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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95" title="উদ্ধৃতি সূচক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্ধৃতি সূচক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Индекс на цитиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индекс на цитиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndex_de_cites" title="Índex de cites – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índex de cites" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_index" title="Citační index – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Citační index" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationsindeks" title="Citationsindeks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Citationsindeks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitationsdatenbank" title="Zitationsdatenbank – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zitationsdatenbank" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_de_citas" title="Índice de citas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Índice de citas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="نمایه استنادی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایه استنادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_de_citation" title="Indice de citation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indice de citation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citatna_baza_podataka" title="Citatna baza podataka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Citatna baza podataka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeks_sitasi" title="Indeks sitasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indeks sitasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indice_di_citazione" title="Indice di citazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indice di citazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citatie-index" title="Citatie-index – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Citatie-index" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="サイテーションインデックス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サイテーションインデックス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siteringsindeks" title="Siteringsindeks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Siteringsindeks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baza_cytowa%C5%84" title="Baza cytowań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baza cytowań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_de_cita%C3%A7%C3%B5es" title="Índice de citações – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índice de citações" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Индекс цитирования научных статей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индекс цитирования научных статей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeksi_i_citimit" title="Indeksi i citimit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Indeksi i citimit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_index" title="Citačný index – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Citačný index" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Цитатни индекс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цитатни индекс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viittausindeksi" title="Viittausindeksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viittausindeksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citeringsdatabas" title="Citeringsdatabas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Citeringsdatabas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ดัชนีอ้างอิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชนีอ้างอิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Намояи истинодӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намояи истинодӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%B1nt%C4%B1_endeksi" title="Alıntı 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Citation_indexes.jpg/440px-Citation_indexes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Citation index</figcaption></figure><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Index of citations between publications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation impact</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_metrics" title="Category:Citation metrics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Citation metrics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-110px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-165px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Locations_of_papers_in_a_map_of_science_and_locations_of_the_key_papers_for_Nobel_prizes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">G-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">H-index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_coupling" title="Bibliographic coupling">Bibliographic coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_dynamics" title="Citation dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_graph" title="Citation graph">Graph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation" title="Co-citation">Co-citation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-citation_Proximity_Analysis" title="Co-citation Proximity Analysis">Proximity Analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_citation" title="Coercive citation">Coercive citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_cartel" title="Citation cartel">Citation cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Open_Citations" title="Initiative for Open Citations">I4OC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal-level</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CiteScore" title="CiteScore">CiteScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardashian_Index" title="Kardashian Index">Kardashian Index</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_metrics" title="Template talk:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Citation_metrics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Citation metrics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>citation index</b> is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_index" title="Bibliographic index">bibliographic index</a>, an index of <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citations</a> between publications, allowing the user to easily establish which later documents cite which earlier documents. A form of citation index is first found in 12th-century Hebrew religious literature. Legal citation indexes are found in the 18th century and were made popular by <a href="/wiki/Citator" title="Citator">citators</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shepard%27s_Citations" title="Shepard's Citations">Shepard's Citations</a> (1873). In 1961, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a> (ISI) introduced the first citation index for papers published in <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journals</a>, first the <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Citation Index">Science Citation Index</a></i> (SCI), and later the <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a></i> (SSCI) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Citation_Index" title="Arts and Humanities Citation Index">Arts and Humanities Citation Index</a></i> (AHCI). <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> converted its printed <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstract_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Abstract Service">Chemical Abstract Service</a> (established in 1907) into internet-accessible <a href="/wiki/SciFinder" class="mw-redirect" title="SciFinder">SciFinder</a> in 2008. The first automated citation indexing <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was done by <a href="/wiki/CiteSeer" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeer">CiteSeer</a> in 1997 and was patented.