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id="toc-Political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Political activism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_history_and_early_years_in_Vermont" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_history_and_early_years_in_Vermont"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Professional history and early years in Vermont </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_history_and_early_years_in_Vermont-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberty_Union_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberty_Union_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Liberty Union campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberty_Union_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont_(1981–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont_(1981–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont_(1981–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Campaigns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1991–2007)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1991–2007)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2007) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1991–2007)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2007) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1991–2007)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Banking reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer_registries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_registries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Cancer registries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_registries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearms_and_criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearms_and_criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Firearms and criminal justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearms_and_criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Patriot_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_Patriot_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Opposition to the Patriot Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_Patriot_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_in_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_War_in_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Opposition to the War in Iraq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_in_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Trade policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2007–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senate_(2007–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 U.S. Senate (2007–present) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._Senate_(2007–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. Senate (2007–present) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senate_(2007–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2006" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 2006 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 2012 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 2024 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Legislation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finance_and_monetary_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance_and_monetary_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Finance and monetary policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance_and_monetary_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Immigration policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Income_and_wealth_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Income_and_wealth_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Income and wealth distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Income_and_wealth_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterans_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Veterans affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_nominees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_nominees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Supreme Court nominees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_nominees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Committee assignments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucus_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucus_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Caucus memberships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucus_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_ratings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_ratings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Approval ratings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_ratings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_and_2012_presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_and_2012_presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 2008 and 2012 presidential elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_and_2012_presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 2016 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2016_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2016 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Campaign methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Presidential debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls_and_news_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls_and_news_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Polls and news coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polls_and_news_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DNC_email_leak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNC_email_leak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 DNC email leak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNC_email_leak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endorsement_of_Hillary_Clinton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endorsement_of_Hillary_Clinton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Endorsement of Hillary Clinton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endorsement_of_Hillary_Clinton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-election_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-election_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Post-election activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-election_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_Democratic_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_Democratic_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Influence on the Democratic Party </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_Democratic_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 2020 presidential campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-2020_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 2020 presidential campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-2020_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_methods_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_methods_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Campaign methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_methods_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls_and_news_coverage_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls_and_news_coverage_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Polls and news coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polls_and_news_coverage_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forums_and_other_appearances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forums_and_other_appearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Forums and other appearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forums_and_other_appearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_debates_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_debates_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Presidential