to <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a> for any term not exceeding ten years, or to a <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fine</a>, or to both.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See the following cases: </p> <ul><li><i>R v Luttman</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>R v Pilgrim</i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>R v Keys</i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>R v Cooke</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Association_football_matches">Association football matches</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Association football matches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the case of riot connected to football hooliganism, the offender may be banned from football grounds for a set or indeterminate period of time and may be required to surrender their passport to the police for a period of time in the event of a club or international match, or international tournament, connected with the offence. This prevents travelling to the match or tournament in question. (The measures were brought in by the <a href="/wiki/Football_(Disorder)_Act_2000" title="Football (Disorder) Act 2000">Football (Disorder) Act 2000</a> after rioting of England fans at <a href="/wiki/Euro_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2000">Euro 2000</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Compensation_for_riot_damage">Compensation for riot damage</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Compensation for riot damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See the <a href="/wiki/Riot_(Damages)_Act_1886" title="Riot (Damages) Act 1886">Riot (Damages) Act 1886</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/21/section/235">section 235</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1995" title="Merchant Shipping Act 1995">Merchant Shipping Act 1995</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Construction_of_"riot"_and_cognate_expressions_in_other_instruments"><span id="Construction_of_.22riot.22_and_cognate_expressions_in_other_instruments"></span>Construction of "riot" and cognate expressions in other instruments</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Construction of "riot" and cognate expressions in other instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 10 of the Public Order Act 1986 now provides: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em">(1) In the <a href="/wiki/Riot_(Damages)_Act_1886" title="Riot (Damages) Act 1886">Riot (Damages) Act 1886</a> ... (compensation for riot damage) "riotous" and "riotously" shall be construed in accordance with section 1 above.</li><li style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em">(2) In Schedule 1 to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Insurance_Act_1906" title="Marine Insurance Act 1906">Marine Insurance Act 1906</a> (form and rules for the construction of certain insurance policies) "rioters" in rule 8 and "riot" in rule 10 shall, in the application of the rules to any policy taking effect on or after the <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">coming into force</a> of this section, be construed in accordance with section 1 above unless a different intention appears.</li><li style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em">(3) "Riot" and cognate expressions in any <a href="/wiki/Enactment_(British_legal_term)" title="Enactment (British legal term)">enactment</a> in force before the coming into force of this section (other than the enactments mentioned in subsections (1) and (2) above) shall be construed in accordance with section 1 above if they would have been construed in accordance with the common law offence of riot apart from this Part.</li><li style="margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em">(4) Subject to subsections (1) to (3) above and unless a different intention appears, nothing in this Part affects the meaning of "riot" or any cognate expression in any enactment in force, or other instrument taking effect, before the coming into force of this section.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></blockquote> <p>As to this provision, see pages 84 and 85 of the Law Commission's report.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="History">History</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Common_law_offence" title="Common law offence">common law offence</a> of riot was abolished<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for England and Wales<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 1 April 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Riot Act 1414<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_IV_%26_V_of_England_%281413-1422%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">Recital of the Statute <a href="/wiki/Riot_Act_1411" title="Riot Act 1411">13 H. 4. c. 7.</a> against riots, &c.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2_Hen._5._Stat._1" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1">2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1</a>. c. 8</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1414</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">30 April 1414</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1967" title="Criminal Law Act 1967">Criminal Law Act 1967</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Riot Act 1414</b> (<a href="/wiki/2_Hen._5._Stat._1" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1">2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1</a>. c. 8) was an <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">Act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>. </p><p>Section 1 of, and Schedule 1 to, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1948" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1948">Statute Law Revision Act 1948</a> repealed: </p> <ul><li>The words from the beginning to "officers aforesaid in this behalf; And that"</li> <li>The words "and ransom"</li> <li>The words from "And that the bailiffs" to "the same franchises"</li> <li>The words from "and that this statute" to the end of the chapter.