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources for such data include <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic" title="Microsoft Academic">Microsoft Academic</a>, Elsevier's <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>'s <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icite.od.nih.gov">iCite</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nih2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nih2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_index&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known citation index is an index of biblical citations in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a>, the <i>Mafteah ha-Derashot</i>, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> and probably dating to the 12th century. It is organized alphabetically by biblical phrase. Later biblical citation indexes are in the order of the canonical text. These citation indices were used both for general and for legal study. The Talmudic citation index <i>En Mishpat</i> (1714) even included a symbol to indicate whether a Talmudic decision had been overridden, just as in the 19th-century <i>Shepard's Citations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike modern scholarly citation indexes, only references to one work, the Bible, were indexed. </p><p>In English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with <i>Raymond's Reports</i> (1743) and followed by <i>Douglas's Reports</i> (1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early tables of legal citations ("citators") were followed by a more complete, book length index, Labatt's <i>Table of Cases...California...</i> (1860) and in 1872 by Wait's <i>Table of Cases...New York...</i>. The most important and best-known citation index for legal cases was released in 1873 with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Shepard%27s_Citations" title="Shepard's Citations">Shepard's Citations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-shapiro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapiro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Adair, a former president of <i>Shepard's Citations</i>, suggested in 1920 that citation indexes could serve as a tool for tracking science and engineering literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After learning that <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Garfield" title="Eugene Garfield">Eugene Garfield</a> held a similar opinion, Adair corresponded with Garfield in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correspondence prompted Garfield to examine <i>Shepard's Citations</i> index as a model that could be extended to the sciences. Two years later Garfield published "Citation indexes for science" in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, Garfield started a consulting business, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Scientific_Information" title="Institute for Scientific Information">Institute for Scientific Information</a> (ISI), in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and began a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> about the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961 Garfield received a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">U.S. National Institutes of Health</a> to compile a citation index for Genetics. To do so, Garfield's team gathered 1.4 million citations from 613 journals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this work, Garfield and the ISI produced the first version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Citation_Index_Expanded" title="Science Citation Index Expanded">Science Citation Index</a></i>, published as a book in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_citation_indexing_services">Major citation indexing services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_index&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major citation indexing services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Citation_index" title="Special:EditPage/Citation index">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Citation+index%22">"Citation index"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Citation+index%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Citation+index%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Citation+index%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Citation+index%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Citation+index%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indexing_and_abstracting_service" title="Indexing and abstracting service">Indexing and abstracting service</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Citation_indices" title="Category:Citation indices">Citation indices</a></div> <p>General-purpose, subscription-based academic citation indexes include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a> (previously the Intellectual Property and Science business of <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, available online only, which similarly combines subject searching with citation browsing and tracking in the sciences and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>.</li></ul> <p>Each of these offer an index of citations between publications and a mechanism to establish which documents cite which other documents. They are not open-access and differ widely in cost: Web of Science and Scopus are available by subscription (generally to libraries). </p><p>In addition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/">CiteSeer</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/">Google Scholar</a> are freely available online. </p><p>Several open-access, subject-specific citation indexing services also exist, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSPIRE-HEP" title="INSPIRE-HEP">INSPIRE-HEP</a> which covers high energy physics,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>, which covers life sciences and biomedical topics, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics_Data_System" title="Astrophysics Data System">Astrophysics Data System</a> which covers astronomy and physics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representativeness_of_proprietary_databases">Representativeness of proprietary databases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_index&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Representativeness of proprietary databases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarivate Analytics">Clarivate Analytics</a>' <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a> (WoS) and Elsevier's <a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a> databases are synonymous with data on international research, and considered as the two most trusted or authoritative sources of bibliometric data for peer-reviewed global research knowledge across disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongeon_2016_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongeon_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archambault_2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archambault_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Falagas_2008b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falagas_2008b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alonso_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alonso_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harzing_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harzing_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ràfols_2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ràfols_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are both also used widely for the purposes of researcher evaluation and promotion, institutional impact (for example the role of WoS in the UK Research Excellence Framework 2021<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and international league tables (Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in the THE rankings<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). But while these databases are generally agreed to contain rigorously-assessed, high quality research, they do not represent the sum of current global research knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-TenMyths_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often mentioned in popular science articles that the research output of countries in South America, Asia, and Africa are disappointingly low. Sub-Saharan Africa is cited as an example for having "13.5% of the global population but less than 1% of global research output".