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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.1</span> <span>House of Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Commons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1.2.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_and_territorial_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Provincial and territorial politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Costa Rica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>President</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Governor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.1</span> <span>House of Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.2</span> <span>Senate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Since_2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-5"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.2.1</span> <span>Since 2000</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dewan_Negara_(Senate)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewan_Negara_(Senate)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Dewan Negara (Senate)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewan_Negara_(Senate)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1.1</span> <span>Senators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dewan_Rakyat_(House_of_Representatives)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dewan_Rakyat_(House_of_Representatives)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dewan_Rakyat_(House_of_Representatives)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Members_of_Parliament_of_the_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_of_Parliament_of_the_15th_Malaysian_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2.1</span> <span>Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_of_Parliament_of_the_15th_Malaysian_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Malaysian State Assembly Representatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isle_of_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isle_of_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Isle of Man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isle_of_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Jersey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Kosovo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>The Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_of_Commons_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Commons_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.1</span> <span>House of Commons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Commons_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Independent_and_undescribed_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_and_undescribed_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.1.1</span> <span>Independent and undescribed candidates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_and_undescribed_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.2</span> <span>House of Lords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scottish_Parliament,_Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)_and_Northern_Irish_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scottish_Parliament,_Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)_and_Northern_Irish_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.3</span> <span>Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scottish_Parliament,_Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)_and_Northern_Irish_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20.4</span> <span>Local elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Niue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Independent politician</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="مستقل (سياسة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقل (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit%C9%99r%C9%99f_siyas%C9%99t%C3%A7i" title="Bitərəf siyasətçi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bitərəf siyasətçi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C" title="طرفسیز سیاستچی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طرفسیز سیاستچی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="স্বতন্ত্র রাজনীতিবিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বতন্ত্র রাজনীতিবিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BB-t%C3%B3ng-che%CC%8Dk" title="Bû-tóng-che̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bû-tóng-che̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Беспартыйны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беспартыйны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Независим политик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Независим политик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisni_kandidat" title="Nezavisni kandidat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nezavisni kandidat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidat_independent" title="Candidat independent – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Candidat independent" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez%C3%A1visl%C3%BD_politik" title="Nezávislý politik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nezávislý politik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibynnwr_(gwleidydd)" title="Annibynnwr (gwleidydd) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Annibynnwr (gwleidydd)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8sg%C3%A6nger" title="Løsgænger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løsgænger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="سياسي لامنتامي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سياسي لامنتامي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parteiloser" title="Parteiloser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parteiloser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Ανεξάρτητος (πολιτική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανεξάρτητος (πολιτική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidato_independiente" title="Candidato independiente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Candidato independiente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendependa_(politiko)" title="Sendependa (politiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sendependa (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautagai_independente" title="Hautagai independente – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hautagai independente" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="کنشگر سیاسی مستقل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنشگر سیاسی مستقل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%A9pendant_(politique)" title="Indépendant (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indépendant (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neamhsple%C3%A1chas_(polait%C3%ADocht)" title="Neamhspleáchas (polaitíocht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Neamhspleáchas (polaitíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtico_independente" title="Político independente – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Político independente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2-t%C3%B3ng-sit" title="Mò-tóng-sit – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mò-tóng-sit" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%86%8D" title="무소속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무소속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Անկուսակցական – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկուսակցական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="निर्दलीय राजनेता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्दलीय राजनेता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisni_(politika)" title="Nezavisni (politika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nezavisni (politika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikus_independen" title="Politikus independen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politikus independen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indipendente_(politica)" title="Indipendente (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indipendente (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99" title="פוליטיקאי עצמאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקאי עצמאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7_%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тәуелсіз үміткер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәуелсіз үміткер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicus_nullius_factionis" title="Politicus nullius factionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Politicus nullius factionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABgais_politi%C4%B7is" title="Neatkarīgais politiķis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neatkarīgais politiķis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politega)" title="Independent (politega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Independent (politega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCggetlen_politikus" title="Független politikus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Független politikus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Независен политичар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Независен политичар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF" title="സ്വതന്ത്ര സ്ഥാനാർത്ഥി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വതന്ത്ര സ്ഥാനാർത്ഥി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="अपक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84" title="سياسى مستقل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياسى مستقل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_politik_bebas" title="Ahli politik bebas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ahli politik bebas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Бие даагч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бие даагч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တစ်သီးပုဂ္ဂလ နိုင်ငံရေးသမား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တစ်သီးပုဂ္ဂလ နိုင်ငံရေးသမား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onafhankelijken" title="Onafhankelijken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onafhankelijken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E" title="स्वतन्त्र राजनीतिज्ञ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्वतन्त्र राजनीतिज्ञ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%89%80%E5%B1%9E" title="無所属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無所属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partil%C3%B8s_politiker" title="Partiløs politiker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Partiløs politiker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਰਾਜਨੇਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਰਾਜਨੇਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityk_niezrzeszony" title="Polityk niezrzeszony – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polityk niezrzeszony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADtico_sem_partido" title="Político sem partido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Político sem partido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician_independent" title="Politician independent – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politician independent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Независимый кандидат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Независимый кандидат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politeecian" title="Independent politeecian – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Independent politeecian" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Independent politician" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آزاد سياستدان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آزاد سياستدان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nez%C3%A1visl%C3%BD_politik" title="Nezávislý politik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nezávislý politik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86" title="سیاسەتوانی سەربەخۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیاسەتوانی سەربەخۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Независни (политика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Независни (политика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezavisni_(politika)" title="Nezavisni (politika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nezavisni (politika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoutumaton" title="Sitoutumaton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sitoutumaton" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partil%C3%B6s" title="Partilös – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Partilös" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சுயேச்சை (அரசியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுயேச்சை (அரசியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="స్వతంత్ర రాజకీయ నాయకులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్వతంత్ర రాజకీయ నాయకులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0" title="นักการเมืองอิสระ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักการเมืองอิสระ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1z_siyaset%C3%A7i" title="Bağımsız siyasetçi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımsız siyasetçi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Незалежний політик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Незалежний політик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آزاد سیاست دان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد سیاست دان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indipendente_(pu%C5%82%C3%ACtega)" title="Indipendente (pułìtega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Indipendente (pułìtega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_kh%C3%A1ch_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp" title="Chính khách độc lập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính khách độc lập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independente_(politiko)" title="Independente (politiko) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Independente (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%85%9A%E7%B1%8D" title="无党籍 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="无党籍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%A3%AB" title="獨立人士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="獨立人士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%BB%A8%E7%B1%8D" title="無黨籍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無黨籍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kus mw-list-item"><a href="https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_candidates" title="Independent candidates – Kusaal" lang="kus" hreflang="kus" data-title="Independent candidates" data-language-autonym="Kʋsaal" data-language-local-name="Kusaal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kʋsaal</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonpartisan_politician&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan politician">Nonpartisan politician</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Individual not affiliated to any political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Independence Party (disambiguation)">Independence Party (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Group_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Independent Group (disambiguation)">Independent Group (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Independent Party (disambiguation)">Independent Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>An <b>independent</b>, <b>non-partisan politician</b>, or <b>non-affiliated politician</b> is a politician not affiliated with any <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> or bureaucratic association. There are numerous reasons why someone may stand for office as an independent. </p><p>Some politicians have political views that do not align with the platforms of any political party and therefore choose not to affiliate with them. Some independent politicians may be associated with a party, perhaps as former members of it or else have views that align with it, but choose not to stand in its name, or are unable to do so because the party in question has selected another candidate. Others may belong to or support a political party at the national level but believe they should not formally represent it (and thus be subject to its policies) at another level. In some cases, a politician may be a member of an unregistered party and therefore officially recognised as an independent. </p><p>Office-holders may become independents after losing or repudiating affiliation with a political party. </p><p>Independents sometimes choose to form a party, alliance, or <a href="/wiki/Technical_group" title="Technical group">technical group</a> with other independents, and may formally register that organization. Even where the word "independent" is used, such alliances can have much in common with a political party, especially if there is an organization which needs to approve the "independent" candidates. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent politicians are not allowed to run for office in Brazil. The Constitution of 1988, in Article 14, §3rd, item V, says that "Are conditions for eligibility: V - party affiliation".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Proposal Amendment to the Constitution (PEC) no. 6/2015, authored by independent senator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Reguffe" title="José Reguffe">José Reguffe</a>, would allow the independent candidacy of individuals who have the support of at least 1% of the electors able to vote in the region (city, state or country, depending on the election) in which the candidate is running.