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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_allophony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_allophony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Assimilation and allophony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_allophony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphophonemics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphophonemics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Morphophonemics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphophonemics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Grammar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Grammar subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Honorifics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Speech levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vocabulary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vocabulary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sino-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sino-Korean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Western loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North–South_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North–South_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 North–South differences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North–South_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle North–South differences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-North–South_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Spelling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_and_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_and_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Spelling and pronunciation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_and_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Grammar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Punctuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Geographic distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Official status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Sejong_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Sejong_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 King Sejong Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Sejong_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TOPIK_Korea_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TOPIK_Korea_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 TOPIK Korea Institute </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TOPIK_Korea_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Foreign language </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign language subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Example text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Korean language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 179 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" > 179 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaans" title="Koreaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koreaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanische_Sprache" title="Koreanische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Koreanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ኮሪይኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሪይኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियाई भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोरियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акореиа бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акореиа бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_coreano" title="Idioma coreano – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma coreano" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কোৰীয় ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোৰীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_coreanu" title="Idioma coreanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma coreanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियाई भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कोरियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Koreañe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Koreañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_dili" title="Koreya dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koreya dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کوره دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوره دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Basa Koréa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Koréa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="কোরীয় ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোরীয় ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2n-kok-g%C3%AD" title="Hân-kok-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hân-kok-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Корей теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корей теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Карэйская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карэйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Карэйская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карэйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Koreano" title="Tataramon na Koreano – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Koreano" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корейски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корейски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_jezik" title="Korejski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korejski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaneg" title="Koreaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Koreaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Солонгос хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Солонгос хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core%C3%A0" title="Coreà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coreà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%97%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Корей чӗлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Корей чӗлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoreano" title="Kinoreano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinoreano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korej%C5%A1tina" title="Korejština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korejština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikoriya" title="Chikoriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chikoriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreeg" title="Coreeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coreeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreansk_(sprog)" title="Koreansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Koreansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreagiella" title="Koreagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Koreagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanische_Sprache" title="Koreanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Koreanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%94%DE%A7_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ކޮރެޔާ ބަސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮރެޔާ ބަސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_keel" title="Korea keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korea keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κορεατική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορεατική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Кореянь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кореянь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_coreano" title="Idioma coreano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma coreano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_lingvo" title="Korea lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korea lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_coreana" title="Luenga coreana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga coreana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreera" title="Koreera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="زبان کره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_bhasa" title="Korean bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Korean bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Koreanskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Koreanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9en" title="Coréen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coréen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaansk" title="Koreaansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koreaansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%B3ir%C3%A9is" title="An Chóiréis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chóiréis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreeish" title="Koreeish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Koreeish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_coreana" title="Lingua coreana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua coreana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%A9%B1" title="朝鮮話 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="朝鮮話" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2n-koet-ng%C3%AE" title="Hòn-koet-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hòn-koet-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="한국어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կորեերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորեերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियाई भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोरियाई भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korej%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Korejšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Korejšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_jezik" title="Korejski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korejski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreana_linguo" title="Koreana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koreana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Koreano" title="Pagsasao a Koreano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Koreano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_corean" title="Lingua corean – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua corean" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%95%86%E1%90%8A%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᑯᕆᐊᑎᑐᑦ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᕆᐊᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Корейаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Корейаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3reska" title="Kóreska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kóreska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_coreana" title="Lingua coreana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua coreana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קוריאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוריאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Basa Koréa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Koréa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koorey%C9%9B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kooreyɛ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಕೊರಿಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊರಿಯಾದ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Koreanu" title="Amanung Koreanu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Koreanu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კორეული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორეული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوریٲیی زبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کوریٲیی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2reja%C5%84sczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Kòrejańsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòrejańsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Корей тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корей тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreek" title="Koreek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Koreek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikorea" title="Kikorea – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kikorea" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Корея кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Корея кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_kore" title="Lang kore – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang kore" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_kor%C3%AAy%C3%AE" title="Zimanê korêyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê korêyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Корей тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Корей тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B5" title="ພາສາເກົາຫຼີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາເກົາຫຼີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Coreana" title="Lingua Coreana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Coreana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Korejiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korejiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Корей чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Корей чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%97jie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Korėjiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korėjiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaans" title="Koreaans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koreaans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corean_(lingua)" title="Corean (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Corean (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreai_nyelv" title="Koreai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koreai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корејски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корејски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_k%C3%B4reanina" title="Fiteny kôreanina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kôreanina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="കൊറിയൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊറിയൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_K%C5%8Drea" title="Reo Kōrea – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kōrea" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियन भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोरियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კორეული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კორეული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="لغه كورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه كورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کره‌ای – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کره‌ای" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Korea" title="Bahasa Korea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥꯟ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Korea" title="Bahaso Korea – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Korea" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0ng-gu%C3%B3k-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hàng-guók-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hàng-guók-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Солонгос хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Солонгос хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကိုရီးယားဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုရီးယားဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaans" title="Koreaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koreaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोरियाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियन भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोरियन भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_coreana" title="Lengua coreana – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Lengua coreana" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Корейхойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Корейхойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaans_spriak" title="Koreaans spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koreaans spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreansk" title="Koreansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koreansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreansk" title="Koreansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Koreansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corean" title="Corean – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corean" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Корей йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Корей йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreys_tili" title="Koreys tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreys tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਰੀਅਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਰੀਅਨ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="کوریائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوریائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کوريايي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوريايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81" title="ភាសាកូរ៉េ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាកូរ៉េ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_corean" title="Lenga corean – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga corean" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Koria" title="Tok Koria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Koria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreaansche_Spraak" title="Koreaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koreaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_korea%C5%84ski" title="Język koreański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język koreański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_coreana" title="Língua coreana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua coreana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreys_tili" title="Koreys tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Koreys tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_tili" title="Kore tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kore tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_coreean%C4%83" title="Limba coreeană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba coreeană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuryu_simi" title="Kuryu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kuryu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Корейскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Корейскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Корейский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корейский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кэриэй тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэриэй тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Kolea" title="Faʻa Kolea – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Kolea" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="कोरियालिभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कोरियालिभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_coreana" title="Limba coreana – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba coreana" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_leid" title="Korean leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Korean leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Han-guk" title="Kari Han-guk – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Han-guk" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_koreane" title="Gjuha koreane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha koreane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොරියානු භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොරියානු භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Korean language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rej%C4%8Dina" title="Kórejčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kórejčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korej%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Korejščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korejščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryja%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Koryjańskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Koryjańskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمانی کۆری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی کۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Корејски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корејски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejski_jezik" title="Korejski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korejski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Basa Koréa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Koréa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_kieli" title="Korean kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korean kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreanska" title="Koreanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koreanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Koreano" title="Wikang Koreano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Koreano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="கொரிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொரிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Корей теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корей теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="కొరియన్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొరియన్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาเกาหลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเกาหลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B3%D3%A3" title="Забони кореягӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони кореягӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A5" title="ᎪᎵᎥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᎵᎥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korece" title="Korece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Korece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore%C3%BD_dili" title="Koreý dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Koreý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Көрей дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Көрей дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Корей кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Корей кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Корейська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корейська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوریائی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوریائی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%86%DB%95" title="كورىيەچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كورىيەچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejan_kel%27" title="Korejan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Korejan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_H%C3%A0n_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Hàn Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hàn Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korey%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Koreyänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Koreyänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_kiil" title="Korea kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Korea kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%AAyin" title="Corêyin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Corêyin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朝鮮語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinoreano_nga_pinulongan" title="Kinoreano nga pinulongan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kinoreano nga pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="韩语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="韩语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A9" title="קארעיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארעיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87" title="韓文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="韓文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryaki" title="Koryaki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koryaki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Korean</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangugeo-Chosono.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/130px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/195px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/260px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="371" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Hangugeo written (left) vertically in <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean alphabet</a> for South Korean and Chosŏnŏ written (right) for North Korean when referring the language</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Jaegaseung" title="Jaegaseung">Jaegaseung</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">81 million (2019–2022)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koreanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic">Koreanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Korean</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Koreanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Koreanic language">Proto-Koreanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Korean">Early Modern Korean</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EB%8C%80_%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:근대 한국어">ko</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:近世朝鮮語">ja</a>] </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">Pyojuneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">See <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li> <ul><li>In South Korea:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a> (archaic; limited)</li> <li>In North Korea:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></li> <li>Historically:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> only (<a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a>)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanbian Prefecture">Yanbian Prefecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Changbai_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Changbai County">Changbai County</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li> <ul><li>In South Korea:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></li> <li>In North Korea:</li> <li>The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science (사회과학원 어학연구소; 社會科學院語學硏究所)</li> <li>In China:</li> <li>China Korean Language Regulatory Commission (중국조선어규범위원회; 中国朝鲜语规范委员会)</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ko">ko</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=242">kor</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kor" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kor">kor</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kore1280">kore1280</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=45-AAA-a">45-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_coreano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Idioma_coreano.png/250px-Idioma_coreano.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Idioma_coreano.png/375px-Idioma_coreano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Idioma_coreano.png 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="438" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: yellowgreen;">South Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">한국어</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">韓國語</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hangugeo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Han'gugŏ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[ha(ː)n.ɡu.ɡʌ]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: yellowgreen;">North Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">조선어</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;">朝鮮語</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Joseoneo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chosŏnŏ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[tso.sɔ.nɔ]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-naenara-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/330px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/500px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Korean is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native language</a> for about 81 million people, mostly of <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-naenara-3">[3]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of both <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. In the south, the language is known as Hangugeo (<a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">South Korean</a>: 한국어) and in the north, it is known as Chosŏnŏ (<a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">North Korean</a>: 조선어). Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean popular culture</a> have spread to other countries through <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">cultural exports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in parts of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian Prefecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Korean_Autonomous_County" title="Changbai Korean Autonomous County">Changbai County</a>. It is also spoken by <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">Sakhalin Koreans</a> in parts of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> island just north of Japan, and by the <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a> in parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hölzl-6">[5]</a> The language has a few <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> relatives which—along with the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a> (Jejuan) of <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a> and Korean itself—form the compact <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic language family">Koreanic language family</a>. Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hölzl-6">[5]</a> The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">system of speech levels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">honorifics</a> indicative of the formality of any given situation. Modern Korean is written in the <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Korean script</a> (한글; Hangeul in South Korea, 조선글; Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the mid 20th century (<a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">mixed script</a> were the primary script until then).<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The script uses 24 basic letters (jamo) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. Interest in Korean language acquisition (as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">foreign language</a>) has been generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea–United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">China–North Korea</a> since the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. Along with other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, Korean is ranked at the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Aptitude_Battery" title="Defense Language Aptitude Battery">top difficulty level</a> for English speakers by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">History of Korean</a></div> Modern Korean descends from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a>, which in turn descends from <a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a>, which descends from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Koreanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Koreanic language">Proto-Koreanic language</a>, which is generally suggested to have its <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">linguistic homeland</a> somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Since the establishment of two independent governments, <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences</a> have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. While there tends to be strong political conflict between North and South Korea regarding these linguistic "differences," regional dialects within each country actually display greater linguistic variations than those found between North and South Korean standards. Nevertheless, these dialects remain largely <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Writing systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Hangul" title="Origin of Hangul">Origin of Hangul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunminjeongum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hunminjeongum.jpg/250px-Hunminjeongum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hunminjeongum.jpg/330px-Hunminjeongum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hunminjeongum.jpg/500px-Hunminjeongum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>King Sejong's proclamation of the Hangul script, written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>, written with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> and read with <a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a>, was first introduced to Korea in the 1st century BC, and remained the medium of formal writing and government until the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey2011111,_287–288-11">[10]</a> Korean scholars adapted Chinese characters (known in Korean as <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>) to write their own language, creating scripts known as <a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">idu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">hyangchal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">gugyeol</a>, and gakpil.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoWhitman202041–45-13">[12]</a> These systems were cumbersome, due to the fundamental disparities between the Korean and Chinese languages, and accessible only to those educated in classical Chinese. Most of the population was illiterate. In the 15th century King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> personally developed an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">featural writing system</a>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, to promote literacy among the common people.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Introduced in the document <a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a>, it was called eonmun ('colloquial script') and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. The Korean alphabet was denounced by the <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> aristocracy, who looked down upon it for being too easy to learn.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> However, it gained widespread use among the common class<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Since few people could understand official documents written in classical Chinese, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the yangban had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In the context of growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reform</a> of 1894 abolished the Confucian examinations and decreed that government documents would be issued in Hangul instead of literary Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoWhitman202049-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Some newspapers were published in Hangul, but other publications used <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a>, with Hanja for <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean vocabulary</a> and Hangul for other elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2001145-24">[23]</a> North Korea abolished Hanja in writing in 1949, but continues to teach them in schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2001145-24">[23]</a> Their usage in South Korea is mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation. Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life but is still important for historical and linguistic studies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> The Korean names for the language are based on the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">names for Korea</a> used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>, which is thought to be the first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former USSR</a> refer to themselves as <a href="/wiki/Koryo-saram" title="Koryo-saram">Koryo-saram</a> or Koryo-in (literally, '<a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea#Goryeo" title="Names of Korea">Koryo/Goryeo</a> people'), and call the language <a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a>. Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in the late 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-GoogleNGrams-25">[24]</a> In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including hangugeo ('Korean language'), hangungmal ('Korean speech') and urimal ('our language'); "hanguk" is taken from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> (대한제국; 大韓帝國; Daehan Jeguk). The "han" (韓) in Hanguk and Daehan Jeguk is derived from <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a>, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> (not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula),<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> while "-eo" and "-mal" mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as gugeo, literally "national language". This name is based on the same <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Han characters</a> (國語 'nation' + 'language') that are also used in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the language is most often called Joseonmal, or more formally, Joseoneo. This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> period until the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>, which in turn was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term Cháoxiǎnyǔ or the short form Cháoyǔ has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian</a>, whereas Hánguóyǔ or the short form Hányǔ is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Korean is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic family</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a>. Some linguists have included it in the <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoWhitman202011–12-28">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan language</a> has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting a Korean influence on Khitan.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The hypothesis that Korean could be related to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as <a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Martin" title="Samuel E. Martin">Samuel E. Martin</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Andrew_Miller" title="Roy Andrew Miller">Roy Andrew Miller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Starostin" title="Sergei Starostin">Sergei Starostin</a> (1991) found about 25% of potential <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in the Japanese–Korean 100-word <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Some linguists concerned with the issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a>, but rather to a <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">sprachbund</a> effect and heavy borrowing, especially from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Korean">Ancient Korean</a> into Western <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2008-33">[32]</a> A good example might be <a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> sàm and Japanese asá, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>".