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<span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="شرق لندن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شرق لندن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_London" title="North East London – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="North East London" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida-London" title="Ida-London – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida-London" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London" title="East London – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="East London" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London" title="East London – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="East London" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austur-London" title="Austur-London – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Austur-London" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מזרח לונדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזרח לונדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London" title="East London – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="East London" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مشرقی لندن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشرقی لندن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Восточный Лондон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточный Лондон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London" title="East London – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East London" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Источни Лондон (Лондон) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источни Лондон (Лондон)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London,_England" title="East London, England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="East London, England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مشرقی لندن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی لندن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Lu%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%B4n" title="Đông Luân Đôn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Luân Đôn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&oldid=1258183087" title="East London">Revision as of 15:58, 18 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&action=edit&oldid=1258183087" title="East London">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-18T15:58:39Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:PlatinumClipper96" class="mw-userlink" title="User:PlatinumClipper96" data-mw-revid="1258183087"><bdi>PlatinumClipper96</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:PlatinumClipper96" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:PlatinumClipper96">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/PlatinumClipper96" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/PlatinumClipper96">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>1,304</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1251716060" title="Special:Diff/1251716060">1251716060</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/ShawarmaFan07" title="Special:Contributions/ShawarmaFan07">ShawarmaFan07</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:ShawarmaFan07" title="User talk:ShawarmaFan07">talk</a>) Reverting back to stable version per <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BRD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BRD">WP:BRD</a>. Will discuss on talk.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&diff=prev&oldid=1258183087" title="East London" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&oldid=1258186879" title="East London">Revision as of 16:24, 18 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&action=edit&oldid=1258186879" title="East London">view source</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-18T16:24:43Z"></span> </strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:ShawarmaFan07" class="mw-userlink" title="User:ShawarmaFan07" data-mw-revid="1258186879"><bdi>ShawarmaFan07</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:ShawarmaFan07" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:ShawarmaFan07">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/ShawarmaFan07" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/ShawarmaFan07">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>290</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1258183087" title="Special:Diff/1258183087">1258183087</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/PlatinumClipper96" title="Special:Contributions/PlatinumClipper96">PlatinumClipper96</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:PlatinumClipper96" title="User talk:PlatinumClipper96">talk</a>) Please stop edit warring. We must get to the bottom of this discussion before we can either change or keep it like this.</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tags</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-reverted">Reverted</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_edit">Mobile edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mobile_app_edit">Mobile app edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-android_app_edit">Android app edit</span> <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-app-undo"><a class="external text" href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Mobile_App_Edits_Revision_Tags#app-undo">App undo</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_London&diff=next&oldid=1258186879" title="East London" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{short description|Northeastern part of Greater London, United Kingdom}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{short description|Northeastern part of Greater London, United Kingdom}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{about|part of London, England, United Kingdom|the city in Eastern Cape|East London, South Africa|other uses}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{about|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a </ins>part of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Greater</ins> London, England, United Kingdom|the city in Eastern Cape|East London, South Africa|other uses}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use British English|date=September 2015}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Tower of London (171422521).jpg|thumb|300px|The men of early East London garrisoned the [[Tower of London]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Tower of London (171422521).jpg|thumb|300px|The men of early East London garrisoned the [[Tower of London]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''East London''' is the northeastern part of [[London]], England, east of the ancient [[City of London]] and north of the [[River Thames]] as it begins to widen. Containing areas in the [[Historic counties of England|historic counties]] of [[Middlesex]] and [[Essex]], East London developed as [[London Docklands|London's docklands]] and the primary industrial centre. The expansion of railways in the 19th century encouraged the eastward expansion of the [[East End of London]] and a proliferation of new suburbs. The industrial lands of East London are today an area of regeneration, which are well advanced in places such as [[Canary Wharf]] and ongoing elsewhere.