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<ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ten thousand years</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez_mil_a%C3%B1os" title="Diez mil años – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diez mil años" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81n-s%C3%B2e" title="Bān-sòe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bān-sòe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Да илядиш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Да илядиш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai_(garm)" title="Banzai (garm) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banzai (garm)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai_(pok%C5%99ik)" title="Banzai (pokřik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Banzai (pokřik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zehntausend_Jahre" title="Zehntausend Jahre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zehntausend Jahre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diez_mil_a%C3%B1os" title="Diez mil años – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diez mil años" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ده‌هزار سال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ده‌هزار سال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai_(exclamation)" title="Banzai (exclamation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banzai (exclamation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%84%B8" title="만세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepuluh_ribu_tahun" title="Sepuluh ribu tahun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sepuluh ribu tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diecimila_anni" title="Diecimila anni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diecimila anni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADzezer_%C3%A9v" title="Tízezer év – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tízezer év" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepuluh_ribu_tahun" title="Sepuluh ribu tahun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sepuluh ribu tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai" title="Banzai – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banzai" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%AD%B3" title="万歳 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="万歳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai" title="Banzai – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Banzai" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dez_mil_anos" title="Dez mil anos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dez mil anos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Банзай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банзай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0!" title="Десет хиљада година! – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Десет хиљада година!" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deset_hiljada_godina!" title="Deset hiljada godina! – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Deset hiljada godina!" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5" title="หมื่นปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมื่นปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banzai" title="Banzai – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Banzai" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Банзай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банзай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the East Asian expressions. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand_years_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ten thousand years (disambiguation)">Ten thousand years (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Ten thousand years</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9)%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3,_1911-1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9_%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%29%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9_%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%29%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5_%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9_%28%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%29%C2%BB._%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%2C_1911-1915%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="241" /></a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">萬歲</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">万岁</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wànsuì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄨㄢˋ ㄙㄨㄟˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wannsuey</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wan<sup>4</sup>-sui<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">vae<sup>去</sup> soe<sup>去</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">van<sup>4</sup> soi<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">maahn seui</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">maan<sup>6</sup> seoi<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">bān soè</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">vạn tuế<br />muôn tuổi<br />muôn năm</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">萬歲<sup id="cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">𨷈𣦮<sup id="cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />𨷈𢆥<sup id="cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">만세</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">萬歲</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">manse</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ばんざい</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">萬歲</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">万歳</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">banzai</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In various <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, the phrase "<b>Wànsuì</b>", "<b>Banzai</b>", "<b>Manse</b>", and "<b>Vạn tuế</b>", respectively, meaning "<b>myriad years</b>" is used to wish long life, and is typically translated as "<a href="/wiki/Long_live" class="mw-redirect" title="Long live">Long live</a>" in English. The phrase originated in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a> as an expression used to wish long life to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a>. Due to the historical political and cultural influence of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> on the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian cultural sphere</a>, in the area, and in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Chinese language">Classical Chinese language</a>, cognates with similar meanings and usage patterns have appeared in many <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> languages and Vietnamese. In some countries, this phrase is mundanely used when expressing feeling of triumph, typically shouted by crowds. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_Shan_(6169489672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg/220px-Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg/330px-Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg/440px-Song_Shan_%286169489672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Mount Song, the location where the phrase "Ten thousand years" was coined</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ten_thousand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten thousand">ten thousand</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a>" is the largest <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(numbers)" title="Orders of magnitude (numbers)">numerical order of magnitude</a> in common usage, and is used ubiquitously as a synonym for "<a href="/wiki/Indefinite_and_fictitious_numbers" title="Indefinite and fictitious numbers">indefinitely large number</a>". The term <i>wansui</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">萬歲</span></span>), literally meaning "ten thousand years", is thus used to describe a very long life, or even immortality for a person. </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/First_Emperor_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="First Emperor of Qin">First Emperor of Qin</a> also wished "ten thousand generations" <i>(万世)</i> for <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">his imperial rule</a>, the use of <i>wansui</i> was probably coined during <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. In 110 BC, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> was addressed by the phrase "Wansui" during a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_to_Heaven" title="Sacrifice to Heaven">heaven ritual</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Song" title="Mount Song">Mount Song</a>. According to legend, Mount Song itself called out the phrase to address the emperor. During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, it came to be used exclusively to address the emperor as a prayer for his long life and reign. Then, during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>, its use was temporarily extended to include certain higher-ranking members of the imperial court,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this tradition was relatively short-lived: in later imperial history, using it to address someone other than the emperor was considered an act of sedition and was consequently highly dangerous. During certain reigns of weak emperors, powerful <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jin" title="Liu Jin">Liu Jin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wei_Zhongxian" title="Wei Zhongxian">Wei Zhongxian</a> circumvented this restriction by styling themselves with <i>jiǔ qiān suì</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">九千歲</span></span>, literally "9,000 years") so as to display their high positions, which were close to or even exceeded the emperor's, while still remaining reverent to the title of the emperor. </p><p>Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">empresses consort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empress_dowager" title="Empress dowager">empresses dowager</a> were addressed with "thousand years" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">千歲</span></span>) rather than "ten thousand years", which was reserved for the emperor exclusively. However, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>, the <i>de facto</i> supreme ruler of China from 1861 to 1908, was addressed with "ten thousand years". Several photographs of her<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> show a banner on her <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">litter</a> reading "The Incumbent Holy Mother, the Empress Dowager of the Great <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>, [will live and reign for] ten thousand years, ten thousand years, ten thousand of ten thousand years" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大清國當今聖母皇太后萬歲萬歲萬萬歲</span></span>). The Emperor was addressed by the title "Lord of Ten Thousand Years" (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">万岁爷</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">萬歲爺</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wànsuìyé</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg/220px-G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg/330px-G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg/440px-G209-YemaHe-bridge-5429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A late-1960s era bridge on <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_209" title="China National Highway 209">Hwy 209</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>, with the inscription "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7" class="extiw" title="wikt:伟大">伟大</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9A%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:的">的</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96" class="extiw" title="wikt:领袖">领袖</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AF%9B" class="extiw" title="wikt:毛">毛</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:主席">主席</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B2%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:万岁">万岁</a></span></span>" (Long live the great leader Chairman Mao!)