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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不清楚或没有声明" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不清楚或没有声明"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 不清楚或没有声明 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不清楚或没有声明-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-世俗国家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#世俗国家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 世俗国家 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-世俗国家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">穆斯林世界</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。54种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="العالم الإسلامي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العالم الإسلامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89" title="عالم اسلامى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عالم اسلامى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundu_isl%C3%A1micu" title="Mundu islámicu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mundu islámicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1" title="İslam dünyası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İslam dünyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ислам донъяһы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ислам донъяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Ісламскі свет – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісламскі свет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="মুসলিম বিশ্ব – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুসলিম বিশ্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_svijet" title="Islamski svijet – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Islamski svijet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3n_isl%C3%A0mic" title="Món islàmic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Món islàmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="جیھانی ئیسلامی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جیھانی ئیسلامی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1msk%C3%BD_sv%C4%9Bt" title="Islámský svět – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islámský svět" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Byd_Mwslemaidd" title="Y Byd Mwslemaidd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Byd Mwslemaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimske_verden" title="Muslimske verden – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muslimske verden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihan%C3%AA_%C4%B0slami" title="Cihanê İslami – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cihanê İslami" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Muslim world" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islama_mondo" title="Islama mondo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islama mondo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_isl%C3%A1mico" title="Mundo islámico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mundo islámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="جهان اسلام – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جهان اسلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamilainen_maailma" title="Islamilainen maailma – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Islamilainen maailma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_islamique" title="Civilisation islamique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation islamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyar_Musulunci" title="Duniyar Musulunci – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Duniyar Musulunci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="העולם המוסלמי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העולם המוסלמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="इस्लामी दुनिया – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लामी दुनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Islam" title="Dunia Islam – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dunia Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondo_islamico" title="Mondo islamico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mondo islamico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="イスラム世界 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラム世界" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%AC%EB%9E%8C_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84" title="이슬람 세계 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이슬람 세계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundus_Musulmanus" title="Mundus Musulmanus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mundus Musulmanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulma%C5%86u_pasaule" title="Musulmaņu pasaule – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Musulmaņu pasaule" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontolo_Silamo" title="Tontolo Silamo – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tontolo Silamo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Муслимански свет – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Муслимански свет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunia_Islam" title="Dunia Islam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dunia Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%80%86%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC" title="မူဆလင် ကမ္ဘာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မူဆလင် ကမ္ဘာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_muslimske_verda" title="Den muslimske verda – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den muslimske verda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_muslimske_verden" title="Den muslimske verden – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den muslimske verden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mond_islamic" title="Mond islamic – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mond islamic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عالم اسلام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عالم اسلام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Mundo islâmico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mundo islâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumea_musulman%C4%83" title="Lumea musulmană – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumea musulmană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Исламский мир – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Исламский мир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_world" title="Islamic world – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islamic world" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bota_myslimane" title="Bota myslimane – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bota myslimane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamski_svijet" title="Islamski svijet – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Islamski svijet" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimska_v%C3%A4rlden" title="Muslimska världen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muslimska världen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%82" title="ముస్లిం ప్రపంచం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముస్లిం ప్రపంచం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="โลกอิสลาม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โลกอิสลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slam_d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1" title="İslam dünyası – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslam dünyası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82" title="Мусульманський світ – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мусульманський світ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عالم اسلام – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالم اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islom_dunyosi" title="Islom dunyosi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Islom dunyosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Thế giới Hồi giáo – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế giới Hồi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="穆斯林世界 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆斯林世界" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25A9%2586%25E6%2596%25AF%25E6%259E%2597%25E4%25B8%2596%25E7%2595%258C">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Islam_distribution_maps" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q779924" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯兰世界">伊斯兰世界</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  「伊斯兰国家」重定向至此。關於一种政权形式，請見「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F)" title="伊斯兰国 (政权形式)">伊斯兰国 (政权形式)</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a>。 (2019年2月22日) 请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。 致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">"穆斯林世界"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%22">图像</a>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/40px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/60px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ambox_outdated_serious.svg/80px-Ambox_outdated_serious.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要更新。 (2021年8月16日) 請更新本文以反映近況和新增内容。完成修改後請移除本模板。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title">穆斯林世界</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/350px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/525px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg/700px-Islam_percent_population_in_each_nation_World_Map_Muslim_data_by_Pew_Research.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">世界穆斯林人口百分比（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%A4%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="皮尤研究中心">皮尤研究中心</a>，2014年</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">人口</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">18亿（截至2019年）<a href="#cite_note-huda-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_population_map_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muslim_population_map_2009.png/350px-Muslim_population_map_2009.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muslim_population_map_2009.png/525px-Muslim_population_map_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Muslim_population_map_2009.png/700px-Muslim_population_map_2009.png 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>世界各國穆斯林人口數量圖</figcaption></figure> 穆斯林世界有幾種含義。在文化意義上說，它指的是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭文明">伊斯蘭文明</a>，不包括生活在該文明的非穆斯林（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="齐米">齊米</a>）。在現代的地緣政治意義上，該術語通常指以穆斯林佔多數的國家、地區或城鎮。穆斯林的人數超过16億人，大約佔人類的四分之一，分布在許多不同的國家和民族群體。在政治宗教意義上說，它是指那些堅持<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">伊斯蘭教法</a>的國家，伊斯兰国家的范围小于穆斯林世界。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭教">伊斯蘭教</a>強調穆斯林同胞的團結，雖然存在著好幾個派別（主要是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E8%91%89%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="什葉派">什葉派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a>）。在過去的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="泛伊斯蘭主義">泛伊斯蘭主義</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族主義">民族主義</a>的潮流已經影響了穆斯林世界的地位。民众多信仰伊斯兰教的地区也可视为伊斯兰文化圈，伴随着<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF-%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯-阿拉伯字母系統">阿拉伯字母</a>的广泛使用。 目前從各種來源的報告估計，世界人口中的穆斯林約16億，約佔2009年估計的世界人口68億的23％；62％在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="亞太地區">亞太地區</a>，20％在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>，15％在<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="撒哈拉">撒哈拉</a>以南非洲，2％在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>。其区域主要包括：印度次大陆、中亚、北高加索、阿拉伯半岛、东南亚（泰南、马来西亚、印尼、及菲律宾棉兰老岛）、东南欧巴尔干半岛部分地区及非洲的部分地区。其中，在印尼、巴基斯坦、印度、孟加拉國、土耳其、埃及的穆斯林人口占了8亿多，超过了穆斯林总人口的50℅。 穆斯林世界语言有阿拉伯语，波斯语，豪萨语，土耳其语，普什图语，印地语，孟加拉语，泰卢固语，马拉雅拉姆语，泰米尔语，乌尔都语，其他印度语言，信德语，马来语，印尼语，菲律宾语, 维吾尔语，其他世界语言。 除<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="蒙古高原">蒙古高原</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%A3%81%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="戈壁沙漠">戈壁沙漠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="青藏高原">青藏高原</a>外，亚欧大陆的沙漠地区均属穆斯林世界。全世界四分之三的穆斯林生活在干旱程度不等的气候干旱地方。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>的伊斯蘭國家可以分成<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a>（Caliphate / Khilāfat）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="苏丹国">蘇丹國</a>（Sultanate / Sultānat）與<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="酋長國">埃米爾國</a>（Emirate / Imārat）。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="哈里發">哈里發</a>（Caliph）是伊斯蘭世界宗教與世俗最高統治者的稱號，先知<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>的繼承者，相當於皇帝或天子。<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="苏丹 (称谓)">蘇丹</a>指的是擁有獨立主權的伊斯蘭統治者，但並不主張宗教領導權，相當於國王。