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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_with_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_with_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Union with Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_with_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_and_contemporary_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_and_contemporary_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Late modern and contemporary periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_and_contemporary_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 London </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape_and_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_and_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Landscape and rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_and_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nature and wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_conurbations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_conurbations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Major conurbations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_conurbations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature,_poetry,_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature,_poetry,_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Literature, poetry, and philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature,_poetry,_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 Sites and institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 National symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">England: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 240 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-240" aria-hidden="true" > 240 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggr%C3%A9h" title="Inggréh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Inggréh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Англие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Англие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ኢንግላንድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢንግላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%8Bland" title="Eŋland – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Eŋland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैंड – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englaland" title="Englaland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Englaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Англызтәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Англызтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անգլիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angllet%C3%A8rra" title="Anglletèrra – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Anglletèrra" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ইংলেণ্ড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইংলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingyat%C3%A9rra" title="Ingyatérra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ingyatérra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilt%C9%99r%C9%99" title="İngiltərə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngiltərə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="اینگیلیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ইংল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng-l%C3%A2n" title="Eng-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Англія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ангельшчына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ангельшчына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-Saoz" title="Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglie" title="Anglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloegr" title="Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%DD%A3%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="النݣليز – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النݣليز" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engl%C3%A1nda" title="Englánda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Englánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިނގިރޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Engelska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इङ्ल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इङ्ल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa" title="Inglismaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αγγλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Inghiltèra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglio" title="Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingalaterra" title="Ingalaterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongland" title="Ongland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ongland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingletiere" title="Ingletiere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ingletiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasana" title="Sasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sostyn" title="Sostyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Sostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasainn" title="Sasainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Ингалсехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ингалсехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngeretha" title="Ngeretha – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ngeretha" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اينگيليس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اينگيليس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="잉글랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingila" title="Ingila – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ingila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Enelani" title="‘Enelani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="‘Enelani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Անգլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लैण्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैण्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jend%C5%BAelska" title="Jendźelska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jendźelska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enggeleti" title="Enggeleti – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Enggeleti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Англис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Англис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENgilani" title="ENgilani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ENgilani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INgilandi" title="INgilandi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INgilandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%8Bg%C9%A9l%C9%A9t%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aŋgɩlɩtɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗ್ಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინგლისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِنگلِستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنگلِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Sows" title="Pow Sows – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza" title="Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engla" title="Engla – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Engla" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglet%C3%A8" title="Angletè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Angletè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langl%C3%A9t%C3%A8" title="Langlétè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Langlétè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Englistan" title="Înglistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Înglistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghiltiera" title="Nghiltiera – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nghiltiera" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A6ra" title="Inghiltæra – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Inghiltæra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeland" title="Ingeland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ingeland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ing%C9%9Blandi" title="Ingɛlandi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ingɛlandi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Inghiltèra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Inghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="इङ्ल्यान्ड – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इङ्ल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Англија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angletera" title="Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇംഗ്ലണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilterra" title="Ingilterra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ingilterra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingarangi" title="Ingarangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ingarangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="इंग्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ინგლისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ინგლისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="انگلیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انگلیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯪꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggirih" title="Inggirih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Inggirih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%ACng-g%C3%A1ik-l%C3%A0ng" title="Ĭng-gáik-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭng-gáik-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglaterra" title="Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Англи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Англи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်္ဂလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peretania" title="Peretania – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Peretania" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelaand_(regio)" title="Engelaand (regio) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Engelaand (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4" title="बेलायत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बेलायत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="イングランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngreterra" title="Ngreterra – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ngreterra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ингалс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ингалс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingelun" title="Ingelun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglan" title="Inglan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Inglan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%C3%A9t%C3%A8rre" title="Angliétèrre – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Angliétèrre" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇଂଲଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingilaandi" title="Ingilaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ingilaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1" title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਗਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိန်းကလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انګلستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انګلستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingglan" title="Ingglan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ingglan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="អង់គ្លេស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង់គ្លេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inguelti%C3%A8re" title="Ingueltière – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ingueltière" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anghilt%C3%A8ra" title="Anghiltèra – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Anghiltèra" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglan" title="Inglan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Inglan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Angliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engalterra" title="Engalterra – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Engalterra" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlispampa" title="Inlispampa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Inlispampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Анґлія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Анґлія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Egelani" title="'Egelani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="'Egelani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इङ्ग्लेण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0" title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱝᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghilterra" title="Inghilterra – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingland" title="Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84nglound" title="Änglound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Änglound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelane" title="Engelane – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Engelane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eng%C3%AAlan%C3%AA" title="Engêlanê – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Engêlanê" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anglia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nglaterra" title="Nglaterra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nglaterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="එංගලන්තය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එංගලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="انگلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngilandi" title="Ngilandi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ngilandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicko" title="Anglicko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anglicko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anglija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngland" title="Yngland – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Yngland" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingiriiska" title="Ingiriiska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ingiriiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енглеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleska" title="Engleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris" title="Inggris – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Inggris" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englanti" title="Englanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglatera" title="Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="இங்கிலாந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legliz" title="Legliz – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Legliz" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိင်ႇၵလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="ఇంగ్లాండు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇంగ్లాండు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ประเทศอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ингилистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ингилистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIngilani" title="ʻIngilani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIngilani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere" title="İngiltere – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angli%C3%BDa" title="Angliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Angliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngyiresi" title="Ngyiresi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ngyiresi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nggi%CC%B1lan" title="Nggi̱lan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Nggi̱lan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Англия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inghiltera" title="Inghiltera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Inghiltera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglii" title="Anglii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Anglii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anh" title="Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingl%C3%A4n" title="Linglän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Linglän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%BCsmaa" title="Inglüsmaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inglüsmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglutere" title="Inglutere – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Inglutere" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iengeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra" title="Inglaterra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="英格兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="England" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="ענגלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ענגלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80g%E1%BA%B9%CC%80%E1%BA%B9%CC%81s%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀gẹ̀ẹ́sì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="英格蘭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英格蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ng%C4%B1ltere" title="İngıltere – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İngıltere" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iengeland" title="Iengeland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iengeland" 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class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=England&oldid=1259317245" title="England">Latest revision as of 14:19, 24 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit" title="England">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:ChefBear01" class="mw-userlink" title="User:ChefBear01" data-mw-revid="1259317245"><bdi>ChefBear01</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:ChefBear01" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:ChefBear01">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/ChefBear01" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/ChefBear01">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">6,359 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> Added cite</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a> Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> | type =</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> | type =</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> | legal_jurisdiction = [[England and Wales]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> | legal_jurisdiction = [[England and Wales]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div> | government_type = Direct rule by the [[UK Government]] with [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|some sub-regional devolution]] within a [[Constitutional monarchy#England, Scotland and the United Kingdom|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> | government_type = Direct rule by the [[UK Government]] with [[Combined authorities and combined county authorities|some sub-regional devolution]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=English devolution |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/english-devolution |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Institute for Government |language=en}}</ref></ins> within a [[Constitutional monarchy#England, Scotland and the United Kingdom|parliamentary constitutional monarchy]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> | monarch = [[Charles III]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> | monarch = [[Charles III]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div> | number_of_mps = 543</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div> | number_of_mps = 543</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 14:19, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country within the United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/England_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="England (disambiguation)">England (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">England</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of England"><img alt="Flag of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/125px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/188px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/250px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">Flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  Predominantly "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>" (<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King#Use_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="God Save the King">National anthem of the United Kingdom</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of England (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)"><img alt="Location of England (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the United Kingdom (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/250px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/375px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg/500px-England_in_the_UK_and_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of England (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=England&params=51_30_N_0_7_W_type:city_region:GB-ENG">51°30′N 0°7′W / 51.500°N 0.117°W / 51.500; -0.117</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 81.0% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 9.6% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 4.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.0% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.2% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 46.3% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 36.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.8% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.9% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 6.0% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Three_legal_systems" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Legal jurisdiction</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:normal;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li style="margin-top:3px;"><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Direct rule by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a> with <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">some sub-regional devolution</a> <a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy#England,_Scotland_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-left:10px;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="List of MPs elected in the 2019 United Kingdom general election">House of Commons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2024–present)">543 MPs</a> (of 650)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan#King_of_the_English" title="Æthelstan">Unification of Angles, Saxons and Danes</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">by 12 July 927</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">132,932 km2 (51,325 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-6">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Land<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">130,310 km2 (50,310 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-7">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">57,106,398<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-7">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">56,490,048<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">438/km2 (1,134.4/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-7">[4]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">£1.940 trillion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">£33,976<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GVA-8">[5]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2022 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£2.162 trillion</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">£37,852<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-9">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+0 (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone numbers in England">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB-ENG" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:GB-ENG">GB-ENG</a></td></tr></tbody></table> England is a <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country</a> that is part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_Geography_Guide-10">[7]</a> It is located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, of which it covers about 62%, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">more than 100 smaller adjacent islands</a>. It has land borders with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> to the west, and is otherwise surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> to the south-west, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the west. <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> lies to the south-east, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> to the west. At the <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 census</a>, the population was 56,490,048.<a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is both <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">the largest city</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>. The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. It takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribe who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in the 10th century and has had extensive cultural and legal impact on the wider world since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, which began during the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, which included Wales after 1535, ceased to be a separate <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> on 1 May 1707, when the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union</a> brought into effect a political union with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> that created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> England is the origin of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English legal system</a> (which served as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems of many other countries), <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> branch of Christianity; its <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">parliamentary system of government</a> has been widely adopted by other nations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> England is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">the two oldest universities</a> in the English-speaking world: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, founded in 1096, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, founded in 1209. Both universities are ranked among the most prestigious in the world.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> England's terrain chiefly consists of low hills and <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">south</a>. Upland and mountainous terrain is mostly found in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">north</a> and west, including <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" title="Shropshire Hills">Shropshire Hills</a>. The country's capital is <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_metropolitan_area" title="London metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> of which has a population of 14.2 million as of 2021, representing the United Kingdom's largest metropolitan area. England's population of 56.3 million comprises 84% of the population of the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-ONS-pop-ests-June2018-17">[14]</a> largely concentrated around London, the <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a>, and conurbations in the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, which each developed as major industrial regions during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-2011_census-18">[15]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Toponymy_of_England" title="Toponymy of England">Toponymy of England</a></div> The name "England" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> name Englaland, which means "land of the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>".<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> The Angles were one of the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> that settled in Great Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. They came from the <a href="/wiki/Angeln" title="Angeln">Angeln</a> region of what is now the German state of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The earliest recorded use of the term, as "Engla londe", is in the late-ninth-century translation into Old English of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>. The term was then used to mean "the land inhabited by the English", and it included English people in what is now south-east Scotland but was then part of the English kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a> recorded that the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 covered the whole of England, meaning the English kingdom, but a few years later the Chronicle stated that King <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm III">Malcolm III</a> went "out of Scotlande into <a href="/wiki/Lothian" title="Lothian">Lothian</a> in Englaland", thus using it in the more ancient sense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolyneaux20156–7-21">[18]</a> The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word Anglii is used.<a href="#cite_note-Fordham-22">[19]</a> The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars; it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, came to be used for the entire country is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons to distinguish them from continental Saxons (Eald-Seaxe) of Old Saxony in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, the Saxon tribe gave their name to the word for England (Sasunn);<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> name for the English language is Saesneg. A romantic name for England is <a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Loegria</a>, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian legend">Arthurian legend</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a> is also applied to England in a more poetic capacity,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> though its original meaning is the island of Britain as a whole. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline of English history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge,_Condado_de_Wiltshire,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_18.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sun shining through row of upright standing stones with other stones horizontally on the top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/220px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/330px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG/440px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_18.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5265" data-file-height="2786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> monument</figcaption></figure> The earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of <a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Homo antecessor</a>, dating to about 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a> only large mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> remained. Roughly 11,000 years ago, when the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">ice sheets</a> began to recede, humans repopulated the area; genetic research suggests they came from the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOppenheimer2006173-29">[26]</a> The sea level was lower than the present day and Britain was connected by <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> to Ireland and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> As the seas rose, it was separated from Ireland 10,000 years ago and from Eurasia two millennia later. The <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> arrived around 2,500 BC, introducing drinking and food vessels constructed from clay, as well as vessels used as reduction pots to smelt copper ores.