</figcaption></figure> <p>Classically, the phrase <i>wansui</i> is repeated multiple times following a person's name or title. For example, in ancient China, the Emperor would be addressed with (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">吾皇萬歲，萬歲，萬萬歲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Wú huáng wànsuì, wànsuì, wànwànsuì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '[May] my Emperor [live and reign for] ten thousand years', 'ten thousand years', 'ten thousand of ten thousand years'). The foregoing phrase is best known to modern Chinese through televised films, but is not historically accurate; in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the only occasion during which <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">萬歲</span></span> is used is the great court, which was held one to three times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approaching the end of the ceremony, the attending officials will be asked to shout <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:萬歲">萬歲</a></span></span> three times. </p><p>The significance of "ten thousand" in this context is that "ten thousand" in Chinese and many other East Asian languages represents the largest discrete unit in the counting system, in a manner analogous to "thousand" in English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus 100,000 in Chinese is expressed as 10 ten-thousands; similarly, whereas a million is "a thousand thousands" in Western languages, the Chinese word for it is <i>bǎiwàn</i> (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">百万</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">百萬</span>), which literally means "hundred ten-thousands". Because of this, Chinese people often use <i>wàn</i> in a manner analogous to "thousand" – whereas an English speaker might exclaim "there are thousands of ants on the ground", the Chinese speaker would substitute it with "ten thousand" in the description. So in the context of <i>wànsuì</i>, a literally incorrect but culturally appropriate translation might be, "may you live for thousands of years". The number simply denotes innumerability, in a manner etymologically similar to the Greek <a href="/wiki/Myriad" title="Myriad">myriad</a> (although the current usage of that word differs). </p><p>During the Qing, at the entrances of <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_China" title="List of mosques in China">mosques in China</a>, a tablet was placed upon which the characters for <i>Huangdi, wansui, wansui, wanwansui</i> (皇帝萬歲，萬歲，萬萬歲) were inscribed, which means, "The Emperor, may he live forever". Westerners traveling in China noted the presence of these tablets at mosques in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use">Modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sihang_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sihang Warehouse">Battle of Sihang Warehouse</a> in 1937 during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, Chinese civilians voluntarily cheered "<i>Zhōnghuá Mínguó wànsuì!</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國萬歲！</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Long live the Republic of China!') after raising the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag of the Republic of China</a> on a flag-raising ceremony, to celebrate their victory over the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lihpao_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lihpao-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1945, after Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> announced the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> in the Second Sino-Japanese War, the people exclaimed "<i>Jiǎng... Zhōngguó... Wànsuì... Wànwànsuì!</i>" (蔣...中國...萬歲...萬萬歲!), which means, "Chiang ... China ... live ten thousand years ... live ten thousand ten thousand years".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg/240px-Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg/360px-Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg/480px-Tiananmen_beijing_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6122" data-file-height="2728" /></a><figcaption>The two slogans that contain the term <i>wànsuì</i> ("Long live the People's Republic of China!", and "Long live the solidarity of the peoples of the world!") on the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</a> gatehouse in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most conspicuous uses of the phrase is at the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen" title="Tiananmen">Tiananmen</a> gate in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, where large placards are affixed to the gatehouse reading "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">中华人民共和国万岁</span></span>"; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó wànsuì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '[may the] People's Republic of China [last for] ten thousand years') and "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-CN">世界人民大团结万岁</span></span>"; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shìjiè rénmín dàtuánjié wànsuì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '[may] the <a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a> of the world's people [last for] ten thousand years'). </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, the saying <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">毛主席万岁</span></span> (pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Máo Zhǔxí Wànsuì</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '[may] <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Chairman Mao</a> [live for] ten thousand years!') was also common. After Mao's death, the phrase has never been used for any individual. Apart from these special cases, the phrase is almost never used in political slogans today. In casual conversation, however, the phrase is used simply as an exclamation of joy. For example, <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a> commentator <a href="/wiki/Huang_Jianxiang" title="Huang Jianxiang">Huang Jianxiang</a> shouted "<i>Yìdàlì wànsuì</i>" (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">意大利万岁</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">義大利萬歲</span>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Italy ten thousand years!'; translated as "Forza Italia!" by some media) after <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Totti" title="Francesco Totti">Francesco Totti</a>’s goal during Italy’s match against Australia in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>. Taiwan-based singer <a href="/wiki/Leehom_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Leehom Wang">Leehom Wang</a>'s 2007 album <i><a href="/wiki/Change_Me_(album)" title="Change Me (album)">Change Me</a></i> contains a song called "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">華人萬歲</span></span>" (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Húarén Wànsùi</span></i>; 'Long Live Chinese People'). </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>, shouting the phrase <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國萬歲</span></span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá mínguó wànsuì!