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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Middle power diplomacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_power_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-defined_by_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-defined_by_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Self-defined by states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-defined_by_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_significance_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_significance_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Growing significance in the 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_significance_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlaps_between_great_powers_and_middle_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlaps_between_great_powers_and_middle_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Overlaps between great powers and middle powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlaps_between_great_powers_and_middle_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_middle_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_middle_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 List of middle powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_middle_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="قوة وسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة وسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellemmagt" title="Mellemmagt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mellemmagt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mittelstaat" title="Mittelstaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mittelstaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Μεσαία δύναμη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσαία δύναμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencia_intermedia" title="Potencia intermedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencia intermedia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7" title="قدرت متوسط – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت متوسط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyenne_puissance" title="Moyenne puissance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moyenne puissance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencia_intermedia" title="Potencia intermedia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Potencia intermedia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%A4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%8C" title="미들 파워 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미들 파워" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agpakatengnga_a_bileg" title="Agpakatengnga a bileg – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agpakatengnga a bileg" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuatan_menengah" title="Kekuatan menengah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekuatan menengah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_potenza" title="Media potenza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Media potenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9phatalom" title="Középhatalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Középhatalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC" title="ミドルパワー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミドルパワー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="អំណាចកណ្តាល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំណាចកណ្តាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dia_pot%C3%AAncia" title="Média potência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Média potência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orta_g%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Orta güç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orta güç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Середня держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Середня держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA" title="درمیانی طاقت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="درمیانی طاقت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_c%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Trung cường quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trung cường quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中等強國 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Middle Kingdom (disambiguation)">Middle Kingdom</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg/260px-Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg/390px-Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg/520px-Cumbre_de_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> countries and others present at the <a href="/wiki/2008_G-20_Washington_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 G-20 Washington summit">2008 G-20 Washington summit</a>. Most members of the G20 are middle powers while some are <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> (rule by few)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> (rule by none)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> (socio-political ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> (socio-economic ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> (geo-cultural ideologies)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A middle power is a state that is not a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, but still exerts influence and plays a significant role in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>. These countries often possess certain capabilities, such as strong economies, advanced technologies, and diplomatic influence, that allow them to have a voice in global affairs. Middle powers are typically seen as bridge-builders between larger powers, using their diplomatic skills to mediate conflicts and promote cooperation on international issues.<a href="#cite_note-Jordaan_2003_pp._165–181-1">[1]</a> Middle powers play a crucial role in the international system by promoting <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, cooperation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts. They are able to leverage their resources and diplomatic skills to advance their national interests while also contributing to global stability and prosperity. As such, middle powers are an important and often overlooked factor in the complex web of international relations.<a href="#cite_note-Laurence_2023_p.-2">[2]</a> The concept of the "middle power" dates back to the origins of the European state system. In the late 16th century, Italian political thinker <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a> divided the world into three types of states: grandissime (great powers), mezano (middle powers), and piccioli (<a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small powers</a>). According to Botero, a mezano or middle power "has sufficient strength and authority to stand on its own without the need of help from others."<a href="#cite_note-Rudd-3">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_definition">History and definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and definition">edit</a>]</div> No agreed standard method defines which states are middle powers, aside from the broad idea that middle powers are states that have a 'moderate' ability to influence the behaviour of other states, in contrast to small power, which have 'little' ability to influence. Some researchers use <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Product">Gross National Product</a> (GNP) statistics to draw lists of middle powers around the world. Economically, middle powers are generally those that are not considered too "big" or too "small", however that is defined. However, economy is not always the defining factor. Under the original sense of the term, a middle power was one that had some degree of influence globally, but did not dominate in any one area. However, this usage is not universal, and some define middle power to include nations that can be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional powers</a>. According to academics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">University of Leicester</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>: <blockquote>Middle power status is usually identified in one of two ways. The traditional and most common way is to aggregate critical physical and material criteria to rank states according to their relative capabilities. Because countries' capabilities differ, they are categorized as superpowers (or great powers), middle powers or <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small powers</a>. More recently, it is possible to discern a second method for identifying middle power status by focusing on behavioural attributes. This posits that middle powers can be distinguished from superpowers and smaller powers because of their <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> behaviour – middle powers carve out a niche for themselves by pursuing a narrow range and particular types of foreign policy interests. In this way middle powers are countries that use their relative <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> skills in the service of international peace and stability.