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, members of the legislature can leave their respective parties after being elected, as in the case of senator Reguffe, who left the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Brazil)" title="Democratic Labour Party (Brazil)">Democratic Labour Party</a> (PDT) in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> was independent between 2019 and 2021. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal" title="Independent Liberal">Independent Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Conservative">Independent Conservative</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canadian federal politics, members of both the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> are permitted to hold office without being members of a political party. Candidates in federal elections who are not affiliated with a party have two options: independent or no affiliation. In the former case, they appear on the ballot with "Independent" following their name; in the second case, they appear with their name only. The two options are otherwise equivalent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="House_of_Commons">House of Commons</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the earliest Canadian Parliaments, a lack of coherent political identity among both the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservative</a> parties is known to have led to <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) occasionally demonstrating independence from their party by voting in line with the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, the issues which caused these MPs to act independently were religious in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tensions began to disperse over the course of the first ten Canadian parliaments as the major political parties began to form consistent identities and MPs began affiliating themselves with the parties they knew more closely shared their core values. This in turn increased cohesion between parties and MPs, and minimized the causes and motivations for MPs to act independently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many observers of the Canadian House of Commons in the 21st century have noted its incredibly high party discipline. Few MPs choose to vote against their party's official stance on any given piece of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2011 and 2013—the first two years of the <a href="/wiki/41st_Canadian_Parliament" title="41st Canadian Parliament">41st Canadian Parliament</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">2011 Canadian federal election</a>—the elected members of the governing <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> voted as a unified group on 76% of all votes, while members of the Liberal Party did so on 90% of all votes, and members of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> (NDP) did so on 100% of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unity further increased in subsequent years, as in the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Canadian_Parliament" title="42nd Canadian Parliament">42nd Parliament</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/2015_Canadian_federal_election" title="2015 Canadian federal election">2015 election</a>, the governing Liberal MPs voted identically on 99.6% of all votes, Conservative MPs on 99.5% of votes, and NDP MPs on 99.8% of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Conservatives, Liberals, and NDP were the only three parties with enough MPs to qualify for <a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">official party status</a> in the 41st and 42nd parliaments.) Thanks to this strong party discipline, it is uncommon to see politicians who are otherwise affiliated with any of the main political parties act independently of their party. </p><p>Though it is acceptable and accepted for politicians to serve as independent MPs, those who attempt to run as such often struggle to be elected without access to the resources of the major parties. As a result, there are seldom more than one or two independent MPs within modern Canadian Parliaments, with many who do sit as such being initially elected as a part of a major party before either leaving voluntarily or being removed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first year of the <a href="/wiki/44th_Canadian_Parliament" title="44th Canadian Parliament">44th Canadian Parliament</a>, the House of Commons featured one sitting independent member: <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Vuong" title="Kevin Vuong">Kevin Vuong</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)" title="Electoral district (Canada)">electoral district</a>, or riding, of <a href="/wiki/Spadina%E2%80%94Fort_York_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Spadina—Fort York (federal electoral district)">Spadina—Fort York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vuong had originally campaigned as a member of the Liberal Party during the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 federal election</a> but was ejected from the party two days prior to the end of the vote due to controversy surrounding past allegations of sexual assault.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his removal from the Liberal Party, Vuong won the election for his riding and chose to take his seat as an independent, though this decision was met with controversy because many voters had not known that the Liberals had expelled him before casting their votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Rayes" title="Alain Rayes">Alain Rayes</a>, MP for the <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> riding of <a href="/wiki/Richmond%E2%80%94Arthabaska" title="Richmond—Arthabaska">Richmond—Arthabaska</a>, resigned from the Conservative caucus to sit as an independent,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the second independent MP of the 44th Parliament. </p><p>Independent politicians have on occasion held considerable sway in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a> in recent years, as Canada has been governed by successive <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority governments</a> (five of the seven that have been formed since the <a href="/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election" title="2004 Canadian federal election">2004 federal election</a>) with independent MPs sometimes sharing in the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a>. </p> <ul><li>In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Cadman" title="Chuck Cadman">Chuck Cadman</a> was elected to the House as an independent MP representing the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> riding of <a href="/wiki/Surrey_North_(federal_electoral_district)" title="Surrey North (federal electoral district)">Surrey North</a>. Cadman was first elected to represent the riding as a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform</a> member in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Canadian_federal_election" title="1997 Canadian federal election">1997 federal election</a> and re-elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>, Reform's successor party, in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election" title="2000 Canadian federal election">2000 federal election</a>. He sought the nomination for the Conservative Party (re-created in 2003 when the Alliance and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservatives</a> merged) for the 2004 election but was unsuccessful. Having retained his seat with 43% of the vote in 2004, he died in office in 2005.</li> <li>Independent <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Arthur" title="André Arthur">André Arthur</a> was elected in the Quebec riding of <a href="/wiki/Portneuf%E2%80%94Jacques-Cartier" title="Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier">Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election" title="2006 Canadian federal election">2006 federal election</a> with 39% of the vote. He was the only independent to win a seat in that election; he was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election" title="2008 Canadian federal election">2008 federal election</a> with 33% of the vote. Arthur lost his seat in 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Casey" title="Bill Casey">Bill Casey</a>, the MP for the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquoduboit Valley, was expelled from the Conservative Party for voting against the <a href="/wiki/2007_Canadian_federal_budget" title="2007 Canadian federal budget">2007 budget</a>. He also served as an independent, then ran as such in 2008 and retained his seat with 69% of the vote. Casey resigned from the Commons in 2009 but made a comeback in the same riding, now named <a href="/wiki/Cumberland%E2%80%94Colchester" title="Cumberland—Colchester">Cumberland—Colchester</a>, when he was elected as a Liberal in 2015. He sat in the House for the 42nd Parliament and did not seek re-election in <a href="/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election" title="2019 Canadian federal election">2019</a>.</li> <li>In 2019, MP <a href="/wiki/Jody_Wilson-Raybould" title="Jody Wilson-Raybould">Jody Wilson-Raybould</a> ran as an independent candidate in the riding of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Granville" title="Vancouver Granville">Vancouver Granville</a> after being expelled from cabinet and the Liberal Party over the <a href="/wiki/SNC-Lavalin_affair" title="SNC-Lavalin affair">SNC-Lavalin affair</a>. She was returned to Parliament with 32% of the vote. After sitting as an independent for the <a href="/wiki/43rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="43rd Canadian Parliament">43rd Parliament</a>, Wilson-Raybould did not seek re-election in 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senate">Senate</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While traditionally framed as an "independent body of sober second thought", appointments to the Senate of Canada prior to 2016 were commonly seen as highly partisan, with the majority of Canadian senators identifying themselves as members of either the Liberal or Conservative parties and serving within their party's caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these have been the only two parties to ever form government in Canada, only the Liberal and Conservative parties had been able to appoint new senators. Because Canadian senators are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> rather than being elected, senators were often accused of being appointed as a "reward" for service to the party in power,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and once appointed, of simply repeating the points and positions of their counterparts in the House of Commons rather than acting as a means of truly independent policy review.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, as a response to growing public disapproval of the Senate and the perceived problems brought about by senator partisanship, Liberal Party leader <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a> made the decision to expel all Liberal senators from the Liberal Party caucus. Trudeau would go on to call for an overall elimination of partisanship in the Senate and pledged to end the practice of partisan appointments for senators and transition to a new system of merit-based appointments if elected Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the election of a Liberal <a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">majority government</a> in 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Advisory_Board_for_Senate_Appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments">Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments</a> was established with the goal of filling Senate vacancies through a selection process based on political knowledge, merit, and perceived ability to act independently of partisan affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This push to remove partisan ties from the Senate resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Senators_Group" title="Independent Senators Group">Independent Senators Group</a>, a coalition of both newly appointed independent senators and formally partisan senators who had relinquished their formal party ties, alongside the also independent <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senators_Group" title="Canadian Senators Group">Canadian Senators Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Senate_Group" title="Progressive Senate Group">Progressive Senate Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2018, the majority of Canadian Senators were officially independent,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some Liberal senators continued to remain affiliated with the political party despite no longer being permitted within the party caucus.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Conservative Party elected not to remove its senators from the party caucus, and many Conservative Party senators kept their official partisan affiliations in public.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2019 federal election campaign, in response to reporters' questions, Conservative Party leader <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scheer" title="Andrew Scheer">Andrew Scheer</a> said that if his party were elected to form government and he became prime minister, he would reinstate the practice of partisan appointments to the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The efforts to increase senatorial independence have led some to argue the Senate has developed an increase of importance and power in the legislative process. As of 2021, it was found that Canadian senators were facing increasing pressure from <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> groups on a variety of issues, suggesting the more independent Senate has a greater perceived influence over legislative issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, following the appointment of senators through the Independent Advisory Board for Senate Appointments, there has been a noted increase in the number of amendments the Senate has proposed for legislation from the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 42nd Parliament (2015–2019), the Senate attempted to amend 13 government bills, whereas during the 41st Parliament (2011–2015), it had attempted to amend only one government bill.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reformed Senate is noted as having proposed amendments on at least 20% of all legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Criticism">Criticism</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several observers and those involved with the Senate itself have criticized the Trudeau government for its attempted reforms, with most accusations centering around the belief that the new appointment process is biased towards those who are ideologically supportive of the Liberal Party's objectives. Remaining Conservative senators have accused the Independent Senators Group in particular as being "too quick to endorse bills from the Liberal government".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporting this claim, a 2021 study found that members of the Independent Senators Group voted in favor of legislation proposed by the incumbent Liberal government more consistently than any other group within the Senate, including those still formally aligned to the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was, however, among an overall trend in which all senators demonstrated lower levels of party loyalty, and as such its full implications are still unknown. The report also concluded that partisanship in Senate appointments was undeniably down when compared to the Senate prior to the reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally thought that it will only be possible to judge the success of the attempted reforms accurately when a non-Liberal government is elected to the House of Commons, at which point it can be observed if the noted trend in voting represents simple loyalty to the government, or loyalty to the Liberal Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_and_territorial_politics">Provincial and territorial politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Provincial and territorial politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The territorial legislatures of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> are <a href="/wiki/Consensus_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensus government">consensus governments</a> with no political parties. All members sit as independents. There are a few independent members of the other provincial and territorial legislatures, which are similar in principle to the federal House of Commons; for example, in the <a href="/wiki/2009_British_Columbia_general_election" title="2009 British Columbia general election">2009 British Columbia general election</a>, independent candidate <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Huntington" title="Vicki Huntington">Vicki Huntington</a> narrowly defeated incumbent <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_British_Columbia" title="Attorney General of British Columbia">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Wally_Oppal" title="Wally Oppal">Wally Oppal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delta_South" title="Delta South">Delta South</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_Newfoundland_and_Labrador_general_election" title="2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election">2019 Newfoundland and Labrador general election</a>, two independent candidates were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Costa Rica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current laws in <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> do not permit a citizen to run directly for any elected position as an independent without the representation of a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-regAL_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regAL-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contecAL_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contecAL-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any nomination must be made through a political party, due to the framework of the current legal system, in which the political parties have a monopoly on the nomination of candidates for elected positions according to the Electoral Code.