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''East London''' is the northeastern part of [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Greater </ins>London]], England, east of the ancient [[City of London]] and north of the [[River Thames]] as it begins to widen. Containing areas in the [[Historic counties of England|historic counties]] of [[Middlesex]] and [[Essex]], East London developed as [[London Docklands|London's docklands]] and the primary industrial centre. The expansion of railways in the 19th century encouraged the eastward expansion of the [[East End of London]] and a proliferation of new suburbs. The industrial lands of East London are today an area of regeneration, which are well advanced in places such as [[Canary Wharf]] and ongoing elsewhere.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==History==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==History==</div></td> </tr>  </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 16:24, 18 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Northeastern part of Greater London, United Kingdom</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a part of Greater London, England, United Kingdom. For the city in Eastern Cape, see <a href="/wiki/East_London,_South_Africa" title="East London, South Africa">East London, South Africa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/East_London_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="East London (disambiguation)">East London (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tower_of_London_(171422521).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg/300px-Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg/450px-Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg/600px-Tower_of_London_%28171422521%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>The men of early East London garrisoned the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>East London</b> is the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, England, east of the ancient <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> as it begins to widen. Containing areas in the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, East London developed as <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London's docklands</a> and the primary industrial centre. The expansion of railways in the 19th century encouraged the eastward expansion of the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> and a proliferation of new suburbs. The industrial lands of East London are today an area of regeneration, which are well advanced in places such as <a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a> and ongoing elsewhere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_London" title="History of London">History of London</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg/220px-Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg/330px-Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg/440px-Aldgate_Pump_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aldgate_Pump" title="Aldgate Pump">Aldgate Pump</a> is the symbolic start of the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a> and East London as a whole</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_London" title="Etymology of London">etymology of London</a> is uncertain, but is known to be an ancient name.<sup id="cite_ref-ADMills_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADMills-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of East London as a distinct area is a relatively recent innovation. <a href="/wiki/John_Strype" title="John Strype">John Strype</a>'s map of 1720 describes London as consisting of four parts: The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_and_Liberty_of_Westminster" title="City and Liberty of Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwark" title="Southwark">Southwark</a> and <b>That Part Beyond the Tower</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyond_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the late 19th century the term <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a> was used to describe areas immediately adjacent to the City<sup id="cite_ref-ADMills_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADMills-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Tower division of Middlesex. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Booth (philanthropist)">Charles Booth</a> in 1889 defined East London as the <a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">County of London</a> between the City of London and the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">River Lea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_1889_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_1889-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1902, Booth considered this area to be the "true East End", and his attention had been drawn eastward over the Lea into the <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_West_Ham" title="County Borough of West Ham">Borough of West Ham</a>, which was then outside London, and geographically in Essex, but under the authority of neither; in 1857 Charles Dickens termed it "London-over-the-Border". <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a> described East London as an area north of the Thames and east of the City of London that stretched as far as Chingford and Epping Forest,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was similar to the definition used by Robert Sinclair in 1950 that stretched east to include Barking and Dagenham.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This broadly matched the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_District" title="Metropolitan Police District">Metropolitan Police District</a> east of the city and north of the Thames at that time, and now corresponds to the boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>, the old core of modern East London, began with the medieval growth of London beyond the <a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">city walls</a>, along the Roman roads leading from <a href="/wiki/Bishopsgate" title="Bishopsgate">Bishopsgate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aldgate" title="Aldgate">Aldgate</a>, and also along the river. Growth was much slower in the east, and the modest extensions there were separated from the much larger suburbs in the west by the marshy open area of <a href="/wiki/Moorfields" title="Moorfields">Moorfields</a> adjacent to the wall on the north side, which discouraged development in that direction. Urbanisation accelerated in the 16th century and the area that would later become known as the East End began to take shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3></div> <p>Until about 1700, London did not extend far beyond the walled boundaries of the City of London. However, the population in the parishes to the east of the City of London was rising and this led to a need to break up the large ancient parish of <a href="/wiki/Stepney" title="Stepney">Stepney</a> into smaller units to provide adequate religious and civil administration. It was the industries associated with the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, such as shipbuilding and the docks, that encouraged growth in the east, and by 1650, <a href="/wiki/Shadwell" title="Shadwell">Shadwell</a> was a developed maritime settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyond_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyond-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The docks in Tower Hamlets started to reach capacity in the early 19th century, and in 1855 the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Dock" title="Royal Victoria Dock">Royal Victoria Dock</a> was opened in Newham. By 1882, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a> and others, were able to describe East London as a city in its own right, on account of its large size and social disengagement from the rest of London.