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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Transition to democracy and political crisis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_democracy_and_political_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_moves_and_civil_unrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_moves_and_civil_unrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political moves and civil unrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_moves_and_civil_unrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_referendum_and_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_referendum_and_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Independence referendum and decisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_referendum_and_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>General recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independencia_de_Croacia" title="Independencia de Croacia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Independencia de Croacia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Независност на Хрватска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Независност на Хрватска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%81%E3%82%A2%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD_(1990%E5%B9%B4-1991%E5%B9%B4)" title="クロアチア共和国 (1990年-1991年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロアチア共和国 (1990年-1991年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Republic of Croatia (1990–1991) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republic of Croatia (1990–1991)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%B1rvatistan%27%C4%B1n_ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1zl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hırvatistan'ın bağımsızlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hırvatistan'ın bağımsızlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political and constitutional changes of 1990</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Croatia" title="Category:History of Croatia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History of <span class="fn org label">Croatia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_before_the_Croats" title="History of Croatia before the Croats">History of Croatia before the Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Roman Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Heraclian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Heraclian dynasty">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origins of the Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia#Principality" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dalmatia#Southern_Dalmatia" title="History of Dalmatia">Southern Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">March of Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Union with Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Poljica" title="Republic of Poljica">Republic of Poljica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modernity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia#Croatia_in_the_Habsburg_monarchy_(1527–1918)" title="History of Croatia">Ottoman Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Military_Frontier" title="Croatian Military Frontier">Croatian Military Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Slavonia">Kingdom of Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalmatia" title="Kingdom of Dalmatia">Kingdom of Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triune_Kingdom" title="Triune Kingdom">Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">20th century</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_during_World_War_I" title="Croatia during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes,<br />Croats and Serbs</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_affairs_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Croatian affairs in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina of Croatia</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia#Names" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Federal State of Croatia</a></span></div></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary Croatia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">War of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_(1995%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Croatia (1995–present)">Croatia since 1995</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Croatian_history" title="Timeline of Croatian history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Croatia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Croatia" title="Template:History of Croatia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Croatia" title="Template talk:History of Croatia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Croatia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Croatia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FranjoTudman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/FranjoTudman.JPG/220px-FranjoTudman.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/FranjoTudman.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>, first democratically elected and first president of modern independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>independence of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></b> was a process started with the changes in the political system and the constitutional changes in 1990 that transformed the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic of Croatia</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a>, which in turn proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Constitution">Christmas Constitution</a>, and held the <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">1991 Croatian independence referendum</a>. </p><p>After the country formally declared independence in June 1991 and the dissolution of its association with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, it introduced a <a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">three-month moratorium on the decision</a> when urged to do so by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>. During that time the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> started. </p><p>On 8 October 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia. The <a href="/wiki/Badinter_Arbitration_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Badinter Arbitration Committee">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> had to rule on the matter. Finally, Croatian independence was internationally recognized in January 1992, when both the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> granted Croatia <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a>, and the country was accepted into the United Nations shortly thereafter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrvatski_sabor_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/220px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/330px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg/440px-Hrvatski_sabor_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> building</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period from 1941 to 1945, Croatia was established as a <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a>, backed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> within the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. From 1945 it became a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist federal unit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists of Croatia</a> created at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II in Yugoslavia</a>. Croatia enjoyed a degree of autonomy within the Yugoslav federation. At the turn of the 1970s, a Croatian national protest movement called the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> was suppressed by Yugoslav leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-JL-Savka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JL-Savka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a> gave increased autonomy to federal units, essentially fulfilling a goal of the Croatian Spring and providing a legal basis for independence of the federative constituents.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, the political situation in Yugoslavia deteriorated, with national tension fanned by the 1986 Serbian <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_the_Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">SANU Memorandum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">1989 coups in Vojvodina, Kosovo and Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frucht433_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frucht433-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Slovenia and Croatia began to seek greater autonomy within the federation, including <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederate</a> status and even full independence, the nationalist ideas started to grow within the ranks of the still-ruling League of Communists. As <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> rose to power in Serbia, his speeches favored continuation of a unified Yugoslav state—one in which all power would be centralized in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Annex_IV_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annex_IV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown116_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown116-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1989, the crisis in Yugoslavia deepened after the adoption of amendments to the Serbian constitution that allowed the Serbian republic's government to re-assert effective power over the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina. Up until that time, a number of political decisions were legislated from within these provinces, and they had a vote on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav federal presidency</a> level (six members from the republics and two members from the autonomous provinces).