<sup id="cite_ref-códigoelectoral_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-códigoelectoral-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, becoming an independent politician after being elected is protected by virtue of Article 25 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Constitution of Costa Rica">Constitution of Costa Rica</a>, which guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>; therefore, any citizen cannot be forced to remain in a specific political party and can join any other political group. It is common in each legislative period for some <a href="/wiki/Deputy_(legislator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy (legislator)">deputies</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">diputados</i></span>, term used for legislators) of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Costa_Rica" title="Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica">Legislative Assembly of Costa Rica</a> to become independents; this has also happened with the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayors</a> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">alcaldes</i></span>) of the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Costa_Rica" title="Cantons of Costa Rica">cantons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Jaime Rodríguez Calderón">Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón</a> (born in 1957), sometimes referred to by his nickname "Bronco", is a Mexican politician and former governor for the northern state of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and holds no political party affiliation. As of June 7, 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, he was elected Governor of Nuevo León, making history as the first independent candidate to win in the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party and independent performances in United States elections">List of third party and independent performances in United States elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_United_States_state_governors" title="List of third-party and independent United States state governors">List of third-party and independent United States state governors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third-party_members_of_state_legislatures_of_the_United_States" title="Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States">Third-party members of state legislatures of the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">List of party switchers in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President">President</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: President"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. president</a> elected as an independent to date. Washington opposed the development of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties</a>, which had begun to solidify as the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> faction, centered around <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> faction, centered around <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>. Washington feared that <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">partisanship</a> would eventually destroy the country,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and famously warned against "the baneful effects of the spirit of party" in his 1796 <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> in September 1841, and effectively remained an independent for the remainder of his presidency. He later returned to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> and briefly sought election in <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Party" title="Tyler Party">Tyler Democrat</a>, but withdrew over fear he would split the Democratic vote and give the election to Whig candidate <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>. </p><p>Since 1900, notable candidates running as independents for U.S. president have included congressman <a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">John Anderson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>, billionaire entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Ross_Perot" title="Ross Perot">Ross Perot</a> in <a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1996">1996</a> (in 1996 under the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>), former <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1996">1996</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 2000">2000</a> elections, and <a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">"Never Trump"</a> conservative candidate <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a> in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>. Out of all independent candidates since Washington, Perot performed the best, gaining no votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> but receiving 19 percent of the popular vote and, early in the election season, leading in polls against his opponents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, McMullin received 21 percent of the popular vote in his home state of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> but received little support from the remainder of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> ran in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a>, but ultimately did not appear on the ballot in either the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a> nor <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a> presidential elections, though he did receive <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="2016 United States presidential election in Vermont">more than 5%</a> of the popular vote as a <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in candidate</a> in his home state of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, Nader formed Independent Parties in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, and elsewhere to gain ballot access in several states. In <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> created "We the People" parties in several states for the same purpose, even though he is Independent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several other candidates for federal races, including <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> (who created <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_for_Lieberman" title="Connecticut for Lieberman">Connecticut for Lieberman</a>), have pursued a similar strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governor">Governor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> have elected formally independent candidates as governor: Illinois's first two governors, <a href="/wiki/Shadrach_Bond" title="Shadrach Bond">Shadrach Bond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coles" title="Edward Coles">Edward Coles</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_B._Longley" title="James B. Longley">James B. Longley</a> in <a href="/wiki/1974_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 Maine gubernatorial election">1974</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> in <a href="/wiki/1994_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Maine gubernatorial election">1994</a> and <a href="/wiki/1998_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Maine gubernatorial election">1998</a> from Maine; <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_Rhode_Island_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 Rhode Island gubernatorial election">2010</a> from Rhode Island; <a href="/wiki/Julius_Meier" title="Julius Meier">Julius Meier</a> in <a href="/wiki/1930_Oregon_gubernatorial_election" title="1930 Oregon gubernatorial election">1930</a> from Oregon; <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> in <a href="/wiki/1859_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1859 Texas gubernatorial election">1859</a> from Texas; and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Walker_(American_politician)" title="Bill Walker (American politician)">Bill Walker</a> in <a href="/wiki/2014_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Alaska gubernatorial election">2014</a> from Alaska. <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Weicker" title="Lowell Weicker">Lowell P. Weicker Jr.</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> is sometimes mentioned as an independent governor, though this is not technically correct; he ran as an <a href="/wiki/A_Connecticut_Party" title="A Connecticut Party">A Connecticut Party</a> candidate (which gave him better ballot placement than an unaffiliated candidate would receive), defeating the Democratic and Republican nominees. Another former governor who is sometimes mentioned as an independent is <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a>, who actually ran as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> affiliate, which later disaffiliated from the party and reverted to its original name, the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a>.North Dakota elected William Langer Governor in 1933 as a member of the Republican/Nonpartisan League. He was later elected Governor in 1937 as an Independent. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1971_Virginia_lieutenant_gubernatorial_special_election" title="1971 Virginia lieutenant gubernatorial special election">1971</a>, State Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howell" title="Henry Howell">Henry Howell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, a former Democrat, was elected <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Virginia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Virginia">lieutenant governor</a> as an independent. <a href="/wiki/1973_Virginia_gubernatorial_election" title="1973 Virginia gubernatorial election">Two years later</a>, he campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">governor</a> as an independent, but lost by 15,000 votes. </p><p>There were several unsuccessful independent gubernatorial candidates in 2006 who impacted their electoral races. In <a href="/wiki/2006_Maine_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Maine gubernatorial election">Maine</a>, state legislator <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Merrill" title="Barbara Merrill">Barbara Merrill</a> (formerly a Democrat) received 21% of the vote. In <a href="/wiki/2006_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 Texas gubernatorial election">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> singer and mystery novelist <a href="/wiki/Kinky_Friedman" title="Kinky Friedman">Kinky Friedman</a> received 12.43% of the vote, and State Comptroller <a href="/wiki/Carole_Keeton_Strayhorn" title="Carole Keeton Strayhorn">Carole Keeton Strayhorn</a> received 18.13%. Strayhorn and Friedman's presence in the race resulted in a splitting of the ballot four ways between themselves and the two major parties. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_Florida" title="2010 United States Senate election in Florida">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> left the Republican party and became an independent. (He later became a Democrat.)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left the Republicans because he did not want to run against former state house Speaker <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> in the Republican primary for the U.S. Senate election, preferring to run in the general. Rubio won the election, though Crist came in ahead of Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Meek" title="Kendrick Meek">Kendrick Meek</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2014_Hawaii_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 Hawaii gubernatorial election">2014</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Mufi_Hannemann" title="Mufi Hannemann">Mufi Hannemann</a> ran as an independent candidate for the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Hawaii" title="Governor of Hawaii">governorship</a> of the State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> after previously campaigning in the state's Democratic primary. As a result, Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/David_Ige" title="David Ige">David Ige</a> was elected as governor with a plurality of 49%.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2014, former mayor of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Walker_(American_politician)" title="Bill Walker (American politician)">Bill Walker</a> won the gubernatorial election. Walker retired before the <a href="/wiki/2018_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 Alaska gubernatorial election">2018 election</a> but ran again in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Alaska_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 Alaska gubernatorial election">2022</a>. He didn't win but received 20% of the vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Congress">Congress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> has also seen a handful of <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">independent members</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> of Vermont, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Goode" title="Virgil Goode">Virgil Goode</a> of Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Reams" title="Frazier Reams">Frazier Reams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor Berger</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Paul Mitchell</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senate_2">Senate</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been several independents elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> throughout history. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a> of Illinois (a former <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>) in the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a> of Virginia (who had been elected to his first term as a Democrat) in the 20th century. Some officials have been elected as members of a party but became independent while in office (without being elected as such), such as <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> of Oregon, who left the Republican party to become an independent, then joined the Democratic Party two years later. <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> senator <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> was elected for four terms as a Republican before changing to an independent after the Republicans lost their majority in Congress in 1930. Norris won re-election as an independent in 1936, but later lost his final re-election attempt to Republican <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Kenneth S. Wherry</a> in 1942. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="Since_2000">Since 2000</h6><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Since 2000"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vermont senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> left the Republican Party to become an independent in 2001. Jeffords's <a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">change of party status</a> was especially significant because it shifted the Senate composition from 50 to 50 between the Republicans and Democrats (with a Republican Vice President, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, who would presumably break all ties in favor of the Republicans), to 49 Republicans, 50 Democrats, and one Independent. Jeffords agreed to vote for Democratic control of the Senate in exchange for being appointed chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Senate Environment and Public Works Committee</a>, and the Democrats held control of the Senate until the <a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2002 United States Senate elections">2002 elections</a>, when the Republicans regained their majority. Jeffords retired at the end of his term in 2007. <a href="/wiki/Dean_Barkley" title="Dean Barkley">Dean Barkley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence Party of Minnesota</a> was appointed a day before the 2002 elections to fill the senate seat of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellstone" title="Paul Wellstone">Paul Wellstone</a> who, while running for re-election, died weeks prior. Barkley refused to caucus with either party. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a>, independent politician <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> won the Senate seat being vacated by the retiring Jim Jeffords as an independent, subsequently reelected in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024</a>. He was an independent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">Vermont-at-large</a> from 1991 to 2007. Sanders is the longest-serving independent member of Congress in American history.