</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> '[may] the Republic of China [live for] ten thousand years!', translated as <i>Long Live the Republic of China</i>!) has been the final act ending presidential speeches on the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the Republic of China">National Day of the Republic of China</a>, a tradition which was broken in 2016. It has been combined in recent years with another saying, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">台灣民主萬歲</span></span> (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Táiwān mínzhǔ wànsuì</span></i>; '[may] a democratic Taiwan [live for] ten thousand years!', translated as <i>Long Live the Democratic Taiwan!</i>) When this is said, everyone raises their right fists while standing. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>, "ten thousand years" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">萬歲</span></span>) can also be a slang term for <a href="/wiki/Treating" title="Treating">treating</a> others to foods and drinks.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japan">Japan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg/220px-Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg/330px-Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg/440px-Asahigraph1937-9c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4856" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>A group of Japanese soldiers during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> shouting "banzai!" near <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg/220px-Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg/330px-Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg/440px-Bakayaro_Dissolution_of_the_Diet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Banzai at dissolution of the House of Representatives (1953)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese term was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as <i>banzai</i> (Kana: <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ばんざい</span></span></span>; Kanji: <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">万歳</span></span></span>) as early as the 8th century, and was used to express respect for the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> in much the same manner as the Chinese term. </p><p> Even earlier, however, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihongi</a></i>, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Empress_K%C5%8Dgyoku" title="Empress Kōgyoku">Empress Kōgyoku</a>, A.D. 642, 8th Month, 1st Day:</p><blockquote><p>The Emperor made a progress to the river source of Minabuchi. Here, (s)he knelt down and prayed, worshipping towards the four quarters and looking up to the Heaven. Straightway there was thunder and a great rain, which eventually fell for 5 days, and plentifully bedewed the Empire. Hereupon the peasantry throughout the Empire cried with one voice: "Banzai" and said "an Emperor of exceeding virtue".</p></blockquote> <p><i>Banzei</i> was later revived as <i>banzai</i> (Kana: ばんざい) after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>. <i>Banzai</i> as a formal ritual was established in the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Meiji Constitution</a> in 1889 when university students shouted <i>banzai</i> in front of the Emperor's carriage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the same time, <i>banzai</i> also came to be used in contexts unrelated to the Emperor. The supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_People%27s_Rights_Movement" title="Freedom and People's Rights Movement">Freedom and People's Rights Movement</a>, for example, began to shout "<i>Jiyū banzai</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a>: 自由万歳; <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a>: じゆうばんざい, or, roughly, "Long Live Freedom") in 1883. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <i>banzai</i> or its full form <i>Tennōheika Banzai!</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天皇陛下万歳</span></span>, (Tennouheika Banzai) "Long Live His Majesty the Emperor")</span> served as a <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">battle cry</a> of sorts for Japanese soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideally, <i><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a></i> pilots would shout "banzai!" as they rammed their planes into enemy ships; although Japanese popular culture has portrayed this romanticized scene, it is unknown if any pilot actually did so. Its confirmed use by ground troops, however, was heard in numerous battles during the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Campaign</a>, when Japanese infantry units attacked Allied positions. As a result, the term "<a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">banzai charge</a>" (or alternatively "banzai attack") gained common currency among English-speaking soldiers and remains the most widely understood context of the term in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_use_2">Modern use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, "banzai" (roughly translated as "hurrah", literally translated as "ten thousand years") was an expression of enthusiasm, and crowds shouting the word three times, arms stretched out above their heads, could be considered the traditional Japanese form of applause.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More formally, the word is shouted three times during the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a>, and also as an acclamation at the <a href="/wiki/Enthronement_of_the_Japanese_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthronement of the Japanese Emperor">enthronement of the Japanese Emperor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea">Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahey_DSCF2839_(6074653969).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg/220px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg/330px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg/440px-Fahey_DSCF2839_%286074653969%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>North Korean propaganda sign, "Long live the great victory of <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a> politics!"