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a>, delivered on June 28, 1989, Milošević remarked on the current "battles and quarrels", saying that even though there were currently no armed battles, the possibility could not be excluded yet.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian-Gazimestan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-Gazimestan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general political situation grew more tense when in 1989 <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a> publicly consorted with <a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_%C4%90uji%C4%87" title="Momčilo Đujić">Momčilo Đujić</a>, a World War II <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Years later, Croatian Serb leader <a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a> testified that Momčilo Đujić had financially supported the Serbs in Croatia in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-ICTY-Milosevic-Transcript_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICTY-Milosevic-Transcript-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> made international visits during the late 1980s to garner support from the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_diaspora" title="Croatian diaspora">Croatian diaspora</a> for the Croatian national cause.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_democracy_and_political_crisis">Transition to democracy and political crisis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Transition to democracy and political crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mid-1989, political parties other than the Communist Party were first allowed, starting a transition from the <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party system</a>. A number of new parties were founded in Croatia, including the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Hrvatska demokratska zajednica</i>) (HDZ), led by Franjo Tuđman.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1990, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist Party</a> fragmented along national lines, with the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">faction</a> demanding a looser federation. At the <a href="/wiki/14th_Extraordinary_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Extraordinary Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a>, on 20 January 1990, the delegations of the republics could not agree on the main issues in the Yugoslav federation. The Croatian and Slovenian delegations demanded a looser federation, while the Serbian delegation, headed by Milošević, opposed this. As a result, the Slovenian and Croatian delegates left the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown116_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown116-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LondonTimes-Račan-Obituary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonTimes-Račan-Obituary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauković-14Congress-2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauković-14Congress-2009-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having completed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> in Vojvodina, Kosovo, and Montenegro, Serbia secured four out of eight federal presidency votes in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-Brown116_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown116-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was able to heavily influence decision-making at the federal level, because unfavorable decisions could be blocked; this rendered the governing body ineffective. This situation led to objections from other republics and calls for reform of the Yugoslav Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-Frucht433_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frucht433-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1990, <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Ra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Rašković">Jovan Rašković</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Serb_Democratic_Party_(Croatia)" title="Serb Democratic Party (Croatia)">Serb Democratic Party</a> (SDS) in <a href="/wiki/Knin" title="Knin">Knin</a>. Its program stated that the "regional division of Croatia is outdated" and that it "does not correspond with the interest of Serb people".<sup id="cite_ref-g214_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g214-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party program endorsed redrawing regional and municipal lines to reflect the ethnic composition of the areas, and asserted the right of territories with a "special ethnic composition" to become autonomous. This echoed Milošević position that internal Yugoslav borders should be redrawn to permit all Serbs to live in a single country.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Borders-Redraw_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Borders-Redraw-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent members of the SDS were <a href="/wiki/Milan_Babi%C4%87" title="Milan Babić">Milan Babić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Marti%C4%87" title="Milan Martić">Milan Martić</a>, both of whom later became high-ranking RSK officials. During his later trial, Babić would testify that there was a media campaign directed from Belgrade that portrayed the Serbs in Croatia as being threatened with genocide by the Croat majority and that he fell prey to this propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 1990, a meeting of 50,000 Serbs was held at <a href="/wiki/Petrova_Gora" title="Petrova Gora">Petrova Gora</a>. People at the rally shouted negative remarks aimed at Tuđman,<sup id="cite_ref-g214_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g214-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> chanted "This is Serbia",<sup id="cite_ref-g214_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g214-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expressed support for Milošević.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_moves_and_civil_unrest">Political moves and civil unrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political moves and civil unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late April and early May 1990, the <a href="/wiki/1990_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Croatian parliamentary election">first multi-party elections</a> were held in Croatia, with <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a>'s win resulting in further <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-Tuđman-Obituary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tense atmosphere prevailed in 1990: on 13 May 1990, a <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Zagreb-Red_Star_Belgrade_riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinamo Zagreb-Red Star Belgrade riot">football game was held in Zagreb</a> between <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Zagreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinamo Zagreb">Dinamo</a> team and Belgrade's <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade" title="Red Star Belgrade">Crvena Zvezda</a> team. The game erupted into violence between football fans and police.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 May 1990, the new <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Croatian Parliament</a> held its first session. President Tuđman announced his manifesto for a new Constitution and a multitude of political, economic, and social changes, including a plan for Yugoslavia as a confederation of sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 1990, Croatia made constitutional amendments that asserted and effected its sovereignty – the "Socialist" prefix was dropped from the country's name, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President of Croatia</a> replaced the President of the Presidency, in addition to other changes.