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Connecticut" title="2006 United States Senate election in Connecticut">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> was a former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> and ran under a third party (<a href="/wiki/Connecticut_for_Lieberman" title="Connecticut for Lieberman">Connecticut for Lieberman Party</a>) after he lost the primary. After the election, Lieberman enrolled himself as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrat" title="Independent Democrat">Independent Democrat</a> until his retirement in 2013. In 2006, Sanders and Lieberman were the only two victorious independent candidates for Congress, both caucusing with the Democrats. In <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2012 United States Senate election in Maine">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> was elected to the U.S. Senate as an Independent from Maine. He was reelected in <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2018 United States Senate election in Maine">2018</a> and is running again in <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine" title="2024 United States Senate election in Maine">2024</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">presidency of Joe Biden</a>, former members of Democratic Party <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> joined Sanders and King and became <a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrat" title="Independent Democrat">Independent Democrats</a>. They are viewed as <a href="/wiki/New_Democrats_(United_States)" title="New Democrats (United States)">moderate Democrats</a> and cited increasing partisanship to explain their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they changed their affiliations, the Senate had the highest number of independents in a single Congress since the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17th Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>State and Local Independent Politicians</b> </p><p>Independent politicians have also played notable roles at the state and local levels, often finding success in contexts where party affiliation is less dominant or elections are nonpartisan.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Mayors and Municipal Leaders</b> </p><p>There have been many cases where independent candidates have made a large impact on elections and have even won, particularly in large cities. For instance, former New York City mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> served as 2002 to 2013 as a Republican but for his third term he won as an independent.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent politicians have also led cities like <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stenvig" title="Charles Stenvig">Charles Stenvig</a> served as an independent mayor throughout the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These leaders often emphasize pragmatic governance over party ideology, appealing to diverse voter bases. </p><p><b>State Legislatures</b> </p><p>While less common than in Congress, independents occasionally serve in state legislatures. <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, in particular, have seen a history of independent state legislators. For example, in the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives" title="Alaska House of Representatives">Alaska State House</a>, independents have sometimes played pivotal roles in coalition governments, demonstrating their influence in closely divided chambers. These legislators often prioritize regional or policy-specific issues over strict adherence to party platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Judicial and Nonpartisan Offices</b> </p><p>Many state and local offices, particularly in the judiciary, are officially nonpartisan, providing opportunities for independents to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, state superintendents of schools or city council members are normally politicians who identify as independent or with no party at all. This system allows voters to focus on the candidate's qualifications rather than party affiliation since this should not be stressed for these positions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, there are many independent members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Azerbaijan)" title="National Assembly (Azerbaijan)">National Assembly</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ayt%C9%99n_Mustafayeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Aytən Mustafayeva">Aytən Mustafayeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around half of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a> is made up of independents, or members whose political groups are represented by one sole member in the legislature. They are common in <a href="/wiki/Functional_constituency_(Hong_Kong)" title="Functional constituency (Hong Kong)">functional constituencies</a>, and are not rare among <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">geographical constituencies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independent candidates can contest elections on the basis of their personal appeal or to promote an ideology different from any party. In the <a href="/wiki/2024_Indian_general_election" title="2024 Indian general election">2024 general election</a>, seven independent candidates were elected to <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only independent Israeli politician elected to the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> was <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Flatto-Sharon" title="Shmuel Flatto-Sharon">Shmuel Flatto-Sharon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independents have rarely been elected to the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat</a> and state legislative assemblies. In Malaysian elections, many independent candidates lose their election deposit because they had failed to secure at least 12.5% or one-eighth of the total votes cast. Independent <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Dewan_Negara" title="List of members of the Dewan Negara">Senators</a> are quite rare. </p><p>In 2010, a group of independent MPs who were sacked from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">People's Justice Party</a> formed a political block called <i><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsensus_Bebas" class="extiw" title="ms:Konsensus Bebas">Konsensus Bebas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members were <a href="/wiki/Zahrain_Mohamed_Hashim" title="Zahrain Mohamed Hashim">Zahrain Mohamed Hashim</a> (Bayan Baru), <a href="/wiki/Wee_Choo_Keong" title="Wee Choo Keong">Wee Choo Keong</a> (Wangsa Maju), <a href="/wiki/Zulkifli_Noordin" title="Zulkifli Noordin">Zulkifli Noordin</a> (Kulim-Bandar Bharu), <a href="/wiki/Tan_Tee_Beng" title="Tan Tee Beng">Tan Tee Beng</a> (Nibong Tebal) and <a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Fadzli_Samsuri" title="Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri">Mohsin Fadzli Samsuri</a> (Bagan Serai). It did not last beyond the 12th General Elections. </p><p>As of May 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, three independent MPs were elected in <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian General Election">GE14</a>, but later joining <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Malaysia)" title="People's Justice Party (Malaysia)">PKR</a>), thus causing no representation for independent MP for that time. However, as of June 2018 and December 2018, the number increased to 13 independent Members of Parliament that now currently sit in the <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat" title="Dewan Rakyat">Dewan Rakyat</a> as of December 2018. </p><p>At the same time in December 2018, almost all members from Sabah <a href="/wiki/UMNO" title="UMNO">UMNO</a> quit the party and became independent politicians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maszlee_Malik" title="Maszlee Malik">Maszlee Malik</a> quit <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Fighters%27_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeland Fighters' Party">Homeland Fighters' Party</a> and became an independent MP fighting for education activist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dewan_Negara_(Senate)"><span id="Dewan_Negara_.28Senate.29"></span>Dewan Negara (Senate)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dewan Negara (Senate)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Senators">Senators</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Senators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Negara,_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament">Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sivarraajh_Chandran" title="Sivarraajh Chandran">Sivarraajh Chandran</a> – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Mohd Na'im Mokhtar – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Low Kian Chuan – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Awang Sariyan – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Amir Hamzah Azizan – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Zulkifli Hasan – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li> <li>Salehuddin Saidin – appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dewan_Rakyat_(House_of_Representatives)"><span id="Dewan_Rakyat_.28House_of_Representatives.29"></span>Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Members_of_Parliament_of_the_15th_Malaysian_Parliament">Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_Dewan_Rakyat,_15th_Malaysian_Parliament" title="Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament">Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">State </th> <th style="width:30px;">No. </th> <th style="width:150px;">Parliament Constituency </th> <th style="width:240px;">Member </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Kelantan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kelantan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></td> <td>P030</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeli_(federal_constituency)" title="Jeli (federal constituency)">Jeli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zahari_Kechik" title="Zahari Kechik">Zahari Kechik</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P032</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gua_Musang_(federal_constituency)" title="Gua Musang (federal constituency)">Gua Musang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohd_Azizi_Abu_Naim" title="Mohd Azizi Abu Naim">Mohd Azizi Abu Naim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Perak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Perak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td>P059</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Gantang_(federal_constituency)" title="Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)">Bukit Gantang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syed_Abu_Hussin_Hafiz" title="Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz">Syed Abu Hussin Hafiz Syed Abdul Fasal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P067</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Kangsar_(federal_constituency)" title="Kuala Kangsar (federal constituency)">Kuala Kangsar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Dzulkarnain_Abdul_Khalid" title="Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid">Iskandar Dzulkarnain Abdul Khalid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td>P095</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Karang_(federal_constituency)" title="Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)">Tanjong Karang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zulkafperi_Hanapi" title="Zulkafperi Hanapi">Zulkafperi Hanapi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Labuan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Labuan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></td> <td>P166</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labuan_(federal_constituency)" title="Labuan (federal constituency)">Labuan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhaili_Abdul_Rahman" title="Suhaili Abdul Rahman">Suhaili Abdul Rahman</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td>P167</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kudat_(federal_constituency)" title="Kudat (federal constituency)">Kudat</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Verdon_Bahanda" title="Verdon Bahanda">Verdon Bahanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P181 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tenom_(federal_constituency)" title="Tenom (federal constituency)">Tenom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riduan_Rubin" title="Riduan Rubin">Riduan Rubin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td colspan="4" style="width:30px;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kelantan" title="Kelantan">Kelantan</a></b> (2), <b><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></b> (2), <b><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></b> (1), <b><a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a></b> (1)<b><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></b> (2)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives">Malaysian State Assembly Representatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Malaysian State Assembly Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_State_Assembly_Representatives_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)">List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pahang_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Pahang State Legislative Assembly">Pahang State Legislative Assembly</a></p><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 47</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Selangor_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Selangor State Legislative Assembly">Selangor State Legislative Assembly</a></p><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 56</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sabah State Legislative Assembly">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a></p><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 73</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sarawak State Legislative Assembly">Sarawak State Legislative Assembly</a></p><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 82</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">State </th> <th>No. </th> <th>Parliamentary Constituency </th> <th style="width:30px;">No. </th> <th style="width:150px;">State Constituency </th> <th style="width:250px;">Member </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Pahang.svg/46px-Flag_of_Pahang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a> </td> <td colspan="3">— </td> <td>Nominated member </td> <td>Ahmad Irshadi Abdullah </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/23px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/35px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Selangor.svg/46px-Flag_of_Selangor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a> </td> <td>P109 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapar_(federal_constituency)" title="Kapar (federal constituency)">Kapar</a></td> <td>N44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selat_Klang_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Selat Klang (state constituency)">Selat Klang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rashid_Asari" title="Abdul Rashid Asari">Abdul Rashid Asari</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Sabah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sabah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> </td> <td>P175 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Papar_(federal_constituency)" title="Papar (federal constituency)">Papar</a></td> <td>N27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Limbahau_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Limbahau (state constituency)">Limbahau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juil_Nuatim" title="Juil Nuatim">Juil Nuatim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sarawak.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sarawak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a> </td> <td>P195 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Kuching_(federal_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar Kuching (federal constituency)">Bandar Kuching</a></td> <td>N11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batu_Lintang_(state_constituency)" title="Batu Lintang (state constituency)">Batu Lintang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/See_Chee_How" title="See Chee How">See Chee How</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td colspan="5"><span style="font-size:85%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></b> (1), <b><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></b> (1), <b><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></b> (1), <b><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></b> (1)</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parliamentary independent candidates: The system in place whither the DPRK allows for independent politicians to launch their own campaigns to gain a seat in parliament. The candidates however must be approved by the Fatherland Front, being the primary party of the DPRK. To cast votes to independent candidates the voting population must do so at independent voting stations. </p><p>Nearly all electoral systems currently in practice in the DPRK that exist on a local level are made up of mostly independent Candidates, as the Fatherland Front and other major party's primarily operate in the urban heartland of the DPRK. On the local level of North Korean elections, alliances between independent candidates is banned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nepal, there are some independent politicians, specially in local government. Independent politician and rapper <a href="/wiki/Balendra_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Balendra Shah">Balen Shah</a> was elected as Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Harka_Raj_Rai" title="Harka Raj Rai">Harka Sampang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hamal" title="Gopal Hamal">Gopal Hamal</a> were also elected as Mayor of some of the major cities like <a href="/wiki/Dharan" title="Dharan">Dharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhangadhi" title="Dhangadhi">Dhangadhi</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pakistan also has independent politicians standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has <a href="/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election" title="2008 Pakistani general election">General Elections, 2008</a> elected 30 Members. In 2011, four candidates won seats in the National Assembly. In the 2013 General Election, nine seats were won by independents. In 2024, Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Tehreek-e-Insaf</a> backed