</li></ul> <p>The whole chapter, so far as unrepealed, was repealed by section 10(2) of, and Part I of Schedule 3 to, the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Act_1967" title="Criminal Law Act 1967">Criminal Law Act 1967</a>. </p><p>The statute 2 Hen. 5. Stat. 1, of which this chapter was part, was repealed for the Republic of Ireland by section 1 of, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1983/en/act/pub/0011/sched.html#sched-part2">Part 2</a> of the Schedule to, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1983" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1983">Statute Law Revision Act 1983</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Riot is a serious offence for the purposes of Chapter 3 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/apni/1962/14/schedule/5/paragraph/13">paragraph 13</a> of Schedule 5 to the Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scotland">Scotland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an offence under the law of Scotland which is known both as "<a href="/wiki/Mobbing_(Scots_law)" title="Mobbing (Scots law)">mobbing</a>" and "mobbing and rioting". </p><p>In July 1981, both Dundee and Edinburgh saw significant disorder as part of the events of that July,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 1994<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two years after the English riots of August 2011, Edinburgh saw rioting, albeit localised to one specific area and not part of any bigger 'riot wave'. Events in 1981 were very similar to those in England, although sources are severely limited. Both <a href="/wiki/Niddrie,_Edinburgh" title="Niddrie, Edinburgh">Niddrie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Craigmillar" title="Craigmillar">Craigmillar</a> saw riots in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leffler_-_1968_Washington,_D.C._Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._riots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg/220px-Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg/330px-Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg/440px-Leffler_-_1968_Washington%2C_D.C._Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr._riots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4946" data-file-height="3227" /></a><figcaption>The aftermath of a <a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C._riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 Washington, D.C. riots">Washington, D.C. riot</a> in April 1968</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">United States federal law</a>, a riot is defined as: </p> <blockquote><p> A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual.<a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">18 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2102">§ 2102</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>Each state may have its own definition of a riot. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, the term <i>riot</i> is not defined explicitly, but under § 240.08 of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Penal_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Penal Law">New York Penal Law</a>, "A person is guilty of inciting to riot when one urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Newark_riots" title="1967 Newark riots">1967 Newark riots</a>, in USA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanderwijk_riots" title="Afrikaanderwijk riots">Afrikaanderwijk riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Egyptian_bread_riots" title="1977 Egyptian bread riots">1977 Egyptian bread riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_bread_riot" title="Boston bread riot">Boston bread riot</a>, of 1710-1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_race_riot_of_1919" title="Chicago race riot of 1919">Chicago race riot of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quarter_Storm" title="First Quarter Storm">First Quarter Storm</a>, Philippines, 1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_riot_of_1837" title="Flour riot of 1837">Flour riot of 1837</a>, in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">Ferguson unrest</a>, in US 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a>, across the US 2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Black_Lives_Matter_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Black Lives Matter unrest">2020 Black Lives Matter unrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">Insurrectionary anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">January 6 United States Capitol attack</a>, in 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a>, in US 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_riots" title="List of food riots">List of food riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots" title="List of riots">List of riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Riots" title="Orange Riots">Orange Riots</a>, Irish Catholics vs Irish Protestants in New York City, 1870-1871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a>, anti-Jewish attacks in Eastern Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_riots" title="Poll tax riots">Poll tax riots</a>, in UK 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_Acts" title="Riot Acts">Riot Acts</a>, in UK law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Southern bread riots</a>, Confederacy 1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a>, New York City 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_riot" title="Student riot">Student riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a>, in US, 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_riot" title="Urban riot">Urban riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_football_riot_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław football riot 2003">Wrocław football riot 2003</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Braha,_D._2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braha,_D._2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braha,_D._2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=The+Kiss&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvault.si.com%2Fvault%2F2011%2F12%2F26%2Fthe-kiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Crogan2002" class="citation news cs1">Jim Crogan (Apr 24, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laweekly.com/2002-05-02/news/the-l-a-53/">"The L.A. 53"</a>. <i>LA Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+L.A.