</figcaption></figure> <p>The same term is pronounced <i>manse</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">만세</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">萬歲</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, it was used as a casual exclamation. It was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">era name</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> declared by the king <a href="/wiki/Gung_Ye" class="mw-redirect" title="Gung Ye">Gung Ye</a> in 911. During <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>, Koreans used <i>cheonse</i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">천세</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">千歲</span></span>, "one thousand years") in deference to the Chinese emperor's ten thousand years. </p><p>In the 20th century, various protests against <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a> used the term in their names, including a pro-independence newspaper established in 1906, the <a href="/wiki/March_1st_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1st Movement">March 1st Movement</a> of 1919, and the June 10th Movement of 1926. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <i>manse</i> was used to wish long life for both <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>, and for the political principles of their predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>. Today, the word is usually chanted whenever Kim Jong Un appeared in front of the public, accompanied by clapping. Akin to the "banzai charge" used by Japanese servicemen during the Pacific War, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> used <i>Widaehan Suryŏng Kim Ilsŏng Janggun Manse!</i> (위대한 수령 김일성장군 만세; 偉大한 首領金日成將軍萬歲; "Long live the Great Leader, General Kim Il-sung") as a charge mantra during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. </p><p>It is also used as a casual proclamation, commonly used as the English equivalent of "Victory." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg/200px-Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg/300px-Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg/400px-Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A banner at the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Mausoleum" title="Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum">Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum</a> proclaiming "Ten thousand years to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam!"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_shouting_%22Ho%C3%A0ng-Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF,_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF,_Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%22_(%E7%9A%87%E4%B8%8A%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2)_-_12_ng%C3%A0y_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%90%C3%BAc_B%E1%BA%A3o-%C3%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%A1i_B%E1%BA%AFc-K%E1%BB%B3_(1934)_02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/People_shouting_%22Ho%C3%A0ng-Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%22_%28%E7%9A%87%E4%B8%8A%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%29_-_12_ng%C3%A0y_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%90%C3%BAc_B%E1%BA%A3o-%C3%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%A1i_B%E1%BA%AFc-K%E1%BB%B3_%281934%29_02.png/200px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/People_shouting_%22Ho%C3%A0ng-Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%22_%28%E7%9A%87%E4%B8%8A%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%29_-_12_ng%C3%A0y_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%90%C3%BAc_B%E1%BA%A3o-%C3%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%A1i_B%E1%BA%AFc-K%E1%BB%B3_%281934%29_02.png/300px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/People_shouting_%22Ho%C3%A0ng-Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i-Ph%C3%A1p_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%2C_Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam_v%E1%BA%A1n_tu%E1%BA%BF%22_%28%E7%9A%87%E4%B8%8A%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%EF%BC%8C%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2%29_-_12_ng%C3%A0y_c%E1%BB%A7a_%C3%90%C3%BAc_B%E1%BA%A3o-%C3%90%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%A1i_B%E1%BA%AFc-K%E1%BB%B3_%281934%29_02.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>A passage from <i>12 ngày của Ðức Bảo-Ðại tại Bắc-Kỳ</i> showing an instance where the people shouted: "Hoàng-thượng <b>vạn tuế</b>, Đại-Pháp <b>vạn tuế</b>, Việt-Nam <b>vạn tuế</b>"(Long live the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Vietnam">Emperor</a>, Long live <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Great France</a>, Long live <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>) to Emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Vietnamese, "vạn tuế" is the phrase cognate to the Chinese <i>wàn suì</i> and is the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Vietnamese reading">Sino-Vietnamese reading</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">萬歲</span></span>. However, this word is rarely used in the modern language, appearing instead only in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n_v%C4%83n" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán văn">Hán văn</a> and pre-<a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">1945</a> related contexts (such as in "vạn tuế, vạn tuế, vạn vạn tuế"—compare to the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Usage">Chinese usage</a>, above). In other situations, "muôn năm" is used instead, and is frequently heard in communist slogans, such as "Hồ Chủ tịch Muôn năm!" (Long live <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">President Hồ</a>) and "Đảng Cộng sản Việt Nam Quang vinh Muôn năm!" (Long live the Glorious <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>). </p><p><i>Muôn</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Old_Sino-Vietnamese" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Sino-Vietnamese">Old Sino-Vietnamese</a> reading of the chữ Hán 萬 (Sino-Vietnamese reading: <i>vạn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Tuổi</i> is the Old Sino-Vietnamese reading of the chữ Hán 歲 (Sino-Vietnamese reading: <i>tuế</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the pronunciation of this character in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Năm</i> is a native Vietnamese word that inherited from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Mon-Khmer_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Mon-Khmer language">Proto-Mon-Khmer language</a> (cognates with <a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">ឆ្នាំ</span></span> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> <span title="Mon-language text"><span lang="mnw">သၞာံ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many ways to write the words <i>muôn tuổi</i>, <i>muôn năm</i> in <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a>, for example: </p> <ul><li>muôn tuổi: 萬歲, 𨷈𢆫, 𨷈歲, 𲈦歲, 門𢆫, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>muôn năm: 萬年, 𨷈𢆥 (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muon_Nam_(Chu_Nom).