independent candidates won 94 seats as the party was officially banned by <a href="/wiki/Election_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Election Commission of Pakistan">Election Commission of Pakistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right"> <caption>Independents in elections since 1987 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>President</th> <th>Vice President</th> <th>Senate</th> <th>House </th></tr> <tr> <td>1987</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 24</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">23 / 214</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 24</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 216</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 220</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 220</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 13</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">8 / 256</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 261</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 271</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">7 / 286</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 293</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">3 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">4 / 297</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">2 / 304</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 0.7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no">Lost</td> <td align="center">None</td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">5 / 12</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 42%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">6 / 316</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ever since the first elections during the <a href="/wiki/1907_Philippine_Assembly_elections" title="1907 Philippine Assembly elections">1907 Philippine Assembly elections</a>, independents have been allowed to participate and have won seats. On that first election, independents had the most members, behind the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> was first created, its <a href="/wiki/1916_Philippine_Senate_elections" title="1916 Philippine Senate elections">first elections in 1916</a> also saw independents participating and winning one seat. In the Nacionalista landslide of <a href="/wiki/1941_Philippine_general_election" title="1941 Philippine general election">1941</a>, the three independents were the only non-members of the Nacionalista Party to win in the House of Representatives; this was also the start of independents being shut out in the Senate. </p><p>After independence was granted by the United States in 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> between the Nacionalistas and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal Party</a> was established, with certain candidates who failed to get the nomination of either parties appearing on the ballot as "Independent Nacionalista" or "Independent Liberal", as the case may be. Independents not associated with any party were still able to participate and sporadically win elections. In the <a href="/wiki/1961_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1961 Philippine presidential election">1961 Philippine vice presidential election</a>, independent <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a_Jr." title="Sergio Osmeña Jr.">Sergio Osmeña Jr.</a> narrowly lost to <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Pelaez" title="Emmanuel Pelaez">Emmanuel Pelaez</a>. The first breakthrough was in the <a href="/wiki/1967_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1967 Philippine Senate election">1967 Philippine Senate election</a> where <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Antonino" title="Magnolia Antonino">Magnolia Antonino</a>, widow of Gaudencio Antonino who died on election eve, won. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> declared martial law in 1972, dissolved Congress, and promulgated a new constitution that led to the <a href="/wiki/1978_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1978 Philippine parliamentary election">1978 Philippine parliamentary election</a>, where one independent won, independents also won in <a href="/wiki/1984_Philippine_parliamentary_election" title="1984 Philippine parliamentary election">1984</a>. Marcos was overthrown after the 1986 <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> after he allegedly cheated in the <a href="/wiki/1986_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1986 Philippine presidential election">1986 Philippine presidential election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> succeeded Marcos, and promulgated a new constitution that ushered in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. Here, parties are not able to present full 12-person slates in Senate elections, thus necessitating inter-party cooperation, that included independents. The <a href="/wiki/1995_Philippine_Senate_election" title="1995 Philippine Senate election">1995 Philippine Senate election</a> saw two independents winning: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile" title="Juan Ponce Enrile">Juan Ponce Enrile</a> (who later ran and lost the <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">1998 Philippine presidential election</a> as an independent) and <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan" title="Gregorio Honasan">Gregorio Honasan</a>, who both teamed up to stage coups during the Aquino presidency. The <a href="/wiki/2001_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 EDSA Revolution">2001 EDSA Revolution</a> increased the number of major candidates running as independents, with broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Noli_de_Castro" title="Noli de Castro">Noli de Castro</a> topping the Senate election. He was a guest candidate of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Pwersa_ng_Masang_Pilipino" title="Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino">Pwersa ng Masa coalition</a> but he never joined their campaign rallies. In 2004, he ran <a href="/wiki/2004_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2004 Philippine presidential election">as vice president</a> as a guest candidate of the administration <a href="/wiki/Koalisyon_ng_Katapatan_at_Karanasan_sa_Kinabukasan" title="Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan">K-4 coalition</a> and won with just under majority of the vote. </p><p>In the local level, former priest <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Panlilio" title="Eddie Panlilio">Eddie Panlilio</a> was elected as governor of <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> in 2007, defeating two administration candidates. When Panlilio eventually transferred to the Liberal Party in time for the 2010 election, it was ruled that he was beaten in the 2007 election; in 2010, he was defeated. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 Philippine House of Representatives elections">2010 House of Representatives elections</a>, seven independents were elected, although all but two joined a political party after the elections. Independents can only run in <a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">district</a> elections, and cannot participate in <a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">party-list elections</a> as independents. </p><p>In contesting elections, independent candidates, while can spend as much as those with parties can under the law, they are not able to tap in spending from a political party that nominated them. </p><p>Independent candidates are different from <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> politicians; the former are elected in openly partisan elections, while the latter participate in nonpartisan elections such as <a href="/wiki/Barangay_elections" title="Barangay elections">barangay elections</a>. Local legislatures may find itself with independent and nonpartisan members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2018_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2018 Taiwanese local elections">2018 Taiwanese local elections</a>, there was only one independent local head: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wen-je" title="Ko Wen-je">Ko Wen-je</a>, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>.</li></ul> <p>On 6 August 2019, Ko Wen-je founded the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_People%27s_Party" title="Taiwan People's Party">Taiwan People's Party</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Taiwanese_local_elections" title="2022 Taiwanese local elections">2022 Taiwanese local elections</a>, there was one independent local head: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Tung-chin" title="Chung Tung-chin">Chung Tung-chin</a>, County magistrate of <a href="/wiki/Miaoli_County" title="Miaoli County">Miaoli County</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President of Bulgaria</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a> is an independent with support from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Socialist_Party" title="Bulgarian Socialist Party">Bulgarian Socialist Party</a>. Radev was elected in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Bulgarian_presidential_election" title="2016 Bulgarian presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>. An independent politician can enter into parliament only if they gather enough votes to pass the 4% threshold, thus behaving like political parties. However, they can be part of a civic quota of a given party. Civic quotas are lists of independents candidates, who are represented on a given party's electoral list, without directly joining the party. Every party has the capability to invite independent candidates into their lists, without forcing them to join the party itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an inconclusive election in <a href="/wiki/2015_Croatian_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Croatian parliamentary election">2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tihomir_Ore%C5%A1kovi%C4%87_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tihomir Orešković (politician)">Tihomir Orešković</a> was named the first non-partisan <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Prime Minister of Croatia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All <a href="/wiki/President_of_Estonia" title="President of Estonia">Estonian presidents</a> are forced to relinquish membership from any political party they may be in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg/170px-Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg/255px-Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg/340px-Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Marshal Mannerheim, the 6th President of Finland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Finland">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/C._G._E._Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. E. Mannerheim">C. G. E. Mannerheim</a>, who served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> from 1944 to 1946, did not want to be affiliated with any party.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the state regent/caretaker from December 1918 to July 1919, Mannerheim also stood as an independent in the <a href="/wiki/1919_Finnish_presidential_election" title="1919 Finnish presidential election">July 1919 presidential election</a> against the <a href="/wiki/National_Progressive_Party_(Finland)" title="National Progressive Party (Finland)">National Progressive's</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg</a>, who won. </p><p>Also, after serving six years on his first term as the 12th President of Finland in the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition Party</a> from 2012 to 2018, <a href="/wiki/Sauli_Niinist%C3%B6" title="Sauli Niinistö">Sauli Niinistö</a> was elected for his second term in 2018 after running as an independent candidate. Sauli Niinistö's status as an independent/non-partisan president has been attributed to his historical approval ratings and popularity, which stood at 90% favorable in July 2021 of which 52% said that Niinistö had handled the presidency "Very favorably".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, independent politicians are frequently categorised as <i>sans étiquette</i> ("without label") in municipal or district elections. </p><p>In the nineteenth century and first half of the twentieth century, most French national politicians were independents. The first modern French political parties date from the early 1900s (foundation of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Liberal_Action" title="Popular Liberal Action">Action Libérale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a>). The first legislation on political parties dates from 1911, though it was not until 1928 that parliamentarians were required to select a political party for the parliamentary register (either by formally joining a group, or by loosely working with one as an <i>apparenté</i>, or associate), and not until after 1945 that structured political parties came to dominate parliamentary work. </p><p>Once elected, independents tended to attach themselves to a parliamentary party. In some cases independent deputies banded together to form a <a href="/wiki/Technical_group" title="Technical group">technical group</a> of their own. In 1932, for instance, there were four technical groups created: the left-of-centre <a href="/wiki/Independent_Left_(France)" title="Independent Left (France)">Independent Left</a>, with 12 deputies; the centre-right liberal <a href="/wiki/Independents_of_the_Left" title="Independents of the Left">Independents of the Left</a>, with 26 deputies; the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Independents_for_Economic,_Social_and_Peasant_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action">Independents for Economic, Social and Peasant Action</a>, with six deputies; and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_France" title="Monarchism in France">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Independents" title="Republican Independents">Independent Group</a>, with 12 deputies—these four technical groups thus accounted for one-tenth of deputies. In addition, the larger parliamentary parties, including the socialist SFIO, centre-left PRRRS, centre-right ARD and conservative FR all included a greater or lesser number of independents who sat with their group for parliamentary work (<i>apparentés</i>). </p><p>In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand" title="Alexandre Millerand">Alexandre Millerand</a> was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of the Republic</a> under the banner "without label". </p><p>However, it is nowadays rare to have independent politicians at national level, if only because independents usually affiliate themselves to an existing political grouping. Noteworthy independents include <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bov%C3%A9" title="José Bové">José Bové</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 presidential election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> was an independent politician as Minister, but formed his own party to stand in the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>. </p><p>From 2001 to 2008, "without label" was no longer used in the nomenclature of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(France)" title="Minister of the Interior (France)">Ministry of the Interior</a>. Candidates and lists presenting themselves as "without label" are classified in DVG (various left), DVD (various right), DVC (various center) or AUT (other) according to their political sensitivity. Therefore, from 2008 onwards, the DIV (miscellaneous) or the LDIV code for the "miscellaneous" list has been created to group unclassifiable or categorical interests and, by default, mayors without a declared label claiming no political sensitivity, be it left, center or right. The AUT (other) grade replaces the DIV grade without changing its definition.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Salome Zourabichvili</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Georgian_presidential_election" title="2018 Georgian presidential election">2018 Georgian presidential election</a> as an independent candidate, becoming the first-ever female <a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President of Georgia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a> from March 2012 to March 2017 and the first Federal President without party affiliation, was to date the most prominent independent politician. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">German presidential election of 2010</a> he was the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">Greens</a>, in <a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a> the candidate of all major parties except <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>. His presidency—though his powers are limited—constitutes an exception, as Independent politicians have rarely held high office in German history, at least not since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It has nevertheless happened that a presidential candidate without any chances of election by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention</a> was not a party member: for example, in 1984 the Greens came up with the writer <a href="/wiki/Luise_Rinser" title="Luise Rinser">Luise Rinser</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> parliament nearly all deputies belong to a political party. The voting system of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">personalized proportional representation</a> (since 1949) allows any individual holding the <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">passive right to vote</a> to stand for a direct <a href="/wiki/Mandate_(politics)" title="Mandate (politics)">mandate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral districts">electoral districts</a>—299 of the seats in parliament are distributed by districts according to a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plurality voting system</a>. Such a candidate has to present 200 signatures in favor of their candidacy, the same as a candidate of a party that had no parliamentary presentation previously. The first <a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">Bundestag election in 1949</a> saw three independents elected; since then, no party-independent candidate has won a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> level, the situation is more or less the same: only party members have a real chance to be elected to a <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a> legislature, and state ministers without party membership are just as rare as at the federal level. However, in <a href="/wiki/Local_election" title="Local election">local elections</a> it may occur that an independent politician is elected deputy to <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">districts</a>', cities' and municipalities' assemblies, as well as member of a <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> or even <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>. In recent years, independents have formed <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a> associations which have had success in local governments. Two such associations have managed to enter state parliaments: the <a href="/wiki/Free_Voters_of_Bavaria" title="Free Voters of Bavaria">Free Voters of Bavaria</a> in 2008 and the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_United_Civic_Movements/Free_Voters" title="Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters">Brandenburg United Civic Movements/Free Voters</a> in 2019. </p><p>An independent member of parliament, who also is not a member of a voters' association, holds the status of <i>fraktionsloser Abgeordneter</i>, i.e., not affiliated to any <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary group</a>. A representative who either leaves their party (and their parliamentary group) or is expelled from it and does not join another becomes <i>fraktionslos</i>. In 1989 the Bundestag MP <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W%C3%BCppesahl" title="Thomas Wüppesahl">Thomas Wüppesahl</a>, who had left the Green Party in 1987 and was excluded from the Green parliamentary group the next year, obtained more rights as a <i>fraktionsloser Abgeordneter</i>, for example more talking time and representation in a subcommittee, when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a> decided partially in their favor. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a> of 1871, the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Reich Chancellors</a> (<a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">heads of government</a>) <i>de jure</i> served as <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer" title="Executive officer">executive officers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Imperial states</a> as non-partisans, usually recruited from the traditional bureaucratic, aristocratic or military elites. In the fierce political conflicts during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar</a> period after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, several chancellors and Reich Ministers also had no party affiliation: these chancellors were <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a> (1922–1923), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Luther" title="Hans Luther">Hans Luther</a> (1925–1926), the former <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> (1932), and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> (1932–1933). The last two <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">cabinets</a> appointed by Reich President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, a non-partisan (though strongly <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservative</a>) himself, were regarded as apolitical cabinets of experts with regard to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>; many of the ministers were not party members. </p><p>Since World War II, only two ministers of (West) German cabinets have not been party members, though "on the ticket" of the major party in the coalition, the Social Democrats: Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Hans_Leussink" title="Hans Leussink">Hans Leussink</a> (1969–1972), and Minister of Economy <a href="/wiki/Werner_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Werner Müller (politician)">Werner Müller</a> (1998–2002). Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Kinkel" title="Klaus Kinkel">Klaus Kinkel</a> only shortly after his appointment joined the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democrats</a> in 1991. A special case is the former Federal Minister and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a>, whose affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> (CDU) has not been conclusively established: although he served as Minister of Economics from 1949 to 1963 and as Federal Chancellor from 1963 to 1966, and was even elected CDU <a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">party chairman</a> in 1966, it seems that he never signed a membership form or paid contributions. Researches by <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Stern" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Stern">Der Stern</a></i> magazine have revealed a record at the CDU party archives created only in 1968, with the faked date of entry of early March 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iceland" title="President of Iceland">President of Iceland</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Halla_T%C3%B3masd%C3%B3ttir" title="Halla Tómasdóttir">Halla Tómasdóttir</a>) is independent. By convention, presidents of Iceland usually relinquish any party membership prior to or upon taking office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">Independent politician (Ireland)</a></div> <p>In Ireland, constituency-based proportional representation, the comparative looseness of formal parties, and strong local sentiment have meant that independents have formed a significant part of the parliamentary landscape since the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">foundation of the state</a>: in the early elections to <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Free_State)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Free State)">Dáil Éireann</a> (parliament), independents accounted for <a href="/wiki/1922_Irish_general_election" title="1922 Irish general election">7% of seats in 1922</a>, <a href="/wiki/1923_Irish_general_election" title="1923 Irish general election">8.5% in 1923</a>, <a href="/wiki/June_1927_Irish_general_election" title="June 1927 Irish general election">10.5% in 1927</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1932_Irish_general_election" title="1932 Irish general election">9% in 1932</a>, though with the development of relatively more structured parties their numbers declined thereafter. These were similar proportions to the number of independents elected to other interwar European democracies such as France (see above). </p><p>It was not until the 2010s that independents would see a similar electoral success, with record scores for independents surpassing the previous interwar highs. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2020_Irish_general_election" title="2020 Irish general election">Irish general election in 2020</a>, there were 23 independent <a href="/wiki/Teachta%C3%AD_D%C3%A1la" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachtaí Dála">TDs</a> (parliamentary deputies) in the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil</a> (the lower house of the Irish parliament), representing 14% of the total. </p><p>There are ten independent senators in the <a href="/wiki/26th_Seanad" title="26th Seanad">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad</a> (the upper house of the Irish parliament), representing 16% of the total. Two of these are elected by the graduates of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> and three from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Dublin University</a>. There is also one independent senator who was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> and four elected by the technical panels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isle_of_Man">Isle of Man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Isle of Man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the elected representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> are independents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Ministers</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> (1993–1994), <a href="/wiki/Lamberto_Dini" title="Lamberto Dini">Lamberto Dini</a> (1995–1996), <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a> (2000–2001), <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monti" title="Mario Monti">Mario Monti</a> (2011–2013), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Conte" title="Giuseppe Conte">Giuseppe Conte</a> (2018–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a> (2021–2022) were independent when they were in office. Ciampi was also the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> between 1999 and 2006. President <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a>, despite being a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>, was elected president in 2015 as an independent (he was member of the Constitutional Court at the moment of his election). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jersey">Jersey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Jersey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the elected representatives in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> are independents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo">Kosovo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Kosovo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Atifete_Jahjaga" title="Atifete Jahjaga">Atifete Jahjaga</a> was elected the first female and Independent <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President of Kosovo</a> since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 Kosovo declaration of independence</a>. She was also the first female and independent elected leader in the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/1862_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" title="1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein</a>, the appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Liechtenstein" title="List of heads of government of Liechtenstein">Governor of Liechtenstein</a> was required to be politically non-aligned with any party in both Austria and Liechtenstein.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, however, no political parties existed in Liechtenstein until 1918 and all members of the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Landtag of Liechtenstein">Landtag of Liechtenstein</a> were elected as independents.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the currently used <a href="/wiki/1921_Constitution_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein">1921 Constitution of Liechtenstein</a>, independent candidates are allowed to run for both the Landtag and prime minister, though an independent candidate has not been elected to either position since 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-officehistory_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officehistory-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: The Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dick_Schoof" title="Dick Schoof">Dick Schoof</a> has been the independent <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prime Minister of the Netherlands">Prime Minister of the Netherlands</a> since 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polish <a href="/wiki/Sejm" title="Sejm">Sejm</a> is elected by party-list ordination, which does not allow lone candidates to run, although since 2001 there has been a possibility to create a non-partisan <i>Voters' Electoral Committee</i> (pol. <i>KWW</i>, <i>komitet wyborczy wyborców</i>); they are by almost any means party lists, but no officially registered party is behind them. They can be unregistered parties, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">Kukiz'15</a>, or non-partisan movements, although the latter never reached the 5% threshold. National minorities candidates also form Voters' Electoral Committees (like <a href="/wiki/German_Minority_Electoral_Committee" title="German Minority Electoral Committee">German Minority Electoral Committee</a>, represented in Sejm between 1991 and 2023), but they do not have to reach the nationwide threshold. However, during a Sejm term many members switch parties or become independents. </p><p>Tickets such as <a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">Civic Platform</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2001_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2001 Polish parliamentary election">2001 election</a> were formally non-partisan, Civic Platform was widely viewed as a de facto political party, as it is now. </p><p>The situation in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a> is different, as the voting system allows independents to run as single candidates and some are elected in their own right. In the last parliamentary election (<a href="/wiki/2023_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Polish parliamentary election">2023</a>) four independents won seats in the Senate. </p><p>Three <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">presidents</a> since 1990 have technically been independents. <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> was not an endorsed candidate of any party, but the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> and he was elected without full support of this union (Solidarity votes split between him and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Poland" title="Prime Minister of Poland">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki" title="Tadeusz Mazowiecki">Tadeusz Mazowiecki</a>). <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kwa%C5%9Bniewski" title="Aleksander Kwaśniewski">Aleksander Kwaśniewski</a> was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland">Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland</a>, but formally resigned from the party after he was elected, as did <a href="/wiki/Lech_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Lech Kaczyński">Lech Kaczyński</a>, who was the first leader of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowski" title="Bronisław Komorowski">Bronisław Komorowski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civic_Platform" title="Civic Platform">PO</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Duda" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS</a>). The resignation is required because the Constitution says that the president shall hold no other offices nor discharge any public functions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aforementioned presidents often participated in their party's campaigns (e.g. Andrzej Duda in the Law and Justice campaign three months after his resignation from the party). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Rebelo_de_Sousa" title="Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa">Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">president of Portugal</a> since 6 March 2016, was elected on 24 January 2016 while being a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a>, but suspended his <a href="/wiki/Political_affiliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political affiliation">political affiliation</a> on the day of his <a href="/wiki/Swearing_in" class="mw-redirect" title="Swearing in">swearing-in</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of Russia's <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">presidents</a> have been independents. Former president <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> declined an offer to join <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a>, saying that he believes the President should be an independent so that he serves the interests of the country rather than his political party. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, the current president of Russia, was the head of the <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> party until 26 May 2012, but even then was not its member, thus formally was and still is independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Swedish election system is based on parties nominating candidate MPs for their party ballots, and each party has to receive 4% or more of the national vote (or 12% in one region, which has never happened independently of also reaching the different 4% threshold). This makes running as an independent MP impossible. Once elected, the seat is personal; MPs may resign their party membership, or be stripped of it, while retaining their <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> seats to become independent to become what is commonly referred to as a <i>politisk vilde</i> (<i>political savage</i>) symbol: (-). </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">Government</a> (executive cabinet), there is no requirement for ministers to be MPs, or even have a political affiliation (though this has overwhelmingly been the case in modern times). This means that even the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a> could technically be an independent if chosen by the Riksdag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Registration_of_Political_Parties_Act_1998" title="Registration of Political Parties Act 1998">Registration of Political Parties Act 1998</a> laid down the first specific rules in the United Kingdom relating to the use of the term 'independent' by election candidates. That Act was repealed with most of its contents covered by Part II of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a>. Candidates standing for United Kingdom local elections and United Kingdom parliamentary elections, including the devolved parliaments and assemblies, can use the name of a registered political party, or the term 'Independent' (or its Welsh language equivalent <i>annibynol</i>) or no ballot paper description at all.