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></blockquote> According to Eduard Jordaan of <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Management_University" title="Singapore Management University">Singapore Management University</a>: <blockquote>All middle powers display foreign policy behaviour that stabilises and legitimises the global order, typically through <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> and cooperative initiatives. However, emerging and traditional middle powers can be distinguished in terms of their mutually-influencing constitutive and behavioural differences. Constitutively, traditional middle powers are wealthy, stable, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> and not regionally influential. Behaviourally, they exhibit a weak and ambivalent regional orientation, constructing identities distinct from powerful states in their regions and offer appeasing concessions to pressures for global reform. Emerging middle powers by contrast are semi-peripheral, materially inegalitarian and recently democratised states that demonstrate much regional influence and self-association. Behaviourally, they opt for reformist and not radical global change, exhibit a strong regional orientation favouring regional integration but seek also to construct identities distinct from those of the weak states in their region.<a href="#cite_note-Jordaan_2003_pp._165–181-1">[1]</a></blockquote> Another definition, by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Powers_Initiative" title="Middle Powers Initiative">Middle Powers Initiative</a> (MPI), a program of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Security_Institute" title="Global Security Institute">Global Security Institute</a>, is that "middle power countries are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the nuclear arms race, a standing that give them significant international credibility."<a href="#cite_note-MPI-5">[5]</a> Under this definition however, nuclear-armed states like India and Pakistan, and every state participant of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_sharing" title="Nuclear sharing">nuclear sharing</a>, would not be middle powers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_power_diplomacy">Middle power diplomacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle power diplomacy">edit</a>]</div> According to Laura Neak of the <a href="/wiki/International_Studies_Association" title="International Studies Association">International Studies Association</a>: <blockquote>Although there is some conceptual ambiguity surrounding the term middle power, middle powers are identified most often by their international behavior–called 'middle power diplomacy'—the tendency to pursue multilateral solutions to international problems, the tendency to embrace compromise positions in international disputes, and the tendency to embrace notions of 'good international citizenship' to guide...diplomacy. Middle powers are states who commit their relative affluence, managerial skills, and international prestige to the preservation of the international order and peace. Middle powers help to maintain the international order through coalition-building, by serving as mediators and "go-betweens," and through international conflict management and resolution activities, such as UN peacekeeping. Middle powers perform these internationalist activities because of an idealistic imperative they associate with being a middle power. The imperative is that the middle powers have a moral responsibility and collective ability to protect the international order from those who would threaten it, including, at times, the great or principal powers. This imperative was particularly profound during the most intense periods of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-Bishai-6">[6]</a></blockquote> According to international relations scholar <a href="/wiki/Annette_Baker_Fox" title="Annette Baker Fox">Annette Baker Fox</a>, relationships between middle powers and great powers reveal more intricate behaviors and bargaining schemes than has often been assumed.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to Soeya Yoshihide, "Middle Power does not just mean a state's size or military or economic power. Rather, 'middle power diplomacy' is defined by the issue area where a state invests its resources and knowledge. The Middle Power States avoid a direct confrontation with great powers, but they see themselves as 'moral actors' and seek their own role in particular issue areas, such as human rights, environment, and arms regulations. Middle powers are the driving force in the process of transnational institutional-building."<a href="#cite_note-Yoshihide-8">[8]</a> At the same time, scholars have identified relations of antagonism and competition between middle powers, as well as their ability to use <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> to attain their goals, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> rivalry in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Characteristics of middle power diplomacy include:<a href="#cite_note-Yoshihide-8">[8]</a> <ul><li>Commitment to <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a> through global institutions and allying with other middle powers.<a href="#cite_note-JamesKasoff2008-10">[10]</a></li> <li>High degree of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> penetration in the country's foreign policy.</li> <li>A country that reflects and forms its national identity through a 'novel foreign policy': <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_security" title="Human security">Human Security</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Powers_Initiative" title="Middle Powers Initiative">Middle Powers Initiative</a> highlights the importance of middle powers diplomacy. Through MPI, eight international non-governmental organizations are able to work primarily with middle power governments to encourage and educate the nuclear weapons states to take immediate practical steps that reduce nuclear dangers, and commence negotiations to eliminate nuclear weapons. Middle power countries are particularly influential in issues related to arms control, being that they are politically and economically significant, internationally respected countries that have renounced the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">nuclear arms race</a>, a standing that gives them significant political credibility. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-defined_by_states">Self-defined by states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Self-defined by states">edit</a>]</div> The term first entered Canadian political discourse after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_St._Laurent" title="Louis St. Laurent">Louis St. Laurent</a>, for example, called <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> "a power of the middle rank" and helped to lay out the classical definition of Canadian middle power diplomacy. When he was advocating for Canada's election to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, he said that while "...the special nature of [Canada's] relationship to the United Kingdom and the United States complicates our responsibilities," Canada was not a "<a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite</a>" of either but would "continue to make our decisions objectively, in the light of our obligations to our own people and their interest in the welfare of the international community."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Canadian leaders believed Canada was a middle power because it was a junior partner in larger alliances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a>), was actively involved in resolving disputes outside its own region (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>), was not a former colonial power and therefore neutral in anti-colonial struggles, worked actively in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to represent the interests of smaller nations and to prevent the dominance of the superpowers (often being elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> for such reasons), and because it was involved in humanitarian and peacekeeping efforts around the world. In March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rudd" title="Kevin Rudd">Kevin Rudd</a> defined his country's foreign policy as one of "middle power diplomacy" along the lines of similar criteria. Australia would "influence international decision-makers" on issues such as "global economic, security and environmental challenges."