+53&rft.date=2002-04-24&rft.au=Jim+Crogan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laweekly.com%2F2002-05-02%2Fnews%2Fthe-l-a-53%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Anthony_G." class="citation web cs1">Williams, Anthony G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903200133/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/baton.htm">"Less-lethal ammunition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/baton.htm">the original</a> on 2009-09-03. <q>an amended version of an article which first appeared in <i>Jane's Police Products Review</i>, October/November 2007, and includes information from British 37mm Baton Rounds, which appeared in <i>Small Arms Review</i> in August 2008</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Less-lethal+ammunition&rft.au=Williams%2C+Anthony+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quarry.nildram.co.uk%2Fbaton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bb_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-12/how-riots-start-and-how-they-can-be-stopped-edward-glaeser.html">How Riots Start, and How They Can Be Stopped: Edward Glaeser</a>, Edward Glaeser, Bloomberg, Aug 12, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devgan.in/indian_penal_code/index.php?q=rioting&a=1">"IPC Section 146 - Rioting"</a>. <i>A Lawyers Reference</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Lawyers+Reference&rft.atitle=IPC+Section+146+-+Rioting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevgan.in%2Findian_penal_code%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Drioting%26a%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Talmor, Ronny (translated by Ralph Mandel) (1990) <i>The Use of Firearms - By the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories.</i> <a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files2/publication/199007_use_of_firearms_eng.doc">download</a> p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/64/section/1">section 1(6)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Luttman</i> [1973] <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law Review">Crim LR</a> 127, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Pilgrim</i>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Appeal_Reports_(Sentencing)" title="Criminal Appeal Reports (Sentencing)">Cr App R (S)</a> 140, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Keys</i>, 84 Cr App R 204, 8 Cr App R (S) 444, [1987] Crim LR 207, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>R v Cooke</i>, 9 Cr App R (S) 116, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/25/notes/contents">"Explanatory Notes to the Football (Disorder) Act 2000"</a>. Legislation.gov.uk. 2013-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Notes+to+the+Football+%28Disorder%29+Act+2000&rft.pub=Legislation.gov.uk&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2000%2F25%2Fnotes%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1986/64/section/10">"Public Order Act 1986"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Order+Act+1986&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1986%2F64%2Fsection%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Law Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bailii.org/ew/other/EWLC/1983/123.pdf">Criminal Law: Offences relating to Public Order</a> (Law Com 123). HMSO. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214014950/http://www.bailii.org/ew/other/EWLC/1983/123.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a>, section 9(1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986" title="Public Order Act 1986">Public Order Act 1986</a>, section 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Public_Order_Act_1986_(Commencement_No._2)_Order_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Order Act 1986 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1987">Public Order Act 1986 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1987</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1987/198/article/2/made">article 2</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1987/198/schedule/made">Schedule</a> (1987/198 (C. 4))</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The citation of this Act by this <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> was authorised by section 5 of, and Schedule 2 to, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1948" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1948">Statute Law Revision Act 1948</a>. Due to the repeal of those provisions, it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Interpretation_Act_1978" title="Interpretation Act 1978">Interpretation Act 1978</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These words are printed against this Act in the second column of Schedule 2 to the Statute Law Revision Act 1948, which is headed "Title".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2008/1216/article/12">article 12(2)</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisi/2008/1216/schedule/1">Schedule 1</a>, paragraph 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/14/opinion/the-riot-experts.html">"The Riot Experts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1981-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Riot+Experts&rft.date=1981-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F07%2F14%2Fopinion%2Fthe-riot-experts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/2461950/">"Police report flare-ups Police at Dundee, The Kokomo Tribune"</a>. newspapers.com The Kokomo Tribune from Kokomo, Indiana · Page 1 July 13, 1981. 