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> It was during this time that major <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> monuments such as <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> (phase III) and <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> were constructed. By heating together tin and copper, which were in abundance in the area, the Beaker culture people made <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, and later iron from iron ores. The development of iron <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> allowed the construction of better <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">ploughs</a>, advancing agriculture (for instance, with <a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic fields</a>), as well as the production of more effective weapons.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/158px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/237px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg/316px-London_-_British_Museum_-_2453.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4355" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battersea_Shield" title="Battersea Shield">Battersea Shield</a> is one of the most significant pieces of ancient <a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> found in Britain.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic culture</a>, deriving from the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène cultures</a>, arrived from Central Europe. <a href="/wiki/British_language_(Celtic)" class="mw-redirect" title="British language (Celtic)">Brythonic</a> was the spoken language during this time. Society was tribal; according to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia">Geographia</a> there were around 20 tribes in the area. Like other regions on the edge of the Empire, Britain had long enjoyed trading links with the Romans. Julius Caesar of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's invasions of Britain">invade twice</a> in 55 BC; although largely unsuccessful, he managed to set up a <a href="/wiki/Roman_client_kingdoms_in_Britain" title="Roman client kingdoms in Britain">client king</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> The Romans invaded Britain in 43 AD during the reign of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, subsequently <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">conquering much of Britain</a>, and the area was incorporated into the Roman Empire as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> The best-known of the native tribes who attempted to resist were the <a href="/wiki/Catuvellauni" title="Catuvellauni">Catuvellauni</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Caratacus" title="Caratacus">Caratacus</a>. Later, an uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudica</a>, Queen of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>, ended with Boudica's suicide following her defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Defeat_of_Boudica" class="mw-redirect" title="Defeat of Boudica">Battle of Watling Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> The author of one study of Roman Britain suggested that from 43 AD to 84 AD, the Roman invaders killed somewhere between 100,000 and 250,000 people from a population of perhaps 2,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-35">[32]</a> This era saw a <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> culture prevail with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">Roman architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueducts_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire">aqueducts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">sewers</a>, many agricultural items and silk.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> In the 3rd century, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> died at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (now <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>), where <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> was subsequently proclaimed emperor a century later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERankov199416-37">[34]</a> There is debate about when Christianity was first introduced; it was no later than the 4th century, probably much earlier. According to <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>, missionaries were sent from Rome by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleuterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eleuterus">Eleutherius</a> at the request of the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Britain" title="Lucius of Britain">Lucius of Britain</a> in 180 AD, to settle differences as to Eastern and Western ceremonials, which were disturbing the church. There are traditions linked to Glastonbury claiming an introduction through <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, while others claim through Lucius of Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2008143-38">[35]</a> By 410, during the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>, Britain was left exposed by the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">end of Roman rule in Britain</a> and the withdrawal of Roman army units, to defend the frontiers in continental Europe and partake in civil wars.<a href="#cite_note-james_anglosaxons-39">[36]</a> Celtic Christian monastic and missionary movements flourished. This period of Christianity was influenced by ancient Celtic culture in its sensibilities, polity, practices and theology. Local "congregations" were centred in the monastic community and monastic leaders were more like chieftains, as peers, rather than in the more hierarchical system of the Roman-dominated church.<a href="#cite_note-Lehane-40">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">England in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_replica_(face).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Studded and decorated metallic mask of human face." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_replica_%28face%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the 7th-century ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_helmet" title="Sutton Hoo helmet">Sutton Hoo helmet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Roman military</a> withdrawals left Britain open to invasion by pagan, seafaring warriors from north-western continental Europe, chiefly the Saxons, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a> and Frisians who had long raided the coasts of the Roman province. These groups then began to settle in increasing numbers over the course of the fifth and sixth centuries, initially in the eastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-james_anglosaxons-39">[36]</a> Their advance was contained for some decades after the Britons' victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Mount Badon</a>, but subsequently resumed, overrunning the fertile lowlands of Britain and reducing the area under <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brittonic</a> control to a series of separate enclaves in the more rugged country to the west by the end of the 6th century. Contemporary texts describing this period are extremely scarce, giving rise to its description as a <a href="/wiki/Dark_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Age">Dark Age</a>. Details of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain</a> are consequently subject to considerable disagreement; the emerging consensus is that it occurred on a large scale in the south and east but was less substantial to the north and west, where Celtic languages continued to be spoken even in areas under Anglo-Saxon control.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Härke,_Heinrich_2011-42">[39]</a> Roman-dominated Christianity had, in general, been replaced in the conquered territories by <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon paganism</a>, but was <a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">reintroduced by missionaries</a> from Rome led by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine</a> from 597.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Disputes between the Roman- and Celtic-dominated forms of Christianity ended in victory for the Roman tradition at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Whitby" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Whitby">Council of Whitby</a> (664), which was ostensibly about <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsures</a> (clerical haircuts) and the date of Easter, but more significantly, about the differences in Roman and Celtic forms of authority, theology, and practice.<a href="#cite_note-Lehane-40">[37]</a> During the settlement period the lands ruled by the incomers seem to have been fragmented into numerous tribal territories, but by the 7th century, when substantial evidence of the situation again becomes available, these had coalesced into roughly a dozen kingdoms including <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent" title="Kingdom of Kent">Kent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Sussex</a>. Over the following centuries, this process of political consolidation continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby20004-44">[41]</a> The 7th century saw a struggle for hegemony between Northumbria and Mercia, which in the 8th century gave way to Mercian preeminence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon196023-45">[42]</a> In the early 9th century Mercia was displaced as the foremost kingdom by Wessex. Later in that century escalating attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> culminated in the conquest of the north and east of England, overthrowing the kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Wessex under <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> was left as the only surviving English kingdom, and under his successors, it steadily expanded at the expense of the kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>. This brought about the political unification of England, first accomplished under <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a> in 927 and definitively established after further conflicts by <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a> in 953. A fresh wave of Scandinavian attacks from the late 10th century ended with the conquest of this united kingdom by <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn Forkbeard</a> in 1013 and again by his son <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut</a> in 1016, turning it into the centre of a short-lived <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea Empire</a> that also included <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. However, the native royal dynasty was restored with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a> in 1042. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="King Henry V at the Battle of Agincourt, 1415." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/170px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/255px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg/340px-King_Henry_V_at_the_Battle_of_Agincourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Henry_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry V of England">King Henry V</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>, fought on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Crispin%27s_Day" title="Saint Crispin's Day">Saint Crispin's Day</a> and concluded with an English victory against a larger French army in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></figcaption></figure> A dispute over the succession to Edward led to an unsuccessful Norwegian Invasion in September 1066 close to York in the North, and the successful <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> in October 1066, accomplished by an army led by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">Duke William of Normandy</a> invading at Hastings late September 1066.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> themselves originated from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and had settled in Normandy in the late 9th and early 10th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> This conquest led to the almost total dispossession of the English elite and its replacement by a new French-speaking aristocracy, whose speech had a profound and permanent effect on the English language.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a> from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a> inherited the English throne under <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, adding England to the budding <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> of fiefs the family had inherited in France including <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_p124-49">[46]</a> They reigned for three centuries, some noted monarchs being <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_p124-49">[46]</a> The period saw changes in trade and legislation, including the signing of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, an English legal charter used to limit the sovereign's powers by law and protect the privileges of freemen. Catholic <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a> flourished, providing philosophers, and the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were founded with royal patronage. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> became a Plantagenet fief during the 13th century<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> was given to the English monarchy by the Pope. During the 14th century, the Plantagenets and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> claimed to be legitimate claimants to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> and of France; the two powers clashed in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler1967208-51">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> epidemic <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">hit England</a>; starting in 1348, it eventually killed up to half of England's <a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">inhabitants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Between 1453 and 1487, a civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Roses">War of the Roses</a> waged between the two branches of the royal family, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkists</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrofton2007111-53">[50]</a> Eventually it led to the Yorkists losing the throne entirely to a Welsh noble family the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudors</a>, a branch of the Lancastrians headed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a> who invaded with Welsh and Breton mercenaries, gaining victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> where the Yorkist king <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> was killed.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_(1497-8-1543)_-_Henry_VIII_(1491-1547)_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/142px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/213px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/284px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_%281497-8-1543%29_-_Henry_VIII_%281491-1547%29_-_RCIN_404438_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> (1491–1547)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg/152px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg/228px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg/304px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament_Robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="1548" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-left"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603)</div></div></div></div></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a>, England began to develop <a href="/wiki/English_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="English Navy">naval skills</a>, and exploration intensified in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> broke from communion with the Catholic Church, over issues relating to his divorce, under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">Acts of Supremacy</a> in 1534 which proclaimed the monarch head of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. In contrast with much of European <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">roots of the split</a> were more political than theological.<a href="#cite_note-57">[d]</a> He also legally incorporated his ancestral land Wales into the Kingdom of England with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">1535–1542 acts</a>. There were internal religious conflicts during the reigns of Henry's daughters, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. The former took the country back to Catholicism while the latter broke from it again, forcefully asserting the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> is the epoch in the Tudor age of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ("the Virgin Queen"). Historians often depict it as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">golden age</a> in English history that represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of great art, drama, poetry, music and literature.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> England during this period had a centralised, well-organised, and effective government.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Competing with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, the first English colony in the Americas was founded in 1585 by explorer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and named <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a>. The Roanoke colony failed and is known as the lost colony after it was found abandoned on the return of the late-arriving supply ship.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, England also competed with the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> in the East. During the Elizabethan period, England was at war with Spain. An <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">armada</a> sailed from Spain in 1588 as part of a wider plan to invade England and re-establish a Catholic monarchy. The plan was thwarted by bad coordination, stormy weather and successful harrying attacks by an English fleet under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Lord Howard of Effingham</a>. This failure did not end the threat: Spain launched two further armadas, in <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">1596</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">1597</a>, but both were driven back by storms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_with_Scotland">Union with Scotland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></div> The political structure of the island changed in 1603, when the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scots">King of Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI</a>, a kingdom which had been a long-time rival to English interests, inherited the throne of England as James I, thereby creating a <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">personal union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britons-61">[57]</a> He styled himself <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a>, although this had no basis in English law.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Under the auspices of James VI and I the Authorised <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Holy Bible was published in 1611. It was the standard version of the Bible read by most Protestant Christians for four hundred years until modern revisions were produced in the 20th century. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of seated male figure, with long black hair wearing a white cape and breeches." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/170px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/255px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_II_of_England.jpeg/340px-Charles_II_of_England.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">English Restoration</a> restored the monarchy under King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and peace after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> Based on conflicting political, religious and social positions, the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> was fought between the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Parliament</a> and those of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, known colloquially as <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Roundheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a> respectively. This was an interwoven part of the wider multifaceted <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a>, involving <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>. The Parliamentarians were victorious, <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">Charles I was executed</a> and the kingdom replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>. Leader of the Parliament forces, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> declared himself <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> in 1653; a period of <a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">personal rule</a> followed.<a href="#cite_note-O_Cromwell-63">[59]</a> After Cromwell's death and the resignation of his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard</a> as Lord Protector, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> was invited to return as monarch in 1660, in a move called the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>. With the reopening of theatres, fine arts, literature and performing arts flourished throughout the Restoration of the "Merry Monarch" Charles II.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688, it was constitutionally established that King and Parliament should rule together, though Parliament would have the real power. This was established with the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> in 1689. Among the statutes set down were that the law could only be made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the King, also that the King could not impose taxes or raise an army without the prior approval of Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> Also since that time, no British monarch has entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> when it is sitting, which is annually commemorated at the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> by the British monarch when the doors of the House of Commons are slammed in the face of the monarch's messenger, symbolising the rights of Parliament and its independence from the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1660, science was greatly encouraged. In 1666 the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a> gutted the city of London, but it was rebuilt shortly afterward with many significant buildings designed by Sir <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> By the mid-to-late 17th century, two political factions had emerged – the <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whigs</a>. Though the Tories initially supported Catholic king <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>, some of them, along with the Whigs, during the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution of 1688</a> invited the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William of Orange">Prince William of Orange</a> to defeat James and become the king. Some English people, especially in the north, were <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> and continued to support James and his sons. Under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart dynasty</a> England expanded in trade, finance and prosperity. The Royal Navy developed Europe's largest merchant fleet.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> After the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed,<a href="#cite_note-Union_with_Scotland-69">[65]</a> the two countries joined in <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">political union</a>, to create the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> in 1707.<a href="#cite_note-Britons-61">[57]</a> To accommodate the union, institutions such as the law and national churches of each remained separate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher200614-70">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary_periods">Late modern and contemporary periods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/220px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/330px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg/440px-CanalettoSomersetHouseTerrace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian period">Georgian period</a> from the Terrace of Somerset House looking towards St. Paul's, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1750</figcaption></figure> Under the newly formed Kingdom of Great Britain, output from the Royal Society and other <a href="/wiki/English_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="English Enlightenment">English initiatives</a> combined with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> to create innovations in science and engineering, while the enormous growth in <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">British overseas trade</a> protected by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> paved the way for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Domestically it drove the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, a period of profound change in the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> and cultural conditions of England, resulting in industrialised agriculture, manufacture, engineering and mining, as well as new and pioneering road, rail and water networks to facilitate their expansion and development.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> The opening of Northwest England's <a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Canal" title="Bridgewater Canal">Bridgewater Canal</a> in 1761 ushered in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_canal_system" title="History of the British canal system">canal age in Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Briton20015-72">[68]</a> In 1825 the world's first permanent steam locomotive-hauled passenger railway – the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a> – opened to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Briton20015-72">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="multi-storey square industrial buildings beyond a river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/220px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/330px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/440px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> was a naval engagement between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the combined fleets of France and Spain during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, many workers moved from England's countryside to new and expanding urban industrial areas to work in factories, for instance at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> with the latter the world's first industrial city.<a href="#cite_note-Industrial_city-75">[71]</a> England maintained relative stability throughout the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, under <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">regency of George IV</a> is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> planned to <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">invade from the south-east</a>; however, this failed to manifest and the Napoleonic forces were defeated by the British: at sea by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a>, and on land by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a>. The major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The Napoleonic Wars fostered a concept of <a href="/wiki/Britishness" class="mw-redirect" title="Britishness">Britishness</a> and a united national <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a>, shared with the English, Scots and Welsh.<a href="#cite_note-Colley1-78">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/220px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/330px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Frith_A_Private_View.jpg/440px-Frith_A_Private_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> is often cited as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a>. Painting done by <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a> to show cultural divisions. </figcaption></figure> London became the largest and most populous metropolitan area in the world during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, and trade within the British Empire – as well as the standing of the British military and navy – was prestigious.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Technologically, this era saw many innovations that proved key to the United Kingdom's power and prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-Atterbury_2011-80">[76]</a> Political agitation at home from radicals such as the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a> enabled legislative reform and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Power shifts in east-central Europe led to World War I; hundreds of thousands of English soldiers died fighting for the United Kingdom as part of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[e]</a> Two decades later, in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the United Kingdom was again one of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. Developments in warfare technology saw many cities damaged by air-raids during <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">the Blitz</a>. Following the war, the British Empire experienced rapid <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>, and there was a speeding-up of technological innovations; automobiles became the primary means of transport and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a>'s development of the <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> led to wider <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> Residential patterns were altered in England by private motoring, and by the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> in 1948, providing <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a> to all permanent residents free at the point of need. Combined, these prompted the reform of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">local government in England</a> in the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Since the 20th century, there has been significant population movement to England, mostly from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, but also from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Since the 1970s there has been a large move away from manufacturing and an increasing emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thatcher-87">[82]</a> As part of the United Kingdom, the area joined a <a href="/wiki/Common_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Common market">common market</a> initiative called the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> which became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. Since the late 20th century the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">administration of the United Kingdom</a> has moved towards <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved governance</a> in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> continues to exist as a jurisdiction within the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Wales-89">[84]</a> Devolution has stimulated a greater emphasis on a more English-specific identity and patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> There is no devolved English government, but an attempt to create a similar system on a sub-regional basis was rejected by <a href="/wiki/2004_North_East_England_devolution_referendum" title="2004 North East England devolution referendum">referendum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_2004-11-05-91">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Westminster,_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of rectangular floodlight building, reflected in water. The building has multiple towers including one at each end. The tower on the right includes an illuminated clock face." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/300px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/450px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg/600px-Palace_of_Westminster%2C_London_-_Feb_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1261" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> England is part of the United Kingdom, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[87]</a> There has not been a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of England">government of England</a> since 1707, when the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> putting into effect the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a>, joined England and Scotland to form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Union_with_Scotland-69">[65]</a> Before the union England was ruled by <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">its monarch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>. Today England is governed directly by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>, although other <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a> have <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolved</a> governments.