debates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_debates_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspension_of_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspension_of_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Suspension of campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspension_of_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Political positions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political positions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Economic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gun_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gun_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Gun laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gun_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Social issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Trump administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biden_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biden_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Biden administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biden_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Party affiliations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Honors and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_heritage,_and_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_heritage,_and_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Religion, heritage, and values </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_heritage,_and_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Internet culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 In film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Publications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bernie Sanders</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%92_%E1%88%B3%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="በርኒ ሳንደርስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በርኒ ሳንደርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="بيرني ساندرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرني ساندرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%A6" title="Պըռնի Սենտըրզ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պըռնի Սենտըրզ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_Sanders" title="Berni Sanders – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Berni Sanders" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="برنی ساندرز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برنی ساندرز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="বার্নি স্যান্ডার্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্নি স্যান্ডার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81" title="Берні Сандэрс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Берні Сандэрс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81" title="Бърни Сандърс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бърни Сандърс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%82" title="Μπέρνι Σάντερς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέρνι Σάντερς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="برنی سندرز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنی سندرز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9_%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌽𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%8B%88_%EC%83%8C%EB%8D%94%EC%8A%A4" title="버니 샌더스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버니 샌더스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD" title="Բեռնի Սանդերս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեռնի Սանդերս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="बर्नी सैंडर्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्नी सैंडर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ברני סנדרס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברני סנדרס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ბერნი სანდერსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერნი სანდერსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Берни Сандерс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Берни Сандерс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardus_Sanders" title="Bernardus Sanders – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bernardus Sanders" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rnijs_Sanderss" title="Bērnijs Sanderss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērnijs Sanderss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ബേണി സാൻഡേഴ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബേണി സാൻഡേഴ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="बर्नी सँडर्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्नी सँडर्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="بيرنى ساندرز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرنى ساندرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="バーニー・サンダース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーニー・サンダース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernii_Sandes" title="Bernii Sandes – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bernii Sandes" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਬਰਨੀ ਸੈਂਡਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਨੀ ਸੈਂਡਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="برني سندرز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برني سندرز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сандерс, Берни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сандерс, Берни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بێرنی ساندەرس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێرنی ساندەرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" title="Берни Сандерс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Берни Сандерс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பர்னீ சாண்டர்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பர்னீ சாண்டர்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_Sanders" title="Berni Sanders – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Berni Sanders" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เบอร์นี แซนเดอส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์นี แซนเดอส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bernie Sanders" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and activist (born 1941)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Saunders" title="Bernie Saunders">Bernie Saunders</a>. "Senator Sanders" redirects here. For other senators with the surname "Sanders", see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Sanders_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Sanders (disambiguation)">Senator Sanders (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Bernie Sanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bernie Sanders smiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1850" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sanders in 2023</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 3, 2007<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Senate committee roles </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 3, 2023</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Senate Democratic Outreach Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 3, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice Chair</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (Steering and Outreach)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Mike Enzi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Veterans%27_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">at-large</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1991 – January 3, 2007</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Plympton_Smith" title="Peter Plympton Smith">Peter Plympton Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">37th <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont">Mayor of Burlington</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 6, 1981 – April 4, 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Paquette" title="Gordon Paquette">Gordon Paquette</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clavelle" title="Peter Clavelle">Peter