<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> This word seems to be a cognate, but although it is well attested in Western Old Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern Ryukyuan languages</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a> it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern Ryukyuan language group</a>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublet</a> wo meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2008211–212-35">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] (See <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages" title="Classification of the Japonic languages">Classification of the Japonic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Japanese_and_Korean" title="Comparison of Japanese and Korean">Comparison of Japanese and Korean</a> for further details on a possible relationship.) Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre-<a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a> substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as Amuric) were once distributed on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> before the arrival of Koreanic speakers.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Ko-구매자는_판매자에게_제품_대금으로_20달러를_지급하여야_한다.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ko-%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EB%8A%94_%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C_20%EB%8B%AC%EB%9F%AC%EB%A5%BC_%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%89%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%A4.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Ko-%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EB%8A%94_%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C_20%EB%8B%AC%EB%9F%AC%EB%A5%BC_%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%89%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%A4.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/Ko-%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EB%8A%94_%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C_20%EB%8B%AC%EB%9F%AC%EB%A5%BC_%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%89%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%A4.ogg/Ko-%EA%B5%AC%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EB%8A%94_%ED%8C%90%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%90%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EC%A0%9C%ED%92%88_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%88%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C_20%EB%8B%AC%EB%9F%AC%EB%A5%BC_%EC%A7%80%EA%B8%89%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC%EC%95%BC_%ED%95%9C%EB%8B%A4.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption>Spoken Korean (adult man): 구매자는 판매자에게 제품 대금으로 20달러를 지급하여야 한다. gumaejaneun panmaejaege jepum daegeumeuro isip dalleoreul ($20) jigeuphayeoya handa. "The buyer must pay the seller $20 for the product." lit. [the buyer] [to the seller] [the product] [in payment] [twenty dollars] [have to pay] [do]</figcaption></figure> Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide /j, w, ɰ/ and final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/ surrounding a core vowel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo- palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅁ">ㅁ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄴ">ㄴ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅇ">ㅇ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/<a href="#cite_note-37">[A]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅂ">ㅂ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄷ">ㄷ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅈ">ㅈ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄱ">ㄱ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tenseness#Consonants" title="Tenseness">tense</a> </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅃ">ㅃ</a> /p͈/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄸ">ㄸ</a> /t͈/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅉ">ㅉ</a> /t͡s͈/ or /t͡ɕ͈/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄲ">ㄲ</a> /k͈/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>aspirated </th> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅍ">ㅍ</a> /pʰ/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅌ">ㅌ</a> /tʰ/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅊ">ㅊ</a> /t͡sʰ/ or /t͡ɕʰ/ </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅋ">ㅋ</a> /kʰ/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th>plain </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅅ">ㅅ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ or /ɕ/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅎ">ㅎ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <th>tense </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅆ">ㅆ</a> /s͈/ or /ɕ͈/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/<a href="#cite_note-semivowels-38">[B]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/<a href="#cite_note-semivowels-38">[B]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄹ">ㄹ</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ or /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> only at the end of a syllable </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowels-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowels_38-1">b</a> The semivowels /w/ and /j/ are represented in Korean writing by modifications to vowel symbols (see below). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation_and_allophony">Assimilation and allophony</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assimilation and allophony">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol ⟨◌͈⟩ (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW) is used to denote the <a href="/wiki/Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tensed</a> consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/. Its official use in the <a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">extensions to the IPA</a> is for <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">"strong"</a> articulation, but is used in the literature for <a href="/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">faucalized voice</a>. The Korean consonants also have elements of <a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a>, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx. /s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences in the Korean language</a>). This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot (버섯) 'mushroom'). /h/ may become a <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> [ɸ] before [o] or [u], a <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> [ç] before [j] or [i], a <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> [x] before [ɯ], a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere. /p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds. /m, n/ frequently denasalize at the beginnings of words. /l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/. A written syllable-final 'ㄹ', when followed by a vowel or a glide (i.e., when the next character starts with 'ㅇ'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ]. Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j], and otherwise became /n/. However, the inflow of western <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">loanwords</a> changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l]. All <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>, [p̚, t̚, k̚]. Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds. <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying, partly historical <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" (두음법칙) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example, <ul><li>"labor" (勞動) – north: rodong (로동), south: nodong (노동)</li> <li>"history" (歷史) – north: ryeoksa (력사), south: yeoksa (역사)</li> <li>"female" (女子) – north: nyeoja (녀자), south: yeoja (여자)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Korean_short_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">Short vowel</a> chart</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg/220px-Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg/330px-Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg/440px-Korean_long_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">Long vowel</a> chart</figcaption></figure> The standard Korean monophthongs and their pronunciation principles<a href="#cite_note-korean.go.kr-39">[36]</a> are as follows: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Monophthongs </th> <td>ㅏ   /a/<a href="#endnote_ㅏ">[A]</a> ㅓ   /ʌ/ or /ə/<a href="#endnote_ㅓ">[B]</a> ㅗ   /o/ ㅜ   /u/ ㅡ   /ɯ/ ㅣ   /i/ /e/ ㅔ,  /ɛ/ ㅐ, /ø/ ㅚ,  /y/ ㅟ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vowels preceded by intermediaries, or diphthongs </th> <td>ㅑ   /ja/ ㅕ   /jʌ/ or /jə/ ㅛ   /jo/ ㅠ   /ju/ /je/ ㅖ,  /jɛ/ ㅒ,  /we/ ㅞ,  /wɛ/ ㅙ,  /wa/ ㅘ,  /ɰi/ ㅢ,  /wʌ/ ㅝ </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_ㅏ">^[A]</a> ㅏ is closer to a <a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">near-open central vowel</a> ([ɐ]), though ⟨a⟩ is still used for tradition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_ㅓ">^[B]</a> ㅓ is generally pronounced as [ə] when it becomes a long vowel. However, in Korea, with the exception of older generations in certain regions, most people neither pronounce nor distinguish clearly between the two monophthongs 'ㅐ' (ae) and 'ㅔ' (e). Similarly, 'ㅟ' and 'ㅚ' are sometimes pronounced as [wi] and [we] respectively.<a href="#cite_note-korean.go.kr-39">[36]</a> The demographic that maintains monophthongal realizations of 'ㅟ' and 'ㅚ' is reportedly limited to elderly speakers in the Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and Chungcheong provinces. The official standard pronunciation guidelines acknowledge this variation by permitting both monophthongal and diphthongal pronunciations of these vowels.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> In South Korea, while the distinction between long and short vowels is not clearly pronounced in contemporary speech, this distinction is maintained in standard language norms for reasons of tradition and semantic differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-korean.go.kr-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphophonemics">Morphophonemics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphophonemics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morphophonology" title="Morphophonology">Morphophonology</a></div> Grammatical <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include -eun/-neun (-은/-는) and -i/-ga (-이/-가). Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include -eul/-reul (-을/-를), -euro/-ro (-으로/-로), -eseo/-seo (-에서/-서), -ideunji/-deunji (-이든지/-든지) and -iya/-ya (-이야/-야). <ul><li>However, -euro/-ro is somewhat irregular, since it will behave differently after a <a href="/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ㄹ">ㄹ</a> (rieul consonant).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Korean particles </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>After a consonant</th> <th>After a ㄹ (rieul)</th> <th>After a vowel </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">-ui (-의) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-eun (-은)</td> <td>-neun (-는) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-i (-이)</td> <td>-ga (-가) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-eul (-을)</td> <td>-reul (-를) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">-gwa (-과)</td> <td>-wa (-와) </td></tr> <tr> <td>-euro (-으로)</td> <td colspan="2">-ro (-로) </td></tr></tbody></table> Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean grammar</a></div> Korean is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>. The Korean language is traditionally considered to have <a href="/wiki/Korean_parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean parts of speech">nine parts of speech</a>. Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV), but the verb is the only required and immovable element and <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages. Question <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">가게에gage-estore-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="locative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">LOC</abbr></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">가셨어요?ga-syeoss-eo-yogo-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="honorific" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">HON</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PAST</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="conjunction" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONJ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="polite register" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">POL</abbr></div>가게에 가셨어요?gage-e ga-syeoss-eo-yostore-LOC go-HON.PAST-CONJ-POL'Did [you] go to the store?'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> Response <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">예/네.ye/ne<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="affirmative" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AFF</abbr></div>예/네.ye/neAFF'yes.'<div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> The relationship between a speaker/writer and their <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and audience is paramount in <a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean grammar</a>. The relationship between the speaker/writer and subject referent is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">honorifics</a>, whereas that between speaker/writer and audience is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech level</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorifics">Honorifics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honorifics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">Korean honorifics</a></div> When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker or writer usually uses special nouns or verb endings to indicate the subject's superiority. Generally, someone is superior in status if they are an older relative, a stranger of roughly equal or greater age, or an employer, teacher, customer, or the like. Someone is equal or inferior in status if they are a younger stranger, student, employee, or the like. Nowadays, there are special endings which can be used on declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences, and both honorific or normal sentences. Honorifics in traditional Korea were strictly hierarchical. The caste and estate systems possessed patterns and usages much more complex and stratified than those used today. The intricate structure of the Korean honorific system flourished in traditional culture and society. Honorifics in contemporary Korea are now used for people who are psychologically distant. Honorifics are also used for people who are superior in status, such as older people, teachers, and employers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2006-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech_levels">Speech levels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speech levels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">Korean speech levels</a></div> There are seven verb <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">speech levels in Korean</a>, and each level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Honorifics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorifics">honorifics</a>—which are used to show respect towards the referent (the person spoken of)—speech levels are used to show respect towards a speaker's or writer's audience (the person spoken to). The names of the seven levels are derived from the non-honorific <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> form of the verb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:하다">하다</a> (hada, "do") in each level, plus the suffix 체 (che, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 體), which means "style". The three levels with high politeness (very formally polite, formally polite, casually polite) are generally grouped together as jondaesmal (존댓말), whereas the two levels with low politeness (formally impolite, casually impolite) are banmal (반말) in Korean. The remaining two levels (neutral formality with neutral politeness, high formality with neutral politeness) are neither polite nor impolite. Nowadays, younger-generation speakers no longer feel obligated to lower their usual regard toward the referent. It is common to see younger people talk to their older relatives with banmal. This is not out of disrespect, but instead it shows the intimacy and the closeness of the relationship between the two speakers. Transformations in social structures and attitudes in today's rapidly changing society have brought about change in the way people speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2006-41">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> In general, Korean lacks <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. As one of the few exceptions, the <a href="/wiki/Third-person_singular" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person singular">third-person singular</a> pronoun has two different forms: 그 geu (male) and 그녀 geunyeo (female). Before 그녀 was invented in need of translating 'she' into Korean, 그 was the only third-person singular pronoun and had no grammatical gender. Its origin causes 그녀 never to be used in spoken Korean but appearing only in writing. To have a more complete understanding of the intricacies of gender in Korean, three models of language and gender that have been proposed: the deficit model, the dominance model, and the cultural difference model. In the deficit model, male speech is seen as the default, and any form of speech that diverges from that norm (female speech) is seen as lesser than. The dominance model sees women as lacking in power due to living within a patriarchal society. The cultural difference model proposes that the difference in upbringing between men and women can explain the differences in their speech patterns. It is important to look at the models to better understand the misogynistic conditions that shaped the ways that men and women use the language. Korean's lack of grammatical gender makes it different from most European languages. Rather, gendered differences in Korean can be observed through formality, intonation, word choice, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2006189-43">[40]</a> However, one can still find stronger contrasts between genders within Korean speech. Some examples of this can be seen in: (1) the softer tone used by women in speech; (2) a married woman introducing herself as someone's mother or wife, not with her own name; (3) the presence of gender differences in titles and occupational terms (for example, a sajang is a company president, and yŏsajang is a female company president); (4) females sometimes using more <a href="/wiki/Tag_question" title="Tag question">tag questions</a> and rising tones in statements, also seen in speech from children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2006189–198-44">[41]</a> Between two people of asymmetric status in Korean society, people tend to emphasize differences in status for the sake of solidarity. Koreans prefer to use kinship terms, rather than any other terms of reference.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> In traditional Korean society, women have long been in disadvantaged positions. Korean social structure traditionally was a patriarchically dominated family system that emphasized the maintenance of family lines. That structure has tended to separate the roles of women from those of men.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Cho and Whitman (2019) explore how categories such as male and female and social context influence Korean's features. For example, they point out that usage of jagi (자기 you) is dependent on context. Among middle-aged women, jagi is used to address someone who is close to them, while young Koreans use jagi to address their lovers or spouses regardless of gender. Korean society's prevalent attitude towards men being in public (outside the home) and women living in private still exists today. For instance, the word for husband is bakkannyangban (바깥양반 'outside nobleman'), but a husband introduces his wife as ansaram (안사람 an 'inside' 'person'). Also in kinship terminology, oe (외 'outside' or 'wrong') is added for maternal grandparents, creating oeharabeoji and oehalmeoni (외할아버지, 외할머니 'grandfather and grandmother'), with different lexicons for males and females and patriarchal society revealed. Further, in interrogatives to an addressee of equal or lower status, Korean men tend to use haennya (했냐? 