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg/35px-Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg/53px-Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg/70px-Muon_Nam_%28Chu_Nom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="98" /></a></span>), 㥃[⿰南林], 門南, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banzai" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:banzai">banzai</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:萬歲">萬歲</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%AD%B3" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:万歳">万歳</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%84%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:만세">만세</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_saecula_saeculorum" class="mw-redirect" title="In saecula saeculorum">In saecula saeculorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Bangla" title="Joy Bangla">Joy Bangla</a> a slogan and war cry used in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manbhum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manbhum District">Manbhum District</a> to indicate nationalism towards the geopolitical, cultural, and historical region of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychronion" title="Polychronion">Polychronion</a> Orthodox Chant with similar meaning, sung to the Orthodox Authorities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_king_is_dead,_long_live_the_king!" title="The king is dead, long live the king!">The king is dead, long live the king!</a>, a traditional European saying, used to wish for long life of the monarch, said when a new king ascends to the throne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Zindabad" title="Hindustan Zindabad">Hindustan Zindabad</a>, used by Indians to express victory or patriotism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sto_lat" title="Sto lat">Sto lat</a>, a similar Polish phrase and song meaning "one hundred years"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabuhay" title="Mabuhay">Mabuhay</a>, a traditional Philippine cheer meaning "May you live long!"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorah" title="Oorah">Oorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vive,_viva,_and_vivat" title="Vive, viva, and vivat">Vive, viva, and vivat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_thousand_years&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viện_Ngôn_ngữ_học_2003_p._1097_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFViện_Ngôn_ngữ_học2003" class="citation book cs1">Viện Ngôn ngữ học (2003). <i>Từ điển tiếng Việt</i>. Nhà xuất bản Đà Nẵng, Trung tâm Từ điển học. p. 1097.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ti%E1%BA%BFng+Vi%E1%BB%87t&rft.pages=1097&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng%2C+Trung+t%C3%A2m+T%E1%BB%AB+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Vi%E1%BB%87n+Ng%C3%B4n+ng%E1%BB%AF+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouyang, Xiu. Davies, Richard L. [2004] (2004). Historical Records of the Five Dynasties. Columbia university press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12826-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12826-6">0-231-12826-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609082959/http://www.rayli.com.cn/0P10/2007-01-26/L0P10013002_218019.html"><bdi lang="zh">瑞丽女性网-生活-揭密慈禧太后奢侈生活</bdi></a>. <i>rayli.com.cn</i> (in Simplified Chinese). 2007-01-26. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rayli.com.cn/0P10/2007-01-26/L0P10013002_218019.html">the original</a> on 2008-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rayli.com.cn&rft.atitle=%E7%91%9E%E4%B8%BD%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%BD%91-%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB-%E6%8F%AD%E5%AF%86%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E%E5%A5%A2%E4%BE%88%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rayli.com.cn%2F0P10%2F2007-01-26%2FL0P10013002_218019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJLPAAAAMAAJ&q=lord+ten+thousand+years+wan+sui+yeh"><i>Current literature, Volume 51</i></a>. Current Literature Pub. Co. 1911. p. 624<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+literature%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Current+Literature+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJLPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlord%2Bten%2Bthousand%2Byears%2Bwan%2Bsui%2Byeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Jewitt_Wheeler,_Frank_Crane1911" class="citation book cs1">Edward Jewitt Wheeler, Frank Crane (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wzYiAQAAIAAJ&q=lord+ten+thousand+years+wan+sui+yeh&pg=PA624"><i>Current opinion, Volume 51</i></a>. The Current Literature Publishing Co. p. 624<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+opinion%2C+Volume+51&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=The+Current+Literature+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Edward+Jewitt+Wheeler%2C+Frank+Crane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwzYiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dlord%2Bten%2Bthousand%2Byears%2Bwan%2Bsui%2Byeh%26pg%3DPA624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobles" class="citation web cs1">Robles, Pablo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://multimedia.scmp.com/culture/article/2158740/forbidden-city/life/chapter_03.html">"In the Forbidden City, being the emperor didn't equate to a life of limitless power or pleasure"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=In+the+Forbidden+City%2C+being+the+emperor+didn%27t+equate+to+a+life+of+limitless+power+or+pleasure&rft.aulast=Robles&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmultimedia.scmp.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F2158740%2Fforbidden-city%2Flife%2Fchapter_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xX8jAAAAMAAJ&q=happening+to+see+in+the+mosque+threshold+as+you+enter+a+tablet+temple+inscription+the+emperor+may+he+live+for+ever+the+emperor+the+everliving&pg=RA2-PA33"><i>The Chinese repository, Volumes 11-15</i></a>. 