Clavelle</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">Liberty Union Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1971–1977</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Bernard Sanders</div> (1941-09-08) September 8, 1941 (age 83) <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1978–present)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> (2015–2016, 2019–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> (1981–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">Liberty Union</a> (1970–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Deborah Shiling</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1966)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Sanders" title="Jane Sanders">Jane O'Meara</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1988)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1<a href="#cite_note-4">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry Sanders</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>activist</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernie Sanders's signature"><img alt="Official signature of Bernie Sanders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/128px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/192px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/256px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="42" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanders.senate.gov">Senate website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berniesanders.com">Campaign website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_speaks_out_in_opposition_to_the_Iraq_War.ogg" title="File:Bernie Sanders speaks out in opposition to the Iraq War.ogg">Bernie Sanders's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="328" data-mwtitle="Bernie_Sanders_speaks_out_in_opposition_to_the_Iraq_War.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Bernie_Sanders_speaks_out_in_opposition_to_the_Iraq_War.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Bernie_Sanders_speaks_out_in_opposition_to_the_Iraq_War.ogg/Bernie_Sanders_speaks_out_in_opposition_to_the_Iraq_War.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Bernie Sanders speaks out against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> Recorded October 9, 2002</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table><tbody><tr> <td style="background:#3333FF; vertical-align:middle; padding:5px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernie Sanders in 2023"><img alt="Bernie Sanders in 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/75px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/113px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg/150px-Bernie_Sanders_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1850" /></a></td> <td style="background:#3333FF; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;">This article is part of a series about <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Electoral history of Bernie Sanders">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_career">Early career</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Mayor of Burlington</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders">Mayoral career</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">U.S. Representative from Vermont's at-large district</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives">Representative career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">CPC</a></li> <li>Elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1992 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1994 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1998 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2000 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2002 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2004 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2004</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">U.S. Senator from Vermont</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#U.S._Senate_(2007–present)">Senate career</a></li> <li>Elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Warming_Pollution_Reduction_Act_of_2007" title="Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act of 2007">Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010#Legislative_history" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">2010 Tax Relief Act filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Access_to_Care_through_Choice,_Accountability,_and_Transparency_Act_of_2014" title="Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014">Veterans Choice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com_controversies#Stop_BEZOS_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com controversies">Stop BEZOS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#Yemen,_2018–2019" title="War Powers Resolution">Yemen War Powers Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Democracy_Act" title="Workplace Democracy Act">Workplace Democracy Act</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_(advertisement)" title="America (advertisement)">"America"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Published works</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(Bernie_Sanders_album)" title="We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)">We Shall Overcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_in_the_White_House" title="Outsider in the White House">Outsider in the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_Guide_to_Political_Revolution" title="Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution">Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_We_Go_from_Here" title="Where We Go from Here">Where We Go from Here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_OK_to_Be_Angry_About_Capitalism" title="It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism">It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bernie Sanders's signature"><img alt="Bernie Sanders's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/200px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/300px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg/400px-Bernie_Sanders_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="42" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bernie_Sanders_series" title="Template:Bernie Sanders series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bernie_Sanders_series" title="Template talk:Bernie Sanders series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bernie_Sanders_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bernie Sanders series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bernard Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician and activist who is the <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">senior</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>. Sanders is the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> in U.S. congressional history, but maintains a close relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">caucused</a> with <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Democrats</a> for most of his congressional career and sought the party's <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential</a> nomination in <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>. Born into a <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family and raised in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> borough of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, Sanders attended <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> before graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1964. While a student, he was a protest organizer for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) during the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. After settling in Vermont in 1968, he ran unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">third-party</a> political campaigns in the early to mid-1970s. He was <a href="/wiki/1981_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="1981 Burlington mayoral election">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont">mayor of