<sup id="cite_ref-End_of_SRH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-End_of_SRH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes in the July 1990 Croatian Constitution did not relate to the status of the Serbs, which remained identical to the one granted by the 1974 Croatian Constitution (based on the <a href="/wiki/1974_Yugoslav_Constitution" title="1974 Yugoslav Constitution">1974 Yugoslav Constitution</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Croatia" title="Serbs of Croatia">Serbs in Croatia</a> boycotted the <a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">Sabor</a> and seized control of Serb-inhabited territory, <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">setting up road blocks</a> and voting for those areas to become <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Serb_Autonomous_Oblasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb Autonomous Oblasts">Serb "autonomous oblasts"</a> would soon become increasingly intent on achieving independence from Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Autonomy-AUG1990-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EE-CIS-book_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EE-CIS-book-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After HDZ came to power, they conducted a purge of Serbs employed in public administration, especially the police.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serbs of Croatia held a disproportionate number of official posts: in 1984, 22.6% of the members of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists of Croatia</a> and 17.7% of appointed officials in Croatia were Serbs, including 28-31% in the Ministry of the Interior (the police).<sup id="cite_ref-Bjelajac-Žunec-239_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjelajac-Žunec-239-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roksandić-1991_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roksandić-1991-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas, in 1981, they represented 11.5%<sup id="cite_ref-Roksandić-1991_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roksandić-1991-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1991, 12.2% of the total population of Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An even greater proportion of those posts had been held by Serbs in Croatia earlier on, which created a perception that the Serbs were guardians of the communist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Bjelajac-Žunec-239_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bjelajac-Žunec-239-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Tuđman made several clumsy remarks — such as the one from an 16 April 1990 speech<sup id="cite_ref-Nazor-2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazor-2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was 'glad that his wife is not a Serb'<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Croatian historian Ante Nazor has described as something taken out of context.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazor-2013_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazor-2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All this was deliberately distorted by Milošević's media in order to artificially spark fear that any form of an independent Croatia is a new "<a href="/wiki/Ustashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustashe">ustashe</a> state": in one instance, TV Belgrade showed Tuđman shaking hands with German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, accusing them of plotting to impose "a Fourth Reich".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Tuđman government was nationalistic and insensitive towards Serbs, but did not pose a threat to them before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political crisis escalated when the Serb-populated areas attempted to form an enclave called <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Krajina" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Krajina">Serbian Krajina</a> which intended to separate from Croatia if Croatia itself attempted to separate from Yugoslavia. The Serb leadership in Krajina refused to recognize the government of the Republic of Croatia as having sovereignty over them. The crisis began in August 1990 with the <a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> as Croatian Serbs cut down trees and used them to block roads.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Log-20AUG1990-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-19AUG1990_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Log-19AUG1990-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hampered Croatian tourism and caused alarm in the province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> as Croatia was hosting the <a href="/wiki/1990_European_Athletics_Championships" title="1990 European Athletics Championships">1990 European Athletics Championships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Split_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Split (city)">Split</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 December 1990, a new "<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Constitution">Christmas Constitution</a>" was passed, that adopted a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-december-1990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-december-1990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution defined Croatia as "the national state of the Croatian nation and a state of members of other nations and minorities who are its citizens: Serbs... who are guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> with citizens of Croatian nationality...."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartić_Verdict200744–49_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartić_Verdict200744–49-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of Serbs was changed from an explicitly mentioned nation (<i>narod</i>) to a nation listed together with minorities (<i>narodi i manjine</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitutional change was also read by the majority of Serb politicians as taking away some of the rights that the Serbs had been granted by the previous Socialist constitution, and it fuelled extremism among the Serbs of Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPešić199610&ndash;11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPešić199610&ndash;11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not based on the literal reading of the former Constitution of SR Croatia, which had also treated solely Croats as a constitutive nation, saying Croatia was "national state" for Croats, "state" for Serbs and other minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004737–739-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 1991, Croatia declared its Constitution and laws supreme to that of the SFRY,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Parliament enacted a formal resolution on the process of disassociation (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">razdruženje</i>) from SFR Yugoslavia and possible new association with other sovereign republics.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over two hundred armed incidents involving the rebel Serbs and Croatian police were reported between August 1990 and April 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Annex_IV_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annex_IV-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_referendum_and_decisions">Independence referendum and decisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independence referendum and decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 May 1991, the Croatian authorities held the <a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatian referendum on independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NN-Referendum-02May1991_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Referendum-02May1991-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serb local authorities called for a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> of the vote, which was largely followed by Croatian Serbs.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, a majority of Croatians endorsed independence from Yugoslavia, with a turnout of 83.56% and the two referendum questions answered positively by 93.24% and 92.18% (resp.) of the total number of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Referendum-1991-result_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Referendum-1991-result-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 June 1991, the country declared its independence from the SFRY, finalizing its effort to end its status as a constituent republic.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NN-Declaration-25June1991_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NN-Declaration-25June1991-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That decision of the parliament decision was partially boycotted by left-wing party deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> immediately urged both Croatia and Slovenia that they would not be recognized as independent states because of a fear of a civil war in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-EUWarning-26June1991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-EUWarning-26June1991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1991, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> had already started.