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_expansion">Railway expansion</h3></div> <p>The majority of the rail network in East London was built within fifty years from 1839. The first through the area was the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_Railway" title="Eastern Counties Railway">Eastern Counties Railway</a> from Mile End to Romford, extended to Shoreditch in 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/London_and_Blackwall_Railway" title="London and Blackwall Railway">London and Blackwall Railway</a> built a line from Minories to Blackwall the same year and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Eastern_Railway" title="Northern and Eastern Railway">Northern and Eastern Railway</a> connected Lea Bridge and Tottenham with the Eastern Counties at Stratford. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Counties_and_Thames_Junction_Railway" title="Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway">Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway</a> started passenger service on their line from Stratford to Canning Town, Custom House and North Woolwich in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made Stratford a significant railway junction and location of railway works. The <a href="/wiki/North_London_Railway" title="North London Railway">East & West India Docks & Birmingham Junction Railway</a> connected Kingsland with Bow and Poplar in 1850 and was renamed North London Railway in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1854 the <a href="/wiki/London,_Tilbury_and_Southend_Railway" title="London, Tilbury and Southend Railway">London, Tilbury and Southend Railway</a> connected Forest Gate on the Eastern Counties with Barking and Rainham. The <a href="/wiki/East_London_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Railway">East London Railway</a> was opened in 1869. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway" title="Great Eastern Railway">Great Eastern Railway</a> connected Lea Bridge with Walthamstow in 1870, and in 1872 built a connection from the Eastern Counties line at Bethnal Green to Hackney Downs. This was connected to the Walthamstow line in 1873 and extended to Chingford. The London and Blackwall built an extension to Millwall and North Greenwich on the Isle of Dogs in 1872 and the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway was extended to Beckton in 1873, and Gallions in 1880. The London, Tilbury and Southend Railway connected Barking with Dagenham, Hornchurch and Upminster in 1885,<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Romford with Upminster in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Volume_7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volume_7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final piece of original railway works was the construction of the Great Eastern loop line to connect Woodford with Ilford via Fairlop in 1903. </p><p>Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras after the expansion of the railways in the 19th century. Development of suburban houses for private sale was later matched by the provision of large-scale social housing at <a href="/wiki/Becontree" title="Becontree">Becontree</a> in the 1920s and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hill" title="Harold Hill">Harold Hill</a> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. However, the urban footprint was constrained in 1878 by the protection of <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping Forest</a> and later the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Green_Belt" title="Metropolitan Green Belt">Metropolitan Green Belt</a>. The density of development increased during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_industries" class="mw-redirect" title="New industries">new industries</a> developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Ford_Dagenham" title="Ford Dagenham">Ford at Dagenham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_decline_and_regeneration">Industrial decline and regeneration</h3></div> <p>The industries declined in the later part of the 20th century (and earlier), but East London is now an area of regeneration. <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a> was defined in the 1980s as the area of redevelopment under the control of the <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands_Development_Corporation" title="London Docklands Development Corporation">London Docklands Development Corporation</a>. The Thames Gateway extends into East London with two areas of activity: the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley" title="Lower Lea Valley">Lower Lea Valley</a> around the Olympic site and <a href="/wiki/London_Riverside" title="London Riverside">London Riverside</a> adjacent to the Thames. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_London" title="Local government in London">Local government in London</a></div> <p>There are seven <a href="/wiki/London_boroughs" title="London boroughs">London boroughs</a> that cover areas of Greater London to the north of the Thames and east of the City of London. They are Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. Each London borough is governed by a <a href="/wiki/London_borough_council" class="mw-redirect" title="London borough council">London borough council</a> local authority. Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham and Redbridge are members of the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Waste_Authority" title="East London Waste Authority">East London Waste Authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some local government functions are held by the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London_Authority" title="Greater London Authority">Greater London Authority</a>, made up of the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Borough</th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barking_and_Dagenham" title="London Borough of Barking and Dagenham">Barking and Dagenham</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Havering" title="London Borough of Havering">Havering</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">Redbridge</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Location</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonBarkingDagenham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/125px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/188px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/250px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonHackney.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/125px-LondonHackney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/188px-LondonHackney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/250px-LondonHackney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonHavering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/125px-LondonHavering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/188px-LondonHavering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/250px-LondonHavering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonNewham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/125px-LondonNewham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/188px-LondonNewham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/250px-LondonNewham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonRedbridge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/125px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/188px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/250px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonTowerHamlets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/125px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/188px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/250px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonWaltham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/125px-LondonWaltham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/188px-LondonWaltham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/250px-LondonWaltham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local authority</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barking_and_Dagenham_London_Borough_Council" title="Barking and Dagenham London Borough Council">Barking and Dagenham LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hackney_London_Borough_Council" title="Hackney London Borough Council">Hackney LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havering_London_Borough_Council" title="Havering London Borough Council">Havering LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newham_London_Borough_Council" title="Newham London Borough Council">Newham LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redbridge_London_Borough_Council" title="Redbridge London Borough Council">Redbridge LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tower_Hamlets_London_Borough_Council" title="Tower Hamlets London Borough Council">Tower Hamlets LBC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waltham_Forest_London_Borough_Council" title="Waltham Forest London Borough Council">Waltham Forest LBC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Assembly" title="London Assembly">London Assembly</a> constituency</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_and_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="City and East (London Assembly constituency)">City and East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="North East (London Assembly constituency)">North East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havering_and_Redbridge_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="Havering and Redbridge (London Assembly constituency)">Havering and Redbridge</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_and_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="City and East (London Assembly constituency)">City and East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havering_and_Redbridge_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="Havering and Redbridge (London Assembly constituency)">Havering and Redbridge</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_and_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="City and East (London Assembly constituency)">City and East</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_(London_Assembly_constituency)" title="North East (London Assembly constituency)">North East</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner</a>/<a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a></td> <td>Outer</td> <td>Inner</td> <td>Outer</td> <td>Outer <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Outer</td> <td>Inner</td> <td>Outer </td></tr> <tr> <td>Major centres<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barking,_London" title="Barking, London">Barking</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dalston" title="Dalston">Dalston</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romford" title="Romford">Romford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stratford,_London" title="Stratford, London">Stratford</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Ham" title="East Ham">East Ham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilford" title="Ilford">Ilford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canary_Wharf" title="Canary Wharf">Canary Wharf</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walthamstow" title="Walthamstow">Walthamstow</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_London" title="Geography of London">Geography of London</a></div> <p>East London is located in the lower Thames valley. The major rivers of East London are the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">Thames</a> that forms the southern boundary; the <a href="/wiki/River_Lea" title="River Lea">Lea</a> which forms the boundary of Tower Hamlets/Hackney with Newham/Waltham Forest; the <a href="/wiki/River_Roding" title="River Roding">Roding</a> which approximately forms the boundary of Newham with Barking and Dagenham/Redbridge; and the <a href="/wiki/River_Rom" title="River Rom">Beam</a> which forms the boundary of Barking and Dagenham with Havering. The marshes along the Thames which once stretched from Wapping to Rainham are almost completely gone.<sup id="cite_ref-Pevsner_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pevsner-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East London is generally the lowest elevated of London's four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal points</a> because of the wide Thames that runs here; the only hills here are in northern areas distant from the river in the boroughs of Havering, Redbridge and Waltham Forest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_London" title="Demographics of London">Demographics of London</a></div> <p>In Tower Hamlets, the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population was declining in every borough. By the 2011 United Kingdom census, this had reversed and every borough had undergone some growth in population. At the 2021 census Barking and Dagenham, Havering and Redbridge surpassed their earlier population peaks. The total population of this area in 2021 was 1.9 million people. The population change between 1801 and 2021 was as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Borough</th> <th>Barking and Dagenham</th> <th>Hackney</th> <th>Havering</th> <th>Newham</th> <th>Redbridge</th> <th>Tower Hamlets</th> <th>Waltham Forest </th></tr> <tr> <td>Location</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonBarkingDagenham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/125px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/188px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LondonBarkingDagenham.svg/250px-LondonBarkingDagenham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonHackney.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/125px-LondonHackney.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/188px-LondonHackney.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/LondonHackney.svg/250px-LondonHackney.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonHavering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/125px-LondonHavering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/188px-LondonHavering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LondonHavering.svg/250px-LondonHavering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonNewham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/125px-LondonNewham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/188px-LondonNewham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/LondonNewham.svg/250px-LondonNewham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonRedbridge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/125px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/188px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/LondonRedbridge.svg/250px-LondonRedbridge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonTowerHamlets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/125px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/188px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/LondonTowerHamlets.svg/250px-LondonTowerHamlets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LondonWaltham.