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Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+community%3A+migration%2C+settlement+and+sects&rft.place=Richmond&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&rft.au=Michael+Dillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC%26q%3Dmosques%2Btablets%2Bwishing%2Bthe%2Bemperor%2Blong%2Blife%2Bprominent%2Bposition%2Bentrance%2Bmosque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lihpao-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lihpao_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Our Determined Lone Army Makes Final Stand". <i>Lihpao Daily</i> 29 October 1937</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407063026/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792352,00.html">"CHINA: Wan Wan Sui!"</a>. <i>TIME</i>. Aug 27, 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792352,00.html">the original</a> on April 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=CHINA%3A+Wan+Wan+Sui%21&rft.date=1945-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C792352%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeng2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zeng, Zifan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBMfAwAAQBAJ&q=%E8%90%AC%E6%AD%B2+%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1+%E8%AB%8B%E5%AE%A2&pg=PA355"><i>A Study of Idiomatic Expressions in Hong Kong Cantonese</i></a> (in Chinese). Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-937-147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-937-147-0"><bdi>978-962-937-147-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+Idiomatic+Expressions+in+Hong+Kong+Cantonese&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=City+University+of+Hong+Kong+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-962-937-147-0&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Zifan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnBMfAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E8%2590%25AC%25E6%25AD%25B2%2B%25E5%25BB%25A3%25E6%259D%25B1%25E8%25A9%25B1%2B%25E8%25AB%258B%25E5%25AE%25A2%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Makihara, Norio. “The Birth of Banzai.” Japan Forum 23, no. 2 (June 2011): 237–61. doi:10.1080/09555803.2011.599272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x5mwgfPXK1kC&dq=Kamikaze+banzai+emperor&pg=RA4-PA2-IA1">p.3, The Cambridge history of Japan, by John Whitney Hall</a>, 1988 Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22352-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22352-0">0-521-22352-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbe" class="citation web cs1">Abe, Namiko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/important-japanese-gestures-2028031">"How to Master Important Japanese Gestures"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=How+to+Master+Important+Japanese+Gestures&rft.aulast=Abe&rft.aufirst=Namiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fimportant-japanese-gestures-2028031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLýWaters1997" class="citation book cs1">Lý, Lạc Nghị; Waters, Jim (1997). <i>Tìm về cội nguồn chữ Hán</i>. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thế Giới. p. 1027.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%ACm+v%E1%BB%81+c%E1%BB%99i+ngu%E1%BB%93n+ch%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n&rft.place=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pages=1027&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Th%E1%BA%BF+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=L%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=L%E1%BA%A1c+Ngh%E1%BB%8B&rft.au=Waters%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLýWaters1997" class="citation book cs1">Lý, Lạc Nghị; Waters, Jim (1997). <i>Tìm về cội nguồn chữ Hán</i>. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Thế Giới. p. 1124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%ACm+v%E1%BB%81+c%E1%BB%99i+ngu%E1%BB%93n+ch%E1%BB%AF+H%C3%A1n&rft.place=H%C3%A0+N%E1%BB%99i&rft.pages=1124&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+Th%E1%BA%BF+Gi%E1%BB%9Bi&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=L%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=L%E1%BA%A1c+Ngh%E1%BB%8B&rft.au=Waters%2C+Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyễn2009" class="citation book cs1">Nguyễn, Khuê (2009). <i>Chữ Nôm: cơ sở và nâng cao</i>. Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m%3A+c%C6%A1+s%E1%BB%9F+v%C3%A0+n%C3%A2ng+cao&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+h%E1%BB%8Dc+Qu%E1%BB%91c+gia+Th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+H%E1%BB%93+Ch%C3%AD+Minh&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nguy%E1%BB%85n&rft.aufirst=Khu%C3%AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This term is unrelated to Chinese 年 (Sino-Vietnamese reading: <i>niên</i>) that it is often mistakenly believed to be derived from.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVũ2005" class="citation book cs1">Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). <i>Đại tự điển chữ Nôm</i>. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 850, 1317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+t%E1%BB%B1+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=850%2C+1317&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+V%C4%83n+ngh%E1%BB%87+Th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+H%E1%BB%93+Ch%C3%AD+Minh&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=V%C5%A9&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+K%C3%ADnh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVũ2005" class="citation book cs1">Vũ, Văn Kính (2005). <i>Đại tự điển chữ Nôm</i>. Nhà xuất bản Văn nghệ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. pp. 850, 868, 869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+t%E1%BB%B1+%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n+ch%E1%BB%AF+N%C3%B4m&rft.pages=850%2C+868%2C+869&rft.pub=Nh%C3%A0+xu%E1%BA%A5t+b%E1%BA%A3n+V%C4%83n+ngh%E1%BB%87+Th%C3%A0nh+ph%E1%BB%91+H%E1%BB%93+Ch%C3%AD+Minh&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=V%C5%A9&rft.aufirst=V%C4%83n+K%C3%ADnh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATen+thousand+years" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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