<a href="#cite_note-Devolution-94">[89]</a> There has been debate about how to counterbalance this in England. Originally it was planned that various <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a> would be devolved, but following the proposal's rejection by the <a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> in a <a href="/wiki/2004_North_East_England_devolution_referendum" title="2004 North East England devolution referendum">2004 referendum</a>, this has not been carried out.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_2004-11-05-91">[86]</a> In 2024, an England-only intergovernmental body, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mayoral_Council_for_England" title="Mayoral Council for England">Mayoral Council for England</a>, was established to bring together ministers from the <a href="/wiki/UK_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Government">UK Government</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> and the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">combined authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> which is the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of the British Parliament based at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, there are 543 members of parliament (MPs) for constituencies in England, out of the 650 total.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> England is represented by 347 MPs from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, 116 from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, 65 from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, five for <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> and four for the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Courts_of_Justice_(6201094569).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg/330px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg/440px-Royal_Courts_of_Justice_%286201094569%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5527" data-file-height="3684" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice" title="Royal Courts of Justice">Royal Courts of Justice</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> legal system, developed over the centuries, is the basis of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> legal systems used in most <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> and the United States (except <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>). Despite now being part of the United Kingdom, the legal system of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a> continued, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a>, as a separate legal system from <a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">the one used in Scotland</a>. The general essence of English law is that it is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Legal_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal precedent">legal precedent</a> – stare decisis – to the facts before them.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> The court system is headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of England and Wales">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a> for civil cases, and the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a> for criminal cases.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court of the United Kingdom</a> is the highest court for criminal and civil cases in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>. It was created in 2009 after constitutional changes, taking over the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">judicial functions of the House of Lords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> A decision of the Supreme Court is binding on every other court in the hierarchy, which must follow its directions.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Justice" title="Secretary of State for Justice">Secretary of State for Justice</a> is the minister responsible to Parliament for the <a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">judiciary</a>, the court system and prisons and probation in England.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> Crime increased between 1981 and 1995 but fell by 42% in the period 1995–2006.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> The prison population doubled over the same period, giving it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">highest incarceration rates</a> in Western Europe at 147 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-Crime_BBC-105">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Prison_Service" title="His Majesty's Prison Service">His Majesty's Prison Service</a>, reporting to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a>, manages most prisons, housing 81,309 prisoners in England and Wales as of September 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions of England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties of England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts of England</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 515px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg/515px-English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg.png" decoding="async" width="515" height="625" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg/773px-English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg/1030px-English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:485.825px; top:10.025px"><a href="/wiki/File:English_ceremonial_counties_1998.svg" title="image attribution"><img alt="image attribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/20px-Circle-information.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/30px-Circle-information.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle-information.svg/40px-Circle-information.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246.35px; top:74.4px"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:272.1px; top:125.9px"><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:219.055px; top:213.45px"><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:228.325px; top:272.675px"><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire"> Cheshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290.125px; top:275.25px"><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbs.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:323.6px; top:285.55px"><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Notts.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:357.075px; top:277.825px"><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire"> Lincolnshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:318.45px; top:326.75px"><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leics.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:259.225px; top:306.15px"><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffs.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:218.025px; top:331.9px"><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire"> Shropshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290.125px; top:367.95px"><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warks.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:323.6px; top:362.8px"><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northants.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:431.75px; top:326.75px"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk"> Norfolk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:442.05px; top:373.1px"><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk"> Suffolk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:411.15px; top:419.45px"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex"> Essex</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:369.95px; top:416.875px"><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Herts.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:362.225px; top:385.975px"><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Beds.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:333.9px; top:406.575px"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Bucks.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:301.455px; top:411.725px"><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxon.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:261.8px; top:414.3px"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Glos.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:205.15px; top:486.4px"><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset"> Somerset</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264.375px; top:460.65px"><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire"> Wiltshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:313.3px; top:452.925px"><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire"> Berkshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:421.45px; top:470.95px"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent"> Kent</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:359.65px; top:470.95px"><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey"> Surrey</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:301.455px; top:483.825px"><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire"> Hampshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:246.35px; top:512.15px"><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset"> Dorset</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:158.8px; top:517.3px"><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon"> Devon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102.15px; top:548.2px"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"> Cornwall</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:220.6px; top:383.4px"><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Heref.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:255.105px; top:367.95px"><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcs.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:215.45px; top:445.2px"><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:344.2px; top:203.15px"><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:351.925px; top:324.175px"><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:380.25px; top:357.65px"><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambs.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:370.98px; top:438.505px"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:4.3px; top:610px">Not shown: <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; text-align:right; font-size:85%; left:297.85px; top:95px"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne & Wear</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:205.15px; top:136.2px"><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:282.4px; top:172.25px"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:303px; top:244.35px"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorks.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:277.25px; top:213.45px"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; text-align:right; font-size:85%; left:244.805px; top:239.2px"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manc.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:187.125px; top:249.5px"><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:395.7px; top:494.125px"><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:349.35px; top:494.125px"><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:305.575px; top:532.75px"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight"> Isle of Wight</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; text-align:left; font-size:85%; left:272.1px; top:342.2px"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">subdivisions of England</a> consist of up to four levels of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subnational division</a>, controlled through a variety of types of administrative entities created for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">local government</a>. Outside the London region, England's highest tier is the 48 <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannicagov-107">[102]</a> These are used primarily as a geographical frame of reference. Of these, 38 developed gradually since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>; these were reformed to 51 in 1974 and to their current number in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-maud-108">[103]</a> Each has a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">Lord Lieutenant</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff">High Sheriff</a>; these posts are used to represent the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> locally.<a href="#cite_note-britannicagov-107">[102]</a> Some counties, such as <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, are only divided further into civil parishes. The royal county of Berkshire and the metropolitan counties have different types of status to other ceremonial counties.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> The second tier is made up of <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authorities">combined authorities</a> and the 27 <a href="/wiki/County_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="County Council">county-tier</a> <a href="/wiki/Shire_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire counties">shire counties</a>. In 1974, all ceremonial counties were two-tier; and with the metropolitan county tier phased out, the 1996 reform separated the ceremonial county and the administrative county tier. England is also divided into local government districts.<a href="#cite_note-localgov-110">[105]</a> The district can align to a ceremonial county, or be a district tier within a <a href="/wiki/Shire_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire counties">shire county</a>, be a <a href="/wiki/Royal_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal borough">royal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a> or <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a>, or be a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a>. At the community level, much of England is divided into <a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">civil parishes</a> with their own <a href="/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish councils in England">councils</a>; in Greater London only one such parish, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park,_London" title="Queen's Park, London">Queen's Park</a>, exists as of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&action=edit">[update]</a> after they were <a href="/wiki/London_Government_Act_1963" title="London Government Act 1963">abolished in 1965</a> until legislation <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_and_Public_Involvement_in_Health_Act_2007" title="Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007">allowed their recreation</a> in 2007. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="London">London</h4></div> From 1994 until the early 2010s England was divided for a few purposes into regions; a <a href="/wiki/1998_Greater_London_Authority_referendum" title="1998 Greater London Authority referendum">1998 referendum</a> for the London Region created the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a> two years later.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> A failed <a href="/wiki/2004_North_East_England_devolution_referendum" title="2004 North East England devolution referendum">2004 North East England devolution referendum</a> cancelled further <a href="/wiki/Regional_Assemblies_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Assemblies in England">regional assembly</a> devolution<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_2004-11-05-91">[86]</a> with the regional structure outside London abolished. Ceremonially and administratively, the region is divided between the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>; these are further divided into the 32 <a href="/wiki/London_Boroughs" class="mw-redirect" title="London Boroughs">London Boroughs</a> and the 25 <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_City_of_London" title="Wards of the City of London">Wards of the City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_and_rivers">Landscape and rivers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/220px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/330px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg/440px-Malvern_Hills_-_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills" title="Malvern Hills">Malvern Hills</a> located in the English counties of <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>. The hills have been designated by the Countryside Agency as an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>. </figcaption></figure> Geographically, England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a>. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Scottish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Scottish border">to the north</a> by Scotland and <a href="/wiki/Wales-England_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales-England border">to the west</a> by Wales. England is closer than any other part of mainland Britain to the European continent. It is separated from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Hauts-de-France</a>) by a 21-mile (34 km)<a href="#cite_note-Engchannel-113">[108]</a> sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> England also has shores on the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and Atlantic Ocean. The ports of London, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> lie on the tidal rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Mersey" title="River Mersey">Mersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">Tyne</a> respectively. At 220 miles (350 km), the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a> is the longest river flowing through England.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> It empties into the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> and is notable for its <a href="/wiki/Severn_Bore" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn Bore">Severn Bore</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bore</a>), which can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> However, the longest river entirely in England is the Thames, which is 215 miles (346 km) in length.<a href="#cite_note-Thames-117">[112]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Lakes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakes in England">lakes in England</a>; the largest is <a href="/wiki/Windermere" title="Windermere">Windermere</a>, within the aptly named <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-metoffice_nw-118">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenridding,_Cumbria,_England_-_June_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/220px-Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/330px-Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg/440px-Glenridding%2C_Cumbria%2C_England_-_June_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption>The village of <a href="/wiki/Glenridding" title="Glenridding">Glenridding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ullswater" title="Ullswater">Ullswater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of England's landscape consists of low hills and plains, with upland and mountainous terrain in the north and west of the country. The northern uplands include the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, a chain of uplands dividing east and west, the Lake District mountains in Cumbria, and the <a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Hills" title="Cheviot Hills">Cheviot Hills</a>, straddling the border between England and Scotland. The highest point in England, at 978 metres (3,209 ft), is <a href="/wiki/Scafell_Pike" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a> in the Lake District.<a href="#cite_note-metoffice_nw-118">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" title="Shropshire Hills">Shropshire Hills</a> are near Wales while <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor" title="Dartmoor">Dartmoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exmoor" title="Exmoor">Exmoor</a> are two upland areas in the south-west of the country. The approximate dividing line between terrain types is often indicated by the <a href="/wiki/Tees%E2%80%93Exe_line" title="Tees–Exe line">Tees–Exe line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> The Pennines, known as the "backbone of England", are the oldest range of mountains in the country, originating from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleozoic Era">Paleozoic Era</a> around 300 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> Their geological composition includes, among others, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, and also coal. There are <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> landscapes in calcite areas such as parts of <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. The Pennine landscape is high <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> in upland areas, indented by fertile valleys of the region's rivers. They contain two <a href="/wiki/National_parks_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks in England">national parks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/West_Country" title="West Country">West Country</a>, Dartmoor and Exmoor of the Southwest Peninsula include upland moorland supported by granite.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands</a> are in the central and southern regions of the country, consisting of green rolling hills, including the <a href="/wiki/Cotswold_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotswold Hills">Cotswold Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Hills" title="Chiltern Hills">Chiltern Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a>; where they meet the sea they form white rock exposures such as the <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliffs of Dover">cliffs of Dover</a>. This also includes relatively flat plains such as the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Levels" title="Somerset Levels">Somerset Levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_Plain" title="South Coast Plain">South Coast Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">The Fens</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of England">Climate of England</a></div> England has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Maritime_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime climate">maritime climate</a>: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 °C (32 °F) in winter and not much higher than 32 °C (90 °F) in summer.<a href="#cite_note-weather-122">[117]</a> The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">English coast</a>, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October.<a href="#cite_note-weather-122">[117]</a> Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, its northern <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and the warming of the sea by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-weather-122">[117]</a> Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> receive more rain than anywhere else in the country.<a href="#cite_note-weather-122">[117]</a> Since weather records began, the highest temperature recorded was 40.3 °C (104.5 °F) on 19 July 2022 at <a href="/wiki/Coningsby" title="Coningsby">Coningsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> while the lowest was −26.1 °C (−15.0 °F) on 10 January 1982 in <a href="/wiki/Edgmond,_Shropshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgmond, Shropshire">Edgmond</a>, Shropshire.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_and_wildlife">Nature and wildlife</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_England" title="Fauna of England">Fauna of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_Wren_(Troglodytes_troglodytes),_Icklesham,_Sussex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg/220px-Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg/330px-Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg/440px-Eurasian_Wren_%28Troglodytes_troglodytes%29%2C_Icklesham%2C_Sussex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wren" title="Eurasian wren">Eurasian wren</a>, the most numerous bird species in England<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The fauna of England is similar to that of other areas in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> with a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate life in a diverse range of habitats.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_England" title="National nature reserves in England">National nature reserves in England</a> are designated by <a href="/wiki/Natural_England" title="Natural England">Natural England</a> as key places for <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> and natural features in England. They were established to protect the most significant areas of habitat and of geological formations. NNRs are managed on behalf of the nation, many by Natural England themselves, but also by non-governmental organisations, including the members of <a href="/wiki/The_Wildlife_Trusts" title="The Wildlife Trusts">The Wildlife Trusts</a> partnership, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a>. There are 221 NNRs in England covering 110,000 hectares (1,100 square kilometres). Often they contain rare species or nationally important populations of plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> . The <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a> is a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a> with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a> is the minister responsible for environmental protection, agriculture, fisheries and rural communities in England.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg/220px-Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg/330px-Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg/440px-Richmond_Park_-_London_-_England_-_02102005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>. The park was created by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> in the 17th century as a <a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">deer park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pastscape-130">[125]</a></figcaption></figure>England has a <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">temperate oceanic climate</a> in most areas, lacking extremes of cold or heat, but does have a few small areas of <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a> and warmer areas in <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">the South West</a>. Towards the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North of England</a> the climate becomes colder and most of England's mountains and high hills are located here and have a major impact on the climate and thus the local fauna of the areas. <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a> woodlands are common across all of England and provide a great habitat for much of England's wildlife, but these give way in northern and upland areas of England to <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> forests (mainly plantations) which also benefit certain forms of wildlife. Some species have adapted to the expanded urban environment, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a>, which is the most successful <a href="/wiki/Urban_wildlife" title="Urban wildlife">urban mammal</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a>, and other animals such as <a href="/wiki/Common_wood_pigeon" title="Common wood pigeon">common wood pigeon</a>, both of which thrive in urban and suburban areas.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_conurbations">Major conurbations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">List of places in England</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London Built-up Area</a> is by far the largest urban area in England<a href="#cite_note-BUA-132">[127]</a> and one of the busiest cities in the world. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> and has a population larger than any other country in the United Kingdom besides England itself.<a href="#cite_note-BUA-132">[127]</a> Other urban areas of considerable size and influence tend to be in <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern England</a> or the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BUA-132">[127]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of cities in the United Kingdom">50 settlements</a> which have designated <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status in England</a>, while the wider United Kingdom has 66. While many cities in England are quite large, such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, population size is not a prerequisite for city status.<a href="#cite_note-cathcities-133">[128]</a> Traditionally the status was given to towns with <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_England" title="List of cathedrals in England">diocesan cathedrals</a>, so there are smaller cities like <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>. <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_conurbations_in_England2011_census" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_Urban_areas" title="Template:Largest Urban areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_Urban_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Largest Urban areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_Urban_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest Urban areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_conurbations_in_England2011_census" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest conurbations in England <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;">2011 census<a href="#cite_note-BUA-132">[127]</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">Conurbation</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom"> Pop.</a> </th> <th style="line-height:125%">Principal settlement </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Built-up_Area" title="Greater London Built-up Area">Greater London</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">9,787,426</td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester_Built-up_Area" title="Greater Manchester Built-up Area">Greater Manchester</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">2,553,379</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Conurbation" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands Conurbation">West Midlands</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">2,440,986</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Yorkshire Urban Area">West Yorkshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">1,777,934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool Urban Area">Liverpool</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">864,122</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Hampshire" title="South Hampshire">South Hampshire</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">855,569</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">774,891</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Urban_Area" title="Nottingham Urban Area">Nottingham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">729,977</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Urban Area">Sheffield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">685,368</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Built-up_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol Built-up Area">Bristol</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;">617,280</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy of England</a></div> England's economy is one of the largest and most dynamic in the world, with an average <a href="/wiki/GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a> of £37,852 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-9">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, is responsible for developing and executing the government's <a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">public finance</a> policy and <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Usually regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon economy">mixed market economy</a>, it has adopted many <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> principles, yet maintains an advanced social welfare infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2,_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg/220px-Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg/330px-Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg/440px-Canary_Wharf_Wide_View_2%2C_London_-_July_2009-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5967" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is the financial capital of England and the United Kingdom.