'did it?')' in aggressive masculinity, but women use haenni (했니? 'did it?')' as a soft expression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2015-47">[44]</a> However, there are exceptions. Korean society used the question endings -ni (니) and -nya (냐), the former prevailing among women and men until a few decades ago. In fact, -nya (냐) was characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Jeolla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeolla">Jeolla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chungcheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chungcheong">Chungcheong</a> dialects. However, since the 1950s, large numbers of people have moved to Seoul from Chungcheong and Jeolla, and they began to influence the way men speak. Recently, women also have used the -nya (냐). As for -ni (니), it is usually used toward people to be polite even to someone not close or younger. As for -nya (냐), it is used mainly to close friends regardless of gender. Like the case of "actor" and "actress", it also is possible to add a gender prefix for emphasis: biseo (비서 'secretary') is sometimes combined with yeo (여 'female') to form yeobiseo (여비서 'female secretary'); namja (남자 'man') often is added to ganhosa (간호사 'nurse') to form namja ganhosa (남자 간호사 'male nurse').<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Another crucial difference between men and women is the tone and pitch of their voices and how they affect the perception of politeness. Men learn to use an authoritative falling tone; in Korean culture, a deeper voice is associated with being more polite. In addition to the deferential speech endings being used, men are seen as more polite as well as impartial, and professional. While women who use a rising tone in conjunction with -yo (요) are not perceived to be as polite as men. The -yo (요) also indicates uncertainty since the ending has many prefixes that indicate uncertainty and questioning while the deferential ending has no prefixes to indicate uncertainty. The -hamnida (합니다) ending is the most polite and formal form of Korea, and the -yo (요) ending is less polite and formal, which reinforces the perception of women as less professional.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2015-47">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2006193–195-49">[46]</a> Hedges and euphemisms to soften assertions are common in women's speech. Women traditionally add nasal sounds neyng, neym, ney-e in the last syllable more frequently than men. Often, l is added in women's for female stereotypes and so igeolo (이거로 'this thing') becomes igeollo (이걸로 'this thing') to communicate a lack of confidence and passivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2006-41">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Women use more linguistic markers such as exclamation eomeo (어머 'oh') and eojjeom (어쩜 'what a surprise') than men do in cooperative communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2015-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg/250px-The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg/330px-The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg/500px-The_oldest_Korean_dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The oldest Korean dictionary (1920)</figcaption></figure> The core of the Korean vocabulary is made up of native Korean words. However, a significant proportion of the vocabulary, especially words that denote abstract ideas, are <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> words.<a href="#cite_note-Sohn-50">[47]</a> To a much lesser extent, some words have also been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> and other languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey20116-51">[48]</a> More recent loanwords are dominated by English. In South Korea, it is widely believed that North Korea wanted to emphasize the use of unique Korean expressions in its language and eliminate the influence of foreign languages. However, according to researchers such as Jeon Soo-tae, who has seen first-hand data from North Korea, the country has reduced the number of difficult foreign words in a similar way to South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> In 2021, Moon Sung-guk of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a> in North Korea wrote in his thesis that <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> had said that vernacularized Sino-Korean vocabulary should be used as it is, not modified. "A language is in constant interaction with other languages, and in the process it is constantly being developed and enriched," he said. According to the paper, Kim Jong Il argued that academic terms used in the natural sciences and engineering, such as 콤퓨터 (k'omp'yut'ŏ; 'computer') and 하드디스크 (hadŭdisŭk'ŭ; 'hard disk') should remain in the names of their inventors, and that the word 쵸콜레트 (ch'ok'ollet'ŭ; 'chocolate') should not be replaced because it had been used for so long.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> South Korea defines its vocabulary standards through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stdict.korean.go.kr/main/main.do">표준국어대사전</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Korean_Language_Dictionary" title="Standard Korean Language Dictionary">Standard Korean Language Dictionary</a>), and North Korea defines its vocabulary standards through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224145010/https://dprktoday.com/kor_dic/">조선말대사전</a> (Korean Language Dictionary). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Korean">Sino-Korean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sino-Korean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean vocabulary</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean</a> cardinal numbers </th> <th colspan="2">Native Korean cardinal numbers </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_romanization_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised romanization of Korean">Romanization</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_romanization_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised romanization of Korean">Romanization</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>일 </td> <td>一 </td> <td>il </td> <td>하나 </td> <td>hana </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>이 </td> <td>二 </td> <td>i </td> <td>둘 </td> <td>dul </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>삼 </td> <td>三 </td> <td>sam </td> <td>셋 </td> <td>set </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>사 </td> <td>四 </td> <td>sa </td> <td>넷 </td> <td>net </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>오 </td> <td>五 </td> <td>o </td> <td>다섯 </td> <td>daseot </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>육, 륙 </td> <td>六 </td> <td>yuk, ryuk </td> <td>여섯 </td> <td>yeoseot </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>칠 </td> <td>七 </td> <td>chil </td> <td>일곱 </td> <td>ilgop </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>팔 </td> <td>八 </td> <td>pal </td> <td>여덟 </td> <td>yeodeol </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>구 </td> <td>九 </td> <td>gu </td> <td>아홉 </td> <td>ahop </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>십 </td> <td>十 </td> <td>sip </td> <td>열 </td> <td>yeol </td></tr></tbody></table> Sino-Korean vocabulary consists of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borrowed_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Borrowed words">words directly borrowed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>, and</li> <li>compounds coined in Korea or Japan and read using the Sino-Korean reading of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>.</li></ul> Therefore, just like other words, Korean has <a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">two sets of numeral systems</a>. English is similar, having native English words and <a href="/wiki/Latinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinate">Latinate</a> equivalents such as water-aqua, fire-flame, sea-marine, two-dual, sun-solar, star-stellar. However, unlike English and Latin which belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> family and bear a certain resemblance, Korean and Chinese are <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetically unrelated</a> and the two sets of Korean words differ completely from each other. All Sino-Korean <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> are <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic_language" title="Monosyllabic language">monosyllabic</a> as in Chinese, whereas native Korean morphemes can be polysyllabic. The Sino-Korean words were deliberately imported alongside corresponding Chinese characters for a written language and everything was supposed to be written in Hanja, so the coexistence of Sino-Korean would be more thorough and systematic than that of Latinate words in English. The exact proportion of Sino-Korean vocabulary is a matter of debate. Sohn (2001) stated 50–60%.<a href="#cite_note-Sohn-50">[47]</a> In 2006 the same author gives an even higher estimate of 65%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn20065-54">[51]</a> Jeong Jae-do, one of the compilers of the dictionary Urimal Keun Sajeon, asserts that the proportion is not so high. He points out that Korean dictionaries compiled during the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">colonial period</a> include many unused Sino-Korean words. In his estimation, the proportion of Sino-Korean vocabulary in the Korean language might be as low as 30%.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_loanwords">Western loanwords</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Western loanwords">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a></div> The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> other than Sino-Korean come from modern times, approximately 90% of which are from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sohn-50">[47]</a> Many words have also been borrowed from <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">Western languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> via <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (e.g. 아르바이트 (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:アルバイト">areubaiteu</a>) 'part-time job', 알레르기 (allereugi) '<a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>', 기브스 (gibseu or gibuseu) 'plaster cast used for broken bones'). Some Western words were borrowed indirectly via Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation of Korea</a>, taking a Japanese sound pattern, for example "dozen" > ダース dāsu > 다스 daseu. However, most indirect Western borrowings are now written according to current "Hangulization" rules for the respective Western language, as if borrowed directly. In South Korean official use, a number of other Sino-Korean country names have been replaced with phonetically oriented "Hangeulizations" of the countries' endonyms or English names.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Because of such a prevalence of English in modern South Korean culture and society, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_borrowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical borrowing">lexical borrowing</a> is inevitable. English-derived Korean, or "Konglish" (콩글리시), is increasingly used. The vocabulary of the South Korean dialect of the Korean language is roughly 5% loanwords (excluding Sino-Korean vocabulary).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn200687-57">[54]</a> However, due to North Korea's isolation, such influence is lacking in North Korean speech. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG/220px-Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG/330px-Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG/440px-Yeongdong_Expressway_Entrance_Sign_in_Wonju_Interchange.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">romanization</a> on <a href="/wiki/Road_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Road signs">road signs</a>, for foreigners in South Korea</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean Braille</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">Hangul consonant and vowel tables</a></div> Modern Korean is written with an alphabet script, known as <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a>, combining Hanja and Hangul, is still used to a certain extent in South Korea, but that method is slowly declining in use even though students learn Hanja in school.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Below are charts of the letters of the Korean alphabet and their <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a> (RR) and canonical <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) values: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 한글 </th> <td>ㄱ </td> <td>ㄲ </td> <td>ㄴ </td> <td>ㄷ </td> <td>ㄸ </td> <td>ㄹ </td> <td>ㅁ </td> <td>ㅂ </td> <td>ㅃ </td> <td>ㅅ </td> <td>ㅆ </td> <td>ㅇ </td> <td>ㅈ </td> <td>ㅉ </td> <td>ㅊ </td> <td>ㅋ </td> <td>ㅌ </td> <td>ㅍ </td> <td>ㅎ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a> </th> <td>g </td> <td>kk </td> <td>n </td> <td>d </td> <td>tt </td> <td>r (initial), l (final) </td> <td>m </td> <td>b </td> <td>pp </td> <td>s </td> <td>ss </td> <td>silent (initial), ng (final) </td> <td>j </td> <td>jj </td> <td>ch </td> <td>k </td> <td>t </td> <td>p </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>k </td> <td>k͈ </td> <td>n </td> <td>t </td> <td>t͈ </td> <td>ɾ (initial), l (final) </td> <td>m </td> <td>p </td> <td>p͈ </td> <td>s </td> <td>s͈ </td> <td>∅ (initial), ŋ (final) </td> <td>t͡ɕ </td> <td>t͡ɕ͈ </td> <td>t͡ɕʰ </td> <td>kʰ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td>h </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> 한글 </th> <td>ㅣ </td> <td>ㅔ </td> <td>ㅚ </td> <td>ㅐ </td> <td>ㅏ </td> <td>ㅗ </td> <td>ㅜ </td> <td>ㅓ </td> <td>ㅡ </td> <td>ㅢ </td> <td>ㅖ </td> <td>ㅒ </td> <td>ㅑ </td> <td>ㅛ </td> <td>ㅠ </td> <td>ㅕ </td> <td>ㅟ </td> <td>ㅞ </td> <td>ㅙ </td> <td>ㅘ </td> <td>ㅝ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a> </th> <td>i </td> <td>e </td> <td>oe </td> <td>ae </td> <td>a </td> <td>o </td> <td>u </td> <td>eo </td> <td>eu </td> <td>ui </td> <td>ye </td> <td>yae </td> <td>ya </td> <td>yo </td> <td>yu </td> <td>yeo </td> <td>wi </td> <td>we </td> <td>wae </td> <td>wa </td> <td>wo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <td>i </td> <td>e </td> <td>ø, we </td> <td>ɛ </td> <td>a </td> <td>o </td> <td>u </td> <td>ʌ </td> <td>ɯ </td> <td>ɰi </td> <td>je </td> <td>jɛ </td> <td>ja </td> <td>jo </td> <td>ju </td> <td>jʌ </td> <td>ɥi, wi </td> <td>we </td> <td>wɛ </td> <td>wa </td> <td>wʌ </td></tr></tbody></table> The letters of the Korean alphabet are not written linearly like most alphabets, but instead arranged into blocks that represent <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a>. So, while the word <a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">bibimbap</a> (Korean rice dish) is written as eight characters in a row in the Latin alphabet, in Korean it is written 비빔밥, as three "syllabic blocks" in a row. <a href="/wiki/Mukbang" title="Mukbang">Mukbang</a> (먹방 'eating show') is seven characters after <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> but only two "syllabic blocks" before. Modern Korean is written with spaces between words, a feature not found in Chinese or Japanese (except when Japanese is written exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>, as in children's books). The <a href="/wiki/Punctuation_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctuation mark">marks</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Korean punctuation</a> are almost identical to Western ones. Traditionally, Korean was written in columns, from top to bottom, right to left, like traditional Chinese. However, the syllabic blocks are now usually written in rows, from left to right, top to bottom, like English. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_dialect_zones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean_dialect_zones.svg/250px-Korean_dialect_zones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean_dialect_zones.svg/330px-Korean_dialect_zones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Korean_dialect_zones.svg/500px-Korean_dialect_zones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Korean dialect zones</figcaption></figure> Korean has numerous small local <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> (called mal (말; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'speech'), saturi (사투리), or bangeon (방언; 方言)). South Korean authors claim that the <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard language</a> (pyojuneo or pyojunmal) of both South Korea and North Korea is based on the dialect of the area around Seoul (which, as Hanyang, was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a>-era Korea for 500 years), but since 1966, North Korea officially states that its standard is based on the Pyongyang speech.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> All dialects of Korean are similar to one another and largely are <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> (with the exception of dialect-specific phrases or nonstandard vocabulary unique to dialects) though the <a href="/wiki/Jeju_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeju dialect">dialect of Jeju Island</a> is divergent enough to be generally considered a separate language.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yukjin_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukjin dialect">Yukjin dialect</a> in the far northeast is also quite distinctive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey2000313-63">[60]</a> One of the more salient differences between dialects is the use of tone: speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul dialect">Seoul dialect</a> make use of vowel length, but speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Gyeongsang dialect</a> maintain the <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch accent</a> of Middle Korean. Some dialects are conservative, maintaining Middle Korean sounds (such as z, β, ə), which have been lost from the standard language, and others are highly innovative. <a href="#CITEREFKang_YoonjungHan_Sungwoo2013">Kang Yoonjung & Han Sungwoo (2013)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKim_Mi-Ryoung2013">Kim Mi-Ryoung (2013)</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFCho_Sunghye2017">Cho Sunghye (2017)</a> suggest that the modern Seoul dialect is currently undergoing <a href="/wiki/Tonogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonogenesis">tonogenesis</a> based on the finding that in recent years <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">lenis consonants</a> (ㅂㅈㄷㄱ), <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated consonants</a> (ㅍㅊㅌㅋ) and fortis consonants (ㅃㅉㄸㄲ) were shifting from a distinction via <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a> to that of pitch change;<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> however, <a href="#CITEREFChoi_JiyounKim_SahyangCho_Taehong2020">Choi Jiyoun, Kim Sahyang & Cho Taehong (2020)</a> disagree with the suggestion that the consonant distinction shifting away from voice onset time is due to the introduction of tonal features, and instead proposes that it is a <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodically conditioned change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> There is substantial evidence for a history of extensive <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> or intermixture of two or more originally-distinct linguistic stocks, within the Korean language and its dialects. Many Korean dialects have a basic vocabulary that is etymologically distinct from vocabulary of identical meaning in Standard Korean or other dialects. For example, "<a href="/wiki/Garlic_chives" class="mw-redirect" title="Garlic chives">garlic chives</a>" translated into Gyeongsang dialect is /t͡ɕʌŋ.