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Mobilization-6Oct1991_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Mobilization-6Oct1991-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serb-controlled areas of Croatia were part of the three "Serb Autonomous Oblasts" later known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbian_Krajina" title="Republic of Serbian Krajina">Republic of Serbian Krajina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Iceland_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Iceland-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bulk of which would not be under Croatian control until 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Flash-May2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Flash-May2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-Storm-Complete_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Storm-Complete-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the remaining parts in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Croatia was first recognized as an independent state on 26 June 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Slovenia">declared its own independence</a> on the same day as Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Declaration-26June1991-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But by 29 June, the Croatian and Slovenian authorities agreed to a three-month <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_(law)" title="Moratorium (law)">moratorium</a> on the independence declaration, in an effort to ease tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Suspension-29June1991_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Suspension-29June1991-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brijuni_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brijuni Agreement">Brijuni Agreement</a> was formally signed in a meeting of the European Community Ministerial Troika, the Yugoslav, Serbian, Slovenian and Croatian authorities on 7 July.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> was the sole state that recognized Croatia on 30 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Recognition_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognition-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Badinter Arbitration Committee</a> was set up by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of Ministers</a> of the European Economic Community (EEC) on 27 August 1991 to provide legal advice and criteria for recognition to former Yugoslav republics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five-member commission consisted of presidents of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional courts</a> in the EEC.<sup id="cite_ref-pellet_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/220px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/330px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG/440px-Zgrada_INA_Naftaplin_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/INA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="INA (company)">INA</a> building in <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubi%C4%87eva_Street" title="Šubićeva Street">Šubićeva Street</a>, Zagreb was selected for security reasons as the venue for parliament's declaration of independence on 8 October 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 October, the eve of expiration of the moratorium, the <a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Banski dvori">attacked Banski dvori</a>, the main <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Government">government</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-BanskiDvoriRaid-8Oct1991-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 October 1991, the moratorium expired, and the Croatian Parliament severed all remaining ties with Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That particular session of the parliament was held in the <a href="/wiki/INA_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="INA (company)">INA</a> building on <a href="/wiki/Pavao_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavao Šubić Avenue">Pavao Šubić Avenue</a> in Zagreb due to security concerns provoked by recent Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air raid</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, it was feared that the Yugoslav Air Force might attack the parliament building.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was reached unanimously in the Parliament, and the only parliamentary deputies missing were some from the Serb parties that had been absent since early 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_recognition">General recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of Croatia">International recognition of Croatia</a></div> <p>Germany advocated quick recognition of Croatia, in order to stop ongoing violence in Serb-inhabited areas, with <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> requesting recognition in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> on 4 September. Kohl's position was opposed by France, the United Kingdom<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and the Netherlands, but the countries agreed to pursue a common approach by following Germany's unilateral action. On 10 October, two days after the Croatian Parliament confirmed the declaration of independence, the EEC decided to postpone any decision to recognize Croatia for two months. German foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dietrich_Genscher" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Dietrich Genscher">Hans Dietrich Genscher</a> later wrote that the EEC decided to recognize Croatian independence in two months if the war had not ended by then. With the war still ongoing when the deadline expired, Germany presented its decision to recognize Croatia as its policy and duty. Germany's position was supported by Italy and Denmark. France and the UK attempted to prevent German recognition by drafting a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> resolution requesting that no country take unilateral actions which could worsen the situation in Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucarelli-2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucarelli-2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Badinter,_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Robert_Badinter%2C_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Badinter" title="Robert Badinter">Robert Badinter</a> presided over the <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Conference on Yugoslavia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in late November 1991, the Badinter Commission rendered a series of ten opinions. The Commission stated, among other things, that Yugoslavia was in the process of dissolution, and that the internal boundaries of Yugoslav republics could not be altered unless freely agreed upon.<sup id="cite_ref-pellet_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellet-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors in the preservation of Croatia's pre-war borders were the Yugoslav federal constitutional amendments of 1971 and 1974, granting that sovereign rights were exercised by the federal units, and that the federation had only the authority specifically transferred to it by the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PravST-Ustav-1974_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PravST-Ustav-1974-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The borders had been defined by demarcation commissions in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraljević-Razgraničenje-1947-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, France and the UK backed down during the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> debate on the matter on 14 December, when Germany appeared determined to defy the UN resolution. On 17 December, the EEC formally agreed to grant Croatia diplomatic recognition on 15 January 1992, on the basis of its request and a positive opinion of the Badinter Arbitration Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucarelli-2000_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucarelli-2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its Opinion No. 5 on the specific matter of Croatian independence, the Commission ruled that Croatia's independence should not yet be recognized, because the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Croatian Constitution</a> did not incorporate protections for minorities required by European Community. In response to this decision, the President of Croatia <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man" title="Franjo Tuđman">Franjo Tuđman</a> wrote to Robert Badinter, giving assurances that this deficit would be remedied.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich-48-49_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-48-49-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> were the first to react by recognizing Croatian independence in the second week of December.