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" title="埃米爾">埃米爾</a>（Emir）則是指統治一個省份或地區的貴族、總督或軍事統帥，擁有一定程度的自治權，但仍從屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="宗主国">宗主國</a>，相當於親王或大公。不管是何種國體，在現代世界都是國際法保障主權獨立的國家。另外非君主制的伊斯蘭國家則通常稱作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰共和国">伊斯蘭共和國</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化亚圈">文化亚圈</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：文化亚圈">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯国家">阿拉伯伊斯兰文化</a>（Arab-Islamic culture）：东起<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>、西至<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="波斯化的社會">波斯伊斯兰文化</a>（Persian-Islamic）：西起<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a>、东至<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="前苏联">前苏联</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%8C%96" title="突厥化">突厥伊斯兰文化</a>（Turki-Islamic）：东起中国<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>、西至<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="南亚伊斯兰教">南亚次大陆伊斯兰文化</a>（Indian-Islamic）：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" class="mw-redirect" title="南亚次大陆">南亚次大陆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="斯里兰卡">斯里兰卡</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0" title="群岛伊斯兰">马来群岛伊斯兰文化</a>（Malay-Islamic）：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="东南亚">东南亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="文莱">文莱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%98%AD%E8%80%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="棉蘭老島">菲律宾棉蘭老島</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="泰南">泰南</a>地區。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="非洲文化">黑人伊斯兰文化</a>（Black-Islamic）：<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" title="斯瓦希里海岸">斯瓦希里海岸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E" title="西非">西非</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2" title="中国伊斯兰教史">东亚伊斯兰文化</a>（Sino-Islamic）：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="中国伊斯兰教">中国大陆伊斯兰教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="台灣伊斯蘭教">台湾伊斯兰教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="越南伊斯蘭教">越南伊斯兰教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國伊斯蘭教">韩国伊斯兰教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="日本伊斯兰教">日本伊斯蘭教</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="欧拉伯">西方伊斯兰文化</a>（Western-Islamic）：欧洲、美洲和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2" title="大洋洲">大洋洲</a>地区。</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Islam_by_country.svg/500px-Islam_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Islam_by_country.svg/750px-Islam_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Islam_by_country.svg/1000px-Islam_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>世界各國穆斯林主要分布圖 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8A%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="逊尼派">逊尼派</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="艾巴德派">艾巴德派</a></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="穆斯林的主要分布国家">穆斯林的主要分布国家</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：穆斯林的主要分布国家">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a> 222,720,000 (87%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a> 212,000,000(96.4%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a> 189,000,000 (14.6%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a> 149,283,000 (90%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a> 140,000,000 (70%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a> 74,819,000 (99.6%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a> 74,660,000 (98.6%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a> 96,000,000 (95%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a> 34,780,000 (98.2%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a> 32,381,000 (99.9%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a> 31,108,000 (98.9%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/22px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/33px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/44px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">馬爾地夫</a> 515,696 (100%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9" title="苏丹">苏丹</a> 30,855,000 (97%)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a> 30,770,375<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (99.9%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a> 29,047,000 (99.8%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">衣索比亞</a> 55,000,000 (50%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a> 26,833,000 (96.5%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">葉門</a> 24,023,000 (99.0%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a> 20,895,000 (92.8%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a> 17,139,000 (61.4%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄羅斯</a> 16,379,000 (11.7%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/33px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/44px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94" title="尼日尔">尼日尔</a> 15,627,000 (99.3%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾">菲律賓</a> 5,000,000<a href="#cite_note-ReligiousFreedom2014-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PSA-5">[5]</a> or 11,000,000 <a href="#cite_note-ReligiousFreedom2014-4">[4]</a> (5% or 11%)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a> 10,864,733 (99.9%)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政府">政府</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：政府">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教与国家">宗教与国家</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：宗教与国家">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆斯林占多数的国家列表（页面不存在）">穆斯林占多数的国家列表</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%89%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%92%E5%88%86%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="按穆斯林人口划分的国家列表（页面不存在）">按穆斯林人口划分的国家列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg/440px-Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg/660px-Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg/880px-Muslim_Constitution_Religion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>穆斯林占多数的国家分类由宗教宪法的作用。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="回教國">回教國</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  国教</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  世俗国家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  不清楚/没有声明</div></figcaption></figure> 随着穆斯林世界接触<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗主义">世俗主义</a>的理想，社会做出了不同的反应。