</figcaption></figure> The economy of England is the largest part of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">UK's economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-regionalacc-136">[131]</a> England is a leader in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors and in key technical industries, particularly <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">software industry</a>. London, home to the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>, the United Kingdom's main <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> and the largest in Europe, is England's financial centre, with 100 of Europe's 500 largest corporations being based there.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> London is the largest financial centre in Europe and as of 2014 is the second largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> London has also been named as the fastest growing technology hub in Europe, with England having over 100 unique tech companies with a value of $1 billion or more.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, founded in 1694 as private banker to the government of England and a <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">state-owned institution</a> since 1946, is the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> The bank has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, although not in other parts of the UK. The government has devolved responsibility to the bank's <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Policy_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Monetary Policy Committee (United Kingdom)">Monetary Policy Committee</a> for managing the monetary policy of the country and setting interest rates.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aston_Martin_Vantage,_Paris_Motor_Show_2018,_IMG_0660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A grey coloured car." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg/220px-Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg/330px-Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg/440px-Aston_Martin_Vantage%2C_Paris_Motor_Show_2018%2C_IMG_0660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4883" data-file-height="3255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> manufacture luxury vehicles in England.</figcaption></figure> England is highly industrialised, but since the 1970s there has been a decline in traditional heavy and manufacturing industries, and an increasing emphasis on a more <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a> oriented economy.<a href="#cite_note-Thatcher-87">[82]</a> Tourism has become a significant industry, attracting millions of visitors to England each year. The export part of the economy is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, automotives, <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> and petroleum from the English parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Wytch_Farm" title="Wytch Farm">Wytch Farm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engines</a> and alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">creative industries</a> accounted for 7 per cent GVA in 2005 and grew at an average of 6 per cent per annum between 1997 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanised and efficient by European standards, producing 60% of food needs with only 2% of the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Two-thirds of production is devoted to livestock, the remainder to arable crops.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a> The main crops that are grown are <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>. England retains a significant fishing industry. Its fleets bring home a variety of fish, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a> to <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>. England is also rich in natural resources including <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and silica.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">List of English inventions and discoveries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Torso of man with long white hair and dark coloured jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/165px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/248px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/330px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> is one of the most influential figures in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>.</figcaption></figure> Prominent English figures from the field of science and mathematics include Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>. England was a leading centre of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> from the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> As the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, England was home to many significant inventors during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Famous English engineers include <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>, best known for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>, a series of famous <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>, and numerous important bridges, revolutionising public transport and modern-day engineering.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newcomen" title="Thomas Newcomen">Thomas Newcomen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_steam_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen steam engine">steam engine</a> helped spawn the Industrial Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> The Father of Railways, <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a>, built the first public inter-city railway line in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway" title="Liverpool and Manchester Railway">Liverpool and Manchester Railway</a>, which opened in 1830. With his role in the marketing and manufacturing of the steam engine, and invention of modern coinage, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> (business partner of <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>) is regarded as one of the most influential entrepreneurs in history.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> The physician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a> is said to have "saved more lives ... than were lost in all the wars of mankind since the beginning of recorded history."<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> Inventions and discoveries of the English include the <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a>; the first industrial <a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">spinning machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">the first computer</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Baby" title="Manchester Baby">modern computer</a>; the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> along with <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>; the first successful human <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a>; the motorised <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaner</a>;<a href="#cite_note-americanheritage-153">[148]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lawn_mower" title="Lawn mower">lawn mower</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belt</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a>; and theories such as the Darwinian theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. Newton developed the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Universal_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal gravitation">universal gravitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian mechanics">Newtonian mechanics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> his eponymously named <a href="/wiki/Hooke%27s_law_of_elasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooke's law of elasticity">law of elasticity</a>. Other inventions include the iron plate railway, the <a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">thermosiphon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">tarmac</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rubber_band" title="Rubber band">rubber band</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mousetrap" title="Mousetrap">mousetrap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">"cat's eye"</a> <a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">road marker</a>, joint development of the <a href="/wiki/Light_bulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Light bulb">light bulb</a>, steam <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, the modern <a href="/wiki/Seed_drill" title="Seed drill">seed drill</a> and many modern techniques and technologies used in <a href="/wiki/Precision_engineering" title="Precision engineering">precision engineering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-invent-154">[149]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, formally <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_London_for_Improving_Natural_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge">The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-royalsociety.org-155">[150]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s national <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_sciences" title="Academy of sciences">academy of sciences</a>. Founded on 28 November 1660,<a href="#cite_note-royalsociety.org-155">[150]</a> It is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution of Great Britain</a> was founded in 1799 by leading English scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> Some experts claim that the earliest concept of a <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a> in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> Scientific research and development remains important in the <a href="/wiki/Universities_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities of England">universities of England</a>, with many establishing <a href="/wiki/Science_park" title="Science park">science parks</a> to facilitate production and co-operation with industry.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Fen" title="Silicon Fen">Cambridge</a> is the most intensive research cluster for science and technology in the world.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> In 2022, the UK produced 6.3 per cent of the world's scientific research papers and had a 10.5 per cent share of scientific citations, the third highest in the world (after the United States and China).<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> Scientific journals produced in England include <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">British Medical Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology">Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation">Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation</a> has responsibility for science in England.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_England" title="Transport in England">Transport in England</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> is the government body responsible for overseeing transport in England. The department is run by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Secretary of State for Transport</a>. England has a dense and modern transportation infrastructure. There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_motorways_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of motorways in the United Kingdom">motorways in England</a>, and many other trunk roads, such as the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1 Great North Road</a>, which runs through eastern England from London to Newcastle<a href="#cite_note-roads-163">[158]</a> (much of this section is motorway) and onward to the Scottish border. The longest motorway in England is the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a> through the <a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">Anglo-Scottish border</a>, a distance of 232 miles (373 km).<a href="#cite_note-roads-163">[158]</a> Other major routes include: the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> from London to Leeds, the <a href="/wiki/M25_motorway" title="M25 motorway">M25</a> which encircles London, the <a href="/wiki/M60_motorway_(Great_Britain)" title="M60 motorway (Great Britain)">M60</a> which encircles Manchester, the <a href="/wiki/M4_motorway" title="M4 motorway">M4</a> from London to South Wales, the <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a> from Liverpool via Manchester to East Yorkshire, and the <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a> from Birmingham to Bristol and the South West.<a href="#cite_note-roads-163">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="red stone building with tall clock tower in corner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/220px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/330px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg/440px-St_Pancras_Railway_Station_2012-06-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8466" data-file-height="7140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">London St Pancras International</a> is one of London's main domestic and international transport hubs providing both commuter rail and high-speed rail services across the UK and to Paris, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.</figcaption></figure>Bus transport across the country is widespread; major companies include <a href="/wiki/Arriva_UK_Bus" title="Arriva UK Bus">Arriva</a>, <a href="/wiki/FirstGroup" title="FirstGroup">FirstGroup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Group" title="Go-Ahead Group">Go-Ahead Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobico_Group" title="Mobico Group">Mobico Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotala" title="Rotala">Rotala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Group" title="Stagecoach Group">Stagecoach Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a> originated in England with the <a href="/wiki/Runcorn" title="Runcorn">Runcorn</a> Busway opening in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-Runcorn_Busway_JSTOR-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-RUDI_7.3_Transport-165">[160]</a> The red <a href="/wiki/Double-decker_bus" title="Double-decker bus">double-decker buses</a> in London have become a symbol of England. <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cycle Route">National Cycle Route</a> offers cycling routes nationally. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">Rail transport in England</a> is the oldest in the world: passenger railways originated in England in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> Much of Britain's 10,000 miles (16,000 km) of rail network lies in England, covering the country fairly extensively. There is rail transport access to France and Belgium through an undersea rail link, the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>, which was completed in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Great_British_Railways" title="Great British Railways">Great British Railways</a> is a planned state-owned public body that will oversee <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Great_Britain" title="Rail transport in Great Britain">rail transport in Great Britain</a> from 2024. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Rail_and_Road" title="Office of Rail and Road">Office of Rail and Road</a> is responsible for the economic and safety regulation of England's railways.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossrail" title="Crossrail">Crossrail</a> was Europe's largest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost, opened in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a>, a new high-speed north–south railway line, is under construction.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> network in two English cities: the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pubwhite-170">[165]</a> There are several extensive tram networks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Supertram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Supertram">Sheffield Supertram</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Express_Transit" title="Nottingham Express Transit">Nottingham Express Transit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> in South London.<a href="#cite_note-pubwhite-170">[165]</a> England also has extensive domestic and international aviation links. The largest airport is <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_busiest_airports_by_international_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic">world's second busiest airport measured by number of international passengers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wsj230211-171">[166]</a> By sea there is ferry transport, both local and international, including from Liverpool to Ireland and the Isle of Man, and Hull to the Netherlands and Belgium.<a href="#cite_note-waterworks-172">[167]</a> There are around 4,400 miles (7,100 km) of navigable waterways in England, half of which is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Canal_%26_River_Trust" title="Canal & River Trust">Canal & River Trust</a>,<a href="#cite_note-waterworks-172">[167]</a> however, water transport is very limited. The <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> is the major waterway in England, with imports and exports focused at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tilbury" title="Port of Tilbury">Port of Tilbury</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thames_Estuary" title="Thames Estuary">Thames Estuary</a>, one of the United Kingdom's three major ports.<a href="#cite_note-waterworks-172">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg/220px-Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg/330px-Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg/440px-Den_Brook_Wind_Farm_from_Main_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5499" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbines at <a href="/wiki/Den_Brook_Wind_Farm" title="Den Brook Wind Farm">Den Brook</a>, Devon. The UK is <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy</a>, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-174">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> Successive governments have outlined numerous commitments to reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions. Notably, the UK is <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">one of the best sites in Europe for wind energy</a>, and wind power production is its fastest growing supply.<a href="#cite_note-Roadmap-174">[169]</a> Wind power contributed 26.8% of UK electricity generation in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> England is home to <a href="/wiki/Hornsea_Wind_Farm" title="Hornsea Wind Farm">Hornsea 2</a>, the largest offshore wind farm in the world, situated in waters roughly 89 kilometres off the coast of Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a> was passed in Parliament with an overwhelming majority across political parties. It sets out emission reduction targets that the UK must comply with legally. It represents the first global legally binding <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> target set by a country.<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">UK government energy policy</a> aims to play a key role in limiting <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, while meeting energy demand. Shifting availabilities of resources and development of technologies also change the country's <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a> through changes in costs.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The current energy policy is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero">Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Clean_Growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth">Minister of State for Business, Energy and Clean Growth</a> is responsible for green finance, climate science and innovation, and low carbon generation.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> In 2022, the United Kingdom was ranked 2 out of 180 countries in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> A law has been passed that <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">UK greenhouse gas emissions</a> will be <a href="/wiki/Net_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero">net zero</a> by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Healthcare in England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_W.H._Beveridge,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_left.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg/170px-Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg/255px-Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg/340px-Sir_W.H._Beveridge%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_left.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>'s 1942 report Social Insurance and Allied Services served as the basis for the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service</a> (NHS), is the publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare system">healthcare system</a> responsible for providing the majority of healthcare in the country. The NHS began on 5 July 1948, putting into effect the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_Act_1946" title="National Health Service Act 1946">National Health Service Act 1946</a>. It was based on the findings of the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a>, prepared by the economist and social reformer, <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> The NHS is largely funded by general taxation and <a href="/wiki/National_Insurance" title="National Insurance">National Insurance</a> payments;<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> it provides most of its services free at the point of use, although there are charges for some people for eye tests, dental care, prescriptions and aspects of personal care.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> The government department responsible for the NHS is the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Department of Health</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Secretary of State for Health</a>. Most of the department's expenses are on the NHS – £98.6 billion was spent in 2008–2009.<a href="#cite_note-budget2008-186">[181]</a> Regulatory bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nursing_and_Midwifery_Council" title="Nursing and Midwifery Council">Nursing and Midwifery Council</a> are organised on a UK-wide basis, as are non-governmental bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/Medical_royal_college" title="Medical royal college">Royal Colleges</a>. The average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is 77.5 years for males and 81.7 years for females, the highest of the four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LifeExpect-187">[182]</a> The south of England has a higher life expectancy than the north, but regional differences seem to be slowly narrowing: between 1991–1993 and 2012–2014, life expectancy in the North East increased by 6.0 years and in the North West by 5.8 years.<a href="#cite_note-LifeExpect-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">List of urban areas in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_counties_population_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of England with regions shaded in different shades of blue." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/220px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/330px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png/440px-England_counties_population_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">non-metropolitan counties</a>, colour-coded to show population</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/220px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/330px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg/440px-England_and_Wales_population_cartogram_districts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Population of England and Wales by administrative areas. Their size shows their population, with some approximation. Each group of squares in the map key is 20% of total number of districts.</figcaption></figure> With over 56 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total.<a href="#cite_note-ONS_mid-year_pop_est-7">[4]</a> England taken as a unit and measured against international states would be the 26th largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">country by population</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> are <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-189">[184]</a> There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[f]</a> Since the late 1990s, many English people <a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">have migrated</a> to Spain.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Due in particular to the economic prosperity of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, it has received many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-189">[184]</a> There has been <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">significant Irish migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 81.7%,<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a> including <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="British Germans">Germans</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-198">[192]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish British">Poles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-189">[184]</a> down from 94.1% in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-189">[184]</a> Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, about 7% of people living in England have family <a href="/wiki/South_Asians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="South Asians in the United Kingdom">origins in the Indian subcontinent</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-198">[192]</a> About 0.7% are <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-198">[192]</a> 0.6% are <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arabs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a> 4.0% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">black</a>, from Africa and the <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a>, especially former British colonies,<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-migra-198">[192]</a> and 2.9% identified as multiracial or <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">mixed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ethnicityengl-2021-197">[191]</a> In 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minority</a> families,<a href="#cite_note-Paton-199">[193]</a> and in 2011 that figure was 26.5%.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd-200">[194]</a> About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> England contains one indigenous national minority, the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish people</a>, recognised by the UK government under the <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-202">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Native speakers (thousands)<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English</a> </td> <td>46,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> </td> <td>529 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> </td> <td>272 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> </td> <td>266 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> </td> <td>216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> </td> <td>212 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> </td> <td>152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> </td> <td>145 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> </td> <td>131 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td>2,267 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population </th> <td>51,006 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, today widely spoken around the world,<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> originated in what is now England, where it remains the principal tongue. According to a 2011 census, it is spoken well or very well by 98% of the population<a href="#cite_note-CensusEnglish-205">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">English language learning and teaching</a> is an important <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic activity</a>. There is no <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom legislation">legislation</a> mandating an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> for England,<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country's relatively small size, there are many distinct <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers#England" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">regional accents</a>. Cornish died out as a community language in the 18th century but is being revived,<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> and is now protected under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> It is spoken by 0.1% of people in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> and is taught to some degree in several primary and secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State schools</a> teach students a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Third language">third language</a> from the ages of seven, most commonly French, Spanish or German.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> It was reported in 2007 that around 800,000 school students spoke a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> at home,<a href="#cite_note-Paton-199">[193]</a> the most common being <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. However, following the 2011 census data released by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>, figures now show that Polish is the main language spoken in England after English.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> became an official language of England when the <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language_Act_2022" title="British Sign Language Act 2022">British Sign Language Act 2022</a> came into effect.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion in England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in England">History of Christianity in England</a></div> In the 2011 census, 59.4% of the population of England specified their religion as Christian, 24.7% answered that they had no religion, 5% specified that they were <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, while 3.7% of the population belongs to other religions and 7.2% did not give an answer.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Christianity is the most widely practised religion in England. The <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> of England is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> which left communion with <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Rome</a> in the 1530s when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> was unable to annul his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>. The church regards itself as both Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Church">Low Church</a> traditions and some Anglicans regard themselves as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholics">Anglo-Catholics</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Tractarian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractarian movement">Tractarian movement</a>. The monarch of the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church of England</a>, which has around 26 million baptised members (of whom the vast majority are not regular churchgoers). It forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> acting as its symbolic worldwide head.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_England" title="List of cathedrals in England">cathedrals</a> and parish churches are historic buildings of significant architectural importance, such as <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Abbey,_west_facade,_August_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/170px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/255px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg/340px-Westminster_Abbey%2C_west_facade%2C_August_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3385" data-file-height="5407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> is a notable example of <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">coronation of the British monarch</a> traditionally takes place at the Abbey.</figcaption></figure> The second-largest Christian denomination is the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. Since its reintroduction after the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>, the Church has organised ecclesiastically on an <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales">England and Wales</a> basis where there are 4.5 million members (most of whom are English).