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some groups in the United Kingdom who are not affiliated to any national or regional party have registered locality-based political parties. Some English examples are the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Kidderminster_Hospital_and_Health_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern">Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_and_Ewell_Residents_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom and Ewell Residents Association">Epsom and Ewell Residents Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Devizes_Guardians" title="Devizes Guardians">Devizes Guardians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Derwentside_Independents" title="Derwentside Independents">Derwentside Independents</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Yorkshire_Independents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Yorkshire Independents (page does not exist)">East Yorkshire Independents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Commons_2">House of Commons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: House of Commons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_party_and_independent_MPs_elected_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of minor party and independent MPs elected in the United Kingdom">List of minor party and independent MPs elected in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Before the twentieth century, it was fairly common for independents to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>, but there have been very few since 1945. <a href="/wiki/S._O._Davies" title="S. O. Davies">S. O. Davies</a>, a veteran <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP, held his <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970 general election</a>, standing as an independent, after the Labour Party had deselected him. </p><p>Journalist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bell" title="Martin Bell">Martin Bell</a> was elected at <a href="/wiki/Tatton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tatton (UK Parliament constituency)">Tatton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1997 United Kingdom general election">general election of 1997</a>, having stood on an anti-corruption platform, defeating incumbent <a href="/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Neil Hamilton (politician)">Neil Hamilton</a>. He was the first independent to be newly elected to the Commons since <a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GuardianMartinBell_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianMartinBell-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stood unsuccessfully in a different constituency in 2001. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2001 United Kingdom general election">2001 general election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(UK_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Taylor (UK politician)">Richard Taylor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Kidderminster_Hospital_and_Health_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern">Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern</a> party was elected for the constituency of <a href="/wiki/Wyre_Forest_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Wyre Forest (UK Parliament constituency)">Wyre Forest</a>. Taylor was re-elected for Wyre Forest at the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 general election</a>, becoming the only independent in recent times to have been elected for a second term. </p><p>Two independent (or local party) members of parliament were elected in the <a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2005 United Kingdom general election">2005 election</a>, although both were defeated five years later. In the same election, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Law" title="Peter Law">Peter Law</a> was elected as an independent at <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blaenau Gwent (UK Parliament constituency)">Blaenau Gwent</a>. Law died on 25 April 2006: the resulting <a href="/wiki/2006_Blaenau_Gwent_by-elections" title="2006 Blaenau Gwent by-elections">by-election</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Dai_Davies_(politician)" title="Dai Davies (politician)">Dai Davies</a> of the local party <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Gwent_People%27s_Voice" title="Blaenau Gwent People's Voice">Blaenau Gwent People's Voice</a>. The by-election was unusual as it was the first time in over eighty years that an independent had held a seat previously occupied by another independent. </p><p>Only one independent was elected to the Commons in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Hermon" title="Sylvia Hermon">Sylvia Hermon</a>, the member for <a href="/wiki/North_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Down (UK Parliament constituency)">North Down</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist</a> who left the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> because of its links with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a>. </p><p>There have also been several instances of politicians being elected to the Commons as representatives of a political party, then resigning the party's whip, or having it withdrawn. Examples in this in the 2010–2015 parliament included <a href="/wiki/Mike_Hancock_(British_politician)" title="Mike Hancock (British politician)">Mike Hancock</a> (formerly a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eric_Joyce" title="Eric Joyce">Eric Joyce</a> (formerly Labour) and <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a>, a Conservative who had the whip withdrawn for part of the parliament and thus sat as an independent during that time. </p><p>Independent candidates often stand in British parliamentary elections, often with platforms about specific local issues, but usually without success. An example from the 2001 general election was <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aston Villa">Aston Villa</a> supporter Ian Robinson, who stood as an independent in the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sutton Coldfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Sutton Coldfield constituency</a> in protest at the way chairman <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ellis" title="Doug Ellis">Doug Ellis</a> ran the football club. Another example an independent candidate, in the <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Salisbury (UK Parliament constituency)">Salisbury constituency</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Uther_Pendragon" title="Arthur Uther Pendragon">Arthur Uther Pendragon</a>, a local activist and self-declared reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>. </p><p>Other independent candidates are associated with a political party and may be former members of it, but cannot stand under its label. For instance, for several months after being expelled from the Labour Party but before the <a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Coalition</a> was founded, <a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">George Galloway</a> MP described himself as "Independent Labour". </p><p>On 23 March 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Network" title="Independent Network">Independent Network</a> was set up to support independent candidates in the forthcoming general election.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Independent Network still supports Independent candidates in local, regional, national and European elections. It has an organic<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> set of principles which are known as the Bell Principles and are very closely related to <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Standards_in_Public_Life" title="Committee on Standards in Public Life">Lord Nolan's Standards of Public Life</a>. The Independent Network does not impose any <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or political influence on their candidates. </p><p>In March 2009, the multi-millionaire <a href="/wiki/Paul_Judge" title="Paul Judge">Paul Judge</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Jury_Team" title="Jury Team">Jury Team</a>, an umbrella organisation dedicated to increasing the number of independent candidates standing in Britain, in both national and European elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Independant8Mar09_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independant8Mar09-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, a record of six independent candidates was elected to the 59th parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Independent_and_undescribed_candidates">Independent and undescribed candidates</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Independent and undescribed candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Part II of the <a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a> allows individuals who wish to stand as a candidate to all parliaments and assemblies in the UK, including the House of Commons, the right to use one of three ballot paper descriptions. Those descriptions are the name of a registered political party; the word "independent"; or no description at all.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless a candidate stands as "independent" or as a "No Description" candidate leaving the ballot paper description box blank, their candidature must be confirmed by a signed certificate from the relevant officer from a registered political party, as set out in Section 52 of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Administration_Act_2006" title="Electoral Administration Act 2006">Electoral Administration Act 2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_of_Lords">House of Lords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: House of Lords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">Crossbencher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-affiliated_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords">Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> includes many peers independent from political parties. Some are simply <a href="/wiki/Non-affiliated_members_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords">not affiliated</a> with any grouping, whilst another, larger, grouping is given the official designation of <a href="/wiki/Crossbench#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbench">crossbenchers</a>. Additionally the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> (bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) do not have party affiliations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scottish_Parliament,_Senedd_(Welsh_Parliament)_and_Northern_Irish_Assembly"><span id="Scottish_Parliament.2C_Senedd_.28Welsh_Parliament.29_and_Northern_Irish_Assembly"></span>Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Scottish Parliament, Senedd (Welsh Parliament) and Northern Irish Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2003_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2003 Scottish Parliament election">2003 Scottish Parliamentary elections</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Scottish_Parliament" title="Member of the Scottish Parliament">MSPs</a> were elected as Independents: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Canavan" title="Dennis Canavan">Dennis Canavan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Falkirk_West_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Falkirk West (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Falkirk West</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Turner" title="Jean Turner">Jean Turner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strathkelvin_and_Bearsden_(Scottish_Parliament_constituency)" title="Strathkelvin and Bearsden (Scottish Parliament constituency)">Strathkelvin and Bearsden</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Margo_MacDonald" title="Margo MacDonald">Margo MacDonald</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lothians_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Lothians (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Lothians</a>). In 2004 <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Martin" title="Campbell Martin">Campbell Martin</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_of_Scotland_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="West of Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">West of Scotland region</a>) left the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> to become an independent and in 2005 <a href="/wiki/Brian_Monteith" title="Brian Monteith">Brian Monteith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mid_Scotland_and_Fife_(Scottish_Parliament_electoral_region)" title="Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region)">Mid Scotland and Fife</a>) left the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> to become an independent. At the <a href="/wiki/2007_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2007 Scottish Parliament election">2007 Scottish Parliamentary elections</a> Margo MacDonald was again returned as an independent MSP and was elected as an independent for the third time <a href="/wiki/2011_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2011 Scottish Parliament election">four years later</a>. She died in 2014 while still serving as member of the Parliament. As she was elected as an independent regional MSP, there could be no by-election and her seat remained vacant until the <a href="/wiki/2016_Scottish_Parliament_election" title="2016 Scottish Parliament election">2016 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Law" title="Peter Law">Peter Law</a> was expelled from the Labour Party after standing against an official Labour candidate in Blaenau Gwent at the 2005 UK general election and became an independent in the National Assembly and UK Parliament. In 2006 Peter Law died from a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumour">brain tumour</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Trish_Law" title="Trish Law">Trish Law</a>, campaigned and took the seat as an independent candidate at the subsequent by-election and held onto the seat again in the <a href="/wiki/2007_National_Assembly_for_Wales_election" title="2007 National Assembly for Wales election">2007 Welsh Assembly elections</a>. </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Gill" title="Nathan Gill">Nathan Gill</a> as the then leader of UKIP Wales defected from the group to sit as an independent after a falling out with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Neil Hamilton (politician)">Neil Hamilton</a>, who was elected UKIP Assembly group leader. <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Elis-Thomas" title="Dafydd Elis-Thomas">Dafydd Elis-Thomas</a> left the <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cymru" title="Plaid Cymru">Plaid Cymru</a> group later in 2016 after multiple fallings out with Plaid Cymru leader <a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Leanne Wood</a>. Elis-Thomas said his reason for leaving Plaid Cymru was that it not serious about working with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Labour" title="Welsh Labour">Welsh Labour</a> Government. <a href="/wiki/Neil_McEvoy" title="Neil McEvoy">Neil McEvoy</a> was expelled from Plaid Cymru on 16 January 2018 and sat as an independent AM until 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nathan Gill stood down on 27 December 2017<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mandy_Jones_(politician)" title="Mandy Jones (politician)">Mandy Jones</a>. Mandy Jones left the UKIP group on 9 January 2018 over a fallout over her staff.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Local_elections">Local elections</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Local elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayors in England and Wales">directly elected mayors</a> in several parts of England has witnessed the election of independents to run councils in <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough (borough)">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Bedford" title="Borough of Bedford">Bedford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool (borough)">Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield (district)">Mansfield</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a>, was <a href="/wiki/2000_London_mayoral_election" title="2000 London mayoral election">first elected</a> as an independent, having run against the official Labour candidate <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dobson" title="Frank Dobson">Frank Dobson</a>. He was subsequently re-admitted to the Labour Party in December 2003 before his first re-election campaign. </p><p>Independent candidates frequently stand and are elected to local councils. There is a special Independent group of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Association" title="Local Government Association">Local Government Association</a> to cater for them. A number of local authorities have been entirely or almost entirely composed of independent members, such as the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2009_Council_of_the_Isles_of_Scilly_election" title="2009 Council of the Isles of Scilly election">Isles of Scilly Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney_Islands_Council" title="Orkney Islands Council">Orkney Islands Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland_Islands_Council" title="Shetland Islands Council">Shetland Islands Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comhairle_nan_Eilean_Siar" title="Comhairle nan Eilean Siar">Comhairle nan Eilean Siar</a> (Western Isles Council) in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2023_Central_Bedfordshire_Council_election" title="2023 Central Bedfordshire Council election">2023</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Bedfordshire_Council" title="Central Bedfordshire Council">Central Bedfordshire</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authority</a> in England to have an independent administration.