13 July 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+report+flare-ups+Police+at+Dundee%2C+The+Kokomo+Tribune&rft.pub=newspapers.com+The+Kokomo+Tribune+from+Kokomo%2C+Indiana+%C2%B7+Page+1+July+13%2C+1981&rft.date=1981-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F2461950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150405111431/http://www.mmisi.org/ma/26_02/kirk.pdf">"The Architecture of Servitude and Boredom, Russell Kirk"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Servitude+and+Boredom%2C+Russell+Kirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmisi.org%2Fma%2F26_02%2Fkirk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N-s0XRjs-LU">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"eh16" - The Craigmillar Riots of 1994"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 2 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211110/N-s0XRjs-LU">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%22eh16%22+-+The+Craigmillar+Riots+of+1994&rft.date=2010-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DN-s0XRjs-LU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/police-braced-further-attacks-edinburgh-2041698">"Police braced for further rioting in Edinburgh after patrol cars are petrol bombed, Daily Record, 10 July 2013"</a>. 2013-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+braced+for+further+rioting+in+Edinburgh+after+patrol+cars+are+petrol+bombed%2C+Daily+Record%2C+10+July+2013&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscottish-news%2Fpolice-braced-further-attacks-edinburgh-2041698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unregardededinburgh.wordpress.com/2012/11/13/niddrie-old-police-station/">"Unregarded Edinburgh, Niddrie Old Police Station"</a>. 2012-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unregarded+Edinburgh%2C+Niddrie+Old+Police+Station&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funregardededinburgh.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F11%2F13%2Fniddrie-old-police-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Blackstone's Police Manuals</i>. Volume 5, "General police duties". Fraser Simpson (2006). p. 245. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928522-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-928522-5">0-19-928522-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Applegate, Rex. <i> Kill or Get Killed: Riot Control Techniques, Manhandling, and Close Combat, for Police and the Military</i> (Paladin Press 1976).</li> <li>Bessel, Richard; Emsley, Clive, eds. <i>Patterns of Provocation: Police and Public Disorder</i> (Berghahn Books, sooo) . ISBN 1-57181-228-8. Studies of Europe and USA.</li> <li>Davis, Natalie Zemon. "The rites of violence: religious riot in sixteenth-century France." <i>Past & Present</i> 59.1 (1973): 51–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article-pdf/59/1/51/9919364/51.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Newburn, Tim. "The Causes and Consequences of Urban Riot and Unrest" <i>Annual Review of Criminology</i> (2021) Vol. 4:53-73 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-criminol-061020-124931">online</a></li> <li>Wilkinson, Steven. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. (2009)<a href="//doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.041307.075517" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.041307.075517">Riots online</a>.</li> <li>Wilkinson Steven. <i>Votes and Violence: Ethnic Competition and Ethnic Riots in India</i>. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archibald, Malcolm. <i>Whisky, Wars, Riots and Murder: Crime in the 19th-Century Highlands and Islands</i> (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloome,_Clive2003" class="citation book cs1">Bloome, Clive (2003). <i>Violent London: 2000 Years of Riots, Rebels and Revolts</i>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-07310-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-07310-1"><bdi>0-283-07310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+London%3A+2000+Years+of+Riots%2C+Rebels+and+Revolts&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-283-07310-1&rft.au=Bloome%2C+Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bohstedt, John. <i>The Politics of Provisions: Food Riots, Moral Economy, and Market Transition in England, c. 1550-1850</i> (Ashgate, 2010)</li> <li>Bohstedt John. <i>Riots and Community Politics in England and Wales, 1790–1810</i>. (Harvard UP, 1983).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover,_Joshua2016" class="citation book cs1">Clover, Joshua (2016). <i>Riot: The New Era of Uprisings</i>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-059-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-059-3"><bdi>978-1-78478-059-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riot%3A+The+New+Era+of+Uprisings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-059-3&rft.au=Clover%2C+Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernon,_Ian2006" class="citation book cs1">Hernon, Ian (2006). <i>Riot!: Civil Insurrection from Peterloo to the Present Day</i>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2538-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2538-6"><bdi>0-7453-2538-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riot%21%3A+Civil+Insurrection+from+Peterloo+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7453-2538-6&rft.au=Hernon%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kettle, Martin, and Lucy Hodges, eds. <i>Uprising! Police, the People and the Riots in Britain’s Cities</i> (Pan Books, 1982).