<sup id="cite_ref-Recognition_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognition-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following week, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and Germany recognized it, on 19 December 1991, as the first western European countries to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Recognition_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognition-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the decisions of the Badinter Commission, the RSK formally declared its separation from Croatia on 19 December, but its statehood and independence were not recognized internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 December, Yugoslavia announced plans for a smaller state, which could include the territory captured from Croatia during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three more countries decided to recognize Croatia before the EEC-scheduled date of January 15: <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Recognition_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recognition-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Economic Community finally granted Croatia <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">diplomatic recognition</a> on 15 January 1992, and the United Nations did so in May 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-UN-membership_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-UN-membership-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the period following the declaration of independence, the war escalated, with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">sieges of Vukovar</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Vukovar-Captured_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Vukovar-Captured-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik"> Dubrovnik</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Dubrovnik-9Nov1991-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fighting elsewhere, until a <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarajevo Agreement"> ceasefire of 3 January 1992</a> led to stabilization and a significant reduction in violence.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-Jan3-Ceasefire-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the end of 1991, the second Yugoslavia <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia"> effectively ceased to exist as a state</a>, with the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ante_Markovi%C4%87" title="Ante Marković">Ante Marković</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Presidency_of_Yugoslavia" title="President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia"> president of the presidency</a> <a href="/wiki/Stjepan_Mesi%C4%87" title="Stjepan Mesić">Stjepan Mesić</a> resigning in December 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Caretaker_government" title="Caretaker government">caretaker government</a> representing it until the country's formal dissolution in April 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war effectively ended in August 1995 with a decisive victory for Croatia as a result of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LATimes-Storm-Complete_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATimes-Storm-Complete-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croatia established its present-day borders when the remaining <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavonia,_Baranja_and_Western_Syrmia_(1995-1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995-1998)">Serb-held areas of eastern Slavonia</a> were restored to Croatia pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Erdut_Agreement" title="Erdut Agreement">Erdut Agreement</a> of November 1995, with the process concluded in January 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-UNTAES-16Jan98-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2002, 8 October is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Croatia)" title="Independence Day (Croatia)">Croatia's Independence Day</a>, while 25 June is recognized as <a href="/wiki/Statehood_Day_(Croatia)" title="Statehood Day (Croatia)">Statehood Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabor-Independence-8Oct1991-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, May 30, marking the day when the first democratic parliament was constituted in 1990, had been commemorated as Statehood Day.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is not a public holiday, 15 January is marked as the day Croatia won international recognition by Croatian media and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day's tenth anniversary in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a> minted a 25 <a href="/wiki/Croatian_kuna" title="Croatian kuna">kuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_coin" title="Commemorative coin">commemorative coin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Croatian coat of arms and flag used in 1990 and 1991</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia_(white_chequy).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag used June 27, – December 21, 1990[90]"><img alt="Flag used June 27, – December 21, 1990[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_Croatia_%28white_chequy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag used June 27, – December 21, 1990<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croatia,_Historic_Coat_of_Arms,_first_white_square.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used June 27, – December 21, 1990"><img alt="Coat of arms used June 27, – December 21, 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg/93px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg/140px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg/187px-Croatia%2C_Historic_Coat_of_Arms%2C_first_white_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms used June 27, – December 21, 1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag used from December 21, 1990"><img alt="Flag used from December 21, 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/140px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/210px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/280px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">Flag</a> used from December 21, 1990</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms used from December 21, 1990"><img alt="Coat of arms used from December 21, 1990" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Croatia">Coat of arms</a> used from December 21, 1990</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JL-Savka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JL-Savka_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVlado_Vurušić2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vlado Vurušić (6 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806045846/http://www.jutarnji.hr/heroina-hrvatskog-proljeca/305499/">"Heroina Hrvatskog proljeća"</a> [Heroine of the Croatian Spring]. <i><a href="/wiki/Jutarnji_list" title="Jutarnji list">Jutarnji list</a></i> (in Croatian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leaders+of+a+Republic+In+Yugoslavia+Resign&rft.date=1989-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DE7D9123FF931A25752C0A96F948260%26scp%3D2%26sq%3DTitograd%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annex_IV-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annex_IV_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annex_IV_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504142243/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/IV.htm">"Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex IV – The policy of ethnic cleansing; Prepared by: M. 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Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Vjesnik" title="Vjesnik">Vjesnik</a>. pp. 157–158. <q>U razdoblju poslije 1981. godine, kada Srbi sačinjavaju 11,5 posto stanovništva, precizno 1984. godine, Vjeran Katunarić nalazi da su Srbi u Hrvatskoj 17,7 posto političkih rukovodilaca, 12,5 posto privrednih rukovodilaca, 11,9 posto pripadnika "sistemske inteligencije", [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srbi+u+Hrvatskoj+od+15.+stolje%C4%87a+do+na%C5%A1ih+dana&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Vjesnik&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Roksandi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Drago&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Milošević_Indictment">Milošević indictment</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nazor-2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nazor-2013_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nazor-2013_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnte_Nazor2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ante Nazor (2013-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027054405/http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/ante-nazor/76778-laz-je-da-tudman-izbacio-srbe-iz-ustava.html">"Laž je da Tuđman 'izbacio' Srbe iz Ustava"</a> [The lie is that Tuđman 'banned' Serbs from the Constitution] (in Croatian). Dnevno.hr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnevno.hr/kolumne/ante-nazor/76778-laz-je-da-tudman-izbacio-srbe-iz-ustava.html">the original</a> on 2014-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La%C5%BE+je+da+Tu%C4%91man+%27izbacio%27+Srbe+iz+Ustava&rft.pub=Dnevno.hr&rft.date=2013-01-26&rft.au=Ante+Nazor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnevno.hr%2Fkolumne%2Fante-nazor%2F76778-laz-je-da-tudman-izbacio-srbe-iz-ustava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,MRGI,,HRV,,4954ce1ec,0.