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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_baronial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_baronial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scottish baronial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_baronial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish baronial architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Baronial" title="Scottish Baronial – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Scottish Baronial" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0oti_parunistiil" title="Šoti parunistiil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šoti parunistiil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شیوه بارونی اسکاتلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیوه بارونی اسکاتلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_baronial_style" title="Scottish baronial style – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Scottish baronial style" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stile_baronale_scozzese" title="Stile baronale scozzese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stile baronale scozzese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות סקוטית ברוניאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות סקוטית ברוניאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotlandiya_baron_uslubi" title="Shotlandiya baron uslubi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shotlandiya baron uslubi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Стиль шотландских баронов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стиль шотландских баронов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0kotska_baronska_arhitektura" title="Škotska baronska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Škotska baronska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3476363#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_Baronial&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Baronial">Scottish Baronial</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century architectural style</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg/290px-Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg/435px-Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg/580px-Greenock_Sheriff_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1896" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_court" title="Sheriff court">sheriff court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> (1869) is a typical Scottish Baronial building with crow-stepped <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbelled</a> corner turrets.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scottish baronial</b> or <b>Scots baronial</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> which <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revived</a> the forms and ornaments of historical <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">architecture of Scotland in the Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period in Scotland">Early Modern Period</a>. Reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Scottish castles</a>, buildings in the Scots baronial style are characterised by elaborate rooflines embellished with <a href="/wiki/Conical_roof" title="Conical roof">conical roofs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourelle_(architecture)" title="Tourelle (architecture)">tourelles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Battlements">battlements</a> with <a href="/wiki/Machicolations" class="mw-redirect" title="Machicolations">machicolations</a>, often with an asymmetric plan. Popular during the fashion for <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a>, Scots baronial architecture was equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobethan_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobethan Revival">Jacobethan Revival</a> of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, and likewise revived the Late Gothic appearance of the fortified domestic architecture of the elites in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">architecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a>. </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a> of the Scots baronial style in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> were <a href="/wiki/William_Burn" title="William Burn">William Burn</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bryce" title="David Bryce">David Bryce</a>. <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Romanticism in Scotland</a> coincided with a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">Scottish national identity</a> during the 19th century, and some of the most emblematic country residences of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> were built in this style, including <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_Scottish_Borders" title="Abbotsford, Scottish Borders">Abbotsford</a>, while in urban settings <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Street,_Edinburgh" title="Cockburn Street, Edinburgh">Cockburn Street, Edinburgh</a> was built wholly in baronial style. Baronial style buildings were typically of stone, whether <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">ashlar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a>. </p><p>Following <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Billings" title="Robert William Billings">Robert William Billings</a>'s <i>Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland</i>, architectural historians identified the stylistic features characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">baronial</a> castles built from the latter 16th century as Scots baronial style, which as a revived idiom architects continued to employ up until 1930s. Scottish baronial was core influence on <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was considered a British national idiom emblematic of Scotland, and was widely used for public buildings, country houses, residences and <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">follies</a> throughout the British Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_War_Memorial" title="Scottish National War Memorial">Scottish National War Memorial</a> was the last significant monument of the baronial style, built 1920 in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_and_name">Revival and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Revival and name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG/220px-CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG/330px-CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG/440px-CIMG1495_ScraboHorizView.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scrabo_Tower" title="Scrabo Tower">Scrabo Tower</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">folly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newtownards" title="Newtownards">Newtownards</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, by architects <a href="/wiki/Lanyon,_Lynn_and_Lanyon" title="Lanyon, Lynn and Lanyon">Lanyon and Lynn</a> (1858)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Scottish baronial style is also called Scotch baronial,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Summerson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scots baronial or just baronial style.