<a href="#cite_note-Shanahan-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_significance_in_the_21st_century">Growing significance in the 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Growing significance in the 21st century">edit</a>]</div> American political analyst <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Kupchan" title="Cliff Kupchan">Cliff Kupchan</a> describes middle powers as "countries with significant leverage in <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>" but that are "less powerful than the world’s two superpowers—the United States and China."<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Nevertheless, Kupchan argues that middle powers—particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>—have more power, agency, and "geopolitical heft" in the 21st century (namely the 2020s) than at any time since the Second World War. He identifies Brazil, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Turkey as leading middle powers and describes them as "swing states" that are capable of creating new power dynamics due to their nonalignment with most great powers.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Among the shared characteristics of these six nations are membership in the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>; large and fast-growing economies; and active diplomatic involvement in major events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and international climate action.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Kupchan attributes the emergence of stronger middle powers to several historical developments in the <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">international system</a>, including the weaker bipolarity between the U.S. and China (as opposed to the stricter allegiances of the Cold War and the subsequent U.S. hegemony following the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_soviet_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the soviet union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>) and the gradual trend of <a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">deglobalization</a>, which has fostered regionalized geopolitical and <a href="/wiki/Geoeconomics" title="Geoeconomics">geoeconomic</a> relationships wherein middle powers have comparatively greater influence; for example, the fragmenting of the international energy market has purportedly given Saudi Arabia, a major energy exporter, far more weight in now-smaller regional markets. Kupchan also notes the ability of these middle powers to capitalize on rivalries between the major powers in order to further their own influence, interests, or foreign policy initiatives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overlaps_between_great_powers_and_middle_powers">Overlaps between great powers and middle powers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overlaps between great powers and middle powers">edit</a>]</div> The overlaps between the lists of middle powers and great powers show that there is no unanimous agreement among authorities.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Nations such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are generally considered to be <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> due to their economic, military or strategic importance, their status as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear powers</a> and their permanent seats on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. Academics also commonly cite <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as great powers, due to their large, advanced economies and global influence rather than military and strategic capabilities;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> yet some sources have at times referred to these nations as middle powers.<a href="#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11'-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Some in the field of international relations, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Kirton" title="John Kirton">John Kirton</a> and Roberto Gimeno claim that <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is a great power due to its status and membership in the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO_Quint" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Quint">NATO Quint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Moreover, according to a 2014 report by the Hague Centre for Strategic Studies (HCSS), Italy is listed among the great powers.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Although broad academic support for India as a great power is uncommon, some in the field of political science, such as Malik Mohan and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, consider <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to be a great power as well.<a href="#cite_note-Brzezinski-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-MohanMalik-22">[22]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is sometimes referred as a great power due to its economic power and influence,<a href="#cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heine1-24">[24]</a> with Italy at times being considered a great power due to these factors as well as its cultural power. The following eight countries have at some point in the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a> been considered great powers but also middle powers by academics or other experts: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/46px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11'-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri_1-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Otte-Greve-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sperling-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri_1-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/46px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri_1-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/46px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri_1-29">[29]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-European_Security_After_9/11'-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri_1-29">[29]</a></li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChinaFuture-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> are considered by many scholars to exceed the traditional criterion of <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>, or instead to be <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, and are therefore not listed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ifri-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_middle_powers">List of middle powers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of middle powers">edit</a>]</div> As with the great powers, there is no unanimous agreement among authorities as to which countries are considered middle powers. Lists are often the subject of much debate and tend to place comparatively large countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>) alongside relatively small ones (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-56">[56]</a> Clearly not all middle powers are of equal status; some are considered <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional powers</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), while others could very easily be considered <a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">small powers</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CzechJournal-57">[57]</a> Some larger middle powers also play important roles in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other international organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. As a middle power <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> has had considerable influence in world affairs through <a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">its peacekeeping efforts</a> in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-o407-58">[58]</a> Canada is known for its strong commitment to international peace and security and is often called upon to serve as a mediator in conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-o407-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Juneau_Momani_2022_p._131-59">[59]</a> The following is a list of 52 countries that have been, at some point in time since the <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a>, considered middle powers by academics or other