<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> There has been one Pope from England to date, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a>, while saints <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a> are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Doctors_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>. A form of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodism</a> is the third largest Christian practice and grew out of Anglicanism through <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> It gained popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">mill towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, and among tin miners in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> There are other <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">non-conformist</a> minorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> The patron saint of England is <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>; his symbolic cross is included in the flag of England.<a href="#cite_note-flaghistory-222">[216]</a> There are many other English and associated saints, including <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr" title="Edmund the Martyr">Edmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Alban" title="Saint Alban">Alban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aidan_of_Lindisfarne" title="Aidan of Lindisfarne">Aidan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petroc" title="Saint Petroc">Petroc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Piran" title="Saint Piran">Piran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>. There are non-Christian religions practised. <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> have a history of a small minority on the island since 1070.<a href="#cite_note-jews-223">[217]</a> They were expelled from England in 1290 following the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a>, and were allowed back in 1656.<a href="#cite_note-jews-223">[217]</a> Especially since the 1950s, religions from the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">former British colonies</a> have grown in numbers, due to immigration. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the most common of these, now accounting for around 5% of the population in England.<a href="#cite_note-statsio-224">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are next in number, adding up to 2.8% combined,<a href="#cite_note-statsio-224">[218]</a> introduced from India and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statsio-224">[218]</a> A small minority of the population practise ancient <a href="/wiki/Pagan_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan religion">Pagan religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United Kingdom">Neopaganism in the United Kingdom</a> is primarily represented by <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidry" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidry">Druidry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic neopaganism">Heathenry</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a>, there are roughly 53,172 people who identify as Pagan in England,<a href="#cite_note-pagan-226">[g]</a> including 11,026 <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[h]</a> 24.7% of people in England declared <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a>, compared with 14.6% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-225">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> had the highest such proportion at 42.5%, followed by <a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a> at 42.4%. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education in England</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education.<a href="#cite_note-228">[220]</a> State-funded schools are attended by about 93% of English schoolchildren.<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> Education is the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Secretary of State for Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a> Children between the ages of 3 and 5 attend nursery or an <a href="/wiki/Early_Years_Foundation_Stage" title="Early Years Foundation Stage">Early Years Foundation Stage</a> reception unit within a primary school. Children between the ages of 5 and 11 attend primary school, and secondary school is attended by those aged between 11 and 16. State-funded schools are obliged by law to teach the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_for_England" title="National Curriculum for England">National Curriculum</a>; basic areas of learning include English literature, English language, mathematics, science, art & design, citizenship, history, geography, religious education, design & technology, computing, ancient & modern languages, music, and physical education.<a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg/220px-Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg/330px-Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg/440px-Radcliffe_Camera_by_Fenlio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> was founded in 1096, making it the world's second-oldest university.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of British 15-year-olds as 13th in the world in literacy, mathematics, and science with the average British student scoring 503.7, well above the OECD average of 493.<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, there are selective intake <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a> to which entrance is subject to passing the <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">eleven-plus</a> exam. Around 7.2 per cent of English schoolchildren attend <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (UK)">private schools</a>, which are funded by private sources.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> Standards in state schools are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_Standards_in_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for Standards in Education">Office for Standards in Education</a>, and in private schools by the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Schools_Inspectorate" title="Independent Schools Inspectorate">Independent Schools Inspectorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a> After finishing compulsory education, students take <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> examinations. Students may then opt to continue into <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> for two years. <a href="/wiki/List_of_further_education_colleges_in_England" title="List of further education colleges in England">Further education colleges</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth form colleges">sixth form colleges</a>) often form part of a secondary school site. <a href="/wiki/A-level" title="A-level">A-level</a> examinations are sat by a large number of further education students, and often form the basis of an application to university. Further education covers a wide curriculum of study and <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeships</a>, including <a href="/wiki/T_Level" title="T Level">T-levels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business_and_Technology_Education_Council" title="Business and Technology Education Council">BTEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NVQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NVQ">NVQ</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_college" title="Tertiary college">Tertiary colleges</a> provide both academic and vocational courses.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Higher_education">Higher education</h3></div> Higher education students normally attend university from age 18 onwards, where they study for an <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degree</a>. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public institutions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Innovation_and_Skills" title="Department for Business, Innovation and Skills">Department for Business, Innovation and Skills</a> is the government department responsible for higher education in England.<a href="#cite_note-236">[228]</a> Students are generally entitled to <a href="/wiki/Student_loan" title="Student loan">student loans</a> to cover <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuition fees">tuition fees</a> and living costs.<a href="#cite_note-238">[i]</a> The first degree offered to undergraduates is the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then able to work towards a postgraduate degree, which usually takes one year, or a doctorate, which takes three or more years.<a href="#cite_note-FHEQ-239">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England's universities</a> include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world. As of 2024, four England-based universities, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, are ranked among the top ten in the 2024 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>. The University of Cambridge, founded in 1209, and the University of Oxford, founded in 1096, are the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest universities in the English-speaking world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research.<a href="#cite_note-london_156-241">[232]</a> The <a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a> is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2010 its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ft-242">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic degrees</a> in England are usually split into classes: first class, upper second class, lower second class, third, and unclassified.<a href="#cite_note-FHEQ-239">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">The King's School, Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_School,_Rochester" title="King's School, Rochester">King's School, Rochester</a> are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world.<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> Many of England's most well-known schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_School_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Paul's School (London)">St Paul's School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> are fee-paying institutions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture of England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> Many ancient <a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">standing stone</a> monuments were erected during the prehistoric period; among the best known are <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Arrows" title="Devil's Arrows">Devil's Arrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudston_Monolith" title="Rudston Monolith">Rudston Monolith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castlerigg_stone_circle" title="Castlerigg stone circle">Castlerigg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman architecture</a> there was a development of <a href="/wiki/Basilicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilicas">basilicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman baths">baths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphitheaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphitheaters">amphitheaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman fort">Roman forts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockade" title="Stockade">stockades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueducts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roman-246">[237]</a> It was the Romans who founded the first cities and towns such as London, Bath, York, Chester and St Albans. Perhaps the best-known example is <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> stretching right across northern England.<a href="#cite_note-roman-246">[237]</a> Another well-preserved example is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Roman Baths</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-roman-246">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A castle of square plan surrounded by a water-filled moat. It has round corner towers and a forbidding appearance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/220px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/330px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg/440px-Bodiam-castle-10My8-1197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bodiam_Castle" title="Bodiam Castle">Bodiam Castle</a> is a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moated</a> <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Robertsbridge" title="Robertsbridge">Robertsbridge</a> in East Sussex.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Early medieval architecture</a>'s secular buildings were simple constructions mainly using timber with <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a> for roofing. Ecclesiastical architecture ranged from a synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian Ireland">Hiberno</a>–<a href="/wiki/Germanic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Christianity">Saxon</a> <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monasticism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[239]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> and architecture characterised by pilaster-strips, blank arcading, baluster shafts and triangular headed openings. After the Norman conquest in 1066 various <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles in England">castles</a> were created; the best known include the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Castle" title="Warwick Castle">Warwick Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-buildings-249">[240]</a> Throughout the Plantagenet era, an <a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a> flourished, with prime examples including the <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">medieval cathedrals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-buildings-249">[240]</a> Expanding on the <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman base</a> there was also <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic houses in England">great houses</a>, universities and <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>. Medieval architecture was completed with the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor style</a>; the four-centred arch, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor arch">Tudor arch</a>, was a defining feature as were <a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">wattle and daub</a> houses domestically. In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the <a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English Baroque</a> style of architect <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> being particularly championed.<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian architecture</a> followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Crescent" title="Royal Crescent">Royal Crescent</a> at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> during Victorian period, a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for buildings such as <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">The Crystal Palace</a>. Since the 1930s various <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist</a> forms have appeared whose reception is often controversial, though traditionalist resistance movements continue with support in influential places.<a href="#cite_note-252">[j]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gardens">Gardens</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English garden</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Stourhead_lake_in_midsummer_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The landscape garden at Stourhead. Inspired by the great <a href="/wiki/Landscape_artists" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape artists">landscape artists</a> of the seventeenth century, the landscape garden was described as a "living work of art" when first opened in the 1750s.<a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a></figcaption></figure> Landscape gardening, as developed by <a href="/wiki/Capability_Brown" title="Capability Brown">Capability Brown</a>, set an international trend for the <a href="/wiki/English_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="English garden">English landscape garden</a>. Gardening, and visiting gardens, are regarded as typically English pursuits. The English garden presented an idealized view of nature. At large country houses, the English garden usually included lakes, sweeps of gently rolling lawns set against groves of trees, and recreations of classical temples, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> ruins, bridges, and other picturesque architecture, designed to recreate an idyllic pastoral landscape.<a href="#cite_note-:2-254">[244]</a> By the end of the 18th century, the English garden was being imitated by the <a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">French landscape garden</a>, and as far away as <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg</a>, the gardens of the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Paul">Emperor Paul</a>. It also had a major influence on the <a href="/wiki/Public_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="Public parks">public parks</a> and gardens which appeared around the world in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-255">[245]</a> The English landscape garden was centred on the <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a> and manor houses.<a href="#cite_note-:2-254">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> preserve great gardens and landscape parks throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/RHS_Chelsea_Flower_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="RHS Chelsea Flower Show">RHS Chelsea Flower Show</a> is held every year by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a> and is said to be the largest gardening show in the world.<a href="#cite_note-257">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">English folklore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg/170px-The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg/255px-The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg/340px-The_King_joins_the_hands_of_Robin_Hood_and_Maid_Marian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maid_Marian" title="Maid Marian">Maid Marian</a> with <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></figcaption></figure> English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include <a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">pixies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant (mythology)">giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogeymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogeymen">bogeymen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">trolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a>. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, such as the tales featuring <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Angel" title="Offa of Angel">Offa of Angel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Wayland the Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-keary-258">[248]</a> others date from after the Norman invasion. The legends featuring <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Merry_Men" title="Merry Men">Merry Men</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest" title="Sherwood Forest">Sherwood</a>, and their battles with the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Nottingham" title="Sheriff of Nottingham">Sheriff of Nottingham</a>, are among the best-known of these.<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> tales originating from Brythonic traditions entered English folklore and developed into the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian myth">Arthurian myth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-woodbbc-260">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-higham1-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> These were derived from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>, Welsh and French sources,<a href="#cite_note-higham1-261">[251]</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a>. These stories are most centrally brought together within <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> (History of the Kings of Britain).<a href="#cite_note-264">[k]</a> Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries.<a href="#cite_note-265">[254]</a> On 5 November people celebrate <a href="/wiki/Bonfire_Night" title="Bonfire Night">Bonfire Night</a> to commemorate the foiling of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> centred on <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as <a href="/wiki/Morris_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Morris dancing">Morris dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maypole_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Maypole dance">Maypole dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapper_sword" title="Rapper sword">Rapper sword</a> in the North East, <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a> in Yorkshire, <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">Mummers Plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottle-kicking" title="Bottle-kicking">bottle-kicking</a> in Leicestershire, and <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">cheese-rolling</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brockworth,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Brockworth, Gloucestershire">Cooper's Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[255]</a> There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the <a href="/wiki/Pearly_Kings_and_Queens" title="Pearly Kings and Queens">Pearly Kings and Queens</a> associated with cockneys, the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Guard">Royal Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris costume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beefeater" class="mw-redirect" title="Beefeater">Beefeaters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a></div>Since the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> the food of England has historically been characterised by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce.<a href="#cite_note-268">[257]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the Renaissance, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> with increasing urbanisation. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognised by food critics with some good ratings in <a href="/wiki/Restaurant_(magazine)" title="Restaurant (magazine)">Restaurant</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Best_restaurant_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Best restaurant in the world">best restaurant in the world</a> charts.<a href="#cite_note-269">[258]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English-cusine-exports.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/English-cusine-exports.jpg/220px-English-cusine-exports.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/English-cusine-exports.jpg/330px-English-cusine-exports.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/English-cusine-exports.jpg/440px-English-cusine-exports.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3246" /></a><figcaption>English foods: clockwise from top left—<a href="/wiki/Tea_cakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea cakes">tea cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="English cheese">cheeses</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="English wine">wines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a></figcaption></figure> Traditional examples of English food include the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">roasted joint</a> (usually beef, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, chicken or pork) served with assorted vegetables, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tradfood-270">[259]</a> Other prominent meals include <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">full English breakfast</a> (generally consisting of <a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sausages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sausages">sausages</a>, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, <a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">black pudding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baked_beans" title="Baked beans">baked beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">mushrooms</a> and eggs).<a href="#cite_note-271">[260]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pies</a> are consumed, such as <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pie" title="Steak and kidney pie">steak and kidney pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steak_and_ale_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Steak and ale pie">steak and ale pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cottage_pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Cottage pie">cottage pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">pork pie</a> (usually eaten cold)<a href="#cite_note-tradfood-270">[259]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cornish_pasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish pasty">Cornish pasty</a>. Sausages are commonly eaten, either as <a href="/wiki/Bangers_and_mash" title="Bangers and mash">bangers and mash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">toad in the hole</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a> is a well-known stew originating in the northwest. Some of the more popular cheeses are <a href="/wiki/Cheddar_cheese" title="Cheddar cheese">Cheddar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Leicester" title="Red Leicester">Red Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wensleydale (cheese)">Wensleydale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Gloucester">Double Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stilton_cheese" title="Stilton cheese">Blue Stilton</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> hybrid dishes, <a href="/wiki/Curries" class="mw-redirect" title="Curries">curries</a>, have been created, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">balti</a>. Traditional English dessert dishes include <a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">apple pie</a> or other fruit pies; <a href="/wiki/Spotted_dick" title="Spotted dick">spotted dick</a> – all generally served with <a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">custard</a>; and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">sticky toffee pudding</a>. Sweet pastries include <a href="/wiki/Scones" class="mw-redirect" title="Scones">scones</a> served with jam or cream, dried fruit loaves, <a href="/wiki/Eccles_cake" title="Eccles cake">Eccles cakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">mince pies</a> as well as sweet or spiced biscuits. Common non-alcoholic drinks include tea<a href="#cite_note-272">[261]</a> and coffee; frequently consumed alcoholic drinks include wine, <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">ciders</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="English beer">English beers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">bitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mild_ale" title="Mild ale">mild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stout" title="Stout">stout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_ale" title="Brown ale">brown ale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">English art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A horse-drawn wagon crossing a river towards a cottage, with trees and fields beyond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/220px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/330px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg/440px-John_Constable_The_Hay_Wain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2547" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Wain" title="The Hay Wain">The Hay Wain</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, 1821, is an archetypal English painting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a red haired woman, sitting in a boat, surrounded by trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg/220px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg/330px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg/440px-John_William_Waterhouse_-_The_Lady_of_Shalott_-_Google_Art_Project_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4180" data-file-height="3208" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_of_Shalott_(painting)" title="The Lady of Shalott (painting)">The Lady of Shalott</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>, 1888, in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> style</figcaption></figure> </div></div> The earliest known examples are the prehistoric rock and <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a> pieces, most prominent in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, Northumberland and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, but also feature further south, for example at <a href="/wiki/Creswell_Crags" title="Creswell Crags">Creswell Crags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[263]</a> With the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a> in the 1st century, various forms of art such as statues, busts, glasswork and mosaics were the norm. There are numerous surviving artefacts, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[264]</a> During the Early Middle Ages the style favoured sculpted crosses and ivories, manuscript painting, gold and enamel jewellery, demonstrating a love of intricate, interwoven designs such as in the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Hoard" title="Staffordshire Hoard">Staffordshire Hoard</a> discovered in 2009. Some of these blended <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Gaelic and Anglian</a> styles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vespasian_Psalter" title="Vespasian Psalter">Vespasian Psalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[265]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> was popular at Winchester and Canterbury, examples survive such as <a href="/wiki/Benedictional_of_St._%C3%86thelwold" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictional of St. Æthelwold">Benedictional of St. Æthelwold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luttrell_Psalter" title="Luttrell Psalter">Luttrell Psalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-engart-277">[266]</a> The Tudor era saw <a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">prominent artists</a> as part of their court; portrait painting, which would remain an enduring part of English art, was boosted by German <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a>, and natives such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a> built on this.<a href="#cite_note-engart-277">[266]</a> Under the Stuarts, Continental artists were influential especially the Flemish, examples from the period include <a href="/wiki/Anthony_van_Dyck" title="Anthony van Dyck">Anthony van Dyck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Kneller" title="Godfrey Kneller">Godfrey Kneller</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Dobson" title="William Dobson">William Dobson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-engart-277">[266]</a> The 18th century saw the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">classicism</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">High Renaissance</a> prevailed, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gainsborough" title="Thomas Gainsborough">Thomas Gainsborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> becoming two of England's most treasured artists.<a href="#cite_note-engart-277">[266]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> were major landscape artists. The <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_(art_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School (art movement)">Norwich School</a> continued the landscape tradition, while the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>, led by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Holman_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman Hunt">Holman Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, revived the <a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance">Early Renaissance</a> style with their vivid and detailed style.<a href="#cite_note-engart-277">[266]</a> Prominent among 20th-century artists was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, regarded as the voice of British sculpture, and of British modernism in general.