<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was invented in the 19th century and may come from Robert William Billings's book <i>Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland</i>, published in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before, the style does not seem to have had a name. The buildings produced by the Scottish baronial revival by far outnumber those of the original Scottish "baronial" castles of the Early Modern Period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland#Architecture" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance in Scotland § Architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claypotts_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Claypotts_Castle.jpg/220px-Claypotts_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Claypotts_Castle.jpg/330px-Claypotts_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Claypotts_Castle.jpg/440px-Claypotts_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Claypotts Castle consists of a rectangular central block with two round towers crowned by square garret chambers. The corners of these chambers or <a href="/wiki/Cap-house" title="Cap-house">cap-houses</a> are strongly corbelled out over the round form and have crow-stepped gables.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scottish baronial style drew upon the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Scottish Renaissance</a>. The style of elite residences built by <a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">barons in Scotland</a> developed under the influence of <a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">French architecture</a> and the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> in the 16th century and was abandoned by about 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Summerson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style kept many of the features of the high-rising medieval Gothic castles and introduced Renaissance features. The high and relatively thin-walled medieval fortifications had been made obsolete by gunpowder weapons but were associated with chivalry and landed nobility. High roofs, towers and turrets were kept for status reasons. Renaissance elements were introduced. This concerned mainly the windows that became bigger, had straight lintels or round bows and typically lacked mullions. The style drew on <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower houses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">peel towers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Summerson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> retaining many of their external features. French Renaissance also kept the steep roofs of medieval castles as can be seen for example at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Azay-le-Rideau" title="Château d'Azay-le-Rideau">Azay-le-Rideau</a> (1518), and the original Scottish baronial style might have been influenced by French masons brought to Scotland to work on royal palaces. </p><p>The style was quite limited in scope: a style for lesser Scottish landlords. The walls usually are rubble work and only quoins, window dressings and copings are in ashlar. Sculpted ornaments are sparsely used. In most cases the windows lack pediments. The style often uses <a href="/wiki/Corbel" title="Corbel">corbelled</a> <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a> sometimes called tourelles, <a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">bartizans</a> or pepperpot turrets. The corbels supporting the turret typically are roll-moulded. Their roofs were conical. Gables are often crow-stepped. Round towers supporting square garret chambers corbelled out over the cylinder of their main bodies are particular the Scottish baronial style. They can be seen at <a href="/wiki/Claypotts_Castle" title="Claypotts Castle">Claypotts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monea_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Monea Castle">Monea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colliston_Castle" title="Colliston Castle">Colliston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirlestane" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirlestane">Thirlestane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auchans_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Auchans Castle">Auchans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balvenie_Castle" title="Balvenie Castle">Balvenie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Fiddes" title="Castle of Fiddes">Fiddes</a>. </p><p>Such castles or tower houses are typically built on asymmetric plans. Often this is a <a href="/wiki/Z-plan_castle" title="Z-plan castle">Z-plan</a> as at Claypotts Castle (1569–1588), or on an L-plan as at Colliston. Roof lines are uneven and irregular. </p><p>The Scottish baronial style coexisted even in Scotland with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> architecture, which was preferred by the wealthier clients. <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_(mason)" title="William Wallace (mason)">William Wallace</a>'s work at the North Range of <a href="/wiki/Linlithgow_Palace" title="Linlithgow Palace">Linlithgow Palace</a> (1618–1622) and at <a href="/wiki/Heriot%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Heriot's Hospital">Heriot's Hospital</a> (1628–1633) are examples of a contemporaneous Scottish Renaissance architecture. Wallace worked for the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(Dudley)_Sutton,_Countess_of_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (Dudley) Sutton, Countess of Home">Countess of Home</a> at <a href="/wiki/Moray_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray House">Moray House</a> on Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/Canongate" class="mw-redirect" title="Canongate">Canongate</a>, an Anglo-Scottish client who employed the English master mason <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stone" title="Nicholas Stone">Nicholas Stone</a> at her London house in Aldersgate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The baronial style as well as the Scottish Renaissance style finally gave way to the grander English forms associated with <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a> in the later part of the seventeenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Summerson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scottish_baronial">Scottish baronial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scottish baronial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European architecture of the 19th century was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">revivals</a> of various historic styles. This current took off in the middle of the 18th century with the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> in Britain. The Gothic Revival in architecture has been seen as an expression of romanticism and according to <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jackson_(historian)" title="Alvin Jackson (historian)">Alvin Jackson</a>, the Scots baronial style was "a <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonian</a> reading of the gothic".