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Croatia: Overview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCHR">UNCHR</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minority+Rights+Group+International&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Croatia%3A+Overview&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Fcountry%2C%2CMRGI%2C%2CHRV%2C%2C4954ce1ec%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Engelberg1991" class="citation news cs1">Stephen Engelberg (September 1, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/09/01/magazine/carving-out-a-greater-serbia.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"Carving out a Greater Serbia"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Carving+out+a+Greater+Serbia&rft.date=1991-09-01&rft.au=Stephen+Engelberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F09%2F01%2Fmagazine%2Fcarving-out-a-greater-serbia.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Brown_&_Karim">Brown & Karim (1995)</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Log-19AUG1990-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Log-19AUG1990_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/19/world/roads-sealed-as-yugoslav-unrest-mounts.html?ref=croatia">"Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 August 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Roads+Sealed+as+Yugoslav+Unrest+Mounts&rft.date=1990-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F08%2F19%2Fworld%2Froads-sealed-as-yugoslav-unrest-mounts.html%3Fref%3Dcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanko_Plevnik2009" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Danko Plevnik (28 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slobodnadalmacija.hr/Biznis/tabid/69/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/80962/Default.aspx">"Vrdoljak je zahtijevao: Osvojite Knin s 2000 policajaca iz Splita"</a> [Vrdoljak demanded: Seize Knin with 2000 policemen from Split]. <i><a href="/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija" title="Slobodna Dalmacija">Slobodna Dalmacija</a></i> (in Croatian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slobodna+Dalmacija&rft.atitle=Vrdoljak+je+zahtijevao%3A+Osvojite+Knin+s+2000+policajaca+iz+Splita&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft.au=Danko+Plevnik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slobodnadalmacija.hr%2FBiznis%2Ftabid%2F69%2FarticleType%2FArticleView%2FarticleId%2F80962%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-december-1990-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-december-1990_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabor1990" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">Sabor</a> (22 December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1990_12_56_1092.html">"Ustav Republike Hrvatske"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Narodne_novine" title="Narodne novine">Narodne novine</a></i> (in Croatian) (56/1990)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodne+novine&rft.atitle=Ustav+Republike+Hrvatske&rft.issue=56%2F1990&rft.date=1990-12-22&rft.au=Sabor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fsluzbeni%2F1990_12_56_1092.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartić_Verdict200744–49-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartić_Verdict200744–49_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartić_Verdict2007">Martić Verdict 2007</a>, pp. 44–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPešić199610&ndash;11-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPešić199610&ndash;11_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPešić1996">Pešić 1996</a>, p. 10–11[The nations'] rights to be “constitutive” were recognized not only within their respective states, but also among their conationals inhabiting the territory of other Yugoslav republics. In some cases, these ethnic diaspora communities viewed the constitutive nature of Yugoslav nationhood as giving them the right to extend the sovereignty of their national “homeland” to the territories they inhabited. Such was the case with Serbs in Croatia, constituting 12 percent of the republic’s population in 1991. Later, this status would produce enormous problems, giving Croatian Serbs the “right” to secede from Croatia, and giving Croatia the right to deny them this status by designating them as a “minority” in its new constitution.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroatian_Parliament1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Croatian Parliament (February 21, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1991_02_8_185.html">"Ustavni zakon o dopunama Ustavnog zakona za provedbu Ustava Republike Hrvatske"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Narodne_novine" title="Narodne novine">Narodne novine</a></i> (in Croatian) (8/1991)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodne+novine&rft.atitle=Ustavni+zakon+o+dopunama+Ustavnog+zakona+za+provedbu+Ustava+Republike+Hrvatske&rft.issue=8%2F1991&rft.date=1991-02-21&rft.au=Croatian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fsluzbeni%2F1991_02_8_185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroatian_Parliament1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Croatian Parliament (21 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1991_02_8_186.html">"Rezolucija o prihvaćanju postupaka za razdruženje SFRJ i o mogućem udruživanju u savez suverenih republika"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Narodne_novine" title="Narodne novine">Narodne novine</a></i> (in Croatian) (8/1991)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodne+novine&rft.atitle=Rezolucija+o+prihva%C4%87anju+postupaka+za+razdru%C5%BEenje+SFRJ+i+o+mogu%C4%87em+udru%C5%BEivanju+u+savez+suverenih+republika&rft.issue=8%2F1991&rft.date=1991-02-21&rft.au=Croatian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fsluzbeni%2F1991_02_8_186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David C. Isby, "Yugoslavia 1991: Armed Forces in Conflict", Jane's Intelligence Review 394, 402 (September 1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NN-Referendum-02May1991-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NN-Referendum-02May1991_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/1991_05_21_646.html">"Odluka o raspisu referenduma"</a> [Decision to hold a referendum]. <i><a href="/wiki/Narodne_novine" title="Narodne novine">Narodne novine</a></i> (in Croatian) (21/1991). 2 May 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Narodne+novine&rft.atitle=Odluka+o+raspisu+referenduma&rft.issue=21%2F1991&rft.date=1991-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarodne-novine.nn.hr%2Fclanci%2Fsluzbeni%2F1991_05_21_646.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Referendum-20May1991_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudetic1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Sudetic" title="Chuck Sudetic">Sudetic, Chuck</a> (20 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/20/world/croatia-votes-for-sovereignty-and-confederation.html?ref=croatia">"Croatia Votes for Sovereignty and Confederation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%2FRES%2F49%2F43+The+situation+in+the+occupied+territories+of+Croatia&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1995-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN95%2F766%2F51%2FPDF%2FN9576651.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes-Germany-23Dec91_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Kinzer1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a> (24 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html">"Slovenia and Croatia Get Bonn's Nod"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620034701/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/24/world/slovenia-and-croatia-get-bonn-s-nod.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Central European University Press. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639241817" title="Special:BookSources/9789639241817"><bdi>9789639241817</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+web+site+of+the+Croatian+Parliament&rft.atitle=Ceremonial+session+of+the+Croatian+Parliament+on+the+occasion+of+the+Day+of+Independence+of+the+Republic+of+Croatia&rft.date=2004-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabor.hr%2FDefault.aspx%3Fart%3D20091%26sec%3D2462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/tri-rodendana-svaki-datum-ima-povijesno-znacenje-hrvatsku-clanak-303723">"Dan državnosti - Tri rođendana: Svaki datum ima povijesno značenje za Hrvatsku"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ve%C4%8Dernji_list" title="Večernji list">Večernji list</a></i> (in Croatian). 