ɡu.d͡ʑi/ (정구지; jeongguji), but in Standard Korean, it is /puːt͡ɕʰu/ (부추; buchu). This suggests that the Korean Peninsula may have at one time been much more linguistically diverse than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> See also the <a href="/wiki/Japanese%E2%80%93Koguryoic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese–Koguryoic languages">Japanese–Koguryoic languages</a> hypothesis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North–South_differences">North–South differences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North–South differences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences in the Korean language</a></div> The language used in the North and the South exhibit differences in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> In North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of /si/ is optional, and /t͡ɕ/ can be pronounced [z] between vowels. Words that are written the same way may be pronounced differently (such as the examples below). The pronunciations below are given in <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> and modified <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> (what the Korean characters would be if one were to write the word as pronounced). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">Word </th> <th rowspan="3"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>RR </th> <th rowspan="3">Meaning </th> <th colspan="6">Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">North </th> <th colspan="3">South </th></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />RR </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />MR </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a> </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />RR </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" />MR </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>읽고 </td> <td>ilgo </td> <td>to read (continuative form) </td> <td>ilko </td> <td>ilko </td> <td>(일)코 </td> <td>ilkko </td> <td>ilkko </td> <td>(일)꼬 </td></tr> <tr> <td>압록강 </td> <td>amnokgang </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Amnok River</a> </td> <td>amrokgang </td> <td>amrokkang </td> <td>암(록)깡 </td> <td>amnokkang </td> <td>amnokkang </td> <td>암녹깡 </td></tr> <tr> <td>독립 </td> <td>dongnip </td> <td>independence </td> <td>dongrip </td> <td>tongrip </td> <td>동(립) </td> <td>dongnip </td> <td>tongnip </td> <td>동닙 </td></tr> <tr> <td>관념 </td> <td>gwannyeom </td> <td>idea / sense / conception </td> <td>gwallyeom </td> <td>kwallyŏm </td> <td>괄렴 </td> <td>gwannyeom </td> <td>kwannyŏm </td> <td>(관)념 </td></tr> <tr> <td>혁신적* </td> <td>hyeoksinjeok </td> <td>innovative </td> <td>hyeoksinjjeok </td> <td>hyŏksintchŏk </td> <td>(혁)씬쩍 </td> <td>hyeoksinjeok </td> <td>hyŏksinjŏk </td> <td>(혁)씬(적) </td></tr></tbody></table> * In the North, similar pronunciation is used whenever the Hanja "的" is attached to a Sino-Korean word ending in ㄴ, ㅁ or ㅇ. * In the South, this rule only applies when it is attached to any single-character Sino-Korean word. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling">Spelling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spelling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_spelling_alphabet" title="Korean spelling alphabet">Korean spelling alphabet</a></div> Some words are spelled differently by the North and the South, but the pronunciations are the same. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Word </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th rowspan="2">Pronunciation (RR/MR) </th> <th rowspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th>North spelling </th> <th>South spelling </th></tr> <tr> <td>해빛 </td> <td>햇빛 </td> <td>sunshine </td> <td>haeppit (haepit) </td> <td>The "sai siot" ('ㅅ' used for indicating sound change) is almost never written out in the North. </td></tr> <tr> <td>벗꽃 </td> <td>벚꽃 </td> <td>cherry blossom </td> <td>beotkkot (pŏtkkot) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>못읽다 </td> <td>못 읽다 </td> <td>cannot read </td> <td>modikda (modikta) </td> <td>Spacing. </td></tr> <tr> <td>한나산 </td> <td>한라산 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallasan" title="Hallasan">Hallasan</a> </td> <td>hallasan (hallasan) </td> <td>When a ㄴㄴ combination is pronounced as ll, the original Hangul spelling is kept in the North, whereas the Hangul is changed in the South. </td></tr> <tr> <td>규률 </td> <td>규율 </td> <td>rules </td> <td>gyuyul (kyuyul) </td> <td>In words where the original Hanja is spelt "렬" or "률" and follows a vowel, the initial ㄹ is not pronounced in the North, making the pronunciation identical with that in the South where the ㄹ is dropped in the spelling. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_and_pronunciation">Spelling and pronunciation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spelling and pronunciation">edit</a>]</div> Basically, the standard languages of North and South Korea, including pronunciation and vocabulary, are both linguistically based on the Seoul dialect, but in North Korea, words have been modified to reflect the theories of scholars like <a href="/wiki/Kim_Tu-bong" title="Kim Tu-bong">Kim Tu-bong</a>, who sought a refined language, as well as political needs. Some differences are difficult to explain in terms of political ideas, such as North Korea's use of the word rajio (라지오).: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Word </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th rowspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th>North spelling </th> <th>North pronun. </th> <th>South spelling </th> <th>South pronun. </th></tr> <tr> <td>력량 </td> <td>ryeongryang (ryŏngryang) </td> <td>역량 </td> <td>yeongnyang (yŏngnyang) </td> <td>strength </td> <td>Initial r's are dropped if followed by i or y in the South Korean version of Korean. </td></tr> <tr> <td>로동 </td> <td>rodong (rodong) </td> <td>노동 </td> <td>nodong (nodong) </td> <td>work </td> <td>Initial r's are demoted to an n if not followed by i or y in the South Korean version of Korean. </td></tr> <tr> <td>원쑤 </td> <td>wonssu (wŏnssu) </td> <td>원수 </td> <td>wonsu (wŏnsu) </td> <td>mortal enemy </td> <td>"Mortal enemy" and "<a href="/wiki/Wonsu" title="Wonsu">field marshal</a>" are homophones in the South. Possibly to avoid referring to <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> as the enemy, the second syllable of "enemy" is written and pronounced 쑤 in the North.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>라지오 </td> <td>rajio (rajio) </td> <td>라디오 </td> <td>radio (radio) </td> <td>radio </td> <td>In South Korea, the expression rajio is considered a Japanese expression that was introduced during the Japanese colonial rule and does not properly represent the pronunciation of Korean.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>우 </td> <td>u (u) </td> <td>위 </td> <td>wi (wi) </td> <td>on; above </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>안해 </td> <td>anhae (anhae) </td> <td>아내 </td> <td>anae (anae) </td> <td>wife </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>꾸바 </td> <td>kkuba (kkuba) </td> <td>쿠바 </td> <td>kuba (k'uba) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>When transcribing foreign words from languages that do not have contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated stops, North Koreans generally use tensed stops for the unaspirated ones while South Koreans use aspirated stops in both cases. </td></tr> <tr> <td>페 </td> <td>pe (p'e) </td> <td>폐 </td> <td>pye (p'ye), pe (p'e) </td> <td>lungs </td> <td>In the case where ye comes after a consonant, such as in hye and pye, it is pronounced without the palatal approximate. North Korean orthography reflects this pronunciation nuance. </td></tr></tbody></table> In general, when transcribing place names, North Korea tends to use the pronunciation in the original language more than South Korea, which often uses the pronunciation in English. For example: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Original name </th> <th colspan="2">North Korea transliteration </th> <th rowspan="2">English name </th> <th colspan="2">South Korea transliteration </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a> </td> <td>울란바따르 </td> <td>ullanbattareu (ullanbattarŭ) </td> <td>Ulan Bator </td> <td>울란바토르 </td> <td>ullanbatoreu (ullanbat'orŭ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>København </td> <td>쾨뻰하븐 </td> <td>koeppenhabeun (k'oeppenhabŭn) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td> <td>코펜하겐 </td> <td>kopenhagen (k'op'enhagen) </td></tr> <tr> <td>al-Qāhirah </td> <td>까히라 </td> <td>kkahira (kkahira) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> </td> <td>카이로 </td> <td>kairo (k'airo) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar_2">Grammar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> Some grammatical constructions are also different: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Word </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th rowspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th>North spelling </th> <th>North <abbr title="pronunciation">pronun.</abbr> </th> <th>South spelling </th> <th>South pronun. </th></tr> <tr> <td>되였다 </td> <td>doeyeotda (toeyŏtta) </td> <td>되었다 </td> <td>doeeotda (toeŏtta) </td> <td>past tense of 되다 (doeda/toeda), "to become" </td> <td>All similar grammar forms of verbs or adjectives that end in ㅣ in the stem (i.e. ㅣ, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅚ, ㅟ and ㅢ) in the North use 여 instead of the South's 어. </td></tr> <tr> <td>고마와요 </td> <td>gomawayo (komawayo) </td> <td>고마워요 </td> <td>gomawoyo (komawŏyo) </td> <td>thanks </td> <td>ㅂ-irregular verbs in the North use 와 (wa) for all those with a positive ending vowel; this only happens in the South if the verb stem has only one syllable. </td></tr> <tr> <td>할가요 </td> <td>halgayo (halkayo) </td> <td>할까요 </td> <td>halkkayo (halkkayo) </td> <td>Shall we do? </td> <td>Although the Hangul differ, the pronunciations are the same (i.e. with the tensed ㄲ sound). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Punctuation">edit</a>]</div> In the North, <a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">guillemets</a> (《 and 》) are the symbols used for <a href="/wiki/Quote_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quote marks">quotes</a>; in the South, quotation marks equivalent to the English ones (" and ") are standard (although 『』 and 「」 are also used). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary_2">Vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Some vocabulary is different between the North and the South: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Word </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th> <th rowspan="2">Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <th>North word </th> <th>North pronun. </th> <th>South word </th> <th>South pronun. </th></tr> <tr> <td>문화주택 </td> <td>munhwajutaek (munhwajut'aek) </td> <td>아파트 </td> <td>apateu (ap'at'ŭ) </td> <td>Apartment </td> <td>아빠트 (appateu/appat'ŭ) is also used in the North. </td></tr> <tr> <td>조선어 </td> <td>joseoneo (chosŏnŏ) </td> <td>한국어 </td> <td>hangugeo (han'gugŏ) </td> <td>Korean language </td> <td>The Japanese pronunciation of 조선말 was used throughout Korea and Manchuria during Japanese imperial rule, but after liberation, the government in the South chose the name 대한민국 (daehanminguk) which was derived from the name immediately prior to Japanese imperial rule, and claimed by government-in-exile from 1919. The syllable 한 (han) was drawn from the same source as that name (in reference to the Han people). <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea#20th_century" title="Names of Korea">Read more</a>. 조선어 (joseoneo/chosŏnŏ) is officially used in the North. </td></tr> <tr> <td>곽밥 </td> <td>gwakbap (kwakpap) </td> <td>도시락 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dosirak" title="Dosirak">dosirak</a> (tosirak) </td> <td>lunch box </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>동무 </td> <td>dongmu (tongmu) </td> <td>친구 </td> <td>chingu (ch'in'gu) </td> <td>Friend </td> <td>동무 was originally a non-ideological word for "friend" used all over the Korean peninsula, but North Koreans later adopted it as the equivalent of the Communist term of address "<a href="/wiki/Comrade" title="Comrade">comrade</a>". As a result, to South Koreans today the word has a heavy political tinge, and so they have shifted to using other words for friend like chingu (친구) or beot (벗). Today, beot (벗) is closer to a term used in literature, and chingu (친구) is the widest-used word for friend. Such changes were made after the Korean War and the ideological battle between the anti-Communist government in the South and North Korea's communism.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a></div> Korean is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean people</a> in both South Korea and North Korea, and by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Korean diaspora</a> in many countries including the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In 2001, Korean was the fourth most popular <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a> in China, following English, Japanese, and Russian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn20016-74">[71]</a> Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> into host countries, not all ethnic Koreans may speak it with native fluency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang-Kaesong_motorway_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Highway sign in Korean, Reunification Highway, Pyongyang, Korea"><img alt="Highway sign in Korean, Reunification Highway, Pyongyang, Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pyongyang-Kaesong_motorway_02.JPG/250px-Pyongyang-Kaesong_motorway_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="243" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pyongyang-Kaesong_motorway_02.JPG/500px-Pyongyang-Kaesong_motorway_02.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="2530" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highway sign in Korean, <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification Highway">Reunification Highway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AH1sign-Daegu,Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highway sign in Korean and English, Gyeongbu Expressway, Daegu, Korea"><img alt="Highway sign in Korean and English, Gyeongbu Expressway, Daegu, Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg/240px-AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg/360px-AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg/480px-AH1sign-Daegu%2CKorea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highway sign in Korean and English, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Expressway" title="Gyeongbu Expressway">Gyeongbu Expressway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C_%EF%BC%88%E5%90%89%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F_%EF%BC%89_Jilin-Yanji_Highway_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highway sign in Korean and Chinese, Hunwu Expressway, Yanbian, China"><img alt="Highway sign in Korean and Chinese, Hunwu Expressway, Yanbian, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C_%EF%BC%88%E5%90%89%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F_%EF%BC%89_Jilin-Yanji_Highway_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C_%EF%BC%88%E5%90%89%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F_%EF%BC%89_Jilin-Yanji_Highway_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C_%EF%BC%88%E5%90%89%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F_%EF%BC%89_Jilin-Yanji_Highway_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%E5%A4%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%A4%B4%E8%BF%98%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%A4%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C_%EF%BC%88%E5%90%89%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%98%E9%80%9F_%EF%BC%89_Jilin-Yanji_Highway_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1546" data-file-height="1138" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Highway sign in Korean and Chinese, <a href="/wiki/G12_Hunchun%E2%80%93Ulanhot_Expressway" title="G12 Hunchun–Ulanhot Expressway">Hunwu Expressway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian</a>, China</div> </li> </ul> Korean is the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of South Korea and North Korea. It, along with <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, is also one of the two official languages of China's <a href="/wiki/Yanbian_Korean_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture">Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture</a>. In North Korea, the regulatory body is the Language Institute of the Academy of Social Sciences (사회과학원 어학연구소; 社會科學院語學硏究所; Sahoegwahagwŏn ŏhagyŏn'guso). In South Korea, the regulatory body for Korean is the <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>-based <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>, which was created by presidential decree on 23 January 1991. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Sejong_Institute">King Sejong Institute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: King Sejong Institute">edit</a>]</div> Established pursuant to Article 9, Section 2, of the Framework Act on the National Language, the <a href="/wiki/King_Sejong_Institute" title="King Sejong Institute">King Sejong Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> is a public institution set up to coordinate the government's project of propagating Korean language and culture; it also supports the King Sejong Institute, which is the institution's overseas branch. The King Sejong Institute was established in response to: <ul><li>An increase in the demand for Korean language education;</li> <li>a rapid increase in Korean language education thanks to the spread of the culture (<a href="/wiki/Hallyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallyu">hallyu</a>), an increase in international marriage, the expansion of Korean enterprises into overseas markets, and enforcement of employment licensing system;</li> <li>the need for a government-sanctioned Korean language educational institution;</li> <li>the need for general support for overseas Korean language education based on a successful domestic language education program.</li></ul> King Sejong Institute has 59 in Europe, 15 in Africa, 146 in Asia, 34 in the Americas, and 4 in Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TOPIK_Korea_Institute">TOPIK Korea Institute</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: TOPIK Korea Institute">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/TOPIK" class="mw-redirect" title="TOPIK">TOPIK</a> Korea Institute is a lifelong educational center affiliated with a variety of Korean universities in Seoul, South Korea, whose aim is to promote Korean language and culture, support local Korean teaching internationally, and facilitate cultural exchanges. The institute is sometimes compared to language and culture promotion organizations such as the King Sejong Institute. Unlike that organization, however, the TOPIK Korea Institute operates within established universities and colleges around the world, providing educational materials. In countries around the world, Korean embassies and cultural centers (한국문화원) administer TOPIK examinations.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_language">Foreign language</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Foreign language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_as_a_foreign_language" title="Korean as a foreign language">Korean as a foreign language</a></div> For native English-speakers, Korean is generally considered to be one of the most difficult <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign languages</a> to master despite the relative ease of learning Hangul. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute" title="Defense Language Institute">Defense Language Institute</a> places Korean in Category IV with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, requiring 64 weeks of instruction (as compared to just 26 weeks for Category I languages like <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>) to bring an English-speaking student to a limited working level of proficiency in which they have "sufficient capability to meet routine social demands and limited job requirements" and "can deal with concrete topics in past, present, and future tense."