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the earliest evidence of a revival in Gothic architecture is from Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Inveraray_Castle" title="Inveraray Castle">Inveraray Castle</a>, built starting from 1746 with design input from <a href="/wiki/William_Adam_(architect)" title="William Adam (architect)">William Adam</a>, incorporates turrets. These were largely conventional Palladian style houses that incorporated some external features of the Scots baronial style. William Adam's son's, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Adam" title="Robert Adam">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Adam_(architect)" title="James Adam (architect)">James</a> continued their father's approach, with houses such as <a href="/wiki/Mellerstain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellerstain">Mellerstain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wedderburn_Castle" title="Wedderburn Castle">Wedderburn</a> in Berwickshire and Seton House in East Lothian, but most clearly at <a href="/wiki/Culzean_Castle" title="Culzean Castle">Culzean Castle</a>, Ayrshire, remodelled by Robert from 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large windows of plate glass are not uncommon. Bay windows often have their individual roofs adorned by pinnacles and crenulations. <a href="/wiki/Porch" title="Porch">Porches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">porticos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porte-cochere" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte-cochere">porte-cocheres</a>, are often given the castle treatment. An imitation <a href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</a> on the larger houses would occasionally be suspended above a front door, flanked by heraldic beasts and other medieval architectural motifs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Important for the adoption of the style in the early nineteenth century was <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbotsford House">Abbotsford House</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the residence of the novelist and poet <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>. Rebuilt for him from 1816, it became a model for the Scottish baronial Revival style. Common features borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century houses included <a href="/wiki/Battlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Battlements">battlemented</a> gateways, <a href="/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-stepped gable">crow-stepped gables</a>, spiral stairs, pointed <a href="/wiki/Turret_(architecture)" title="Turret (architecture)">turrets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hull2006p154_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull2006p154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orchardton_Castle" title="Orchardton Castle">Orchardton Castle</a> near Auchencairn, Scotland is a superb example dating from the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important for the dissemination of the style was <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Billings" title="Robert William Billings">Robert Billings</a>'s (1813–1874) four-volume work <i>Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland</i> (1848–1852).<sup id="cite_ref-Devine2006p11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devine2006p11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was applied to many relatively modest dwellings by architects such as <a href="/wiki/William_Burn" title="William Burn">William Burn</a> (1789–1870), <a href="/wiki/David_Bryce" title="David Bryce">David Bryce</a> (1803–76),<sup id="cite_ref-Hull2006p154_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hull2006p154-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blore" title="Edward Blore">Edward Blore</a> (1787–1879), <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvert_(architect)" title="Edward Calvert (architect)">Edward Calvert</a> (c. 1847–1914) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stodart_Lorimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Stodart Lorimer">Robert Stodart Lorimer</a> (1864–1929) and in urban contexts, including the building of <a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Street,_Edinburgh" title="Cockburn Street, Edinburgh">Cockburn Street</a> in Edinburgh (from the 1850s) as well as the National <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Monument" title="Wallace Monument">Wallace Monument</a> at Stirling (1859–1869).<sup id="cite_ref-GlendinningMacInnes&MacKechniepp276-85_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlendinningMacInnes&MacKechniepp276-85-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rannoch_School#Dall_House" title="Rannoch School">Dall House</a> (1855) and <a href="/wiki/Helen%27s_Tower" title="Helen's Tower">Helen's Tower</a> (1848) have square-corbelled-on-round towers or turrets. The rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> as a baronial palace and its adoption as a royal retreat from 1855 to 1858 by Queen Victoria confirmed the popularity of the style.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This architectural style was often employed for public buildings, such as <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Grammar_School" title="Aberdeen Grammar School">Aberdeen Grammar School</a> (about 1860). However, it was by no means confined to Scotland and is a fusion of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> castle architecture first employed by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a> for <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill</a> and the ancient Scottish defensive <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">tower houses</a>. In the 19th century it became fashionable for private houses to be built with small turrets. Such buildings were dubbed "in Scottish baronial style". In fact the architecture often had little in common with tower houses, which retained their defensive functions and were deficient with respect to 19th-century ideas of comfort.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The revival often adapted the style to the needs and technical abilities of a later time. </p><p>In Ireland, a young English architect of the York School of Architecture, <a href="/wiki/George_Fowler_Jones" title="George Fowler Jones">George Fowler Jones</a>, designed <a href="/wiki/Castle_Oliver" title="Castle Oliver">Castle Oliver</a>, a 110-room mansion of about 29,000 sq ft (2,700 m<sup>2</sup>), built in a pink sandstone similar to <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Castle" title="Belfast Castle">Belfast Castle</a>. Castle Oliver had all the classic features of the style, including battlements, <a href="/wiki/Porte-coch%C3%A8re" title="Porte-cochère">porte-cochère</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow-stepped_gable" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow-stepped gable">crow-stepped gables</a>, numerous turrets, <a href="/wiki/Arrow_slit" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow slit">arrow slits</a>, spiral stone staircases, and conical roofs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This form of architecture was popular in the dominions of the British Empire. In New Zealand it was advocated by the architect <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawson_(architect)" title="Robert Lawson (architect)">Robert Lawson</a>, who designed