experts (Members of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G-20 major economies</a> are in bold font, except for the <a href="/wiki/EU_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="EU member states">EU member states</a> which are attended under a collective membership of the EU): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>Africa (7 countries) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a><a href="#cite_note-Wurst-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Martín-63">[63]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/46px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><a href="#cite_note-Wurst-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_et_al-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ploughshares-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilley-66">[66]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a><a href="#cite_note-Martín-63">[63]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_et_al-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mace-Belanger-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-Lechini-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pfister-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-GIGA-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas (6 countries) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-Wurst-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[62]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Adriansyah-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crosby-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petersen-83">[83]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><a href="#cite_note-Inoguchi-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heine-85">[85]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><a href="#cite_note-KYOTO1-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewDiplomacy-87">[87]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_et_al-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Belanger-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goad-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pellicer-90">[90]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Asia (20 countries) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ping-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehteshami-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahouie-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs-100">[100]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/35px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/46px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ploughshares-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ping-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mace-Belanger-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Buzan2004-109">[109]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asia-Pacific-111">[111]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/46px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FINLAND1-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asia-Pacific-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asia-Pacific-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper_et_al-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe (17 countries) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><a href="#cite_note-HCSSABalancingAct-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-StuckInMiddleGear-135">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a><a href="#cite_note-Solomon-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Inoguchi-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caplan-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-StuckInMiddleGear-135">[135]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-137">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-CzechJournal-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCSSABalancingAct-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/35px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/46px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-137">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-FINLAND1-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCSSABalancingAct-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSITIS-139">[139]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/46px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a><a href="#cite_note-Thanos-Veremēs-140">[140]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-Higott-Cooper-141">[141]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-137">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-Behringer-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-137">[137]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-Goad-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-spero-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirton-148">[148]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a><a href="#cite_note-balancing-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-149">[149]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-HCSSABalancingAct-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wood-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSITIS-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-StuckInMiddleGear-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-TurkishPolicyQuarterly-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacoste-149">[149]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudengren-Gisle-Brann-152">[152]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-TurkishPolicyQuarterly-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-spero-147">[147]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceania (2 countries) <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harris-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adriansyah-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_United_States_and_the_Great_Powers-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazleton-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPATROC-79">[79]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-MPI-5">[5]</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">Emerging market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JACKSNNZ" title="JACKSNNZ">JACKSNNZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINT_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="MINT (economics)">MINT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power (international relations)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jordaan_2003_pp._165–181-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordaan_2003_pp._165–181_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordaan_2003_pp._165–181_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJordaan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jordaan, Eduard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/394">"The concept of a middle power in international relations: distinguishing between emerging and traditional middle powers"</a>. Politikon. 30 (1): 165–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0258934032000147282">10.1080/0258934032000147282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-9346">0258-9346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politikon&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+a+middle+power+in+international+relations%3A+distinguishing+between+emerging+and+traditional+middle+powers&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-181&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0258934032000147282&rft.issn=0258-9346&rft.aulast=Jordaan&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fink.library.smu.edu.sg%2Fsoss_research%2F394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laurence_2023_p.-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Laurence_2023_p._2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence2023" class="citation book cs1">Laurence, Marion (18 October 2023). "Middle Powers". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.783">10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-084662-6"><bdi>978-0-19-084662-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Powers&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+International+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-10-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.783&rft.isbn=978-0-19-084662-6&rft.aulast=Laurence&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudd-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudd_3-0">^</a> Rudd K (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eherald.alp.org.au/articles/0906/natp28-01.php">Making Australia a force for good</a>, Labor eHerald <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070627041402/http://eherald.alp.org.au/articles/0906/natp28-01.php">Archived</a> 27 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamillLee2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hamill, James; Lee, Donna (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/004711701015004004">"A Middle Power Paradox? 