<a href="#cite_note-278">[267]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a> is an organisation committed to the arts.<a href="#cite_note-279">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature,_poetry,_and_philosophy">Literature, poetry, and philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Chaucer_(17th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man dressed in grey with a beard, holding a rosary, depicted next to a coat of arms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg/170px-Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg/255px-Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg/340px-Geoffrey_Chaucer_%2817th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4511" data-file-height="5743" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> was an English author, poet and philosopher, best remembered for his unfinished frame narrative <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>.</figcaption></figure> Early authors such as <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> wrote in Latin.<a href="#cite_note-warnancmod-280">[269]</a> The period of <a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English literature</a> provided the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> and the secular prose of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> along with Christian writings such as <a href="/wiki/Judith_(poem)" title="Judith (poem)">Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Hymn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warnancmod-280">[269]</a> Following the Norman conquest <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a> continued among the educated classes, as well as an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_literature" title="Anglo-Norman literature">Anglo-Norman literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_literature" title="Middle English literature">Middle English literature</a> emerged with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales" title="The Canterbury Tales">The Canterbury Tales</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">Gower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Poet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Poet">Pearl Poet</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Langland" title="William Langland">Langland</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, were major philosophers of the Middle Ages. <a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a>, who wrote <a href="/wiki/Revelations_of_Divine_Love" title="Revelations of Divine Love">Revelations of Divine Love</a>, was a prominent Christian mystic. With the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> literature in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> style appeared. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, whose works include <a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a>, remains one of the most championed authors in English literature.<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Sydney">Philip Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Jonson" title="Ben Jonson">Ben Jonson</a> are other established authors of the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_literature" title="Elizabethan literature">Elizabethan age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elizren-283">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> wrote on <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elizren-283">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a> wrote on the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Marvell</a> was the best-known poet of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> while <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> authored <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_literature" title="Restoration literature">Restoration</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> This royal throne of kings, this sceptred isle, this earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, this other Eden, demi-paradise; this fortress, built by nature for herself. This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[274]</a></cite> </div> Some of the most prominent philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> were <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a>. More radical elements were later countered by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a> who is regarded as the founder of conservatism.<a href="#cite_note-286">[275]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Alexander Pope</a> with his satirical verse became well regarded. The English played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> were major figures.<a href="#cite_note-287">[276]</a> In response to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, agrarian writers sought a way between <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and tradition; <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a> were main exponents, while the founder of <a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">guild socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penty" title="Arthur Penty">Arthur Penty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative movement">cooperative movement</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a> are somewhat related.<a href="#cite_note-288">[277]</a> Empiricism continued through <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Bernard Williams</a> was involved in <a href="/wiki/Analytics" title="Analytics">analytics</a>. Authors from around the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> include <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë sisters">Brontë sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[278]</a> Since then England has continued to produce novelists such as <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of England">Folk music of England</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music of the United Kingdom</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Tallis_Lamentations_I_(The_Tudor_Consort).ogg" title="File:Thomas Tallis Lamentations I (The Tudor Consort).ogg">Thomas Tallis' "Lamentations I"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="539" data-mwtitle="Thomas_Tallis_Lamentations_I_(The_Tudor_Consort).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Thomas_Tallis_Lamentations_I_%28The_Tudor_Consort%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Thomas_Tallis_Lamentations_I_%28The_Tudor_Consort%29.ogg/Thomas_Tallis_Lamentations_I_%28The_Tudor_Consort%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Greensleeves-dorian.ogg" title="File:Greensleeves-dorian.ogg">"Greensleeves"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Greensleeves-dorian.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Greensleeves-dorian.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Greensleeves-dorian.ogg/Greensleeves-dorian.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:09_The_Queen%27s_Dolour_(A_Farewell)_Henry_Purcell_Transcribed_Ronald_Stevenson_(1958)_Mark_Gasser_Piano_(Live_Recording).ogg" title="File:09 The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell) Henry Purcell Transcribed Ronald Stevenson (1958) Mark Gasser Piano (Live Recording).ogg">Henry Purcell's "The Queen's Dolour (A Farewell)"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="190" data-mwtitle="09_The_Queen's_Dolour_(A_Farewell)_Henry_Purcell_Transcribed_Ronald_Stevenson_(1958)_Mark_Gasser_Piano_(Live_Recording).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/09_The_Queen%27s_Dolour_%28A_Farewell%29_Henry_Purcell_Transcribed_Ronald_Stevenson_%281958%29_Mark_Gasser_Piano_%28Live_Recording%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/09_The_Queen%27s_Dolour_%28A_Farewell%29_Henry_Purcell_Transcribed_Ronald_Stevenson_%281958%29_Mark_Gasser_Piano_%28Live_Recording%29.ogg/09_The_Queen%27s_Dolour_%28A_Farewell%29_Henry_Purcell_Transcribed_Ronald_Stevenson_%281958%29_Mark_Gasser_Piano_%28Live_Recording%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of England">folk music of England</a> is centuries old and has contributed to several genres prominently; mostly <a href="/wiki/Sea_shanties" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea shanties">sea shanties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">hornpipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>. It has its own distinct variations and regional peculiarities. Ballads featuring Robin Hood, printed by <a href="/wiki/Wynkyn_de_Worde" title="Wynkyn de Worde">Wynkyn de Worde</a> in the 16th century, are an important artefact, as are <a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">John Playford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Dancing_Master" title="The Dancing Master">The Dancing Master</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley's</a> <a href="/wiki/Roxburghe_Ballads" title="Roxburghe Ballads">Roxburghe Ballads</a> collections.<a href="#cite_note-291">[280]</a> Some of the best-known songs are <a href="/wiki/Greensleeves" title="Greensleeves">Greensleeves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pastime_with_Good_Company" title="Pastime with Good Company">Pastime with Good Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maggie_May_(folk_song)" title="Maggie May (folk song)">Maggie May</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Ladies" title="Spanish Ladies">Spanish Ladies</a> among others. Many <a href="/wiki/Nursery_rhymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery rhymes">nursery rhymes</a> are of English origin such as <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Mary,_Quite_Contrary" title="Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary">Mary, Mary, Quite Contrary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roses_Are_Red" title="Roses Are Red">Roses Are Red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_and_Jill_(nursery_rhyme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack and Jill (nursery rhyme)">Jack and Jill</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down" title="London Bridge Is Falling Down">London Bridge Is Falling Down</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Old_Duke_of_York" title="The Grand Old Duke of York">The Grand Old Duke of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hey_Diddle_Diddle" title="Hey Diddle Diddle">Hey Diddle Diddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">Humpty Dumpty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[281]</a> Traditional English Christmas carols include "<a href="/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas" title="We Wish You a Merry Christmas">We Wish You a Merry Christmas</a>", "<a href="/wiki/The_First_Noel" title="The First Noel">The First Noel</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I_Saw_Three_Ships" title="I Saw Three Ships">I Saw Three Ships</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/God_Rest_You_Merry,_Gentlemen" title="God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen">God Rest You Merry, Gentlemen</a>". Early English composers in classical music include Renaissance artists <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tallis" title="Thomas Tallis">Thomas Tallis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a> who was well known for his patriotic song <a href="/wiki/Rule,_Britannia!" title="Rule, Britannia!">Rule, Britannia!</a>. German-born <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a> spent most of his composing life in London and became a national icon in Britain, creating some of the most well-known works of classical music, especially his English oratorios, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">The Messiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_Music_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water Music (Handel)">Water Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/220px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/330px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg/440px-The_Beatles_arrive_at_JFK_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.<a href="#cite_note-294">[283]</a></figcaption></figure> Classical music attracted much attention in the 18th century with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Triennial_Music_Festival" title="Birmingham Triennial Music Festival">Birmingham Triennial Music Festival</a>, which was the longest running classical music festival of its kind until the final concerts in 1912. The <a href="/wiki/English_Musical_Renaissance" title="English Musical Renaissance">English Musical Renaissance</a> was a hypothetical development in the late 19th and early 20th century, when English composers, often those lecturing or trained at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a>, were said to have freed themselves from foreign musical influences. There was a revival in the profile of composers from England in the 20th century led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-295">[284]</a> Present-day composers from England include <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a>, best known for <a href="/wiki/The_Piano" title="The Piano">The Piano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lloyd_Webber" title="Andrew Lloyd Webber">Andrew Lloyd Webber</a>, whose musicals have achieved enormous success in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> and worldwide. In <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a>, many English bands and solo artists have been cited as the most influential and best-selling musicians of all time. Acts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a> are among the highest-selling recording artists in the world.<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> Many musical genres have origins in (or strong associations with) England, such as <a href="/wiki/British_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="British invasion">British invasion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">gothic rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoegazing" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoegazing">shoegazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">trip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass" title="Drum and bass">drum and bass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear,_London,_England_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Royal_Albert_Hall_Rear%2C_London%2C_England_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7776" data-file-height="5644" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>. Since the hall's opening in 1871, the world's leading artists from many performance genres have appeared on its stage. </figcaption></figure> Large outdoor <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of music festivals in the United Kingdom">music festivals</a> in the summer and autumn are popular, such as <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival" title="Glastonbury Festival">Glastonbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/V_Festival" title="V Festival">V Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reading_and_Leeds_Festivals" title="Reading and Leeds Festivals">Reading and Leeds Festivals</a>. England was at the forefront of the illegal, free <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> movement from the late 1980s, which inspired the pan-European culture of <a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">teknivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boishakhi_Mela" title="Boishakhi Mela">Boishakhi Mela</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali New Year">Bengali New Year</a> festival celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a> community. It is the largest open-air Asian festival in Europe. After the <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill_Carnival" title="Notting Hill Carnival">Notting Hill Carnival</a>, it is the second-largest street festival in the UK, attracting over 80,000 visitors. The most prominent <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> in England is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> at <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foreman-299">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">The Proms</a> is a major annual cultural event in the English calendar.<a href="#cite_note-foreman-299">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Ballet" title="The Royal Ballet">The Royal Ballet</a> is one of the world's foremost classical ballet companies. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatoire</a> in the UK, founded in 1822, receiving its <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a> England is home to numerous major orchestras such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Symphony_Orchestra" title="BBC Symphony Orchestra">BBC Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Royal Philharmonic Orchestra">Royal Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra" title="Philharmonia Orchestra">Philharmonia Orchestra</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[290]</a> Other forms of entertainment that originated in England include the <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Panto-305">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema of the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png/220px-Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png/330px-Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png/440px-Peter_O%27Toole_in_Lawrence_of_Arabia.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> as T. E. Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>'s 1962 epic <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)" title="Lawrence of Arabia (film)">Lawrence of Arabia</a></figcaption></figure> England has had a considerable influence on the history of the cinema, producing some of the greatest actors, directors and motion pictures of all time, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivien_Leigh" title="Vivien Leigh">Vivien Leigh</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sellers" title="Peter Sellers">Peter Sellers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Caine" title="Michael Caine">Michael Caine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Oldman" title="Gary Oldman">Gary Oldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>. Hitchcock and Lean are among the most critically acclaimed filmmakers.<a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a> Hitchcock's <a href="/wiki/The_Lodger:_A_Story_of_the_London_Fog" title="The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog">The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog</a> (1926) helped shape the <a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">thriller</a> genre in film, while his 1929 <a href="/wiki/Blackmail_(1929_film)" title="Blackmail (1929 film)">Blackmail</a> is often regarded as the first British <a href="/wiki/Sound_film#Transition:_Europe" title="Sound film">sound</a> feature film.<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a> Major film studios in England include <a href="/wiki/Pinewood_Studios" title="Pinewood Studios">Pinewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios" title="Elstree Studios">Elstree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepperton_Studios" title="Shepperton Studios">Shepperton</a>. Some of the most commercially successful films of all time have been produced in England, including two of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_film_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of highest-grossing film series">highest-grossing film franchises</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bond (film series)">James Bond</a>).<a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a> in London has a claim to being the oldest continuously working film studio in the world.<a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a> Famous for recording many motion picture <a href="/wiki/Film_scores" class="mw-redirect" title="Film scores">film scores</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> first performed film music in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-310">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Film_Productions" title="Hammer Film Productions">Hammer Horror</a> films starring <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a> saw the production of the first gory horror films showing blood and guts in colour.<a href="#cite_note-311">[300]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BFI_Top_100_British_films" title="BFI Top 100 British films">BFI Top 100 British films</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python%27s_Life_of_Brian" title="Monty Python's Life of Brian">Monty Python's Life of Brian</a> (1979), a film regularly voted the funniest of all time by the UK public.<a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a> English producers are also active in <a href="/wiki/International_co-productions" class="mw-redirect" title="International co-productions">international co-productions</a> and English actors, directors and crew feature regularly in American films. The UK film council ranked <a href="/wiki/David_Yates" title="David Yates">David Yates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)" title="Mike Newell (director)">Mike Newell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengrass" title="Paul Greengrass">Paul Greengrass</a> the five most commercially successful English directors since 2001.<a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a> Other contemporary English directors include <a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Curtis" title="Richard Curtis">Richard Curtis</a>. Current actors include <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hardy" title="Tom Hardy">Tom Hardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Craig" title="Daniel Craig">Daniel Craig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lena_Headey" title="Lena Headey">Lena Headey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felicity_Jones" title="Felicity Jones">Felicity Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Clarke" title="Emilia Clarke">Emilia Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashana_Lynch" title="Lashana Lynch">Lashana Lynch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Watson" title="Emma Watson">Emma Watson</a>. Acclaimed for his motion capture work, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a> opened <a href="/wiki/The_Imaginarium_Studios" title="The Imaginarium Studios">The Imaginarium Studios</a> in London in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a> The visual effects company <a href="/wiki/Framestore" title="Framestore">Framestore</a> in London has produced some of the most critically acclaimed special effects in modern film.<a href="#cite_note-315">[304]</a> Many successful Hollywood films have been based on English people, <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">stories</a> or events. The 'English Cycle' of Disney animated films include <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)" title="Alice in Wonderland (1951 film)">Alice in Wonderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_(1967_film)" title="The Jungle Book (1967 film)">The Jungle Book</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Many_Adventures_of_Winnie_the_Pooh" title="The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh">Winnie the Pooh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites_and_institutions">Sites and institutions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">List of museums in England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A museum building entrance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg/300px-London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg/450px-London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg/600px-London_Natural_History_Museum_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artefacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a>. A non-governmental charity, the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> holds a complementary role, focussed on landscapes and <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">country houses</a>. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> fall within England.<a href="#cite_note-317">[306]</a> Some of the best-known of these are: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a> London's <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> holds more than seven million objects,<a href="#cite_note-319">[308]</a> one of the largest and most comprehensive collections in the world,<a href="#cite_note-320">[309]</a> illustrating and documenting global human culture from its beginnings to the present. The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in London is the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">national library</a> and is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Research_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Research libraries">research libraries</a>, holding over 150 million items in almost all known languages and formats, including around 25 million books.<a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[311]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900.<a href="#cite_note-323">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate</a> galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a> has overall responsibility for cultural property and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a> scheme in the world, is a permanent sign installed in a public place in England to commemorate a link between that location and a famous person or event. In 2011 there were around 1,600 museums in England.<a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a> Entry to most museums and galleries is free.<a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> is one of the world's most visited cities, regularly taking the top five most visited cities in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. It is considered a global centre of finance, art and culture.<a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in the United Kingdom">Media in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footbridge_to_Media_City,_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg/220px-Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg/330px-Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg/440px-Footbridge_to_Media_City%2C_Salford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_6131368.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCity</a> in Manchester is the largest media-production facility in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, founded in 1922, is the UK's publicly funded radio, television and Internet broadcasting corporation, and is the oldest and largest broadcaster in the world.<a href="#cite_note-MediaNewsline-331">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-AboutBBC-332">[321]</a> It operates numerous television and radio stations in the UK and abroad and its domestic services are funded by the <a href="/wiki/Television_licensing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television licensing in the United Kingdom">television licence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-333">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> is an <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">international broadcaster</a> owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. It is the world's largest of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a> It broadcasts radio news, speech and discussions in more than 40 languages.<a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[326]</a> London dominates the media sector in England: national newspapers and television and radio are largely based there, although <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> is also a significant national media centre. The UK publishing sector, including books, directories and databases, journals, magazines and business media, newspapers and news agencies, has a combined turnover of around £20 billion and employs around 167,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a> National newspapers produced in England include <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-paper2-339">[328]</a> Magazines and journals published in England that have achieved worldwide circulation include <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prospect_(magazine)" title="Prospect (magazine)">Prospect</a>, <a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Digital,_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a> has overall responsibility over media and broadcasting in England.<a href="#cite_note-:0-340">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport in England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain,_Bobby_Moore._(7936243534).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg/220px-The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg/330px-The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg/440px-The_Queen_presents_the_1966_World_Cup_to_England_Captain%2C_Bobby_Moore._%287936243534%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1744" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> presenting the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup trophy">World Cup trophy</a> to 1966 World Cup winning England captain <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Moore" title="Bobby Moore">Bobby Moore</a></figcaption></figure> England has a strong sporting heritage, and during the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a> many sports that are now played around the world. Sports originating in England include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-football-341">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, badminton, <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">rounders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">billiards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">darts</a>, table tennis, <a href="/wiki/Bowls" title="Bowls">bowls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> horseracing, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>. It has helped the development of <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, sailing and <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a>. England has been crowned world champion in several major sports including: <a href="/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup_final" title="2019 Cricket World Cup final">Cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Rugby_World_Cup_final" title="2003 Rugby World Cup final">Rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_final" title="1966 FIFA World Cup final">Association Football</a>. Football is the <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom#Popularity" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">most popular</a> of these sports. The <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national football team</a>, whose home venue is <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a>, played <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team" title="Scotland national football team">Scotland</a> in the first-ever international football match in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a> Referred to as the "home of football" by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>, England hosted and won the <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1966 FIFA World Cup">1966 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a> With a British television audience peak of 32.30 million viewers, the <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 FIFA World Cup Final">final</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-watched_television_broadcasts#United_Kingdom" title="List of most-watched television broadcasts">most watched television event ever</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a> England is recognised by FIFA as the birthplace of club football: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield F.C.</a>, founded in 1857, is the world's oldest club.<a href="#cite_note-football-341">[330]</a> The <a href="/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team" title="England women's national football team">England women's national football team</a> won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022" title="UEFA Women's Euro 2022">UEFA Euro 2022</a>, hosted by England.