24 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ve%C4%8Dernji+list&rft.atitle=Dan+dr%C5%BEavnosti+-+Tri+ro%C4%91endana%3A+Svaki+datum+ima+povijesno+zna%C4%8Denje+za+Hrvatsku&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vecernji.hr%2Fvijesti%2Ftri-rodendana-svaki-datum-ima-povijesno-znacenje-hrvatsku-clanak-303723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108035313/https://glashrvatske.hrt.hr/en/news/domestic/croatians-celebrate-statehood-day/">"Croatians celebrate Statehood Day"</a>. <i>The Voice of Croatia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glashrvatske.hrt.hr/en/news/domestic/croatians-celebrate-statehood-day/">the original</a> on 2021-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Voice+of+Croatia&rft.atitle=Croatians+celebrate+Statehood+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglashrvatske.hrt.hr%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdomestic%2Fcroatians-celebrate-statehood-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrt.hr/index.php?id=48&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=101487&cHash=164234a438">"Obilježena obljetnica priznanja"</a> [Recognition Anniversary Marked] (in Croatian). <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Croatian Radiotelevision</a>. 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obilje%C5%BEena+obljetnica+priznanja&rft.pub=Croatian+Radiotelevision&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrt.hr%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D48%26tx_ttnews%255Btt_news%255D%3D101487%26cHash%3D164234a438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216132034/http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e25kuna.htm">"Commemorative 25 Kuna Coins in Circulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a>. 19 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnb.hr/novcan/kovanice/e25kuna.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+25+Kuna+Coins+in+Circulation&rft.pub=Croatian+National+Bank&rft.date=2010-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnb.hr%2Fnovcan%2Fkovanice%2Fe25kuna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628203325/https://daniponosa.hrt.hr/dani-ponosa/43/20-lipnaj-1990-prijedlog-o-promjeni-imena-i-grba-d"><i>20. lipanj 1990. - Prijedlog o promjeni imena i grba države</i></a> [<i>20 June 1990 - Proposal on the change of name and coat of arms of the state</i>] (Motion picture, <a href="/wiki/TV_kalendar" title="TV kalendar">TV kalendar</a>). <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Croatian Radiotelevision</a>. 2015-06-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daniponosa.hrt.hr/dani-ponosa/43/20-lipnaj-1990-prijedlog-o-promjeni-imena-i-grba-d">the original</a> on 2021-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20.+lipanj+1990.+-+Prijedlog+o+promjeni+imena+i+grba+dr%C5%BEave&rft.place=Zagreb%2C+Croatia&rft.pub=Croatian+Radiotelevision&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaniponosa.hrt.hr%2Fdani-ponosa%2F43%2F20-lipnaj-1990-prijedlog-o-promjeni-imena-i-grba-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independence_of_Croatia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bjelajac,_Žunec,_Boduszynski,_Draschtak,_Graovac,_Kent,_Malli,_Pavlović,_Vuić" class="citation book cs1">Bjelajac, Mile; Žunec, Ozren; Mieczyslaw Boduszynski; Raphael Draschtak; Igor Graovac; Sally Kent; Rüdiger Malli; Srdja Pavlović; Jason Vuić (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/history/facstaff/Ingrao/si/Team_7_Full_Text_Report.pdf">"The War in Croatia, 1991–1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ingrao, Charles W.; Emmert, Thomas Allan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0nYdgFrdG8C"><i>Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: a Scholars' Initiative</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-533-7"><bdi>978-1-55753-533-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+War+in+Croatia%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.btitle=Confronting+the+Yugoslav+Controversies%3A+a+Scholars%27+Initiative&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-533-7&rft.aulast=Bjelajac&rft.aufirst=Mile&rft.au=%C5%BDunec%2C+Ozren&rft.au=Mieczyslaw+Boduszynski&rft.au=Raphael+Draschtak&rft.au=Igor+Graovac&rft.au=Sally+Kent&rft.au=R%C3%BCdiger+Malli&rft.au=Srdja+Pavlovi%C4%87&rft.au=Jason+Vui%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cla.purdue.edu%2Facademic%2Fhistory%2Ffacstaff%2FIngrao%2Fsi%2FTeam_7_Full_Text_Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Milošević_Indictment" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/ind/en/ind_cro010927.pdf">"The Prosecutor of the Tribunal against Slobodan Milošević (IT-02-54) - Indictment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. October 22, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prosecutor+of+the+Tribunal+against+Slobodan+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87+%28IT-02-54%29+-+Indictment&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2002-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fslobodan_milosevic%2Find%2Fen%2Find_cro010927.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Brown_&_Karim" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cynthia; Karim, Farhad (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingcommunalc00brow"><i>Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781564321527" title="Special:BookSources/9781564321527"><bdi>9781564321527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+the+%22Communal+Card%22%3A+Communal+Violence+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9781564321527&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Karim%2C+Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingcommunalc00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Frucht" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPešić1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vesna_Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Vesna Pešić">Pešić, Vesna</a> (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usip.org/publications/serbian-nationalism-and-origins-yugoslav-crisis">"Serbian Nationalism and the Origins of the Yugoslav Crisis"</a>. <i>Peaceworks</i> (8). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">United States Institute of Peace</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peaceworks&rft.atitle=Serbian+Nationalism+and+the+Origins+of+the+Yugoslav+Crisis&rft.issue=8&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Pe%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2Fserbian-nationalism-and-origins-yugoslav-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartić_Verdict2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icty.org/x/cases/martic/tjug/en/070612.pdf">"The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic - Judgement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. June 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prosecutor+vs.+Milan+Martic+-+Judgement&rft.pub=International+Criminal+Tribunal+for+the+former+Yugoslavia&rft.date=2007-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icty.org%2Fx%2Fcases%2Fmartic%2Ftjug%2Fen%2F070612.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacci_SkenderovićJareb2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bonacci Skenderović, Dunja; Jareb, Mario (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/103307?lang=en">"Hrvatski nacionalni simboli između negativnih stereotipa i istine"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>36</b> (2). Croatian Institute of History: 731–760. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0590-9597">0590-9597</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Hrvatski+nacionalni+simboli+izme%C4%91u+negativnih+stereotipa+i+istine&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=731-760&rft.date=2004-07&rft.issn=0590-9597&rft.aulast=Bonacci+Skenderovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dunja&rft.au=Jareb%2C+Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F103307%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependence+of+Croatia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Croatia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Croatia-related_articles" title="Index of Croatia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_before_the_Croats" title="History of Croatia before the Croats">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origins of Croats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Medieval duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Croatia" title="Red Croatia">Red Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Medieval kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Slavonia" title="Ban of Slavonia">Ban of Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Habsburg kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Austrio-Hungarian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">'Independent State'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_(1995%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Croatia (1995–present)">Croatia since 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Croatia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia#Climate" title="Geography of Croatia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Croatia" title="List of extreme points of Croatia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Croatia" title="List of islands of