frequently in this style, most notably at <a href="/wiki/Larnach_Castle" title="Larnach Castle">Larnach Castle</a> in Dunedin. Other examples in New Zealand include works by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Petre" title="Francis Petre">Francis Petre</a>. In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Craigdarroch_Castle" title="Craigdarroch Castle">Craigdarroch Castle</a>, British Columbia, was built for <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dunsmuir" title="Robert Dunsmuir">Robert Dunsmuir</a>, a Scottish coal baron, in 1890. In Toronto, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Lennox" title="E. J. Lennox">E. J. Lennox</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Casa_Loma" title="Casa Loma">Casa Loma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> style for Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pellatt" title="Henry Pellatt">Henry Pellatt</a>, a prominent Canadian financier and industrialist. The mansion has battlements and towers, along with modern plumbing and other conveniences. Another Canadian example is the <a href="/wiki/Banff_Springs_Hotel" title="Banff Springs Hotel">Banff Springs Hotel</a> in the Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. The style can also be seen outside the empire at <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov_Palace_(Alupka)" title="Vorontsov Palace (Alupka)">Vorontsov Palace</a> near the city of Yalta, Crimea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dunrobin Castle is largely the work of Sir Charles Barry and similar to the ornate conical turrets, foundations and windows of contemporary restorations such as Josselin Castle in Brittany."><img alt="Dunrobin Castle is largely the work of Sir Charles Barry and similar to the ornate conical turrets, foundations and windows of contemporary restorations such as Josselin Castle in Brittany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg/200px-Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg/300px-Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg/400px-Dunrobin_Castle_-Sutherland_-Scotland-26May2008_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3702" data-file-height="2548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dunrobin_Castle" title="Dunrobin Castle">Dunrobin Castle</a> is largely the work of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Barry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Barry">Sir Charles Barry</a> and similar to the ornate conical turrets, foundations and windows of contemporary restorations such as <a href="/wiki/Josselin_Castle" title="Josselin Castle">Josselin Castle</a> in Brittany.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets,_St._Mary%27s_Street,_Edinburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scots-Baronial-style turrets on Victorian tenements in Edinburgh"><img alt="Scots-Baronial-style turrets on Victorian tenements in Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/200px-Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/300px-Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg/400px-Victorian_Scottish_baronial-style_tenement_turrets%2C_St._Mary%27s_Street%2C_Edinburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scots-Baronial-style turrets on Victorian tenements in Edinburgh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirna_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scots baronial turret above entrance to The Kirna, an 1867 Ballantyne property in Walkerburn, Scottish Borders."><img alt="Scots baronial turret above entrance to The Kirna, an 1867 Ballantyne property in Walkerburn, Scottish Borders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kirna_entrance.jpg/120px-Kirna_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kirna_entrance.jpg/180px-Kirna_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kirna_entrance.jpg/240px-Kirna_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scots baronial turret above entrance to <a href="/wiki/The_Kirna" title="The Kirna">The Kirna</a>, an 1867 Ballantyne property in <a href="/wiki/Walkerburn" title="Walkerburn">Walkerburn</a>, Scottish Borders.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balmoral_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balmoral Castle shows the final Victorian embodiment of the style. A principal keep reminiscent of Craigievar is the middle of the castle, while a large turreted country house is attached."><img alt="Balmoral Castle. The Royal Standard of Scotland flies over it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balmoral_Castle.jpg/200px-Balmoral_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balmoral_Castle.jpg/300px-Balmoral_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Balmoral_Castle.jpg/400px-Balmoral_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Balmoral Castle shows the final Victorian embodiment of the style. A principal keep reminiscent of Craigievar is the middle of the castle, while a large turreted country house is attached. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balmoral Castle, Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire."><img alt="Balmoral Castle, Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg/200px-Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg/300px-Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Balmoral_Castle_-_Project_Gutenberg_13103.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Aberdeenshire" title="River Dee, Aberdeenshire">Royal Deeside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial,_Alfred_Park,_Allahabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allahabad Public Library, in Prayagraj, India"><img alt="Allahabad Public Library, in Prayagraj, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg/200px-Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg/300px-Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg/400px-Thornhill_Mayne_Memorial%2C_Alfred_Park%2C_Allahabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Public_Library" title="Allahabad Public Library">Allahabad Public Library</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Prayagraj</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Powderhall_Refuse_Depot,_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Powderhall Stables in Broughton, Edinburgh"><img alt="Powderhall Stables in Broughton, Edinburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg/200px-Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg/300px-Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg/400px-Powderhall_Refuse_Depot%2C_Broughton_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1462737.