一些穆斯林占多数的国家是世俗的。在阿塞拜疆并入苏联之前，它在1918年至1920年间成为穆斯林世界的第一个世俗共和国。<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-kazemzadeh-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swietochowski2-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">與來源不符</a>]自<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%95%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%9C%AB%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克">穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔图尔克</a>改革以来，土耳其一直以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世俗国家">世俗国家</a>统治。<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>相比之下，1979年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗革命">伊朗革命</a>则由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BE%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿亚图拉">阿亚图拉</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%9C%8D%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁霍拉·霍梅尼">鲁霍拉·霍梅尼</a>领导的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰共和国">伊斯兰共和国</a>取代了君主制的半世俗政权。<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> 一些国家已宣布伊斯兰教为官方国教。在那些国家，法律法规在很大程度上是世俗的。只有关于继承和婚姻个人地位问题由伊斯兰教法律（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="沙里亚法">沙里亚法</a>）管辖。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伊斯兰国家">伊斯兰国家</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：伊斯兰国家">编辑</a>]</div> 政治上的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F)" title="伊斯兰国 (政权形式)">伊斯兰国家</a>已将伊斯兰作为国家和宪法的意识形态基础。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗">阿富汗</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="毛里塔尼亚">毛里塔尼亚</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/22px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/33px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/44px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">阿曼</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="沙特阿拉伯">沙烏地阿拉伯</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">葉門</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="国教">国教</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：国教">编辑</a>]</div> 以下穆斯林占多数的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="民族国家">民族国家</a>仅认可伊斯兰教为其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="国教">国教</a>。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚">阿尔及利亚</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林">巴林</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="汶萊">文莱</a><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-21">[21]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Comoros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%91%A9" title="葛摩">科摩罗</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/22px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/33px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_Djibouti.svg/44px-Flag_of_Djibouti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%8F%90" title="吉布提">吉布提</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%A6" title="约旦">约旦</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9" title="科威特">科威特</a><a href="#cite_note-irfr2002-27">[27]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亞</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/22px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/33px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/44px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB" title="马尔代夫">馬爾地夫</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%8B" title="巴勒斯坦國">巴勒斯坦</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="卡塔尔">卡塔尔</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="突尼西亞">突尼西亞</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿联酋</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0" title="索马里兰">索馬利蘭</a>（不被普遍承认）</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="撒拉威阿拉伯民主共和國">撒拉威阿拉伯民主共和國</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>（不被普遍承认，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E4%BA%BA%E9%98%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="西撒人阵">西撒人阵</a>本身属<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="左翼">左翼</a>武装）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="不清楚或没有声明">不清楚或没有声明</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：不清楚或没有声明">编辑</a>]</div> 在这些中立国家中，关于宗教地位的宪法或官方公告不明确或未阐明。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="世俗国家">世俗国家</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：世俗国家">编辑</a>]</div> 穆斯林世界中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世俗国家">世俗国家</a>宣布公民/政府事务与宗教分开。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79074265"><div class="div-col" style="column-width:18em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%9C%E7%96%86" title="阿塞拜疆">阿塞拜疆</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_7.1_of_Constitution-40">[40]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波黑</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/33px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/44px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布吉納法索">布吉納法索</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/22px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/33px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/44px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得">乍得</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/22px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/33px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/44px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="冈比亚">冈比亚</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_Guinea.