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roughly a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner" title="Police and crime commissioner">police and crime commissioners</a> elected in England and Wales in the <a href="/wiki/2012_England_and_Wales_police_and_crime_commissioner_elections" title="2012 England and Wales police and crime commissioner elections">2012 election</a> were independents.<sup id="cite_ref-PCCs_uk_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCCs_uk-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians in Australia</a></div> <p>Independents are a recurrent feature of the federal <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>, and they are more commonly elected to state parliaments. There have been up to five independents in every federal parliament since 1990, and independents have won twenty-eight times during national elections in that time. A large proportion of independents are former members of one of Australia's four main parties, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Australian Greens</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party of Australia</a>. In 2013 a political party named the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Independents" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Independents">Australian Independents</a> was registered with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the dissolution of parliament before the <a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019 federal election</a>, four independents sat in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilkie" title="Andrew Wilkie">Andrew Wilkie</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Denison" title="Division of Denison">Denison</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cathy_McGowan_(politician)" title="Cathy McGowan (politician)">Cathy McGowan</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Indi" title="Division of Indi">Indi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kerryn_Phelps" title="Kerryn Phelps">Kerryn Phelps</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wentworth" title="Division of Wentworth">Wentworth</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Banks" title="Julia Banks">Julia Banks</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Chisholm" title="Division of Chisholm">Chisholm</a>). Of these, Wilkie had previously been a Greens candidate, McGowan had been a Liberal staffer, and Banks was elected as a Liberal MP before resigning from the party in November 2018. At the 2019 election, Wilkie was re-elected as the Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Clark" title="Division of Clark">Clark</a>, while McGowan retired, and both Phelps and Banks lost their seats. However, two new independents entered parliament: <a href="/wiki/Zali_Steggall" title="Zali Steggall">Zali Steggall</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Warringah" title="Division of Warringah">Warringah</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Haines" title="Helen Haines">Helen Haines</a> (Member for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Indi" title="Division of Indi">Indi</a>). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 federal election</a>, a record ten independents were elected to the House of Representatives, including re-elected members Andrew Wilkie (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Clark" title="Division of Clark">Clark</a>), Zali Steggall (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Warringah" title="Division of Warringah">Warringah</a>), and Helen Haines (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Indi" title="Division of Indi">Indi</a>). Seven new independents were elected to the House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/Dai_Le" title="Dai Le">Dai Le</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Fowler" title="Division of Fowler">Fowler</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Daniel" title="Zoe Daniel">Zoe Daniel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Goldstein" title="Division of Goldstein">Goldstein</a>), <a href="/wiki/Monique_Ryan" title="Monique Ryan">Monique Ryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Kooyong" title="Division of Kooyong">Kooyong</a>), <a href="/wiki/Allegra_Spender" title="Allegra Spender">Allegra Spender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Wentworth" title="Division of Wentworth">Wentworth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kate_Chaney" title="Kate Chaney">Kate Chaney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Curtin" title="Division of Curtin">Curtin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kylea_Tink" title="Kylea Tink">Kylea Tink</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_North_Sydney" title="Division of North Sydney">North Sydney</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scamps" title="Sophie Scamps">Sophie Scamps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Division_of_Mackellar" title="Division of Mackellar">Mackellar</a>). Several of the newly elected independents have been branded <a href="/wiki/Teal_independents" title="Teal independents">Teal independents</a>, due to their use of the colour teal in campaigning material, similar policy platforms and support from <a href="/wiki/Climate_200" title="Climate 200">Climate 200</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independent <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">senators</a> are quite rare. In modern politics, Independent <a href="/wiki/Brian_Harradine" title="Brian Harradine">Brian Harradine</a> served from 1975 to 2005 with considerable influence at times. <a href="/wiki/Nick_Xenophon" title="Nick Xenophon">Nick Xenophon</a> was the only elected independent senator after his election to the Senate at the <a href="/wiki/2007_Australian_federal_election" title="2007 Australian federal election">2007 federal election</a> and was re-elected for another six-year term at the <a href="/wiki/2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned from the Australian Senate in 2017 to contest a seat in the House of Assembly of South Australia. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(Australia,_1980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Labour Party (Australia, 1980)">DLP</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Madigan_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Madigan (Australian politician)">John Madigan</a> became an independent senator in September 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but lost his seat in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 election</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palmer_United_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer United Party">PUP</a> Senators <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie" title="Jacqui Lambie">Jacqui Lambie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Lazarus" title="Glenn Lazarus">Glenn Lazarus</a> became Independent senators in November 2014 and March 2015 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambie was re-elected in 2019 with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Jacqui Lambie Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 Australian federal election</a>, independent senator for the ACT <a href="/wiki/David_Pocock" title="David Pocock">David Pocock</a> was elected, becoming the first independent senator from a territory.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, there were no recognised parties in the New Zealand parliament, although loose groupings did exist informally (initially between supporters of central government versus provincial governments, and later between liberals and conservatives). The foundation of formal political parties, starting at the end of the 19th century, considerably diminished the number of unaffiliated politicians, although a smaller number of independent candidates continued to be elected up until the 1940s. Since then, however, there have been relatively few independent politicians in Parliament. No independent candidate has won or held a seat in a general election since <a href="/wiki/1943_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1943 New Zealand general election">1943</a>, although two independent candidates have been successful in <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-elections</a> (in all cases after having held the seats in question as partisan candidates up until that point). Other politicians have become independents in the course of a parliamentary term, but not been voted into office as such. </p><p>The last person to be directly elected to Parliament as an independent in New Zealand was <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/1993_Tauranga_by-election" title="1993 Tauranga by-election">1993 by-election</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tauranga_(New_Zealand_electorate)" title="Tauranga (New Zealand electorate)">Tauranga</a> electorate as an independent after having previously held it a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a>. By the time of the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">next general election</a>, he had formed his own party (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a>), and thus was no longer standing as an independent. Since that time, the only independents in Parliament have been people who quit or were expelled from their original party but retained their seats without going through a by-election. Some have gone on to found or co-found their own parties, with varying levels of success—examples include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dunne" title="Peter Dunne">Peter Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taito_Phillip_Field" title="Taito Phillip Field">Taito Phillip Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Copeland" title="Gordon Copeland">Gordon Copeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tau_Henare" title="Tau Henare">Tau Henare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alamein_Kopu" title="Alamein Kopu">Alamein Kopu</a>. Others have joined parties which were then outside Parliament, such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Grover" title="Frank Grover">Frank Grover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuariki_Delamere" title="Tuariki Delamere">Tuariki Delamere</a>. </p><p>There were two independent MPs in the <a href="/wiki/49th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="49th New Zealand Parliament">49th New Zealand Parliament</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Chris Carter (New Zealand politician)">Chris Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hone_Harawira" title="Hone Harawira">Hone Harawira</a>. Carter became an independent after his criticisms of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>'s leadership resulted in his being expelled from the Labour caucus, while Harawira resigned from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Party">Māori Party</a> and, after a short period as an independent, also resigned as an MP in order to force the <a href="/wiki/2011_Te_Tai_Tokerau_by-election" title="2011 Te Tai Tokerau by-election">2011 by-election</a> when he was re-elected as representative of his new political party, <a href="/wiki/Mana_Party_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana Party (New Zealand)">Mana</a> and retained the seat in the 2011 General Election. There were also two other parties which had only a single MP: <a href="/wiki/United_Future" title="United Future">United Future</a> with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dunne" title="Peter Dunne">Peter Dunne</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT</a> with <a href="/wiki/David_Seymour" title="David Seymour">David Seymour</a>. Neither Dunne nor Seymour was classed as an independent—Dunne's presence in Parliament was due to personal votes in his home electorate, and Seymour's presence was as the sole elected MP of ACT because of a collapse in their support in the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">2011 election</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/50th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="50th New Zealand Parliament">50th New Zealand Parliament</a> there was one independent MP: <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Horan" title="Brendan Horan">Brendan Horan</a>, a former New Zealand First MP who was expelled from his party because of allegations of misappropriation of family assets. </p><p>Peter Dunne effectively became an Independent MP for a short period after his United Future political party was deregistered on 25 June 2013 by the Electoral Commission, as the party no longer had the required minimum of 500 members.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was subsequently re-registered two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niue">Niue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Niue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>, there have been no political parties since 2003, when the <a href="/wiki/Niue_People%27s_Party" title="Niue People's Party">Niue People's Party</a> disbanded, and all politicians are <i>de facto</i> independents. The government depends on an informal coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">Nonpartisanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_voter" title="Independent voter">Independent voter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_vote" title="Swing vote">Swing vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">Third party (United States)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_politician&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicaocompilado.htm">"Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988"</a> (in Portuguese). Palácio do Planalto. 5 October 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505161928/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/ConstituicaoCompilado.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Senado Federal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316181919/https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/senadores/senador/-/perfil/5236">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vancouver: UBC Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6498-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6498-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-6498-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1156987615">1156987615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whipped%3A+party+discipline+in+Canada&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1156987615&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6498-5&rft.aulast=Marland&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1156987615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+politician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/independent-mps-usually-start-off-in-parties-and-rarely-win-an-election-1.4439682">"Independent MPs usually start off in parties and rarely win an election"</a>. <i>CTVNews</i>. 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Expelled+Liberal+candidate+says+he%27ll+sit+as+an+Independent+as+angry+voters+call+for+byelection&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fundecided-races-2021-federal-election-1.6185685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+politician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyBoutilier" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Amanda; Boutilier, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/9125865/alain-rayes-leaves-conservative-caucus-pierre-poilievre/">"Quebec MP Alain Rayes leaves Conservative caucus after Poilievre victory"</a>. <i>Global News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Quebec+MP+Alain+Rayes+leaves+Conservative+caucus+after+Poilievre+victory&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft.au=Boutilier%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F9125865%2Falain-rayes-leaves-conservative-caucus-pierre-poilievre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+politician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Paul G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scoop+News&rft.atitle=Dunne+Welcomes+UnitedFuture%27s+Re-Registration&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FPA1308%2FS00213%2Fdunne-welcomes-unitedfutures-re-registration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+politician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2008" class="citation cs2">Rich, Roland (April 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p77961/pdf/ch0165.pdf">"Introduction: Analysing and Categorising Political Parties in the Pacific Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Political Parties in the Pacific Islands</i>, ANU Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2Fpppi.04.2008.01">10.22459/pppi.04.2008.01</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921313752" title="Special:BookSources/9781921313752"><bdi>9781921313752</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240110011614/https://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p77961/pdf/ch0165.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Parties+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Analysing+and+Categorising+Political+Parties+in+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2Fpppi.04.2008.01&rft.isbn=9781921313752&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp77961%2Fpdf%2Fch0165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+politician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6069710.stm">"Clare Short resigns as Labour MP"</a>. 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