<a href="#cite_note-347">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_(52254519898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg/220px-Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg/330px-Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg/440px-Euro_2022_Final_England_v_Germany_%2852254519898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wembley_Stadium" title="Wembley Stadium">Wembley Stadium</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">England football team</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_2022_final" title="UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final">UEFA Women's Euro 2022 final</a>. At 90,000 capacity, it is the biggest stadium in the UK and <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of European stadiums by capacity">the second-largest stadium in Europe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">Cricket</a> is generally thought to have been developed in the early medieval period among the farming and metalworking communities of the <a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">Weald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a> The <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England cricket team</a> is a composite England and Wales team. One of the game's top rivalries is <a href="/wiki/The_Ashes" title="The Ashes">The Ashes</a> series between England and <a href="/wiki/Australia_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia cricket team">Australia</a>, contested since 1882. <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Cricket Ground">Lord's Cricket Ground</a> situated in London is sometimes referred to as the "Mecca of Cricket".<a href="#cite_note-349">[338]</a> After winning the <a href="/wiki/2019_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2019 Cricket World Cup">2019 Cricket World Cup</a>, England became the first country to win the World Cups in football, rugby union, and cricket.<a href="#cite_note-350">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Penny_Brookes" title="William Penny Brookes">William Penny Brookes</a> was prominent in organising the format for the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a> London has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> three times, in <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics" title="1948 Summer Olympics">1948</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>. England competes in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, held every four years. <a href="/wiki/Sport_England" title="Sport England">Sport England</a> is the governing body responsible for distributing funds and providing strategic guidance for sporting activity in England. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>, Warwickshire in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a> The top level of club participation is the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Premiership" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Premiership">English Premiership</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> in 1895. Since 2008, the <a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">England national rugby league team</a> has been a full test nation in lieu of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team" title="Great Britain national rugby league team">Great Britain national rugby league team</a>, which won three <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">World Cups</a>. Club sides play in <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a>, the present-day embodiment of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Football League Championship">Rugby Football League Championship</a>. Rugby League is most popular among towns in the northern English counties of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> has been prominent in England, due in part to its <a href="/wiki/Golf_in_Scotland" title="Golf in Scotland">cultural and geographical ties to Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a> There are professional tours for men and women, in two main tours: the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)">PGA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="European Tour">European Tour</a>. The world's oldest golf tournament, and golf's first major is <a href="/wiki/The_Open_Championship" title="The Open Championship">The Open Championship</a>, played both in England and Scotland. The biennial golf competition, the <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a>, is named after English businessman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ryder" title="Samuel Ryder">Samuel Ryder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> was created in Birmingham in the late 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">the Wimbledon Championships</a> is the oldest tennis tournament in the world, and widely considered the most prestigious.<a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a> Wimbledon has a major place in the English cultural calendar.<a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg/220px-Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg/330px-Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg/440px-Mansell_in_his_Ferrari_641_-_1990_British_GP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> world champion <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Mansell" title="Nigel Mansell">Nigel Mansell</a> driving at <a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit" title="Silverstone Circuit">Silverstone</a> in 1990. The circuit hosted the <a href="/wiki/1950_British_Grand_Prix" title="1950 British Grand Prix">first ever World Championship Formula One race</a> in 1950.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry_Rules" title="Marquess of Queensberry Rules">Marquess of Queensberry Rules</a>, England has produced many world champions across the weight divisions internationally recognised by the governing bodies.<a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a> Originating in 17th and 18th-century England, the <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> is a horse breed best known for its use in <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hunt">National Hunt</a> horse race the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National" title="Grand National">Grand National</a>, is held annually at <a href="/wiki/Aintree_Racecourse" title="Aintree Racecourse">Aintree Racecourse</a> in early April. It is the most watched horse race in the UK, and three-time winner <a href="/wiki/Red_Rum" title="Red Rum">Red Rum</a> is the most successful racehorse in the event's history.<a href="#cite_note-359">[348]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1950_British_Grand_Prix" title="1950 British Grand Prix">1950 British Grand Prix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Silverstone_Circuit" title="Silverstone Circuit">Silverstone</a> was the first race in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One World Championship">Formula One World Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a> England has seen the manufacture some of the most technically advanced racing cars, and many of today's racing companies choose England as their base of operations.<a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a> England also has a rich heritage in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Grand Prix motorcycle racing</a>, the premier championship of motorcycle <a href="/wiki/Road_racing" title="Road racing">road racing</a>, and has produced several world champions.<a href="#cite_note-363">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darts" title="Darts">Darts</a> is a widely popular sport in England; a professional competitive sport, it is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Pub_game" title="Pub game">pub game</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a> Another popular sport commonly associated with pub games is <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a>, and England has produced several world champions. The English are keen sailors and enjoy competitive <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a>; founding and winning some of the world's most famous international competitive tournaments across the various race formats, including the <a href="/wiki/Match_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Match race">match race</a>, a regatta, and the <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Cup" title="America's Cup">America's Cup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">National symbols of England</a></div> The St George's Cross has been the national <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a> since the 13th century. Originally, the flag was used by the maritime <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>. The English monarch paid a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge of Genoa</a> from 1190 onwards so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries, and became associated with <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a> Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a>, a Pan-British flag designed by King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flaghistory-222">[216]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>'s standards and the <a href="/wiki/English_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="English Commonwealth">Commonwealth's</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm#Commonwealth" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> both incorporated the flag of Saint George.<a href="#cite_note-367">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudor_Rose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red and white flower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/170px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/255px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tudor_Rose.svg/340px-Tudor_Rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a>, England's <a href="/wiki/National_flower" class="mw-redirect" title="National flower">national floral emblem</a></figcaption></figure> There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a>, the nation's <a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">floral emblem</a>, and the Three Lions featured on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a>. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> as a symbol of peace.<a href="#cite_note-Flowers-369">[358]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Syncreticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncreticism">syncretic</a> symbol in that it merged the white rose of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">Yorkists</a> and the red rose of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancastrians</a>. It is also known as the Rose of England.<a href="#cite_note-Rose-370">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> tree is a symbol of England: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Oak" title="Royal Oak">Royal Oak</a> symbol and <a href="/wiki/Oak_Apple_Day" title="Oak Apple Day">Oak Apple Day</a> commemorate the escape of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> after his father's execution, when he hid in an oak to avoid detection by the parliamentarians before safely reaching exile. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red shield tapers to its bottom end; on it are three stylised golden lions with blue claws." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/170px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/255px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/340px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a></figcaption></figure> The Royal Arms of England, a national <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> featuring three lions, originated with <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a> in 1198. It is <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a> as gules, three lions passant guardant or and it provides one of the most prominent symbols of England. England does not have an official national anthem, as the United Kingdom as a whole has <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_(hymn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem (hymn)">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Hope_and_Glory" title="Land of Hope and Glory">Land of Hope and Glory</a> (used for England during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002 Commonwealth Games</a>),<a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a> and <a href="/wiki/I_Vow_to_Thee,_My_Country" title="I Vow to Thee, My Country">I Vow to Thee, My Country</a> are often considered unofficial <a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">English national anthems</a>. England's <a href="/wiki/National_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="National Day">National Day</a> is 23 April which is <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Day_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Day in England">Saint George's Day</a>: Saint George is the patron saint of England.<a href="#cite_note-St._George-372">[361]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline of the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Englishman/Englishwoman </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> ONS Standard Area Measurement, 'area to mean high water excluding inland water' </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> Standard Area Measurement, 'total extent of the realm' (area to mean low water) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> As <a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a> explains, "The Reformation must not be confused with the changes introduced into the Church of England during the "Reformation Parliament" of 1529–36, which were of a political rather than a religious nature, designed to unite the secular and religious sources of authority within a single sovereign power: the Anglican Church did not make substantial change in doctrine until later."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScruton1982470-56">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Figure of 550,000 military deaths is for England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1970180-82">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> For instance, in 1980 around 50 million <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Americans</a> claimed <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> In Canada there are around 6.5 million <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Canadians</a> who claim <a href="/wiki/English_Canadians" title="English Canadians">English ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> Around 70% of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Australians</a> in 1999 denoted their origins as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a>, a category which includes all peoples from Great Britain and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> Chileans of <a href="/wiki/English_Chilean" class="mw-redirect" title="English Chilean">English descent</a> are somewhat of an anomaly in that <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> itself was never part of the British Empire, but today there are around 420,000 people of English origins living there.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagan-226"><a href="#cite_ref-pagan_226-0">^</a> People who strictly identified as "Pagan". Other Pagan paths, such as Wicca or Druidism, have not been included in this number.<a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-225">[219]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> People who strictly identified as "Wiccan". Other Pagan paths, such as Druidism, and general "Pagan" have not been included in this number.<a href="#cite_note-2011_ONS_results-225">[219]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Students attending English universities now have to pay tuition fees towards the cost of their education, as do English students who choose to attend university in Scotland. Scottish students attending Scottish universities have their fees paid by the devolved Scottish Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-House_of_Commons_Library-237">[229]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> While people such as <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster (architect)">Norman Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rogers" title="Richard Rogers">Richard Rogers</a> represent the modernist movement, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles">Prince Charles</a> since the 1980s has voiced strong views against it in favour of traditional architecture and put his ideas into practice at his <a href="/wiki/Poundbury" title="Poundbury">Poundbury</a> development in Dorset.<a href="#cite_note-ArchCon4-251">[242]</a> Architects like <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Erith" title="Raymond Erith">Raymond Erith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Johnson_(architect)" title="Francis Johnson (architect)">Francis Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quinlan_Terry" title="Quinlan Terry">Quinlan Terry</a> continued to practise in the classical style. </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> These tales may have come to prominence, at least in part, as an attempt by the Norman ruling elite to legitimise their rule of the British Isles, finding <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> history ill-suited to the task during an era when members of the deposed <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Ætheling">Edgar the Ætheling</a> and his nephews of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">House of Dunkeld</a>, were still active in the isles.<a href="#cite_note-higham1-261">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[253]</a> Also <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wood_(historian)" title="Michael Wood (historian)">Michael Wood</a> explains; 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31385-8"><bdi>978-0-521-31385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+lives+of+Saint+Cuthbert&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31385-8&rft.aulast=Colgrave&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColley1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Colley, Linda</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britonsforgingna0000coll">Britons: Forging the Nation, 1701–1837</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05737-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05737-9"><bdi>978-0-300-05737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britons%3A+Forging+the+Nation%2C+1701%E2%80%931837&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05737-9&rft.aulast=Colley&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritonsforgingna0000coll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1970" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Peter (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demography0000coxp_p9d0">Demography</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09612-6"><bdi>978-0-521-09612-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09612-6&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemography0000coxp_p9d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2006" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781852855956">Normans: The History of a Dynasty</a>. Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6"><bdi>978-1-85285-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normans%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-595-6&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781852855956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrofton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crofton, Ian (2007). The Kings and Queens of England. Quercus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-065-1"><bdi>978-1-84724-065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+and+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-065-1&rft.aulast=Crofton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">Crystal, David</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiesofenglish00crys">The Stories of English</a>. The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-601-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58567-601-9"><bdi>978-1-58567-601-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stories+of+English&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58567-601-9&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriesofenglish00crys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes2007" class="citation book cs1">Downes, Kerry (2007). Christopher Wren. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921524-9"><bdi>978-0-19-921524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christopher+Wren&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921524-9&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccleshare2002" class="citation book cs1">Eccleshare, Julia (2002). Beatrix Potter to Harry Potter. National Portrait Gallery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85514-342-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85514-342-5"><bdi>978-1-85514-342-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beatrix+Potter+to+Harry+Potter&rft.pub=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85514-342-5&rft.aulast=Eccleshare&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElse2007" class="citation book cs1">Else, David (2007). Inghilterra. EDT srl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6040-136-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6040-136-6"><bdi>978-88-6040-136-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inghilterra&rft.pub=EDT+srl&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-6040-136-6&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (2002). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-787-2"><bdi>978-0-85229-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-787-2&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (2009). Encyclopædia Britannica. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-559-09589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-559-09589-4"><bdi>978-0-559-09589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-559-09589-4&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFafinski2007" class="citation book cs1">Fafinski, Stefan (2007). English legal system. Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2358-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2358-6"><bdi>978-1-4058-2358-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+legal+system&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2358-6&rft.aulast=Fafinski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2005" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, Susan (2005). London: a musical gazetteer. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10402-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10402-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10402-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%3A+a+musical+gazetteer&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10402-8&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._Foster_Damon" title="S. Foster Damon">Foster, Damon</a> (1988). A Blake dictionary. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-436-0"><bdi>978-0-87451-436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Blake+dictionary&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-436-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Damon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1967" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Kenneth (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofplantagenet0000fowl">The Age of Plantagenet and Valois: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1328–1498</a>. Putnam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-236-30832-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-236-30832-3"><bdi>978-0-236-30832-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Plantagenet+and+Valois%3A+The+Struggle+for+Supremacy%2C+1328%E2%80%931498&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-236-30832-3&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofplantagenet0000fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Michael (2006). The United Kingdom Today. London: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7496-6488-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7496-6488-6"><bdi>978-0-7496-6488-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Kingdom+Today&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7496-6488-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGearon2002" class="citation book cs1">Gearon, Liam (2002). Education in the United Kingdom. David Fulton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85346-715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85346-715-8"><bdi>978-1-85346-715-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=David+Fulton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85346-715-8&rft.aulast=Gearon&rft.aufirst=Liam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Goldberg" title="Jeremy Goldberg">Goldberg, Jeremy</a> (1996). "Introduction". In Mark Ormrod & P.G. Lindley (ed.). The Black Death in England. Stamford: Paul Watkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871615-56-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871615-56-2"><bdi>978-1-871615-56-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+in+England&rft.place=Stamford&rft.pub=Paul+Watkins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-871615-56-2&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2003" class="citation book cs1">Green, Tamara (2003). The Greek & Latin roots of English. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1466-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-1466-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+%26+Latin+roots+of+English&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1466-9&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins-Dady1996" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins-Dady, Mark (1996). Reader's guide to literature in English. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-20-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-20-6"><bdi>978-1-884964-20-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+guide+to+literature+in+English&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-20-6&rft.aulast=Hawkins-Dady&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2007" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2007). Political Ideologies: An Introduction. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-52179-7"><bdi>978-0-230-52179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Ideologies%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-230-52179-7&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2002" class="citation book cs1">Higham, NJ (2002). King Arthur: myth-making and history. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21305-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21305-9"><bdi>978-0-415-21305-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Arthur%3A+myth-making+and+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21305-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=NJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-431-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-431-8&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Macpherson%2C+Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, D.P. (2000). The earliest English kings. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24210-3"><bdi>978-0-415-24210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earliest+English+kings&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24210-3&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeary1882" class="citation book cs1">Keary, Charles Francis (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlinesprimiti02keargoog">Outlines of primitive belief among the Indo-European races</a>. C Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-4982-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7905-4982-8"><bdi>978-0-7905-4982-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+primitive+belief+among+the+Indo-European+races&rft.pub=C+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1882&rft.isbn=978-0-7905-4982-8&rft.aulast=Keary&rft.aufirst=Charles+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlinesprimiti02keargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennyEnglishHayton2008" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Michael; English, Richard; Hayton, Richard (2008). Beyond the Constitution? Englishness in a post-devolved Britain. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">Institute for Public Policy Research</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Constitution%3F+Englishness+in+a+post-devolved+Britain&rft.pub=Institute+for+Public+Policy+Research&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kenny&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=English%2C+Richard&rft.au=Hayton%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacy1986" class="citation book cs1">Lacy, Norris (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arthurianencyclo0000unse">The Arthurian Encyclopedia</a>. Garland Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8745-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8745-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8745-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arthurian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Garland+Pub&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8745-6&rft.aulast=Lacy&rft.aufirst=Norris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farthurianencyclo0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLax1989" class="citation book cs1">Lax, Roger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsongthesaur00laxr">The Great Song Thesaurus</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505408-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505408-8"><bdi>978-0-19-505408-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Song+Thesaurus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505408-8&rft.aulast=Lax&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatsongthesaur00laxr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1960" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Israel E. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conquerorofsmall00levi">Conqueror of smallpox: Dr. Edward Jenner</a>. Messner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-63888-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-63888-7"><bdi>978-0-671-63888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conqueror+of+smallpox%3A+Dr.+Edward+Jenner&rft.pub=Messner&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-671-63888-7&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Israel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconquerorofsmall00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1971" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Roy (1971). The English school. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6882-8"><bdi>978-0-7100-6882-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+school&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6882-8&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon1960" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Bryce Dale (1960). A constitutional and legal history of medieval England. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95132-5"><bdi>978-0-393-95132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+constitutional+and+legal+history+of+medieval+England&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-393-95132-5&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Bryce+Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2004" class="citation book cs1">Major, John (2004). History in Quotations. Cassell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35387-3"><bdi>978-0-304-35387-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+Quotations&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35387-3&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarden2003" class="citation book cs1">Marden, Orison (2003). Home Lover's Library. Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-5324-0"><bdi>978-0-7661-5324-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Home+Lover%27s+Library&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-5324-0&rft.aulast=Marden&rft.aufirst=Orison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassey2007" class="citation book cs1">Massey, Gerald (2007). A Book of the Beginnings, Vol. 1. Cosimo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-829-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-829-2"><bdi>978-1-60206-829-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+the+Beginnings%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-829-2&rft.aulast=Massey&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeilNevell2000" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Robina; Nevell, Michael (2000). A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester. Association for Industrial Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9528930-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9528930-3-5"><bdi>978-0-9528930-3-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Industrial+Archaeology+of+Greater+Manchester&rft.pub=Association+for+Industrial+Archaeology&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9528930-3-5&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Robina&rft.au=Nevell%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolyneaux2015" class="citation book cs1">Molyneaux, George (2015). The Formation of the English Kingdom in the Tenth Century. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871791-1"><bdi>978-0-19-871791-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+English+Kingdom+in+the+Tenth+Century&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871791-1&rft.aulast=Molyneaux&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbrook2000" class="citation book cs1">Norbrook, David (2000). Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78569-3"><bdi>978-0-521-78569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+English+Republic%3A+Poetry%2C+Rhetoric+and+Politics%2C+1627%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78569-3&rft.aulast=Norbrook&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hanlon2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Hanlon, Ardal (2008). Global Airlines. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-6439-4"><bdi>978-0-7506-6439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Airlines&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-6439-4&rft.aulast=O%27Hanlon&rft.aufirst=Ardal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOakes2002" class="citation book cs1">Oakes, Elizabeth H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tozofstsscientis0000oake">A to Z of STS scientists</a>. Facts on File Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4606-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4606-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-4606-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+to+Z+of+STS+scientists&rft.pub=Facts+on+File+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4606-5&rft.aulast=Oakes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftozofstsscientis0000oake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> (2000). Britain 2001: The Official Handbook of the United Kingdom. London: <a href="/wiki/Stationery_Office_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationery Office Books">Stationery Office Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-621278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-621278-8"><bdi>978-0-11-621278-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+2001%3A+The+Official+Handbook+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stationery+Office+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-11-621278-8&rft.au=Office+for+National+Statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheimer2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer, Stephen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780786718900">Origins of the British</a>. Carroll & Graf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1890-0"><bdi>978-0-7867-1890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+British&rft.pub=Carroll+%26+Graf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1890-0&rft.aulast=Oppenheimer&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780786718900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1942). An outline of European architecture. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-061613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-061613-2"><bdi>978-0-14-061613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+outline+of+European+architecture&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1942&rft.isbn=978-0-14-061613-2&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2004" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A.J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imaginingrobinho00poll">Imagining Robin Hood</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22308-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22308-9"><bdi>978-0-415-22308-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Robin+Hood&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22308-9&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimaginingrobinho00poll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankov1994" class="citation book cs1">Rankov, Boris (1994). The Praetorian Guard. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-361-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-361-2"><bdi>978-1-85532-361-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Praetorian+Guard&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-361-2&rft.aulast=Rankov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedcliffe-MaudWood1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Redcliffe-Maud,_Baron_Redcliffe-Maud" title="John Redcliffe-Maud, Baron Redcliffe-Maud">Redcliffe-Maud, John</a>; Wood, Bruce (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishlocalgove0000redc">English Local Government Reformed</a>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-885091-5"><bdi>978-0-19-885091-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Local+Government+Reformed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-885091-5&rft.aulast=Redcliffe-Maud&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Wood%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishlocalgove0000redc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitan2003" class="citation book cs1">Reitan, Earl Aaron (2003). The Thatcher Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2203-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-2203-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-2203-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thatcher+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-2203-9&rft.aulast=Reitan&rft.aufirst=Earl+Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipley1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley, George</a> (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newamericancycl25danagoog">The New American Cyclopædia</a>. D. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285437-7"><bdi>978-0-19-285437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+illustrated+history+of+English+literature&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285437-7&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A. L.</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethanrenai00rows">Elizabethan Renaissance</a>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12682-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-12682-1"><bdi>978-0-684-12682-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Renaissance&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-684-12682-1&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethanrenai00rows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1982" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Paul (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardjennerchel0000saun">Edward Jenner, the Cheltenham years, 1795–1823</a>. University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-215-1"><bdi>978-0-87451-215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Jenner%2C+the+Cheltenham+years%2C+1795%E2%80%931823&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-215-1&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardjennerchel0000saun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (1982). A dictionary of political thought. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-33439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-33439-3"><bdi>978-0-333-33439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+political+thought&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-333-33439-3&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Udai (2009). Decentralized democratic governance in new millennium. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-540-7"><bdi>978-81-8069-540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decentralized+democratic+governance+in+new+millennium&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-540-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Udai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStradling1993" class="citation book cs1">Stradling, R.A. (1993). The English musical Renaissance, 1860–1940. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-03493-7"><bdi>978-0-415-03493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+musical+Renaissance%2C+1860%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-03493-7&rft.aulast=Stradling&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK_Parliament2007" class="citation book cs1">UK Parliament (2007). Department for Transport annual report. Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-170952-1"><bdi>978-0-10-170952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Department+for+Transport+annual+report&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-10-170952-1&rft.au=UK+Parliament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderdown2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Underdown" title="David Underdown">Underdown, David</a> (2000). Start of Play: Cricket and Culture in Eighteenth-Century England. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9330-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9330-1"><bdi>978-0-7139-9330-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Start+of+Play%3A+Cricket+and+Culture+in+Eighteenth-Century+England&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9330-1&rft.aulast=Underdown&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Paul (2004). Britishness Since 1870. 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International society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-202-0"><bdi>978-1-60520-202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+the+world%27s+best+literature%2C+ancient+and+modern&rft.pub=International+society&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-202-0&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1985" class="citation book cs1">Watson, John (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpoetryofr0000wats">English poetry of the Romantic period, 1789–1830</a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49259-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49259-2"><bdi>978-0-582-49259-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+poetry+of+the+Romantic+period%2C+1789%E2%80%931830&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49259-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishpoetryofr0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1937" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Frederick A.M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180095">Our great public schools: their traditions, customs and games</a>. London: Ward, Lock. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/638146843">638146843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+great+public+schools%3A+their+traditions%2C+customs+and+games&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ward%2C+Lock&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F638146843&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Frederick+A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.180095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2003" class="citation book cs1">West, Anne (2003). Underachievement in schools. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24132-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underachievement+in+schools&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24132-8&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1885" class="citation book cs1">White, W. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8BC0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA335">The Story of a Great Delusion in a Series of Matter-of-fact Chapters</a>. E.W. Allen. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+a+Great+Delusion+in+a+Series+of+Matter-of-fact+Chapters&rft.pub=E.W.+Allen&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8BC0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Peter (2002). Public transport. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25772-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25772-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25772-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+transport&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25772-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonGame2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, David; Game, Chris (2002). Local Government in the United Kingdom (3rd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-94859-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-94859-0"><bdi>978-0-333-94859-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Government+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-94859-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Game%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithington2008" class="citation book cs1">Withington, Robert (2008). English Pageantry; An Historical Outline. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-8062-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-8062-9"><bdi>978-1-4086-8062-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pageantry%3B+An+Historical+Outline&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-8062-9&rft.aulast=Withington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Book2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book</a> (2007). The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 6. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0102-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0102-9"><bdi>978-0-7166-0102-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+6&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0102-9&rft.au=World+Book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2008" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Kevin J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christiantravelp0000wrig">The Christian Travel Planner</a>. Thomas Nelson Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4016-0374-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4016-0374-8"><bdi>978-1-4016-0374-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Travel+Planner&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Inc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4016-0374-8&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchristiantravelp0000wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J.C._Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J.C. Young">Young, Robert JC</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofenglisheth0000youn">The Idea of English Ethnicity</a>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0129-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-0129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+English+Ethnicity&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0129-5&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Robert+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofenglisheth0000youn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (2003). The Black Death (New ed.). Sutton: Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3202-8"><bdi>978-0-7509-3202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.place=Sutton&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3202-8&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEngland" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:England" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Portal:England">England portal</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> England at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/England" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/England">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/England" class="extiw" title="c:England">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:England" class="extiw" title="n:Category:England">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/England" class="extiw" title="q:England">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/England" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/England">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/England" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/England">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/England" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/England">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/England" class="extiw" title="voy:England">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/">English Heritage</a> – national body protecting English heritage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/">Natural England</a> – wildlife and the natural world of England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitengland.com/">VisitEngland</a> – English tourist board</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/">BBC News – England</a> – news items from BBC News relating to England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/">GOV.UK</a> – official website of the British Government</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/58447">England</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="England_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_topics" title="Template:England topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_topics" title="Template talk:England topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="England_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_England" title="History of education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_England" title="Military history of England">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">English society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloegyr" title="Lloegyr">Lloegyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxons" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Anglo-Saxons">History of Anglo-Saxons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain">Settlement of Britain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">Postwar Britain (1945–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prior Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Kingdom of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">Kingdom of East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mercia">Kingdom of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sussex" title="Kingdom of Sussex">Kingdom of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_England" title="List of gardens in England">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">Parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_independence" title="English independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afternoon_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon tea">Afternoon tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_art" title="English art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">Country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">Fête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">Landscape garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of English inventions and discoveries">Innovations and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_England" title="Middle England">Middle England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_England" title="List of museums in England">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_education_in_England" title="Science education in England">Science education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday Roast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_England" title="Sport in England">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_England" title="Cricket in England">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_England" title="Rugby league in England">Rugby league</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_league_team" title="England national rugby league team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_England" title="Rugby union in England">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team" title="England national rugby union team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_England" title="National anthem of England">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of England">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">Saint George's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England" title="Category:England">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=England&#124;link=England_Articles_related_to_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=England&#124;link=England_Articles_related_to_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> Articles related to England</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Kingdom_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Template talk:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Kingdom_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_British_history" title="Timeline of British history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_England_and_Scotland_Act_1603" title="Union of England and Scotland Act 1603">Union of England and Scotland Act 1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Scotland_(Amendment)_Act_1707" title="Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707">Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar</a></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">military</a></li></ul></li> <li>Postwar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_Postwar_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of Postwar Britain (1945–1979)">social</a></li></ul></li> <li>Since 1979 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Maritime history of the United Kingdom">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_surveillance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of mass surveillance in the United Kingdom">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">Women's history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Parliament" title="Scottish Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_law" title="Scots law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland" title="Economy of Scotland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Scotland" title="Tourism in Scotland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland" title="Education in Scotland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Scotland" title="Healthcare in Scotland">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Outline of the United Kingdom">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of United Kingdom–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom" title="Category:United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template talk:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries, territories and dependencies of the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. 2 Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties" title="Template:England counties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_counties" title="Template talk:England counties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_counties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England counties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1974–1996_←_Ceremonial_counties_of_England_→_current" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/1974" title="Template:England counties/1974">1974–1996</a> ←   <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties of England</a>   → current</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122934507">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142995804">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1219920/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYDdYvBpjXV6WpybK68C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4014770-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82068148">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930575r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930575r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35764235">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134022&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450601">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/184394">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90298001">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566799405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9d5dd675-3cf4-4296-9e39-67865ebee758">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08722858?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02735895X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044298">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ingiltere">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=England&params=53.13_N_1.38_W_type:country_region:GB-ENG">53°08′N 1°23′W / 53.13°N 1.38°W / 53.13; -1.38</a> </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&oldid=1259317245">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England&oldid=1259317245</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-4cmjj","wgBackendResponseTime":217,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.949","walltime":"5.602","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32862,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1038912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":154058,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":103,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1298987,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4724.686 1 -total"," 40.68% 1922.158 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.84% 1031.900 190 Template:Cite_web"," 11.28% 532.856 99 Template:Cite_book"," 9.39% 443.478 1 Template:Infobox_UK_country"," 9.30% 439.269 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.34% 299.689 61 Template:Cite_news"," 4.56% 215.238 2 Template:Country_topics"," 4.30% 203.183 11 Template:Sfn"," 3.79% 178.867 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.995","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22643598,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAckroyd2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdlerPouwels2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArlotto1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsherHardy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkinson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtterbury2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBBC2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBall1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedoyere\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirmingham_City_Council\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabinet_Office2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroe1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre_for_Population_and_Urban_Research,_Monash_University\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChappell1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkSteedMarshall1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClemoes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColgrave1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColley1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford,_Elizabeth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrofton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrouch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrystal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDark2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEccleshare2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElse2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglish_Heritage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFafinski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForbes1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGearon2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldsworthy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolley,_John1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_Offices_for_the_English_Regions\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins-Dady1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigham2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoyle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudson,_Pat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHärke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmanMacpherson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeary1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennyEnglishHayton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKortlandt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKynaston1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLax1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehane1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeppard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLesley1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipsett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowe1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarden2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNeilNevell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolyneaux2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMujica2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewswire72009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbrook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hanlon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_for_National_Statistics2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppenheimer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrdahl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Mitchell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPevsner1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankov1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecording_Industry_Association_of_America\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedcliffe-MaudWood1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReesShuteKelly2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReitan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipley1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowse1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScruton1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepherd2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermanAndrew_Norfolk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpratt1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSt._Pierre2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStradling1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTravisSarah_Knapton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUEFA.com2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK_Parliament2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderdown2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Kingdom_Parliament\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatsonChurch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillems2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilsonGame2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWithington2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWohleber2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Book2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungs2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.abcounties.com2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 19,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"British Isles\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 6,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 99,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 187,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 11,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 1,\n [\"England Ceremonial Counties Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"England counties\"] = 1,\n [\"England topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"GBurl\"] = 13,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 66,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox UK country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Largest Urban areas\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 27,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NOMIS2021\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PastScape\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack end\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision area\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision density\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision population\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision statistics citation\"] = 1,\n [\"UK subdivision statistics year\"] = 1,\n [\"United Kingdom constituents and affiliations\"] = 1,\n [\"United Kingdom topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","24.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","420","13.5"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"England","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/England","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-17T10:00:34Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T14:19:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/b\/be\/Flag_of_England.svg","headline":"country in north-west Europe, part of the United Kingdom"}</script> </body> </html>