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E5%86%85%E4%BA%9A" title="几内亚">几内亚</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guinea-Bissau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AF%94%E7%B4%A2" title="幾內亞比索">几内亚比绍</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_1_of_Constitution-46">[46]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/22px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/33px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/44px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E8%BF%AA%E7%93%A6" title="科特迪瓦">科特迪瓦</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦">哈萨克斯坦</a><a href="#cite_note-akorda.kz-47">[47]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="马里">马里</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/22px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/33px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg/44px-Flag_of_Niger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94" title="尼日尔">尼日尔</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="塞内加尔">塞内加尔</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82" title="塞拉利昂">塞拉利昂</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦">塔吉克斯坦</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_2_of_Constitution-58">[58]</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%85%88%E7%9F%A5" title="伊斯蘭教的先知">先知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="伊斯兰教中的天使">天使</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E6%9B%B8" title="伊斯蘭教聖書">聖書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教宿命論">宿命</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A9%E5%88%A4%E6%97%A5_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="審判日 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">審判日</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:يوم القيامة في الإسلام">يوم القيامة في الإسلام</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8A%9F" title="五功">五功</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%A8%80" title="清真言">清真言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">禮拜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齋戒 (伊斯蘭教)">齋戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%AA%B2" title="天課">天課</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%A7%90_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="朝觐 (伊斯兰教)">朝覲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="伊斯兰教历史">歷史</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E9%A0%98%E8%A2%96" title="伊斯蘭教宗教領袖">領袖</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="伊斯蘭教歷史年表">年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D" title="穆斯林的征服">征服</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A3%94" title="聖裔">聖裔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4" title="薩哈巴">薩哈巴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9" title="伊瑪目教義">什葉派伊瑪目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B" title="哈里發國">哈里發國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BB%9F%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="正统哈里发时期">正統哈里發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="倭马亚王朝">倭马亚王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝">阿拔斯王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91%E5%9B%BD" title="科尔多瓦哈里发国">後倭馬亞王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%92%82%E7%8E%9B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="法蒂玛王朝">法蒂玛王朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教早期史學史（页面不存在）">史學史</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:علم التاريخ عند المسلمين">علم التاريخ عند المسلمين</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">宗教經典</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" title="古兰经">古兰经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A1%8C" title="聖行">聖行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%A8%93" title="聖訓">聖訓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE" title="伊斯蘭教派">教派</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%9C%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="遜尼派">遜尼派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派">什叶派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="蘇非主義">蘇非主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%B5%AB%E9%82%81%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿赫邁底亞">阿赫邁底亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%BE" title="伊巴德派">伊巴德派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%8D%A8%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" title="唯獨古蘭經">唯獨古蘭經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="无教派穆斯林">無教派穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="伊斯兰民族">伊斯蘭民族</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生活</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="伊斯蘭教與動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭曆">曆法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" title="伊斯蘭教與兒童">兒童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%AF%80%E6%97%A5" title="伊斯蘭教節日">節日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA" title="清真寺">清真寺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="伊斯蘭學校">伊斯蘭學校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊斯兰教与政治">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與科學">科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99" title="婦女與伊斯蘭教">婦女</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="各国伊斯兰教">各国伊斯兰教</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="法律法學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯蘭教法">法律</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭教法學">法學</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="伊斯兰经济">經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="伊斯蘭銀行">銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭經濟史（页面不存在）">經濟史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" class="extiw" title="en:History of Islamic economics">History of Islamic economics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%82%B5%E5%88%B8" title="伊斯蘭債券">債券</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭保險（页面不存在）">保險</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:تكافل">تكافل</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆拉巴哈（页面不存在）">成本加利潤融資</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مرابحة">مرابحة</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4" title="里巴">利息</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%B7%A8%E7%A6%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭淨禮（页面不存在）">衛生</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الطهارة في الإسلام">الطهارة في الإسلام</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大淨（页面不存在）">大淨</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:غسل (إسلام)">غسل (إسلام)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%80%E5%9A%BC%E6%A3%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咀嚼棒（页面不存在）">咀嚼棒</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83" class="extiw" title="ar:سواك">سواك</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B4%81_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="不洁 (伊斯兰教)">不潔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E6%B7%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代淨（页面不存在）">代淨</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:تيمم">تيمم</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A6%82%E5%BB%81%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80" title="伊斯蘭如廁禮儀">如廁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B7%A8" title="小淨">小淨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭家事法（页面不存在）">家事</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic family jurisprudence">Islamic family jurisprudence</a>）</li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">婚姻</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AD" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه النكاح">فقه النكاح</a>）</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%BA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈亞（页面不存在）">廉恥</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" class="extiw" title="ar:حياء">حياء</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E7%B4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭婚約（页面不存在）">婚約</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:عقد الزواج في الإسلام">عقد الزواج في الإسلام</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E4%BA%A5%E7%88%BE" title="麥亥爾">麥亥爾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬然（页面不存在）">馬然</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:محرم (إسلام)">محرم (إسلام)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭婚姻法學">終身婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B4%E6%97%B6%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB" title="私密临时婚姻">臨時婚姻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E7%B4%8D_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="齊納 (伊斯蘭教)">非法性行為</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%B9%B4_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成年 (伊斯蘭教)（页面不存在）">成年</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA_(%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85)" class="extiw" title="ar:بلوغ (إسلام)">بلوغ (إسلام)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭刑事法學">刑事</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%B1%A0%E5%AE%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清真屠宰（页面不存在）">清真屠宰</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" class="extiw" title="ar:ذبح حلال">ذبح حلال</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E7%B1%B3" title="齐米">齊米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="塔拉克">離婚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%A6%8F%E7%9A%84%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="符合教規的食物 (伊斯蘭教)">飲食</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教倫理（页面不存在）">倫理</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:أخلاق إسلامية">أخلاق إسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E9%81%94%E5%8D%9C" title="艾達卜">禮儀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦希尔（页面不存在）">賭博</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maisir" class="extiw" title="en:Maisir">Maisir</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%88%A5%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性別隔離與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">性別隔離</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام">حكم الاختلاط في الإسلام</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99)" title="礼拜 (伊斯兰教)">尊稱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B9%BC%E6%89%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭繼承法學">繼承</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8C%B2%E4%BA%9E" title="吉茲亞">吉茲亞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%8E%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭領導權（页面不存在）">領導權</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic leadership">Islamic leadership</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" title="伊斯蘭教與奴隸">奴隸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭軍事法學（页面不存在）">軍事</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:فقه عسكري إسلامي">فقه عسكري إسلامي</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B0%E4%BF%98%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戰俘與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">戰俘</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Prisoners of war in Islam">Prisoners of war in Islam</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%B3%95%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教法源（页面不存在）">法源</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:مصادر التشريع الإسلامي">مصادر التشريع الإسلامي</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依巴代（页面不存在）">宗教禮儀法學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:العبادة في الإسلام">العبادة في الإسلام</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_伊斯蘭研究" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭研究">伊斯蘭研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="伊斯蘭藝術">藝術</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8B%E6%A8%A3" title="阿拉伯紋樣">阿拉伯式花紋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="伊斯蘭建築">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="伊斯兰书法">書法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%92%E6%9E%97" title="伊斯蘭園林">園林</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%9C%96%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭幾何圖形（页面不存在）">幾何圖形</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:زخارف هندسية إسلامية">زخارف هندسية إسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭音樂（页面不存在）">音樂</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:الموسيقى في الإسلام">الموسيقى في الإسلام</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭陶器（页面不存在）">陶器</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:خزف إسلامي">خزف إسلامي</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%85%89%E9%87%91%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的煉金術（页面不存在）">煉金術及化學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية">الخيمياء والكيمياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的宇宙學（页面不存在）">宇宙學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية">علم الكونيات في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的地理與地圖學（页面不存在）">地理與地圖學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية">الجغرافيا في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代的數學">數學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="中世纪伊斯兰世界的医学">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理（页面不存在）">物理</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية">الفيزياء في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭哲學">哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早期伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">早期</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة">فلسفة إسلامية