Croatia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Croatia" title="List of lakes of Croatia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Croatia" title="List of mammals of Croatia">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Croatia" title="List of mountains in Croatia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Croatia" title="List of protected areas of Croatia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Croatia" title="List of rivers of Croatia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Croatia" title="Topography of Croatia">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Croatia" title="Human rights in Croatia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Croatia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Croatian_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Croatian Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Croatia" title="List of political parties in Croatia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_brands" title="Croatian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Croatian counties by GDP">Gross domestic product (GDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Croatia" title="Industry of Croatia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatian_currency" title="History of Croatian currency">History of currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">The euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Croatia" title="Privatization in Croatia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Stock_Exchange" title="Zagreb Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Croatia" title="Tourism in Croatia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Croatia" title="Transport in Croatia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Croatia" title="Category:Society of Croatia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Croatia" title="Healthcare in Croatia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia#Languages" title="Demographics of Croatia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Croatia" title="Public holidays in Croatia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Croatia" title="List of radio stations in Croatia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Croatia" title="Sport in Croatia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Croatia" title="Television in Croatia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Croatia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Croatia" title="National symbols of Croatia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijepa_na%C5%A1a_domovino" title="Lijepa naša domovino">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_checkerboard" title="Croatian checkerboard">Checkerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Croatia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Croatia">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_flags" title="List of Croatian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_mottos" title="List of Croatian mottos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Croatia" title="Outline of Croatia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Croatia-related_articles" title="Index of Croatia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Croatia" title="Category:Croatia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Breakup of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia">Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (1980–2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (until 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_and_unity" title="Brotherhood and unity">Brotherhood and unity</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (until 1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SANU_Memorandum" title="SANU Memorandum">SANU Memorandum</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributions_to_the_Slovene_National_Program" title="Contributions to the Slovene National Program">Contributions to the Slovene National Program</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a> (1987–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrokomerc_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrokomerc Affair">Agrokomerc Affair</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_session_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia">8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBTZ_trial" title="JBTZ trial">JBTZ trial</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1980s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and actors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bureaucratic_revolution" title="Anti-bureaucratic revolution">Anti-bureaucratic revolution</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Independence of Croatia</a> (1989–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Revolution" title="Log Revolution">Log Revolution</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87%E2%80%93Tu%C4%91man_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evo_meeting" title="Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting">Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_Plan" title="RAM Plan">RAM Plan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brioni_Agreement" title="Brioni Agreement">Brioni Agreement</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_the_media_in_the_breakup_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia">Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Commission_of_the_Peace_Conference_on_Yugoslavia" title="Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia">Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia</a> (1991–1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Template talk:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian_independence_referendums" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yugoslavian independence referendums"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia&#124;link=Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia_Independence_referendums_in_Yugoslavia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> Independence referendums in Yugoslavia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republics and provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">Slovenia</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Croatian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Croatian independence referendum">Croatia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Macedonian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Macedonian independence referendum">Macedonia</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kosovan_independence_referendum" title="1991 Kosovan independence referendum">Kosovo</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Bosnian_independence_referendum" title="1992 Bosnian independence referendum">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Montenegrin_sovereignty_referendum" title="1992 Montenegrin sovereignty referendum">Montenegro</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Montenegrin_independence_referendum" title="2006 Montenegrin independence referendum">Montenegro</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_SAO_Krajina_autonomy_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 SAO Krajina autonomy referendum (page does not exist)">SAO Krajina</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Sand%C5%BEak_autonomy_referendum" title="1991 Sandžak autonomy referendum">Sandžak</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Bosnian_Serb_referendum" title="1991 Bosnian Serb referendum">Srpska</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Macedonian_Albanian_autonomy_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Macedonian Albanian autonomy referendum">Ilirida</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Eastern_Slavonia_integrity_referendum" title="1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum">Eastern Slavonia</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Macedonian_autonomy_referendum" title="2004 Macedonian autonomy referendum">Macedonia</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991-2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> (1991–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> (1992–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz_agreement" title="Graz agreement">Graz agreement</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> (1992–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Criminal_Enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Criminal Enterprise">Joint Criminal Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Sub-Regional_Arms_Control" title="Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control">Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> (1993–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">United Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serbian_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Serbian sentiment">Anti-Serbian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Montenegrin_unionism" title="Serbian–Montenegrin unionism">Serbian–Montenegrin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a 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