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International Relations. 15 (4): 33–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004711701015004004">10.1177/004711701015004004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-1178">0047-1178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144967878">144967878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Relations&rft.atitle=A+Middle+Power+Paradox%3F+South+African+Diplomacy+in+the+Post-apartheid+Era&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=33-59&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144967878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-1178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004711701015004004&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Lee%2C+Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F004711701015004004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPI-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPI_5-1">b</a> Middle Powers Initiative (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gsinstitute.org/mpi/pubs/buildingbridges_0404.pdf">Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614193537/http://www.gsinstitute.org/mpi/pubs/buildingbridges_0404.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GSI </li> <li id="cite_note-Bishai-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Bishai_6-0">^</a> Bishai LS (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/nal01/">From Recognition to Intervention: The Shift from Traditional to Liberal International Law</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020228031316/http://www.ciaonet.org/isa/nal01/">Archived</a> 28 February 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annette_Baker_Fox" title="Annette Baker Fox">Fox, Annette Baker</a>, The Politics of Attraction: Four Middle Powers and the United States (Columbia University Press, 1977). </li> <li id="cite_note-Yoshihide-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yoshihide_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yoshihide_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshihide" class="citation web cs1">Yoshihide, Soeya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.arts.ubc.ca/tiberg/Poli%20322-2006-Middle%20Power%20Diplomacy.rtf">"Middle Power Diplomacy"</a>. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Power+Diplomacy&rft.aulast=Yoshihide&rft.aufirst=Soeya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.arts.ubc.ca%2Ftiberg%2FPoli%2520322-2006-Middle%2520Power%2520Diplomacy.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiniverTsourapas2023" class="citation journal cs1">Siniver, Asaf; Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffpa%2Forac041">"Middle Powers and Soft-Power Rivalry: Egyptian–Israeli Competition in Africa"</a>. 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Challenge & Survival: The History of Canada (Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall, 1970). p 411 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shanahan-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Shanahan_12-0">^</a> Shanahan D (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23437898-2702,00.html">Time to go global, urges Rudd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517072447/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23437898-2702,00.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Australian </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKupchan2023" class="citation web cs1">Kupchan, Cliff (6 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/06/06/geopolitics-global-south-middle-powers-swing-states-india-brazil-turkey-indonesia-saudi-arabia-south-africa/">"6 Swing States Will Decide the Future of Geopolitics"</a>. 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"A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS" Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs XI.1 (2006): 77–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040520192843/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761590309/Great_Powers.html">Encarta – The Great Powers</a>. 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Sussex, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T55xTVQq4IIC">European Security After 9/11</a>(Ashgate, 2004) – According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, Japan Echo, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Roberto Gimeno & Atelier de cartographie de Sciences Po, "La Russie et les grandes puissances (G8 et Chine)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartographie.sciences-po.fr/sites/default/files/17_2_g8etchine_droite.jpg">Russia and the Great Powers (G8 and China)</a>, chart], <a href="/wiki/Questions_Internationales" title="Questions Internationales">Questions Internationales</a>, No. 27 (septembre–octobre, 2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton198901/kcon1.htm">"The Seven-Power Summit as an International Concert"</a>. g8.utoronto.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=g8.utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=The+Seven-Power+Summit+as+an+International+Concert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.g8.utoronto.ca%2Fscholar%2Fkirton198901%2Fkcon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160211162346/http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/">"Why are Pivot states so Pivotal?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcss.nl/reports/why-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security/150/">the original</a> on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+are+Pivot+states+so+Pivotal%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcss.nl%2Freports%2Fwhy-are-pivot-states-so-pivotal-the-role-of-pivot-states-in-regional-and-global-security%2F150%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzezinski-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinski_21-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strategicvisiona0000brze">Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power</a> by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, pp 43–45. Published 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-MohanMalik-22"><a href="#cite_ref-MohanMalik_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2011" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Mohan (2011). China and India: Great Power Rivals. United States: FirstForumPress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935049418" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935049418"><bdi>978-1935049418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+India%3A+Great+Power+Rivals&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=FirstForumPress&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1935049418&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kwang_Ho_Chun-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Kwang_Ho_Chun_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwang_Ho_Chun2013" class="citation book cs1">Kwang Ho Chun (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgDJNAEACAAJ">The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis</a>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6869-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-6869-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+BRICs+Superpower+Challenge%3A+Foreign+and+Security+Policy+Analysis&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6869-1&rft.au=Kwang+Ho+Chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgDJNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heine1-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Heine1_24-0">^</a> Heine J (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en">On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy</a>, ISN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en">Archived</a> 7 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibsanews.com/pt/eeuu-eespecialistas-reclamam-reconhecimento-do-brasil-como-potecircncia-mundial/">"Especialistas reclamam reconhecimento do Brasil como potência mundial"</a>. IBS News. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Especialistas+reclamam+reconhecimento+do+Brasil+como+pot%C3%AAncia+mundial.&rft.pub=IBS+News&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsanews.com%2Fpt%2Feeuu-eespecialistas-reclamam-reconhecimento-do-brasil-como-potecircncia-mundial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607101653/http://www.dci.com.br/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-emerge-como-potencia-internacional,-diz-patriota-id293466.html">"Pela primeira vez Brasil emerge como potência internacional, diz Patriota"</a>. 