مبكرة</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當代伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">當代</a>（波斯語：<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="fa:فلسفه اسلامی معاصر">فلسفه اسلامی معاصر</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%96%E8%AB%96" title="伊斯蘭教末世論">末世論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">教義學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的占星術（页面不存在）">占星術</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى">التنجيم في الإسلام خلال العصور الوسطى</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與演化論（页面不存在）">演化論</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:نظرة الإسلام للتطور">نظرة الإسلام للتطور</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" title="伊斯蘭世界的發明">發明</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%88%87%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭自由主義與進步主義（页面不存在）">自由主義與進步主義</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ليبرالية إسلامية">ليبرالية إسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭文學（页面不存在）">文學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:أدب إسلامي">أدب إسلامي</a>）（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭詩歌（页面不存在）">詩歌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_poetry" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic poetry">Islamic poetry</a>））</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的心理學（页面不存在）">心理學</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية">علم النفس في عصر الحضارة الإسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E4%B9%8C%E6%AF%94%E8%80%B6" title="舒乌比耶">舒烏比耶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%A0%B4%E6%89%80%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E6%88%90%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非穆斯林場所改造成清真寺（页面不存在）">改造成清真寺</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد">تحويل دور العبادة غير الإسلامية إلى مساجد</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="_其他" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"> 其他</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與其他宗教（页面不存在）">其他宗教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والأديان الأخرى">الإسلام والأديان الأخرى</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="伊斯蘭教與基督教關係">基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與摩門教（页面不存在）">摩門教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والمورمونية">الإسلام والمورمونية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與新教（页面不存在）">新教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:البروتستانتية والإسلام">البروتستانتية والإسلام</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教與伊斯蘭教（页面不存在）">印度教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية">العلاقات الهندوسية الإسلامية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與耆那教（页面不存在）">耆那教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والجاينية">الإسلام والجاينية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與猶太教（页面不存在）">猶太教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام واليهودية">الإسلام واليهودية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E9%8C%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與錫克教（页面不存在）">錫克教</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الإسلام والسيخية">الإسلام والسيخية</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%9B%E6%95%99_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99)" title="叛教 (伊斯蘭教)">叛教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%9B%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E6%B3%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="各國叛離伊斯蘭教的情況（页面不存在）">各國</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" class="extiw" title="en:Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林（页面不存在）">前穆斯林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林列表（页面不存在）">列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" class="extiw" title="en:List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前穆斯林組織（页面不存在）">組織</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" class="extiw" title="en:List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">相關主題</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95" title="對伊斯蘭教的批評">對伊斯蘭教的批評</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BA%8E%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84" title="对于穆罕默德的批评">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對古蘭經的批評（页面不存在）">古蘭經</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد القرآن">نقد القرآن</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="文化穆斯林">文化穆斯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰主义">伊斯蘭主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對伊斯蘭主義的批評（页面不存在）">批評</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:نقد الإسلاموية">نقد الإسلاموية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%8C%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="後伊斯蘭主義（页面不存在）">後伊斯蘭主義</a>（阿拉伯语：<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:ما بعد الإسلاموية">ما بعد الإسلاموية</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="庫特布主義">庫特布主義</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7%E7%97%87" title="伊斯兰恐惧症">伊斯兰恐惧症</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%87%BC%E7%97%87%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭恐懼症相關事件列表（页面不存在）">事件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islamophobic_incidents" class="extiw" title="en:List of Islamophobic incidents">List of Islamophobic incidents</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="伊斯蘭恐怖主義">伊斯蘭恐怖主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A5%87%E8%B7%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與奇跡（页面不存在）">奇跡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" class="extiw" title="en:Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與家庭暴力（页面不存在）">家庭暴力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Islam and domestic violence">Islam and domestic violence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教與護理（页面不存在）">護士</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Nursing in Islam">Nursing in Islam</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E7%9A%84%E8%BF%AB%E5%AE%B3" title="對穆斯林的迫害">對穆斯林的迫害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭教象徵（页面不存在）">象徵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" class="extiw" title="en:Symbols of Islam">Symbols of Islam</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=穆斯林世界&oldid=83951165">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=穆斯林世界&oldid=83951165</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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