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Powderhall" title="Powderhall">Powderhall</a> Stables in <a href="/wiki/Broughton,_Edinburgh" title="Broughton, Edinburgh">Broughton, Edinburgh</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edinburgh_Castle,_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg/260px-Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg/390px-Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg/520px-Edinburgh_Castle%2C_Scottish_National_War_Memorial_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4556" data-file-height="2450" /></a><figcaption>Rear of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_War_Memorial" title="Scottish National War Memorial">Scottish National War Memorial</a> (1920) in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The popularity of the baronial style peaked towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the building of large houses declined in importance in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays2011pp326-8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The baronial style continued to influence the construction of some estate houses, including <a href="/wiki/Skibo_Castle" title="Skibo Castle">Skibo Castle</a>, which was rebuilt from 1899 to 1903 for industrialist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> by Ross and Macbeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays2011pp326-8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolated examples included the houses designed by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Spence" title="Basil Spence">Basil Spence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broughton_Place,_Scottish_Borders" title="Broughton Place, Scottish Borders">Broughton Place</a> (1936) and Gribloch (1937–1939), which combined modern and baronial elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mays2011pp326-8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 20th-century Scottish baronial castles have the reputation of <a href="/wiki/Folly" title="Folly">architectural follies</a>. Among most patrons and architects the style became disfavoured along with the Gothic revival style during the early years of the 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_parthenon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="List of Gothic Revival architecture">List of Gothic Revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architects" title="List of Gothic Revival architects">List of Gothic Revival architects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_100_best_modern_Scottish_buildings" title="Prospect 100 best modern Scottish buildings">Prospect 100 best modern Scottish buildings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Masterpieces of Art by Gordon Kerr. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlendinningMacKechnie2019" class="citation book cs1">Glendinning, Miles; MacKechnie, Aonghus (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5MB2DwAAQBAJ"><i>Scotch Baronial: Architecture and National Identity in Scotland</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8348-9"><bdi>978-1-4742-8348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotch+Baronial%3A+Architecture+and+National+Identity+in+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8348-9&rft.aulast=Glendinning&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft.au=MacKechnie%2C+Aonghus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5MB2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKechnieGlendinning2019" class="citation book cs1">MacKechnie, Aoughus; Glendinning, Miles (2019). <i>Scotch Baronial – The Architecture of Scotland and Unionist Nationalism</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474283472" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474283472"><bdi>978-1474283472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scotch+Baronial+%E2%80%93+The+Architecture+of+Scotland+and+Unionist+Nationalism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1474283472&rft.aulast=MacKechnie&rft.aufirst=Aoughus&rft.au=Glendinning%2C+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Summerson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Summerson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summerson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summerson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Summerson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerson1993" class="citation book cs1">Summerson, J. (1993). <i>Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830</i> (9th ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 502–511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300058861" title="Special:BookSources/0300058861"><bdi>0300058861</bdi></a>. <q>Within the decade 1560–70, an unmistakable national style emerged—the style which the nineteenth century christened, affectionately, 'Scotch Baronial'. It continued to develop, and held its ground for about a hundred years...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Britain%2C+1530+to+1830&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=502-511&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0300058861&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billings-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Billings_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Billings_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings1852" class="citation book cs1">Billings, Robert William (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baronialecclesia01billiala"><i>The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, Volume 1</i></a> (1901 ed.). Edinburg: Oliver & Boyd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baronialecclesia01billiala/page/6">6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>From the year 1500 to 1660 or therabouts, Scotland adopted the sterner features of French and Flemish residences, and so cleverly mingled their peculiarities with the castellated architecture of their own growth as to produce a baronial style peculiar to the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baronial+and+Ecclesiastical+Antiquities+of+Scotland%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Edinburg&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=1901&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaronialecclesia01billiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings1845" class="citation book cs1">Billings, Robert William (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baronialecclesia01billiala/page/n0"><i>The Baronial and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of Scotland, Volume 1</i></a> (1901 ed.). Edinburg: Oliver & Boyd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baronial+and+Ecclesiastical+Antiquities+of+Scotland%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Edinburg&rft.edition=1901&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=Robert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaronialecclesia01billiala%2Fpage%2Fn0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Haynes & Clive B. Fenton, <i>Building Knowledge, An Architectural History of the University of Edinburgh</i> (Edinburgh, 2017), pp. 236–239, 237–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2011" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Alvin (2011). <i>The Two Unions: Ireland, Scotland, and the Survival of the United Kingdom, 1707–2007</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959399-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959399-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959399-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Unions%3A+Ireland%2C+Scotland%2C+and+the+Survival+of+the+United+Kingdom%2C+1707%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959399-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">I. D. Whyte and K. A. Whyte, <i>The Changing Scottish Landscape, 1500–1800</i> (London: Taylor & Francis, 1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02992-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02992-9">0-415-02992-9</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar1978" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, John G. (1978). <i>The Architecture of Scotland</i> (2nd ed.). London: Batsford. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07134-11422" title="Special:BookSources/07134-11422"><bdi>07134-11422</bdi></a>. <q>Abbotsford (...), with its angle-turrets and crowsteps, foreshadows the early Victorian revival of the Scottish Baronial style ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Scotland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=07134-11422&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull2006p154-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hull2006p154_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hull2006p154_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Hull, <i>Britain's Medieval Castles</i> (London: Greenwood, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98414-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98414-1">0-275-98414-1</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1983" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, George B. L. (1983). <i>Orchardton House, Auchencairn, by Castle Douglas</i>. University of Glasgow, Mackintosh School of Architecture: University of Glasgow. pp. 17, 21, 30, 38, 56–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchardton+House%2C+Auchencairn%2C+by+Castle+Douglas&rft.place=University+of+Glasgow%2C+Mackintosh+School+of+Architecture&rft.pages=17%2C+21%2C+30%2C+38%2C+56-57&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=George+B.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devine2006p11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devine2006p11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. M. Devine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://disciplinas.stoa.usp.br/pluginfile.php/90252/mod_resource/content/2/In%20bed%20with%20an%20elephant.pdf">"In Bed with an Elephant: Almost Three Hundred Years of the Anglo-Scottish Union"</a>, <i>Scottish Affairs</i>, 57, Autumn 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fscot.2006.0049">10.3366/scot.2006.0049</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlendinningMacInnes&MacKechniepp276-85-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlendinningMacInnes&MacKechniepp276-85_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie, <i>A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day</i> (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0849-2">978-0-7486-0849-2</a>, pp. 276–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.-R. Hitchcock, <i>Architecture: Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i> (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 4th edn., 1989), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05320-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05320-7">0-300-05320-7</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mays2011pp326-8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mays2011pp326-8_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Mays, "Housing: 4 Country seat, c. 1600–Present", in M. Lynch, ed., <i>Oxford Companion to Scottish History</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-969305-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-969305-6">0-19-969305-6</a>, pp. 326–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sourcewire.com/news/33081/new-hotel-is-scotland-s-first-castle-of-the-st">"New hotel is Scotland's first castle of the 21st century"</a>. Sourcewire. 10 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+hotel+is+Scotland%27s+first+castle+of+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Sourcewire&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sourcewire.com%2Fnews%2F33081%2Fnew-hotel-is-scotland-s-first-castle-of-the-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScottish+baronial+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scottish_baronial_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109002140/http://www.freewebs.com/gillonj/">Freewebs.com</a>: The Scottish baronial: an introduction and illustrations of five notable examples.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.craigends.org.uk/">Craigends.org.uk</a>, a detailed study of "David Bryce's lost masterpiece", demolished in 1971.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castle-oliver.com">Castle-oliver.com</a>, photographs and history of a recently restored Scottish baronial masterpiece.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in Scotland">Architecture in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_prehistoric_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Roman_era" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Roman era">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in early modern Scotland">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Industrial_Revolution" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in modern Scotland">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_roundhouse" title="Atlantic roundhouse">Atlantic roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastle_house" title="Bastle house">Bastle house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhouse" title="Blackhouse">Blackhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture_in_Scotland" title="Church architecture in Scotland">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crannog" title="Crannog">Crannog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_houses_in_Scotland" title="Estate houses in Scotland">Estate house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillforts_in_Scotland" title="Hillforts in Scotland">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peel_tower" title="Peel tower">Peel tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scots Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shieling" title="Shieling">Shieling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">Tower house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_defences_in_Scotland" title="List of town defences in Scotland">Town defences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelhouse_(archaeology)" title="Wheelhouse (archaeology)">Wheelhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revivals" title="Template:Revivals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revivals" title="Template talk:Revivals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revivals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historicism_and_Revivalism_in_architecture_and_decorative_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> in architecture and decorative arts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_provincial_architecture" title="French provincial architecture">French Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauesque" title="Châteauesque">Châteauesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_style_architecture" title="Palazzo style architecture">Palazzo style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_Revival" title="Rococo Revival">Rococo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture" title="Romanesque Revival architecture">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li>Second Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_Europe" title="Second Empire architecture in Europe">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada">North