10 May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dci.com.br/pela-primeira-vez-brasil-emerge-como-potencia-internacional,-diz-patriota-id293466.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pela+primeira+vez+Brasil+emerge+como+pot%C3%AAncia+internacional%2C+diz+Patriota&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dci.com.br%2Fpela-primeira-vez-brasil-emerge-como-potencia-internacional%2C-diz-patriota-id293466.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201109150218.html">"Brazil – Emerging Soft Power of the World"</a>. allAfrica.com. 15 September 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+%E2%80%93+Emerging+Soft+Power+of+the+World.&rft.pub=allAfrica.com&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201109150218.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820232230/http://www2.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/143872+brasil+ganha+dos+estados+unidos+em+influencia+na+america+do+sul">"Brasil ganha dos Estados Unidos em influência na América do Sul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 2 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidneyrezende.com/noticia/143872+brasil+ganha+dos+estados+unidos+em+influencia+na+america+do+sul">the original</a> on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Brasil+ganha+dos+Estados+Unidos+em+influ%C3%AAncia+na+Am%C3%A9rica+do+Sul&rft.date=2011-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidneyrezende.com%2Fnoticia%2F143872%2Bbrasil%2Bganha%2Bdos%2Bestados%2Bunidos%2Bem%2Binfluencia%2Bna%2Bamerica%2Bdo%2Bsul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ifri_1-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ifri_1_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ifri_1_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ifri_1_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ifri_1_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ifri_1_29-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÉric-André_Martin_and_Marie_Krpata2021" class="citation book cs1">Éric-André Martin and Marie Krpata (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/martin_krpata_aukus_e3_cooperation_indopacific_2021.pdf">The Dilemma of Middle Powers: How AUKUS Has Reshaped the Potential for E3 Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific</a> (PDF). Vol. 166. <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales" title="Institut français des relations internationales">Ifri</a>, Notes du Cerfa. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-373-0432-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-373-0432-2"><bdi>979-10-373-0432-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2022. <q>Countries such as Canada, Australia, South Korea, Japan, India and European powers like the UK, Germany and France can be considered as middle powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilemma+of+Middle+Powers%3A+How+AUKUS+Has+Reshaped+the+Potential+for+E3+Cooperation+in+the+Indo-Pacific&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Ifri%2C+Notes+du+Cerfa&rft.date=2021-10&rft.isbn=979-10-373-0432-2&rft.au=%C3%89ric-Andr%C3%A9+Martin+and+Marie+Krpata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fmartin_krpata_aukus_e3_cooperation_indopacific_2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Otte-Greve-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Otte-Greve_30-0">^</a> Otte M, Greve J (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rqoJL6yuSqwC">A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989–1999</a>, St. Martin's Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Sperling-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Sperling_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling,_James2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2): 389–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123401000151">10.1017/S0007123401000151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Neither+Hegemony+nor+Dominance%3A+Reconsidering+German+Power+in+Post+Cold-War+Europe&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-425&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123401000151&rft.au=Sperling%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/india/">"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | India"</a>. power.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 18 December 2021. <q>The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=power.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Power+Index+2021+Edition+%7C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2Findia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_33-3">d</a> Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.' </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.' </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former." </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India's democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)' </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Alba" title="Operation Alba">Operation Alba</a> may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_Siddi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marco Siddi (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765">"Italy's 'Middle Power' Approach to Russia"</a>. The International Spectator: Italian Journal of International Affairs. 54 (2): 123–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03932729.2018.1519765">10.1080/03932729.2018.1519765</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0393-2729">0393-2729</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158301312">158301312</a>. <q>The definition of 'middle power' is contested and has been the subject of controversy among scholars. According to the Italian interpretation of this concept, Italy is a middle-ranking power with limited natural and military resources and one that can only achieve its foreign policy goals by expanding its influence in international organisations and through bilateral relations with larger powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Spectator%3A+Italian+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Italy%27s+%27Middle+Power%27+Approach+to+Russia&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-138&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158301312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0393-2729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03932729.2018.1519765&rft.au=Marco+Siddi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F03932729.2018.1519765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/Japan/">"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Japan"</a>. power.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 18 December 2021. <q>The next tier of regional powers — Japan and India — have each lost more ground in 2021 than did China. Both countries have fallen just short of the major power threshold of 40 points in 2021... One result of greater bipolarity is that US allies, such as Japan and Australia, and even key balancing powers, such as India, have never been more dependent on American capacity and willingness to sustain a military balance of power in the region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=power.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Power+Index+2021+Edition+%7C+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2FJapan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823–862. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/russia/">"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Russia"</a>. power.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=power.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Power+Index+2021+Edition+%7C+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2Frussia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2008" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Iver B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2008.7">"Russia as a great power, 1815–2007"</a>. 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Vol. 166. <a href="/wiki/Institut_fran%C3%A7ais_des_relations_internationales" title="Institut français des relations internationales">Ifri</a>, Notes du Cerfa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-373-0432-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-373-0432-2"><bdi>979-10-373-0432-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2022. <q>The (US) Department of Defense defined the Indo-Pacific as its "priority theater"...This tilt is an acknowledgment of China's increased role in world economics. China's share in world GDP has risen from 4% in 2000 to 16% today. Since it joined the WTO in 2001 and with the unfolding of the economic and financial crises in 2008–2009, which diminished the West's soft power and economic and financial strengths, China has become the world's powerhouse. 