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fact is based on data from a World Bank/Elsevier report from 2012 which relies on data from Scopus.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed in Scopus. Similarly, many others have analysed putatively global or international collaborations and mobility using the even more selective WoS database.<sup id="cite_ref-Ribeiro_2018_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ribeiro_2018-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chinchilla-Rodríguez_2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chinchilla-Rodríguez_2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boshoff_2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boshoff_2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research outputs in this context refers to papers specifically published in peer-reviewed journals that are indexed either in Scopus or WoS. </p><p>Both WoS and Scopus are considered highly selective. Both are commercial enterprises, whose standards and assessment criteria are mostly controlled by panels in North America and Western Europe. The same is true for more comprehensive databases such as Ulrich's Web which lists as many as 70,000 journals,<sup id="cite_ref-Wang_2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Scopus has fewer than 50% of these, and WoS has fewer than 25%.<sup id="cite_ref-Mongeon_2016_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mongeon_2016-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Scopus is larger and geographically broader than WoS, it still only covers a fraction of journal publishing outside North America and Europe. For example, it reports a coverage of over 2,000 journals in Asia ("230% more than the nearest competitor"),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may seem impressive until you consider that in Indonesia alone there are more than 7,000 journals listed on the government's Garuda portal<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (of which more than 1,300 are currently listed on DOAJ);<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst at least 2,500 Japanese journals listed on the J-Stage platform.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Scopus claims to have about 700 journals listed from Latin America, in comparison with SciELO's 1,285 active journal count;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that is just the tip of the iceberg judging by the 1,300+ DOAJ-listed journals in Brazil alone.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the editorial boards of the journals contained in Wos and Scopus databases are integrated by researchers from western Europe and North America. For example, in the journal <i>Human Geography</i>, 41% of editorial board members are from the United States, and 37.8% from the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Gutiérrez_2001_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gutiérrez_2001-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly,<sup id="cite_ref-Wooliscroft_2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wooliscroft_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) studied ten leading marketing journals in WoS and Scopus databases, and concluded that 85.3% of their editorial board members are based in the United States. It comes as no surprise that the research that gets published in these journals is the one that fits the editorial boards' world view.<sup id="cite_ref-Wooliscroft_2006_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wooliscroft_2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparison with subject-specific indexes has further revealed the geographical and topic bias – for example Ciarli<sup id="cite_ref-Ciarli_2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciarli_2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that by comparing the coverage of rice research in CAB Abstracts (an agriculture and global health database) with WoS and Scopus, the latter "may strongly under-represent the scientific production by developing countries, and over-represent that by industrialised countries", and this is likely to apply to other fields of agriculture. This under-representation of applied research in Africa, Asia, and South America may have an additional negative effect on framing research strategies and policy development in these countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Rafols_2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rafols_2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overpromotion of these databases diminishes the important role of "local" and "regional" journals for researchers who want to publish and read locally-relevant content. Some researchers deliberately bypass "high impact" journals when they want to publish locally useful or important research in favour of outlets that will reach their key audience quicker, and in other cases to be able to publish in their native language.<sup id="cite_ref-Chavarro_2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chavarro_2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ssentongo_2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ssentongo_2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alperin_2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alperin_2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the odds are stacked against researchers for whom English is a foreign language. 95% of WoS journals are English<sup id="cite_ref-Paasi_2015_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paasi_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tietze_2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tietze_2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider the use of English language a hegemonic and unreflective linguistic practice. The consequences include that non-native speakers spend part of their budget on translation and correction and invest a significant amount of time and effort on subsequent corrections, making publishing in English a burden.<sup id="cite_ref-Aalbers_2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aalbers_2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hwang_2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hwang_2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A far-reaching consequence of the use of English as the <i>lingua franca</i> of science is in knowledge production, because its use benefits "worldviews, social, cultural, and political interests of the English-speaking center" (<sup id="cite_ref-Tietze_2013_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tietze_2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> p. 123). </p><p>The small proportion of research from South East Asia, Africa, and Latin America which makes it into WoS and Scopus journals is not attributable to a lack of effort or quality of research; but due to hidden and invisible epistemic and structural barriers (Chan 2019<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These are a reflection of "deeper historical and structural power that had positioned former colonial masters as the centers of knowledge production, while relegating former colonies to peripheral roles" (Chan 2018<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Many North American and European journals demonstrate conscious and unconscious bias against researchers from other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these journals call themselves "international" but represent interests, authors, and even references only in their own languages.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rivera-López_2016_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rivera-López_2016-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, researchers in non-European or North American countries commonly get rejected because their research is said to be "not internationally significant" or only of "local interest" (the wrong "local"). This reflects the current concept of "international" as limited to a Euro/Anglophone-centric way of knowledge production.