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagl,_Dominik2013" class="citation book cs1">Nagl, Dominik (2013). <i>No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Rechtstransfer, Staatsbildung und Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630–1769</i>. LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-11817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-11817-2"><bdi>978-3-643-11817-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Part+of+the+Mother+Country%2C+but+Distinct+Dominions+-+Rechtstransfer%2C+Staatsbildung+und+Governance+in+England%2C+Massachusetts+und+South+Carolina%2C+1630%E2%80%931769&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-11817-2&rft.au=Nagl%2C+Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C">Online <i>pp. 594</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddington,_P._A._J.1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Waddington" title="Peter Waddington">Waddington, P. A. J.</a> (1991). <i>The Strong Arm of the Law: Armed and Public Order Policing</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827359-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827359-2"><bdi>0-19-827359-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strong+Arm+of+the+Law%3A+Armed+and+Public+Order+Policing&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-827359-2&rft.au=Waddington%2C+P.+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abu-Lughod, Janet L. <i>Race, space, and riots in Chicago, New York, and Los Angeles</i> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10251?sid=oup:oxfordacademic&genre=book&aulast=Abu-Lughod&aufirst=Janet+L.&title=Race%2C+Space%2C+and+Riots+in+Chicago%2C+New+York%2C+and+Los+Angeles&date=2007-09-10">online</a></li> <li>Bergesen, Albert, and Max Herman. "Immigration, race, and riot: The 1992 Los Angeles uprising." <i>American Sociological Review</i> (1998): 39–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657476">online</a></li> <li>Bernstein, Iver. <i>The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War</i> (Oxford UP, 1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorkcitydraft00iver">online</a></li> <li>Brophy, Alfred L. and Randall Kennedy. <i>Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation</i> (Oxford UP, 2003)</li> <li>Bruns, Roger. <i>Zoot Suit Riots</i> (ABC-CLIO 2014), Hispanics in Los Angeles in 1940s.</li> <li>Chicago Commission on Race Relations. <i>The Negro in Chicago: A Study of Race Relations and a Race Riot</i> (1922) on <a href="/wiki/Chicago_race_riot_of_1919" title="Chicago race riot of 1919">Chicago race riot of 1919</a></li> <li>Fine, Sidney. <i>Violence in the Model City: The Cavanagh Administration, Race Relations, and the Detroit Riot Of 1967</i> (Michigan State University Press, 2007)</li> <li>Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i> (Indiana UP, 1996), interpretive history from colonial era to present</li> <li>Gordon, Michael A. <i>The Orange Riots: Irish Political Violence in New York City, 1870 and 1871</i> (Cornell UP, 2018) see <a href="/wiki/Orange_Riots" title="Orange Riots">Orange Riots</a></li> <li>Gottesman, Ronald, and Richard Maxwell Brown, eds. <i>Violence in America: an encyclopedia</i> (3 vol 1999). 1930pp; comprehensive coverage by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceinameric00gott/page/n1/mode/thumb?view=theater">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Graham, Hugh Davis, ed. <i>Violence in America : historical and comparative perspectives; a report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence</i> (2 vol 1969) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceinameric0001unse_s8b2/page/n6/mode/1up">vol 1 online</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceinameric0000na">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Gurr, Ted Robert, ed. <i>Violence in America: Protest, rebellion, reform</i> (1979).</li> <li>Hofstadter, Richard, and Michael Wallace, eds. <i>American violence: A documentary history</i> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanviolence0000hofs">online</a></li> <li>Hunt, Darnell M. <i>Screening the Los Angeles ’Riots’: Race, Seeing, and Resistance</i> (Cambridge UP, 1996), focus on media coverage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagl,_Dominik2013" class="citation book cs1">Nagl, Dominik (2013). <i>No Part of the Mother Country, but Distinct Dominions - Rechtstransfer, Staatsbildung und Governance in England, Massachusetts und South Carolina, 1630–1769</i>. LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-11817-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-11817-2"><bdi>978-3-643-11817-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Part+of+the+Mother+Country%2C+but+Distinct+Dominions+-+Rechtstransfer%2C+Staatsbildung+und+Governance+in+England%2C+Massachusetts+und+South+Carolina%2C+1630%E2%80%931769&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-11817-2&rft.au=Nagl%2C+Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARiot" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://de.scribd.com/doc/204061491/Dominik-Nagl-No-Part-of-the-Mother-Country-but-Distinct-Dominions-Rechtstransfer-Staatsbildung-und-Governance-in-England-Massachusetts-und-South-C">Online <i>pp. 594</i></a></li> <li>Olzak S, Shanahan, and E.H.McEneaney. . "Poverty, segregation and race riots: 1960 to 1993." <i>American Sociological Review</i> (1996) 61(4):590–613 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Susan-Olzak/publication/247217245_Poverty_Segregation_and_Race_Riots_1960_to_1993/links/0046352c32be922668000000/Poverty-Segregation-and-Race-Riots-1960-to-1993.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Rucker, Walter C. and James N. Upton, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of American Race Riots</i> (2 vol. Greenwood, 2006)</li> <li>Tuttle, William. <i>Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919</i>. (U of Illinois Press, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceriotchicagoi0000tutt">online</a></li> <li>Waskow, Arthur I. <i>From Race Riot to Sit-In, 1919 and the 1960s: A Study in the Connections Between Conflict and Violence. (Doubleday, 1966).</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riot&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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