American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">Swiss chalet style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_style" title="Henry II style">Henry II style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_style" title="Henry IV style">Henry IV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XV">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism_in_France" title="Neoclassicism in France">Neoclassicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_style" title="Second Empire style">Second Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany, Austria-Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderzeit" title="Gründerzeit">Gründerzeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_architecture" title="Resort architecture">Resort style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundbogenstil" title="Rundbogenstil">Rundbogenstil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great Britain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adamesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Byzantine" title="Bristol Byzantine">Bristol Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture_in_the_British_Isles" title="Egyptian Revival architecture in the British Isles">Egyptian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Revival">Georgian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_architecture" title="Indo-Saracenic architecture">Indo-Saracenic Revival</a> <ul><li>British India</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobethan" title="Jacobethan">Jacobethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Palladian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Palladian">Neo-Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_architecture" title="Regency architecture">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romanesque Revival architecture in the United Kingdom">Romanesque Revival</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish Baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a> / <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_Revival_architecture" title="Black-and-white Revival architecture">Black-and-white Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stile_Umbertino" title="Stile Umbertino">Stile Umbertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(architecture)" title="Traditionalist School (architecture)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romantic_style" title="National Romantic style">National Romantic style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavian_style" title="Gustavian style">Gustavian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Classicism" title="Nordic Classicism">Nordic Classicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Portuguese_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Portuguese style">Soft Portuguese style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakopane_Style" title="Zakopane Style">Zakopane Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Empire and USSR</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_neoclassical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian neoclassical revival">Neoclassical Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Neo-Mudéjar">Neo-Mudéjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance" title="American Renaissance">American Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Dutch Colonial Revival architecture">Dutch Colonial Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">Federal style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco_Deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco Deco">Greco Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cathedral_style" title="Polish cathedral style">Polish cathedral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Queen Anne style architecture in the United States">Queen Anne style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardsonian_Romanesque" title="Richardsonian Romanesque">Richardsonian Romanesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gothic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gothic" title="Template:Gothic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gothic" title="Template talk:Gothic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gothic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gothic</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Gothic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Gothic architecture">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_sculpture" title="Gothic sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_boxwood_miniature" title="Gothic boxwood miniature">Boxwood miniature</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romanticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="American Gothic Fiction">American Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothicism" title="Gothicism">Gothicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter / Rural Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissenting_Gothic" title="Dissenting Gothic">Dissenting Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Scottish baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="List of Gothic Revival architecture">By specific country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Canada" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Poland" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern literature<br />and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="New Gothic Art">New Gothic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raygun_Gothic" title="Raygun Gothic">Raygun Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Goth">Space Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern subculture,<br />music and film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Gothic subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Gothic fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_belly_dance" title="Gothic belly dance">Gothic belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic punk">Gothic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Danse Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloom" title="Gloom">Gloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Satanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Satanism">Gothic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesquerie" title="Grotesquerie">Grotesquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror and Terror">Horror and Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror-of-demonic" title="Horror-of-demonic">Horror-of-demonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror-of-personality" title="Horror-of-personality">Horror-of-personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_fiction_works" title="List of gothic fiction works">List of gothic fiction works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_Mori" class="mw-redirect" title="Memento Mori">Memento Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_literature" title="Monster literature">Monster literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Victorian" title="Neo-Victorian">Neo-Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Occult detective">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">Ossuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li> <li><a 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