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/125px-LondonWaltham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/188px-LondonWaltham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/LondonWaltham.svg/250px-LondonWaltham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="744" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population (2021)</td> <td>218,869</td> <td>259,146</td> <td>262,052</td> <td>351,036</td> <td>310,260</td> <td>310,306</td> <td>278,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population (2001)</td> <td>165,700</td> <td>207,200</td> <td>224,700</td> <td>249,500</td> <td>241,900</td> <td>201,100</td> <td>222,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population (1901)</td> <td>25,080</td> <td>374,132</td> <td>24,853</td> <td>338,506</td> <td>77,621</td> <td>578,143</td> <td>154,146 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population (1801)</td> <td>1,937</td> <td>14,609</td> <td>6,370</td> <td>8,875</td> <td>4,909</td> <td>130,871</td> <td>6,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Population peak</td> <td>2021 (218,869)</td> <td>1911 (379,120)</td> <td>2021 (262,052)</td> <td>1931 (454,096)</td> <td>2021 (310,260)</td> <td>1891 (584,936)</td> <td>1931 (280,094) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_London" title="Transport in London">Transport in London</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="River_crossings">River crossings</h3></div> <p>The City of London and <a href="/wiki/West_London" title="West London">West London</a> are connected to <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a> by more than thirty bridges, but East London is only connected by <a href="/wiki/Tower_Bridge" title="Tower Bridge">Tower Bridge</a> at its innermost edge. The reasons for this include the widening of the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> as it gets further east, and also the need, until relatively recently, to avoid impediments to the river traffic of the strategic <a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">London Docklands</a>. </p><p>Until the end of the 20th century the East was connected to the <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South</a> by just one railway line, the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="East London Line">East London Line</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Line_Extension" title="Jubilee Line Extension">Jubilee Line Extension</a> opened in 1999, was supplemented by extensions to the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_Light_Railway" title="Docklands Light Railway">Docklands Light Railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_line" title="Elizabeth line">Elizabeth line</a>. </p><p>There are road tunnels at <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe_Tunnel" title="Rotherhithe Tunnel">Rotherhithe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel" title="Blackwall Tunnel">Blackwall</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_Ferry" title="Woolwich Ferry">Woolwich Ferry</a> further east. There are foot tunnels to <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_foot_tunnel" title="Greenwich foot tunnel">Greenwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woolwich_foot_tunnel" title="Woolwich foot tunnel">Woolwich</a>. In 1870, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_Subway" title="Tower Subway">Tower Subway</a> cable railway tunnel was converted to pedestrian use; it was closed in 1898, following the opening of Tower Bridge. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/London_Cable_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="London Cable Car">cable car</a> service opened in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inner London for statistics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Metropolitan and major centres in the <a href="/wiki/London_Plan" title="London Plan">London Plan</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ADMills-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ADMills_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADMills_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_David_Mills2001" class="citation book cs1">Anthony David Mills (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSIOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280106-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280106-6"><bdi>0-19-280106-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123014238/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSIOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+London+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-280106-6&rft.au=Anthony+David+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSIOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyond-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beyond_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beyond_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Marriott2011" class="citation book cs1">John Marriott (2011). <i>Beyond the Tower: A History of East London</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Tower%3A+A+History+of+East+London&rft.date=2011&rft.au=John+Marriott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booth_1889-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booth_1889_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Descriptive Map of London Poverty, Charles Booth, 1889</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East London, Sir Walter Besant, Century Company, 1901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East London: The east and north-east boroughs of London and Greater London (County book series), Robert Sinclair, 1950</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All Sorts and Conditions of Men, Walter Besant 1882.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_11_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._F._T._Baker1998" class="citation web cs1">T. F. T. Baker, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=92">"A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 11 – Stepney, Bethnal Green"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025170517/http://british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=92">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex%3A+Volume+11+%E2%80%93+Stepney%2C+Bethnal+Green&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsource.aspx%3Fpubid%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._R._Powell1973" class="citation web cs1">W. R. Powell, ed. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=283">"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 6"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025163703/http://british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=283">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Essex%3A+Volume+6&rft.date=1973&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsource.aspx%3Fpubid%3D283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._F._T._Baker1995" class="citation web cs1">T. F. T. Baker, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=91">"A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10 – Hackney"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025170816/http://british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=91">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Middlesex%3A+Volume+10+%E2%80%93+Hackney&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsource.aspx%3Fpubid%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._R._Powell1966" class="citation web cs1">W. R. Powell, ed. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=280">"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025163756/http://british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=280">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Essex%3A+Volume+5&rft.date=1966&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsource.aspx%3Fpubid%3D280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volume_7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volume_7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._R._Powell1978" class="citation web cs1">W. R. Powell, ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=277">"A History of the County of Essex: Volume 7"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025163723/http://british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=277">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Essex%3A+Volume+7&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fsource.aspx%3Fpubid%3D277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eastlondonwaste.gov.uk/">"We are responsible for the disposal of waste from the London Boroughs of Barking & Dagenham, Havering, Newham and Redbridge"</a>. <i>East London Waste Authority</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102101809/https://eastlondonwaste.gov.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+London+Waste+Authority&rft.atitle=We+are+responsible+for+the+disposal+of+waste+from+the+London+Boroughs+of+Barking+%26+Dagenham%2C+Havering%2C+Newham+and+Redbridge.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feastlondonwaste.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403064345/https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/1938">"List of inner/outer London boroughs | London Councils"</a>. <i>www.londoncouncils.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/node/1938">the original</a> on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.londoncouncils.gov.uk&rft.atitle=List+of+inner%2Fouter+London+boroughs+%7C+London+Councils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londoncouncils.gov.uk%2Fnode%2F1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_malp_march_2016_-_annex_2_-_londons_town_centre_network.pdf">"London Plan Annex Two: London's Town Centre Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Greater London Authority</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321195321/https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/the_london_plan_malp_march_2016_-_annex_2_-_londons_town_centre_network.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+London+Authority&rft.atitle=London+Plan+Annex+Two%3A+London%27s+Town+Centre+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.london.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fthe_london_plan_malp_march_2016_-_annex_2_-_londons_town_centre_network.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pevsner-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pevsner_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolaus_Pevsner2005" class="citation book cs1">Nikolaus Pevsner (2005). <i>London 5: East</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+5%3A+East&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Nikolaus+Pevsner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056780&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Barking and Dagenham"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326171631/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056780&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barking+and+Dagenham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10056780%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Hackney District: Total Population"</a>. <i>A Vision of Britain Through Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326175944/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056858&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Hackney+District%3A+Total+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10056858%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10213332&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Havering District: Total Population"</a>. <i>A Vision of Britain Through Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326173300/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10213332&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Havering+District%3A+Total+Population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10213332%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10064028&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Newham"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180355/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10064028&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10064028%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056883&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Redbridge"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326175913/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056883&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redbridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10056883%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057346&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Tower Hamlets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326174649/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10057346&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tower+Hamlets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10057346%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056720&c_id=10001043&add=N">"Waltham Forest"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326172526/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10056720&c_id=10001043&add=N">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waltham+Forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10056720%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+London" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sub-regions_of_London" title="Template:Sub-regions of London"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sub-regions_of_London" title="Template talk:Sub-regions of London"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sub-regions_of_London" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sub-regions of London"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sub-regions_of_London" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-regions of London</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">Central London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Docklands" title="London Docklands">Docklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_London" title="Inner London">Inner London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Riverside" title="London Riverside">London Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Lea_Valley" title="Lower Lea Valley">Lower Lea Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_London" title="North London">North London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_London" title="Outer London">Outer London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bank" title="South Bank">South Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_London" title="West London">West London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sub-regions_used_in_the_London_Plan" title="List of sub-regions used in the London Plan">London Plan sub-regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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