Burlington</a> in 1981 as an independent and was reelected three times. He won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1990</a>, representing Vermont's at-large congressional district, during which time he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a>. He was a U.S. representative for 16 years before being elected to the U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a>, becoming the first non-Republican elected to Vermont's <a href="/wiki/Class_1_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="Class 1 Senator">Class 1 seat</a> since Whig <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Solomon Foot</a> was elected in 1850. Sanders was reelected to the Senate in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024</a>. He chaired the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Veterans%27_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a> from 2013 to 2015 and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Budget_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Budget Committee">Senate Budget Committee</a> from 2021 to 2023. In January 2023, he became chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">senior</a> senator and dean of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Vermont congressional delegation</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>'s retirement from the Senate. Sanders was a major candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020</a>, finishing in second place both times against <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, respectively. Despite initially low expectations, his 2016 campaign generated significant grassroots enthusiasm and funding from small-dollar donors, carrying him to victory in 23 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_2016_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party 2016 presidential primaries">primaries and caucuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-5">[1]</a> In 2020, his strong showing in early <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries and caucuses</a> made him the <a href="/wiki/Front-runner" title="Front-runner">front-runner</a> in a historically large <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates">field of Democratic candidates</a>. He supported both Clinton and Biden in their respective general election campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. After the 2020 primaries, he became a close ally of Biden.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[3]</a> Sanders is credited with influencing a leftward shift in the Democratic Party after his 2016 presidential campaign. An advocate of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> policies, he is known for his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and support for <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>. On domestic policy, he supports <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a>, paid <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a>, tuition-free <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a> to create jobs addressing <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">worker control of production</a> through cooperatives, unions, and democratic public enterprises. On foreign policy, he supports reducing <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military spending">military spending</a>, pursuing more <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="International cooperation">international cooperation</a>, and putting greater emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> and environmental concerns when negotiating international trade agreements. Sanders supports <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> and has praised elements of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>. Some have compared and contrasted his politics to <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">left-wing populism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg/170px-Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg/255px-Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg/340px-Bernie_Sanders_1959_High_School_Yearbook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sanders as a senior in high school, 1959</figcaption></figure> Bernard Sanders was born on September 8, 1941, in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> borough of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Birth-9">[5]</a> His father, Elias Ben Yehuda Sanders (1904–1962),<a href="#cite_note-fndr1-10">[6]</a> a Polish-Jewish immigrant, was born in <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82opnice" title="Słopnice">Słopnice</a>, a town in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Austrian Galicia</a> that was then part of the <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> and is now in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jtaancestraltown-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geni.com-12">[8]</a> Elias Sanders immigrated to the United States in 1921<a href="#cite_note-haszcz2020-13">[9]</a> and became a paint salesman.<a href="#cite_note-jtaancestraltown-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigrationrecord-14">[10]</a> Bernie's mother, Dorothy Sanders (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Glassberg) (1912–1960), was born in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-gaudiano-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> He is the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry Sanders</a>. Sanders says he became interested in politics at an early age due to his family background.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-17">[13]</a> In the 1940s, many of his relatives in German-occupied Poland were murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fndr1-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-haszcz2020-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chana-18">[14]</a> Sanders lived in <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood, Brooklyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Birth-9">[5]</a> He attended elementary school at <a href="/wiki/P.S._197" class="mw-redirect" title="P.S. 197">P.S. 197</a>, where he won a borough championship on the basketball team.<a href="#cite_note-untold-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a> in the afternoons and celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-stone_p483-21">[17]</a> His older brother <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry</a> said that during their childhood, the family never lacked food or clothing, but major purchases, "like curtains or a rug", were not affordable.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-22">[18]</a> Sanders attended <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_High_School_(Brooklyn)" title="James Madison High School (Brooklyn)">James Madison High School</a>, where he was captain of the track team and took third place in the New York City indoor one-mile race.<a href="#cite_note-untold-19">[15]</a> In high school, he lost his first election, finishing last of three candidates for the student body presidency with a campaign that focused on aiding <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> orphans. Despite the loss, he became active in his school's fundraising activities for Korean orphans, including organizing a charity basketball game.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> Sanders attended high school with economist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> When he was 19, his mother died at age 47.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-stone_p483-21">[17]</a> His father died two years later, in 1962, at age 57.<a href="#cite_note-Geni.com-12">[8]</a> Sanders studied at <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a> for a year in 1959–1960<a href="#cite_note-cnnfastfacts1-25">[21]</a> before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> and graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-cnnfastfacts1-25">[21]</a> In later interviews, Sanders described himself as a mediocre college student because the classroom was "boring and irrelevant" and said he viewed community activism as more important to his education.