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Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ploughshares-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ploughshares_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ploughshares_65-1">b</a> Ploughshares Monitor (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html">Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011548/http://www.ploughshares.ca/libraries/monitor/mons97a.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilley-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilley_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley2012" class="citation news cs1">Gilley, Bruce (10 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/opinion/the-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html">"The Rise of the Middle Powers"</a>. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Middle+Powers&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F11%2Fopinion%2Fthe-rise-of-the-middle-powers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ethiopia-east-africas-emerging-giant">"Ethiopia: East Africa's Emerging Giant"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. 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Retrieved 10 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SomTribune&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+Can+Be+Africa%27s+Next+Superpower&rft.date=2020-08-29&rft.aulast=Africa&rft.aufirst=Somtribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.somtribune.com%2F2020%2F08%2F29%2Fethiopia-can-be-africas-next-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/21082023-kenya-a-regional-power-in-africa-and-the-indo-pacific-analysis/">"Kenya: A Regional Power in Africa and the Indo-Pacific – Analysis"</a>. 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenya%3A+A+Regional+Power+in+Africa+and+the+Indo-Pacific+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2023-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F21082023-kenya-a-regional-power-in-africa-and-the-indo-pacific-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mace-Belanger-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mace-Belanger_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mace-Belanger_71-1">b</a> Mace G, Belanger L (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZlDRD2vL6IC">The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism</a> (p 153) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2021" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jiye (2021). "Between a Regional Hegemon and a Middle Power: The Case of Nigeria". Awkward Powers: Escaping Traditional Great and Middle Power Theory. Global Political Transitions. pp. 221–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-16-0370-9_9">10.1007/978-981-16-0370-9_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0369-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-0369-3"><bdi>978-981-16-0369-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244203245">244203245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Between+a+Regional+Hegemon+and+a+Middle+Power%3A+The+Case+of+Nigeria&rft.btitle=Awkward+Powers%3A+Escaping+Traditional+Great+and+Middle+Power+Theory&rft.series=Global+Political+Transitions&rft.pages=221-241&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244203245%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-16-0370-9_9&rft.isbn=978-981-16-0369-3&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jiye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lechini-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Lechini_73-0">^</a> Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend ... The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from 'Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfister-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Pfister_76-0">^</a> Pfister R (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=239001176317320">The Apartheid Republuc and African States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612022430/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.cgi?path=239001176317320">Archived</a> 12 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, H-Net </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549. </li> <li id="cite_note-GIGA-78"><a href="#cite_ref-GIGA_78-0">^</a> Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (1 August 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.1007692">10.2139/ssrn.1007692</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPATROC-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPATROC_79-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilleyO'Neil2014" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Bruce; O'Neil, Andrew (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQ7BAAAQBAJ&q=austria%20middle%20power&pg=PA30">Middle Powers and the Rise of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781626160842" title="Special:BookSources/9781626160842"><bdi>9781626160842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Powers+and+the+Rise+of+China&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft.isbn=9781626160842&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVQ7BAAAQBAJ%26q%3Daustria%2520middle%2520power%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adriansyah-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adriansyah_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriansyah_80-1">b</a> Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).' </li> <li id="cite_note-Behringer-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behringer_81-4">e</a> Behringer RM (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305">Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114151026/http://cac.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/40/3/305">Archived</a> 14 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SAGE </li> <li id="cite_note-Crosby-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Crosby_82-0">^</a> Crosby AD (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/424829">A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD</a>, JSTOR </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen_83-0">^</a> Petersen K (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Articles4/Petersen_Canada-Iraq.htm">Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power</a>, Dissident Voice </li> <li id="cite_note-Inoguchi-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Inoguchi_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Inoguchi_84-1">b</a> Inoguchi K (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm">The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122633/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heine-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Heine_85-0">^</a> Heine J (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en">On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy</a>, ISN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007112321/http://se1.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=PublishingHouse&fileid=EBFD6763-36B0-7571-5B36-97F6502F60DC&lng=en">Archived</a> 7 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-KYOTO1-86"><a href="#cite_ref-KYOTO1_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116212429/http://www.disarm.emb-japan.go.jp/statements/Statement/kyoto020807.htm">"THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO"</a>. disarm.emb-japan.go.jp. 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Ireland in International Affairs: Interests, Institutions and Identities. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Public_Administration_(Ireland)" title="Institute of Public Administration (Ireland)">Institute of Public Administration</a>. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902448763" title="Special:BookSources/9781902448763"><bdi>9781902448763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Ireland%2C+Peacekeeping+and+Defence+Policy%3A+Challenges+and+Opportunities&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+International+Affairs%3A+Interests%2C+Institutions+and+Identities&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Republic+of+Ireland&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781902448763&rft.aulast=Tonra&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Ward%2C+Eil%C3%ADs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfFicRmV_LcIC%26q%3Direland%2520middle%2520power%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2015" class="citation news cs1">Gillespie, Paul (17 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/representing-ireland-multitasking-in-a-multilateral-world-1.2068867">"Representing Ireland – multitasking in a multilateral world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. Retrieved 8 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Representing+Ireland+%E2%80%93+multitasking+in+a+multilateral+world&rft.date=2015-01-17&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fopinion%2Frepresenting-ireland-multitasking-in-a-multilateral-world-1.2068867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshizuka2014" class="citation book cs1">Ishizuka, Katsumi (23 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSxpAwAAQBAJ&q=ireland%20middle%20power&pg=PA136">"Four: Ireland's peacekeeping policy in the post-Cold War era"</a>. Ireland and International Peacekeeping Operations 1960-2000. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135295264" title="Special:BookSources/9781135295264"><bdi>9781135295264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four%3A+Ireland%27s+peacekeeping+policy+in+the+post-Cold+War+era&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+International+Peacekeeping+Operations+1960-2000&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft.isbn=9781135295264&rft.aulast=Ishizuka&rft.aufirst=Katsumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSxpAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Direland%2520middle%2520power%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoltonNash2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bolton, Matthew; Nash, Thomas (7 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2009.00015.x">"The Role of Middle Power–NGO Coalitions in Global Policy: The Case of the Cluster Munitions Ban"</a>. Global Policy. 1 (2). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 172–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2009.00015.x">10.1111/j.1758-5899.2009.00015.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Middle+Power%E2%80%93NGO+Coalitions+in+Global+Policy%3A+The+Case+of+the+Cluster+Munitions+Ban&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=172-184&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1758-5899.2009.00015.x&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Nash%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1758-5899.2009.00015.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spero-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spero_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spero_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpero2004" class="citation book cs1">Spero, Joshua (2004). Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742535534" title="Special:BookSources/9780742535534"><bdi>9780742535534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridging+the+European+Divide&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780742535534&rft.aulast=Spero&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirton-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirton_148-0">^</a> Kirton J (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2006/kirton-harper-fp.pdf">Harper's Foreign Policy Success?</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacoste-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lacoste_149-1">b</a> according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009, p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas. </li> <li id="cite_note-TurkishPolicyQuarterly-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TurkishPolicyQuarterly_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TurkishPolicyQuarterly_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TktAQAAIAAJ&q=romania+middle+power">Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: Big Art. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Policy+Quarterly%2C+Volume+4&rft.place=Turkey&rft.pub=Big+Art&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TktAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dromania%2Bmiddle%2Bpower&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1988" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Bernald (1 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlepowersgene0000wood">The middle powers and the general interest</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_North-South_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The North-South Institute">The North-South Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780920494813" title="Special:BookSources/9780920494813"><bdi>9780920494813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+middle+powers+and+the+general+interest&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=The+North-South+Institute&rft.date=1988-06-01&rft.isbn=9780920494813&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Bernald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlepowersgene0000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudengren-Gisle-Brann-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudengren-Gisle-Brann_152-0">^</a> Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/publications/multilateral/sweden.asp">Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422131920/http://www.nsi-ins.ca/english/publications/multilateral/sweden.asp">Archived</a> 22 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426220103/http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html">"South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership - Fairy God-mother, Hegemon or Partner? In Search of a South African Foreign Policy - Monograph No 13, 1997"</a>. 26 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No13/Solomon.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+African+Foreign+Policy+and+Middle+Power+Leadership+-+Fairy+God-mother%2C+Hegemon+or+Partner%3F+In+Search+of+a+South+African+Foreign+Policy+-+Monograph+No+13%2C+1997&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.issafrica.org%2FPubs%2FMonographs%2FNo13%2FSolomon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/australia/">"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | Australia"</a>. power.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 18 December 2021. <q>Three middle powers — Vietnam, Australia and Taiwan — were the only countries to gain in comprehensive power in 2020. When neither the United States nor China can establish undisputed primacy in Asia, the actions and choices of middle powers will become more consequential.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=power.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Power+Index+2021+Edition+%7C+Australia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2Faustralia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hazleton-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Hazleton_155-0">^</a> Hazleton WA (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/7/1/2/0/p71207_index.html">Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍], allacademic </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://power.lowyinstitute.org/countries/new-zealand/">"Asia Power Index 2021 Edition | New Zealand"</a>. power.lowyinstitute.org. Retrieved 18 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=power.lowyinstitute.org&rft.atitle=Asia+Power+Index+2021+Edition+%7C+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpower.lowyinstitute.org%2Fcountries%2Fnew-zealand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiddle+power" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9wDQAAQBAJ&dq=%22enrico%20fels%22&pg=PP1">Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance</a> (by Enrico Fels (<a href="/wiki/Bonn_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonn University">Bonn University</a>))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOELm3YduxQC&dq=%22middle+power%22&pg=RA1-PR10">Weak States in the International System</a> (By Michael I. Handel)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubcpress.ubc.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=442">Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051224142257/http://www.ubcpress.ubc.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=442">Archived</a> 24 December 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Book info)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=930">Middle Power Internationalism</a> (Book info)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813095251/http://www.cda-cdai.ca/presentations/middlepowergoestomarginsjun05.htm">Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order</a> (A Queen's Centre for International Relations annual report)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/381411">Middle power</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlepowers.org/">Middle Powers Initiative</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic 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