<sup id="cite_ref-Lillis_2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillis_2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paasi_2015_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paasi_2015-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, "the ongoing internationalisation has not meant academic interaction and exchange of knowledge, but the dominance of the leading Anglophone journals in which international debates occurs and gains recognition".<sup id="cite_ref-Minca_2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minca_2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clarivate Analytics have made some positive steps to broaden the scope of WoS, integrating the SciELO citation index – a move not without criticism<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and through the creation of the Emerging Sources Index (ESI), which has allowed database access to many more international titles. However, there is still a lot of work to be done to recognise and amplify the growing body of research literature generated by those outside North America and Europe. The Royal Society have previously identified that "traditional metrics do not fully capture the dynamics of the emerging global science landscape", and that academia needs to develop more sophisticated data and impact measures to provide a richer understanding of the global scientific knowledge that is available to us.<sup id="cite_ref-Royal_2011_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Royal_2011-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academia has not yet built digital infrastructures which are equal, comprehensive, multi-lingual and allows fair participation in knowledge creation.<sup id="cite_ref-Okune_2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okune_2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way to bridge this gap is with discipline- and region-specific preprint repositories such as <a href="/wiki/AfricArXiv" title="AfricArXiv">AfricArXiv</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=InarXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="InarXiv (page does not exist)">InarXiv</a>. Open access advocates recommend to remain critical of those "global" research databases that have been built in Europe or Northern America and be wary of those who celebrate these products act as a representation of the global sum of human scholarly knowledge. Finally, let us also be aware of the geopolitical impact that such systematic discrimination has on knowledge production, and the inclusion and representation of marginalised research demographics within the global research landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-TenMyths_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TenMyths-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_index&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Science_Citation_Database" title="Chinese Science Citation Database">Chinese Science Citation Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation_analysis" title="Citation analysis">Citation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX" title="CiteSeerX">CiteSeerX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_Sources_Citation_Index_(ESCI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)">Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Copernicus" title="Index Copernicus">Index Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Citation_Index" title="Indian Citation Index">Indian Citation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_Citation_Reports" title="Journal Citation Reports">Journal Citation Reports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Citation_Index" title="Korea Citation Index">Korea Citation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lens" title="The Lens">The Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search" title="Microsoft Academic Search">Microsoft Academic Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redalyc" title="Redalyc">Redalyc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Science_Citation_Index" title="Russian Science Citation Index">Russian Science Citation Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SciELO" title="SciELO">SciELO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Citation_Index" title="Serbian Citation Index">Serbian Citation Index</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citation_index&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904055532/https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69451/0597-Scopus-Content-Coverage-Guide-US-LETTER-v4-HI-singles-no-ticks.pdf">"Scopus content coverage guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69451/0597-Scopus-Content-Coverage-Guide-US-LETTER-v4-HI-singles-no-ticks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scopus+content+coverage+guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0007%2F69451%2F0597-Scopus-Content-Coverage-Guide-US-LETTER-v4-HI-singles-no-ticks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span>, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227130425/http://garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/">"Garuda portal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://garuda.ristekdikti.go.id/">the original</a> on 2020-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garuda+portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaruda.ristekdikti.go.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22filtered%22%3A%7B%22filter%22%3A%7B%22bool%22%3A%7B%22must%22%3A%5B%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22_type%22%3A%22journal%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22term%22%3A%7B%22index.country.exact%22%3A%22Indonesia%22%7D%7D%5D%7D%7D%2C%22query%22%3A%7B%22match_all%22%3A%7B%7D%7D%7D%7D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A10%7D#.XEX49M17lPY">"DOAJ journals from Indonesia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOAJ+journals+from+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoaj.org%2Fsearch%3Fsource%3D%257B%2522query%2522%253A%257B%2522filtered%2522%253A%257B%2522filter%2522%253A%257B%2522bool%2522%253A%257B%2522must%2522%253A%255B%257B%2522term%2522%253A%257B%2522_type%2522%253A%2522journal%2522%257D%257D%252C%257B%2522term%2522%253A%257B%2522index.country.exact%2522%253A%2522Indonesia%2522%257D%257D%255D%257D%257D%252C%2522query%2522%253A%257B%2522match_all%2522%253A%257B%257D%257D%257D%257D%252C%2522from%2522%253A0%252C%2522size%2522%253A10%257D%23.XEX49M17lPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/">"Homepage"</a>. <i>J-STAGE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J-STAGE&rft.atitle=Homepage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org/php/index.php?lang=en">"SciELO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SciELO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org%2Fphp%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span> portal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span 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class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/lesliekwchan/status/1088439039693389824">"Leslie Chan"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leslie+Chan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Flesliekwchan%2Fstatus%2F1088439039693389824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span>, Twitter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openlibhums.org/news/314/">"Open Access, the Global South and the Politics of Knowledge Production and Circulation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Access%2C+the+Global+South+and+the+Politics+of+Knowledge+Production+and+Circulation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openlibhums.org%2Fnews%2F314%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACitation+index" class="Z3988"></span>, Leslie Chan interview with Open Library of Humanities.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2017/12/05/richard-smith-strong-evidence-of-bias-against-research-from-low-income-countries/">"Richard Smith: Strong evidence of bias against research from low income countries"</a>. 5 December 2017.</cite><span 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Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science"</a>. <i>Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fproceedings.elpub.2018.31">10.4000/proceedings.elpub.2018.31</a></span>.</cite><span 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