<a href="#cite_note-The_Populist_Prophet-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_activism">Political activism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></div> Sanders later described his time in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> as "the major period of intellectual ferment in my life."<a href="#cite_note-chicago-27">[23]</a> While there, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Socialist_League_(1907)" title="Young People's Socialist League (1907)">Young People's Socialist League</a> (the youth affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Politico-28">[24]</a> and was active in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> as a student for the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE) and the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC).<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-29">[25]</a> Under his chairmanship, the university chapter of CORE merged with the university chapter of the SNCC.<a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones_activism_history-30">[26]</a> In January 1962, he went to a rally at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> administration building to protest university president <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Beadle" class="mw-redirect" title="George Wells Beadle">George Wells Beadle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">segregated campus housing policy</a>. At the protest, Sanders said, "We feel it is an intolerable situation when Negro and white students of the university cannot live together in university-owned apartments". He and 32 other students then entered the building and camped outside the president's office.<a href="#cite_note-Frizell-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a> After weeks of sit-ins, Beadle and the university formed a commission to investigate discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Craven2015-33">[29]</a> After further protests, the University of Chicago ended racial segregation in private university housing in the summer of 1963.<a href="#cite_note-chicago-27">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mahoney" title="Joan Mahoney">Joan Mahoney</a>, a member of the University of Chicago CORE chapter at the time and a fellow participant in the sit-ins, described Sanders in a 2016 interview as "a swell guy, a nice Jewish boy from Brooklyn, but he wasn't terribly charismatic. One of his strengths, though, was his ability to work with a wide group of people, even those he didn't agree with."<a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> Sanders once spent a day putting up fliers protesting <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, only to notice later that Chicago police had shadowed him and taken them all down.<a href="#cite_note-Frizell-31">[27]</a> He attended the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> gave the "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frizell-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-release-35">[31]</a> That summer, Sanders was fined $25 (equivalent to $249 in 2023) for resisting arrest during a demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Englewood,_Chicago" title="Englewood, Chicago">Englewood</a> against <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> in Chicago's public schools.<a href="#cite_note-chicago-27">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skiba-36">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> In addition to his civil rights activism during the 1960s and 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-Mother_Jones_activism_history-30">[26]</a> Sanders was active in several <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">peace and antiwar movements</a> while attending the University of Chicago, becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Peace_Union" title="Student Peace Union">Student Peace Union</a>. He applied for <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objector</a> status during the Vietnam War; his application was eventually turned down, by which point he was too old to be <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">drafted</a>. Although he opposed the war, Sanders never criticized those who fought in it and has strongly supported <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_benefits" title="Veterans' benefits">veterans' benefits</a> throughout his political career.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_Veterans-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC_News-39">[35]</a> He also was briefly an organizer with the <a href="/wiki/United_Packinghouse_Workers_of_America" title="United Packinghouse Workers of America">United Packinghouse Workers of America</a> while in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-chicago-27">[23]</a> He also worked on the reelection campaign of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Despres" title="Leon Despres">Leon Despres</a>, a prominent Chicago alderman who opposed then-mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Daley" title="Richard J. Daley">Richard J. Daley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cook_County_Democratic_Party" title="Cook County Democratic Party">Democratic Party machine</a>. Sanders said that he spent much of his student years reading history, sociology, psychology, and the works of political authors, from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>—"reading everything except what I was supposed to read for class the next day."<a href="#cite_note-wapo-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_history_and_early_years_in_Vermont">Professional history and early years in Vermont</h3></div> After graduating from college, Sanders returned to New York City, where he worked various jobs, including Head Start teacher, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatrist" title="Psychiatrist">psychiatric</a> aide, and carpenter.<a href="#cite_note-The_Populist_Prophet-26">[22]</a> In 1968, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Stannard,_Vermont" title="Stannard, Vermont">Stannard, Vermont</a>, a town small in both area and population (88 residents at the <a href="/wiki/1970_census" class="mw-redirect" title="1970 census">1970 census</a>) within Vermont's rural <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Kingdom" title="Northeast Kingdom">Northeast Kingdom</a> region, because he had been "captivated by rural life". While there, he worked as a carpenter,<a href="#cite_note-Politico-28">[24]</a> filmmaker, and writer<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> who created and sold "radical film strips" and other educational materials to schools.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> He also wrote several articles for the alternative publication The Vermont Freeman.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a> He lived in the area for several years before moving to the more populous <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden County</a> in the mid-1970s. During his <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a> reelection campaign, he returned to the town to hold an event with voters and other candidates.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberty_Union_campaigns">Liberty Union campaigns</h3></div> From 1969 to 1971, Sanders resided in <a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> After moving to <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Vermont" title="Burlington, Vermont">Burlington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> he began his electoral political career as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">Liberty Union Party</a>, a national umbrella party for various socialist-oriented state parties, originating in the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">anti-war</a> movement and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a>. He ran as the Liberty Union candidate for governor of Vermont in 1972 and 1976 and as a candidate in the special election for U.S. senator in 1972 and in the general election in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> In the 1974 senatorial race, he finished third (5,901 votes; 4%), behind 34-year-old <a href="/wiki/Chittenden_County,_Vermont" title="Chittenden County, Vermont">Chittenden County</a> state's attorney <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>; 70,629 votes; 49%) and two-term incumbent U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Dick_Mallary" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Mallary">Dick Mallary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>; 66,223 votes; 46%).