<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Institute" title="Foreign Service Institute">Foreign Service Institute</a>'s School of Language Studies places Korean in Category IV, the highest level of difficulty.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The study of the Korean language in the United States is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean American</a> <a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">heritage language students</a>; in 2007, these students were estimated to form over 80% of all students of the language at non-military universities.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Sejong_Institute" title="Sejong Institute">Sejong Institutes</a> in the United States have noted a sharp rise in the number of people of other ethnic backgrounds studying Korean between 2009 and 2011, which they attribute to <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">rising popularity</a> of <a href="/wiki/K-Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="K-Pop">South Korean music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">television shows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> In 2018, it was reported that the rise in K-Pop was responsible for the increase in people learning the language in US universities.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Testing">edit</a>]</div> There are two widely used tests of Korean as a foreign language: the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Language_Ability_Test" title="Korean Language Ability Test">Korean Language Ability Test</a> (KLAT) and the <a href="/wiki/Test_of_Proficiency_in_Korean" title="Test of Proficiency in Korean">Test of Proficiency in Korean</a> (TOPIK). The Korean Language Proficiency Test, an examination aimed at assessing non-native speakers' competence in Korean, was instituted in 1997; 17,000 people applied for the 2005 sitting of the examination.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> The TOPIK was first administered in 1997 and was taken by 2,274 people. Since then the total number of people who have taken the TOPIK has surpassed 1 million, with more than 150,000 candidates taking the test in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> TOPIK is administered in 45 regions within South Korea and 72 nations outside of South Korea, with a significant portion being administered in Japan and North America, which would suggest the targeted audience for TOPIK is still primarily foreigners of Korean heritage.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> This is also evident in TOPIK's website, where the examination is introduced as intended for Korean heritage students. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Example text">edit</a>]</div> From Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Korean (<a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">South Korean standard</a>):<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778" /><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">모든Modeun</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">인간은inganeun</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">태어날taeeonal</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">때부터ttaebuteo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">자유로우며jayuroumyeo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">그geu</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">존엄과joneomgwa</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">권리에gwollie</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">있어isseo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">동등하다.dongdeunghada.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">인간은Inganeun</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">천부적으로cheonbujeogeuro</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">이성과iseonggwa</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">양심을yangsimeul</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">부여받았으며buyeobadasseumyeo</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">서로seoro</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">형제애의hyeongjeaeui</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">정신으로jeongsineuro</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">행동하여야haengdonghayeoya</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;">한다.handa.</div>모든 인간은 태어날 때부터 자유로우며 그 존엄과 권리에 있어 동등하다. 인간은 천부적으로 이성과 양심을 부여받았으며 서로 형제애의 정신으로 행동하여야 한다.Modeun inganeun taeeonal ttaebuteo jayuroumyeo geu joneomgwa gwollie isseo dongdeunghada. Inganeun cheonbujeogeuro iseonggwa yangsimeul buyeobadasseumyeo seoro hyeongjeaeui jeongsineuro haengdonghayeoya handa.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/28px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/42px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/56px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Korean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of Korean language">Outline of Korean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_count_word" title="Korean count word">Korean count word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Cultural_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Cultural Center">Korean Cultural Center</a> (KCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_and_computers" title="Korean language and computers">Korean language and computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_as_a_foreign_language" title="Korean as a foreign language">Korean as a foreign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Korean mixed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_use_of_Korean_mixed_script" title="Debate on the use of Korean mixed script">Debate on mixed script and Hangul exclusivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean particles">Korean particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_proverbs" title="Korean proverbs">Korean proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean language">Korean words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean romanization">Korean romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_romanization_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised romanization of Korean">Revised romanization of Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale romanization of Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Korean_origin" title="List of English words of Korean origin">List of English words of Korean origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">History of Korean</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Measured as of 2020. The estimated 2020 combined population of North and South Korea was about 77 million. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kor">Korean language</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (28th ed., 2025) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHermann1994" class="citation book cs1">Hermann, Winfred (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/north_korean_language_textbooks/Lehrbuch%20der%20Modernen%20Koreanischen%20Sprache/page/26/mode/2up">Lehrbuch der Modernen Koreanischen Sprache</a>. Berlin: Buske. p. 26. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Modernen+Koreanischen+Sprache&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Buske&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Winfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorth_korean_language_textbooks%2FLehrbuch%2520der%2520Modernen%2520Koreanischen%2520Sprache%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naenara-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naenara_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naenara_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naenara.com.kp/main/index/ko/politics?arg_val=symbol">"국가상징"</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Naenara" title="Naenara">Naenara</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2024. <q>조선민주주의인민공화국의 국어는 조선어이다.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%83%81%EC%A7%95&rft.pub=Naenara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnaenara.com.kp%2Fmain%2Findex%2Fko%2Fpolitics%3Farg_val%3Dsymbol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFlegaltranslations2020" class="citation web cs1">legaltranslations (16 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legal-translations.com.au/korean-language-key-differences-north-south/">"The Korean Language: Key Differences Between North and South - Blog"</a>. Legal Translations. Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Translations&rft.atitle=The+Korean+Language%3A+Key+Differences+Between+North+and+South+-+Blog&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.au=legaltranslations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegal-translations.com.au%2Fkorean-language-key-differences-north-south%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hölzl-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hölzl_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hölzl_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHölzl2018" class="citation book cs1">Hölzl, Andreas (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cC9tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective</a>. Language Science Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783961101023" title="Special:BookSources/9783961101023"><bdi>9783961101023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106134711/https://books.google.com/books?id=cC9tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+typology+of+questions+in+Northeast+Asia+and+beyond%3A+An+ecological+perspective&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.isbn=9783961101023&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lzl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcC9tDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim-Renaud2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/kl.12.07ykk">"Mixed Script and Literacy in Korea"</a>. Korean Linguistics. 12 (1): 161–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fkl.12.07ykk">10.1075/kl.12.07ykk</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-3784">0257-3784</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Mixed+Script+and+Literacy+in+Korea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fkl.12.07ykk&rft.issn=0257-3784&rft.aulast=Kim-Renaud&rft.aufirst=Young-Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Fkl.12.07ykk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-8"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia (108). <q>... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+the+Language+Map+of+Prehistorical+Northeast+Asia&rft.issue=108&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVovin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fkl.15.2.03vov">10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=From+Koguryo+to+Tamna%3A+Slowly+riding+to+the+South+with+speakers+of+Proto-Korean&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fkl.15.2.03vov&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, John (1 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan"</a>. Rice. 4 (3): 149–158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..149W">2011Rice....4..149W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0">10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-8433">1939-8433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Northeast+Asian+Linguistic+Ecology+and+the+Advent+of+Rice+Agriculture+in+Korea+and+Japan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=2011-12-01&rft.issn=1939-8433&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9080-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..149W&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9080-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey2011111,_287–288-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey2011111,_287–288_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeRamsey2011">Lee & Ramsey (2011)</a>, pp. 111, 287–288. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHannas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, Wm C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA57">Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=Wm+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJfv8Iyd2m4C%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoWhitman202041–45-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoWhitman202041–45_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChoWhitman2020">Cho & Whitman (2020)</a>, pp. 41–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoernerAsher2014" class="citation book cs1">Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (28 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists</a>. Elsevier. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9754-5"><bdi>978-1-4832-9754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+History+of+the+Language+Sciences%3A+From+the+Sumerians+to+the+Cognitivists&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-9754-5&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=E.+F.+K.&rft.au=Asher%2C+R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVCqLBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim-Renaud1997" class="citation book cs1">Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nonRl2cerIgC&pg=PA15">The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824817237" title="Special:BookSources/9780824817237"><bdi>9780824817237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Alphabet%3A+Its+History+and+Structure&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780824817237&rft.aulast=Kim-Renaud&rft.aufirst=Young-Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnonRl2cerIgC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/hangeul/setting/002.html"><bdi lang="ko">알고 싶은 한글</bdi></a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134258/https://www.korean.go.kr/hangeul/setting/002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0+%EC%8B%B6%EC%9D%80+%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Korean+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Fhangeul%2Fsetting%2F002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2016" class="citation web cs1">Montgomery, Charles (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktlit.com/korean-literature-in-translation-chapter-four-the-creation-of-hangeul/">"Korean Literature in Translation – Chapter Four: It All Changes! The Creation of Hangul"</a>. KTLit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508055319/http://www.ktlit.com/korean-literature-in-translation-chapter-four-the-creation-of-hangeul/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016. <q>Hangul was sometimes known as the "language of the inner rooms," (a dismissive term used partly by yangban in an effort to marginalize the alphabet), or the domain of women.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Literature+in+Translation+%E2%80%93+Chapter+Four%3A+It+All+Changes%21+The+Creation+of+Hangul&rft.pub=KTLit&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktlit.com%2Fkorean-literature-in-translation-chapter-four-the-creation-of-hangeul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChan2003" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Tak-hung Leo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5oPBC2AfgAC&pg=PA183">One into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature</a>. Rodopi. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042008151" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042008151"><bdi>978-9042008151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+into+Many%3A+Translation+and+the+Dissemination+of+Classical+Chinese+Literature&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9042008151&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Tak-hung+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5oPBC2AfgAC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3m6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Despite+the+initial+cool+reception,+Hangul+gradually+become+widely+used+by+commoners+in+writing+letters,+poetry+and+other+stories.%22">"Korea Newsreview"</a>. Korea News Review. Korea Herald, Incorporated. 1 January 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106134712/https://books.google.com/books?id=P3m6AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Despite+the+initial+cool+reception,+Hangul+gradually+become+widely+used+by+commoners+in+writing+letters,+poetry+and+other+stories.%22">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+News+Review&rft.atitle=Korea+Newsreview&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3m6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Despite%2Bthe%2Binitial%2Bcool%2Breception%2C%2BHangul%2Bgradually%2Bbecome%2Bwidely%2Bused%2Bby%2Bcommoners%2Bin%2Bwriting%2Bletters%2C%2Bpoetry%2Band%2Bother%2Bstories.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA90">Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+East+Asia%3A+The+Story+of+a+Phoenix&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95823-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZQs-6KswMC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909112530/http://archive.aks.ac.kr/letter/letterViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+LET+KSM-XF.1692.0000-20140430.B0016_9-010">"Archive of Joseon's Hangul letters – A letter sent from Song Gyuryeom to slave Guityuk (1692)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.aks.ac.kr/letter/letterViewer.aspx?datauci=G002+LET+KSM-XF.1692.0000-20140430.B0016_9-010">the original</a> on 9 September 2018. 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Korea.assembly.go.kr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204210419/http://korea.assembly.go.kr/history_html/history_07/mod_09.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016. <q><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>, Edict No. 1 – All official documents are to be written in Hangul, and not Chinese characters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+History&rft.pub=Korea.assembly.go.kr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkorea.assembly.go.kr%2Fhistory_html%2Fhistory_07%2Fmod_09.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn2001145-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn2001145_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn2001145_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSohn2001">Sohn (2001)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-GoogleNGrams-25"><a href="#cite_ref-GoogleNGrams_25-0">^</a> According to Google's NGram English corpus of 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Korea%2CCorea&year_start=1800&year_end=1950&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CKorea%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CCorea%3B%2Cc0">"Google Ngram Viewer"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3DKorea%252CCorea%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D1950%26corpus%3D15%26smoothing%3D3%26share%3D%26direct_url%3Dt1%253B%252CKorea%253B%252Cc0%253B.t1%253B%252CCorea%253B%252Cc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF이기환2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이기환 (30 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201708300913001&code=960100&www"><bdi lang="ko">[이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyunghyang_Shinmun" title="Kyunghyang Shinmun">Kyunghyang Shinmun</a> (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190812154305/http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=201708300913001&code=960100&www">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyunghyang+Shinmun&rft.atitle=%5B%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%98%EC%9D%98+%ED%9D%94%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%5D%EA%B5%AD%ED%98%B8%EB%85%BC%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%84%EB%A7%90%E2%80%A6%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B4%EB%83%90+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B4%EB%83%90&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.khan.co.kr%2Fkh_news%2Fkhan_art_view.html%3Fartid%3D201708300913001%26code%3D960100%26www&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF이덕일" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이덕일. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html"><bdi lang="ko">[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국</bdi></a>. 조선닷컴 (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134345/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2020. 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Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 70 (2): 207–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2017.70.2.4">10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224042740/http://real.mtak.hu/56022/1/062.2017.70.2.4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Koreanic+loanwords+in+Khitan+and+their+importance+in+the+decipherment+of+the+latter&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F062.2017.70.2.4&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F56022%2F1%2F062.2017.70.2.4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1966">Martin (1966)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMartin1990">Martin (1990)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> e.g. <a href="#CITEREFMiller1971">Miller (1971)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFMiller1996">Miller (1996)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarostin1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Starostin, Sergei (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/Starostin_AP.pdf">Altaiskaya problema i proishozhdeniye yaponskogo yazika</a> [The Altaic Problem and the Origins of the Japanese Language] (PDF) (in Russian). 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English Teaching. 77 (1): 7–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15858%2Fengtea.77.1.202203.21">10.15858/engtea.77.1.202203.21</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247804299">247804299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221211809/http://journal.kate.or.kr/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/v77_1_02.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Teaching&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Gender+Pronoun+Errors+in+Korean+Speakers%27+English+Speech&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15858%2Fengtea.77.1.202203.21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247804299%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Sooho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.kate.or.kr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F03%2Fv77_1_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECho2006193–195-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho2006193–195_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCho2006">Cho (2006)</a>, pp. 193–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohn-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sohn_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohn_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohn_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSohn2001">Sohn (2001)</a>, Section 1.5.3 "Korean vocabulary", pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey20116-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeRamsey20116_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeRamsey2011">Lee & Ramsey (2011)</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/133661-20040417.html"><bdi lang="ko">남북의 언어: 종결편 이장균 기자</bdi></a>. Radio Free Asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427153920/https://www.rfa.org/korean/in_focus/133661-20040417.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Asia&rft.atitle=%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81%EC%9D%98+%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%3A+%EC%A2%85%EA%B2%B0%ED%8E%B8+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9E%A5%EA%B7%A0+%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fkorean%2Fin_focus%2F133661-20040417.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/ko/research/articles/125b93c9b50703fe9dac43ec231f5f83?cp=0"><bdi lang="ko">위대한 령도자 김정일동지께서 어휘정리사업이 편향없이 진행되도록 이끌어주신 불멸의 령도</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081751/http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/ko/research/articles/125b93c9b50703fe9dac43ec231f5f83?cp=0">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EC%9C%84%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C+%EB%A0%B9%EB%8F%84%EC%9E%90+%EA%B9%80%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%BC%EB%8F%99%EC%A7%80%EA%BB%98%EC%84%9C+%EC%96%B4%ED%9C%98%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85%EC%9D%B4+%ED%8E%B8%ED%96%A5%EC%97%86%EC%9D%B4+%EC%A7%84%ED%96%89%EB%90%98%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9D+%EC%9D%B4%EB%81%8C%EC%96%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%8B%A0+%EB%B6%88%EB%A9%B8%EC%9D%98+%EB%A0%B9%EB%8F%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ryongnamsan.edu.kp%2Funiv%2Fko%2Fresearch%2Farticles%2F125b93c9b50703fe9dac43ec231f5f83%3Fcp%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn20065-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn20065_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSohn2006">Sohn (2006)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKim2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Jin-su (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/376204.html"><bdi lang="ko">우리말 70%가 한자말? 일제가 왜곡한 거라네</bdi></a> [Our language is 70% hanja? Japanese Empire distortion]. The Hankyoreh (in Korean). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011114508/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/religion/376204.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%90+70%25%EA%B0%80+%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%90%3F+%EC%9D%BC%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%80+%EC%99%9C%EA%B3%A1%ED%95%9C+%EA%B1%B0%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jin-su&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fculture%2Freligion%2F376204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> The dictionary mentioned is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"> <bdi lang="ko">우리말 큰 사전</bdi>. Seoul: Hangul Hakhoe. 1992. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27072560">27072560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%90+%ED%81%B0+%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hangul+Hakhoe&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27072560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Choo, Sungjae (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34158%2FONOMA.51%2F2016%2F2">"The use of Hanja (Chinese characters) in Korean toponyms: Practices and issues"</a>. Journal of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences. 51: 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34158%2FONOMA.51%2F2016%2F2">10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Council+of+Onomastic+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+use+of+Hanja+%28Chinese+characters%29+in+Korean+toponyms%3A+Practices+and+issues&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34158%2FONOMA.51%2F2016%2F2&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=Sungjae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.34158%252FONOMA.51%252F2016%252F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn200687-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn200687_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSohn2006">Sohn (2006)</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310060249/http://www.royalpalace.go.kr:8080/content/community/question/view.asp?seq=23&page=9&c1=&c2="><bdi lang="ko">현판 글씨들이 한글이 아니라 한자인 이유는?</bdi></a>. royalpalace.go.kr (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalpalace.go.kr:8080/content/community/question/view.asp?seq=23&page=9&c1=&c2=">the original</a> on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=royalpalace.go.kr&rft.atitle=%ED%98%84%ED%8C%90+%EA%B8%80%EC%94%A8%EB%93%A4%EC%9D%B4+%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80%EC%9D%B4+%EC%95%84%EB%8B%88%EB%9D%BC+%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B8+%EC%9D%B4%EC%9C%A0%EB%8A%94%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalpalace.go.kr%3A8080%2Fcontent%2Fcommunity%2Fquestion%2Fview.asp%3Fseq%3D23%26page%3D9%26c1%3D%26c2%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF전" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">전, 영선. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gyeoremal.or.kr/file/conference05.pdf"><bdi lang="ko">북한 언어문화의 변화양상과 전망</bdi></a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230802012237/https://www.gyeoremal.or.kr/file/conference05.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%B6%81%ED%95%9C+%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%9D%98+%EB%B3%80%ED%99%94%EC%96%91%EC%83%81%EA%B3%BC+%EC%A0%84%EB%A7%9D&rft.aulast=%EC%A0%84&rft.aufirst=%EC%98%81%EC%84%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gyeoremal.or.kr%2Ffile%2Fconference05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownYeon2015" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (2015). The handbook of Korean linguistics (1st ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 477, 484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118371008" title="Special:BookSources/9781118371008"><bdi>9781118371008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+handbook+of+Korean+linguistics&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=477%2C+484&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781118371008&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rft.au=Yeon%2C+Jaehoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYangO'GradyYangHilton2019" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Changyong; O'Grady, William; Yang, Sejung; Hilton, Nanna Haug; Kang, Sang-Gu; Kim, So-Young (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/95566880/Yang2019_ReferenceWorkEntry_RevisingTheLanguageMapOfKorea.pdf">"Revising the Language Map of Korea"</a> (PDF). In Brunn, Stanley D; Kehrein, Roland (eds.). Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-73400-2_110-1">10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_110-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73400-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-73400-2"><bdi>978-3-319-73400-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:188565336">188565336</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102123748/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/95566880/Yang2019_ReferenceWorkEntry_RevisingTheLanguageMapOfKorea.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revising+the+Language+Map+of+Korea&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Changing+World+Language+Map&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A188565336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-73400-2_110-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-73400-2&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Changyong&rft.au=O%27Grady%2C+William&rft.au=Yang%2C+Sejung&rft.au=Hilton%2C+Nanna+Haug&rft.au=Kang%2C+Sang-Gu&rft.au=Kim%2C+So-Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F95566880%2FYang2019_ReferenceWorkEntry_RevisingTheLanguageMapOfKorea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREF김보향_(Kim_Bo-hyang)2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">김보향 (Kim Bo-hyang) (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10878526">"Osaka Ikuno-ku jiyeok jaeil Jejuinui Jeju bangeon sayong siltaee gwanhan yeongu" <bdi lang="ko">오사카 이쿠노쿠 지역 재일제주인의 제주방언 사용 실태에 관한 연구</bdi></a> [A Study on the Jeju Dialect Used by Jeju People Living in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, Japan]. 영주어문 학술저널 [Yeongju Language and Literature Academic Journal]. 28: 120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-9011">1598-9011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102123748/https://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE10878526">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. 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"Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study". 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Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Global+popularity+of+Korean+language+surges&rft.date=2012-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fview.koreaherald.com%2Fkh%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20120722000212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPickles2018" class="citation news cs1">Pickles, Matt (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44770777">"K-pop drives boom in Korean language lessons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716105916/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44770777">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=K-pop+drives+boom+in+Korean+language+lessons&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.aulast=Pickles&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-44770777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219042456/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200410/200410100002.html">"Korea Marks 558th Hangul Day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. 10 October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200410/200410100002.html">the original</a> on 19 February 2008. 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Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Korean+language+test-takers+pass+1+mil.&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft.au=Yun+Suh-young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2013%2F01%2F113_129158.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025022701/http://www.topik.go.kr/usr/cmm/subLocation.do?menuSeq=211010402"><bdi lang="ko">해외시험장</bdi></a>. TOPIK 한국어능력시험 (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topik.go.kr/usr/cmm/subLocation.do?menuSeq=211010402">the original</a> on 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TOPIK+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4%EB%8A%A5%EB%A0%A5%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98&rft.atitle=%ED%95%B4%EC%99%B8%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98%EC%9E%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topik.go.kr%2Fusr%2Fcmm%2FsubLocation.do%3FmenuSeq%3D211010402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/korean-hankuko">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Korean (Hankuko)"</a>. OHCHR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727100255/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/korean-hankuko">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+%E2%80%93+Korean+%28Hankuko%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Fkorean-hankuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights"</a>. United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArgüellesKim2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles, Alexander</a>; Kim, Jong-Rok (2000). A Historical, Literary and Cultural Approach to the Korean Language. Seoul, South Korea: Hollym.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical%2C+Literary+and+Cultural+Approach+to+the+Korean+Language&rft.place=Seoul%2C+South+Korea&rft.pub=Hollym&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Arg%C3%BCelles&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jong-Rok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArgüellesKim2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles, Alexander</a>; Kim, Jongrok (2004). A Handbook of Korean Verbal Conjugation. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Korean+Verbal+Conjugation&rft.place=Hyattsville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Arg%C3%BCelles&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jongrok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArgüelles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles, Alexander</a> (2007). Korean Newspaper Reader. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Newspaper+Reader&rft.place=Hyattsville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Arg%C3%BCelles&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArgüelles2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Alexander Argüelles">Argüelles, Alexander</a> (2010). North Korean Reader. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korean+Reader&rft.place=Hyattsville%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Arg%C3%BCelles&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, L. (2015). "Expressive, Social and Gendered Meanings of Korean Honorifics". Korean Linguistics. 17 (2): 242–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fkl.17.2.04bro">10.1075/kl.17.2.04bro</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korean+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Expressive%2C+Social+and+Gendered+Meanings+of+Korean+Honorifics&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E242-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fkl.17.2.04bro&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChang1996" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Suk-jin (1996). Korean. London Oriental and African Language Library. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-728-4"><bdi>978-1-55619-728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.series=London+Oriental+and+African+Language+Library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55619-728-4&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Suk-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCho2006" class="citation book cs1">Cho, Young A. (2006). "Gender Differences in Korean Speech". In Sohn, Ho-min (ed.). Korean Language in Culture and Society. University of Hawaii Press. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Differences+in+Korean+Speech&rft.btitle=Korean+Language+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Young+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoWhitman2020" class="citation book cs1">Cho, Sungdai; Whitman, John (2020). Korean: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51485-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean%3A+A+Linguistic+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51485-9&rft.aulast=Cho&rft.aufirst=Sungdai&rft.au=Whitman%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1905" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, Homer B. (1905). A Comparative Grammar of the Korean Language and the Dravidian Dialects in India. Seoul: Methodist Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Grammar+of+the+Korean+Language+and+the+Dravidian+Dialects+in+India&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=Homer+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeRamsey2000" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000). The Korean Language. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4831-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4831-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-4831-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4831-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Iksop&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeeRamsey2011" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). A History of the Korean Language. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66189-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66189-8"><bdi>978-0-521-66189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Korean+Language&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66189-8&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Moon&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+S.+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1966" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Samuel E. (1966). "Lexical Evidence Relating Japanese to Korean". Language. 42 (2): 185–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F411687">10.2307/411687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/411687">411687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Lexical+Evidence+Relating+Japanese+to+Korean&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F411687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F411687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Samuel E. (1990). "Morphological clues to the relationship of Japanese and Korean". In <a href="/wiki/Philip_Baldi" title="Philip Baldi">Baldi, Philip</a> (ed.). Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs. Vol. 45. pp. 483–509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morphological+clues+to+the+relationship+of+Japanese+and+Korean&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Change+and+Reconstruction+Methodology&rft.series=Trends+in+Linguistics%3A+Studies+and+Monographs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin2006" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Samuel E. (2006). A Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language – 韓國語文法總監. <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3771-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-3771-2"><bdi>978-0-8048-3771-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reference+Grammar+of+Korean%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Grammar+and+History+of+the+Korean+Language+%E2%80%93+%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%A3&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-3771-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1971" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roy Andrew (1971). Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-52719-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-52719-0"><bdi>0-226-52719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+and+the+Other+Altaic+Languages&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-226-52719-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Roy Andrew (1996). Languages and History: Japanese, Korean and Altaic. Oslo, Norway: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8299-69-4" title="Special:BookSources/974-8299-69-4"><bdi>974-8299-69-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+and+History%3A+Japanese%2C+Korean+and+Altaic&rft.place=Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.pub=Institute+for+Comparative+Research+in+Human+Culture&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=974-8299-69-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Roy+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamstedt1928" class="citation journal cs1">Ramstedt, G. J. (1928). "Remarks on the Korean language". Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Finno-Ougrienne&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+the+Korean+language&rft.volume=58&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Ramstedt&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRybatzki2003" class="citation book cs1">Rybatzki, Volker (2003). "Middle Mongol". In Janhunen, Juha (ed.). The Mongolic languages. London, England: Routledge. pp. 47–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1133-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1133-3"><bdi>0-7007-1133-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Mongol&rft.btitle=The+Mongolic+languages&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7007-1133-3&rft.aulast=Rybatzki&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarostinDyboMudrak2003" class="citation book cs1">Starostin, Sergei A.; Dybo, Anna V.; Mudrak, Oleg A. (2003). Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages. Leiden, South Holland: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13153-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13153-1"><bdi>90-04-13153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Altaic+Languages&rft.place=Leiden%2C+South+Holland&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-13153-1&rft.aulast=Starostin&rft.aufirst=Sergei+A.&rft.au=Dybo%2C+Anna+V.&rft.au=Mudrak%2C+Oleg+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> In 3 volumes.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSohn2001" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min (2001) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sx6gdJIOcoQC">The Korean Language</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521369435" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521369435"><bdi>978-0521369435</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521369435&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSx6gdJIOcoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Sohn, Ho-Min (2006). Korean Language in Culture and Society. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2694-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+Language+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2694-9&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSong2005" class="citation book cs1">Song, J.-J. (2005). The Korean Language: Structure, Use and Context. London, England: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language%3A+Structure%2C+Use+and+Context&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=J.-J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrask1996" class="citation book cs1">Trask, R. L. (1996). Historical linguistics. Hodder Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+linguistics&rft.pub=Hodder+Arnold&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVovin2008" class="citation web cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211234350/http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/graphicversion/dbase/forum/pdf/fn215.pdf">"Man'yōshū to Fudoki ni Mirareru Fushigina Kotoba to Jōdai Nihon Retto ni Okeru Ainugo no Bunpu"</a> [Strange Words in the Man'yoshū and the Fudoki and the Distribution of the Ainu Language in the Japanese Islands in Prehistory] (PDF) (paper). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nichibun.ac.jp/graphicversion/dbase/forum/pdf/fn215.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB+to+Fudoki+ni+Mirareru+Fushigina+Kotoba+to+J%C5%8Ddai+Nihon+Retto+ni+Okeru+Ainugo+no+Bunpu&rft.pub=International+Research+Center+for+Japanese+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nichibun.ac.jp%2Fgraphicversion%2Fdbase%2Fforum%2Fpdf%2Ffn215.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVovin2010" class="citation book cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2010). Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koreo-Japonica%3A+A+Re-evaluation+of+a+Common+Genetic+Origin&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+HI&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1985" class="citation thesis cs1">Whitman, John B. (1985). The Phonological Basis for the Comparison of Japanese and Korean (PhD thesis). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Phonological+Basis+for+the+Comparison+of+Japanese+and+Korean&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Harvard+University&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"> Unpublished Harvard University PhD dissertation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeonBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Yeon, Jaehoon; Brown, Lucien (2011). Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar. London, England: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Yeon&rft.aufirst=Jaehoon&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wright-house.com/korean/korean-linguistics-origins.html">Linguistic and Philosophical Origins of the Korean Alphabet (Hangul)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korean.sogang.ac.kr/">Sogang University free online Korean language and culture course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easy-korean.com/">Beginner's guide to Korean for English speakers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330224954/http://www.easy-korean.com/">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livelingua.com/fsi-korean-course.php">U.S. Foreign Service Institute Korean basic course</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianreadings.com/introduction">asianreadings.com</a>, Korean readings with hover prompts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasie/16.htm">Linguistic map of Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dongsa.net/">dongsa.net</a>, Korean verb conjugation tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809000215/http://www.hanja.me/">Hanja Explorer</a>, a tool to visualize and study Korean vocabulary</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Korean at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Korean_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Korean language">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Korean_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Korean language">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_language" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Korean language">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Korean_language" class="extiw" title="q:Korean language">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Korean_language" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Korean language">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Korean" class="extiw" title="b:Korean">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Korean" class="extiw" title="v:Korean">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/20px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Korean_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="voy:Korean phrasebook">Phrasebook</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ko:">Korean edition</a> of Wikipedia</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9176" class="extiw" title="d:Q9176">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Korean_language225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_language" title="Template:Korean language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_language" title="Template talk:Korean language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Korean_language225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages#Proto-Koreanic" title="Koreanic languages">Proto-Koreanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_languages" title="Han languages">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puy%C5%8F_languages" title="Puyŏ languages">Puyŏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye-Maek_language" title="Ye-Maek language">Ye-Maek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a> (?–10th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baekje_language" title="Baekje language">Baekje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo_language" title="Buyeo language">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya_language" title="Gaya language">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_language" title="Goguryeo language">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_language" title="Mahan language">Mahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Silla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Korean" title="Middle Korean">Middle Korean</a> (10–16th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Goryeo</li> <li>Joseon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern Korean (17–18th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Joseon</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Korean</a> (19th century–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Joseon</li> <li>North Korea</li> <li>South Korea</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hangugeo-Chosono.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/125px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/188px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg/250px-Hangugeo-Chosono.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="371" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">Pyojuneo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_dialect" title="Chungcheong dialect">Chungcheong dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_dialect" title="Gangwon dialect">Gangwon dialect</a> <ul><li>Yeongdong dialect</li> <li>Yeongseo dialect</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_dialect" title="Gyeonggi dialect">Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Gyeongsang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeolla_dialect" title="Jeolla dialect">Jeolla dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamgy%C5%8Fng_dialect" title="Hamgyŏng dialect">Hamgyŏng dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_dialect" title="Hwanghae dialect">Hwanghae dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongan_dialect" title="Pyongan dialect">Pyongan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukjin_Korean" title="Yukjin Korean">Yukjin dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Chinese Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koryo-mar" title="Koryo-mar">Koryo-mar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Korean_language" title="Zainichi Korean language">Zainichi Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul_consonant_and_vowel_tables" title="Hangul consonant and vowel tables">Consonant and vowel tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_punctuation" title="Korean punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Korean" title="Transcription into Korean">Transcription into Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Romanization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Cyrillization of Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_count_word" title="Korean count word">Count word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_honorifics" title="Korean honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_numerals" title="Korean numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_postpositions" title="Korean postpositions">Postpositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">Speech levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasa_(poetry)" title="Gasa (poetry)">Gasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyangga" title="Hyangga">Hyangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijo" title="Sijo">Sijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongbieocheonga" title="Yongbieocheonga">Yongbieocheonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samguk_sagi" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placename_glosses_in_the_Samguk_sagi" title="Placename glosses in the Samguk sagi">Placename glosses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Circle_of_Korean_Linguistics" title="International Circle of Korean Linguistics">International Circle of Korean Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konglish" title="Konglish">Konglish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Konglish_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Konglish terms">List of Konglish terms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Korean_origin" title="List of English words of Korean origin">List of English words of Korean origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences in the Korean language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean vocabulary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-rs2hx","wgBackendResponseTime":289,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.262","walltime":"2.689","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18593,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":489619,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24325,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":27,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":345750,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2341.700 1 -total"," 18.85% 441.313 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.54% 387.271 3 Template:Infobox"," 15.39% 360.451 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 14.89% 348.787 309 Template:Lang"," 9.70% 227.030 35 Template:Cite_book"," 5.68% 133.018 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.25% 122.918 130 Template:IPA"," 5.05% 118.168 22 Template:Sfnp"," 4.44% 104.025 24 Template:Korean"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.415","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23178975,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArgüelles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArgüelles2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArgüellesKim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArgüellesKim2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownYeon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoWhitman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCho_Sunghye2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoi_JiyounKim_SahyangCho_Taehong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannas1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermann1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudsonRobbeets2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulbert1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHölzl2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanhunen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKang_YoonjungHan_Sungwoo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannoSociety_for_Korean_Linguistics_in_Japan1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim-Renaud1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim-Renaud2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Mi-Ryoung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoernerAsher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeHyunJoo_Han\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeRamsey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeRamsey2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickles2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamstedt1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaugh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybatzki2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarostin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarostinDyboMudrak2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrask1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitman1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangO\u0026#039;GradyYangHilton2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeonBrown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYun_Suh-young2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFlegaltranslations2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김보향_(Kim_Bo-hyang)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이기환2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이덕일\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF전\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF정(Jeong)2017\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Break\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 35,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Culture of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"E28\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 3,\n [\"Fs interlinear\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 12,\n [\"IPA\"] = 130,\n [\"IPAslink\"] = 14,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese/Korean\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language/family-color\"] = 2,\n [\"Korean\"] = 24,\n [\"Korean language\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 277,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tlit\"] = 4,\n [\"Tooltip\"] = 5,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 3,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Unichar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","20.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","15.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","9.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.8"],["concat","40","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.6"],["init \u003CModule:Unicode_data\u003E","40","2.6"],["[others]","500","32.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-845w2","timestamp":"20250331025516","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Korean language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9176","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9176","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-25T14:49:03Z","dateModified":"2025-03-26T18:22:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8c\/Hangugeo-Chosono.svg","headline":"language spoken in Korean Peninsula and some parts of North-eastern China"}</script> </body> </html>