<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> The 1976 campaign was the zenith of the Liberty Union's influence, with Sanders collecting 11,317 votes for governor and the party. His strong performance forced the down-ballot races for lieutenant governor and secretary of state to be decided by the state legislature when its vote total prevented either the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> or <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate for those offices from garnering a majority of votes.<a href="#cite_note-Guma-50">[46]</a> But the campaign drained the Liberty Union's finances and energy, and in October 1977, Sanders and the Liberty Union candidate for attorney general, Nancy Kaufman, announced their retirement from the party.<a href="#cite_note-Guma-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-vgp-51">[47]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 presidential election</a>, Sanders was one of three electors for the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a> in Vermont.<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> After resigning from the Liberty Union Party in 1977, Sanders worked as a writer and as the director of the nonprofit American People's Historical Society (APHS).<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a> While with the APHS, he produced a 30-minute documentary about American labor leader <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, who ran for president five times as the Socialist Party candidate.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont_(1981–1989)">Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–1989)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders">Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Electoral history of Bernie Sanders">Electoral history of Bernie Sanders</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg/250px-City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg/375px-City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg/500px-City_Hall_Burlington_Vermont_from_southeast_on_Main_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3171" data-file-height="2041" /></a><figcaption>Burlington City Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns">Campaigns</h3></div> On November 8, 1980, Sanders announced his candidacy for mayor. He formally announced his campaign on December 16 at a City Hall press conference.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> Sanders selected Linda Niedweske as his campaign manager.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a> attempted to nominate Greg Guma for mayor, but Guma declined, saying it would be "difficult to run against another progressive candidate".<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> Sanders had been convinced to run for the mayoralty by his close friend <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sugarman" title="Richard Sugarman">Richard Sugarman</a>, an Orthodox Jewish professor of religious studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a>, who had shown him a ward-by-ward breakdown of the <a href="/wiki/1976_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Vermont gubernatorial election">1976 Vermont gubernatorial election</a>, in which Sanders had run, that showed him receiving 12% of the vote in Burlington despite only getting 6% statewide.<a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> Sanders initially won the mayoral election by 22 votes against incumbent mayor Gordon Paquette, Richard Bove, and Joseph McGrath, but the margin was later reduced to 10 votes. Paquette did not contest the results of the recount.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Paquette's loss was attributed to his own shortcomings, as he did not campaign or promote his candidacy since neither Sanders nor Bove was seen as a serious challenger. Sanders had not previously won an election.<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> Paquette was also considered to have lost because he proposed an unpopular $0.65 per $100 raise in taxes that Sanders opposed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> Sanders spent around $4,000 on his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> Sanders castigated the pro-development incumbent as an ally of prominent shopping center developer Antonio Pomerleau, while Paquette warned of ruin for Burlington if Sanders were elected. The Sanders campaign was bolstered by a wave of optimistic volunteers as well as a series of endorsements from university professors, social welfare agencies, and the police union. The result shocked the local political establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Guma-50">[46]</a> Sanders formed a coalition between independents and the Citizens Party.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> On December 3, 1982, he announced that he would seek reelection.<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> On January 22, 1983, the Citizens Party voted unanimously to endorse Sanders, although Sanders ran as an independent.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> He was reelected, defeating <a href="/wiki/Judy_Stephany" title="Judy Stephany">Judy Stephany</a> and James Gilson.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Sanders initially considered not seeking a third term but announced on December 5, 1984, that he would run.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> He formally launched his campaign on December 7 and was reelected.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> On December 1, 1986, Sanders, who had finished third in the <a href="/wiki/1986_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Vermont gubernatorial election">1986 Vermont gubernatorial election</a>, announced that he would seek reelection to a fourth term as mayor of Burlington, despite close associates saying that he was tired of being mayor.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> Sanders defeated Democratic nominee Paul Lafayette in the election.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> He said he would not seek another mayoral term after the 1987 election: "eight years is enough and I think it is time for new leadership, which does exist within the coalition, to come up".<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Sanders did not run for a fifth term as mayor. He went on to lecture in political science at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a> that year and at <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a> in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> During his mayoralty, Sanders called himself a <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and was described as such in the press.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-SelfStyledSocialist-76">[72]</a> During his first term, his supporters, including the first <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a> city councilor <a href="/wiki/Terry_Bouricius" title="Terry Bouricius">Terry Bouricius</a>, formed the Progressive Coalition, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Progressive_Party" title="Vermont Progressive Party">Vermont Progressive Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The Progressives never held more than six seats on the 13-member city council, but they had enough to keep the council from overriding Sanders's vetoes. Under his leadership, Burlington balanced its city budget; attracted a minor league baseball team, the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Reds" title="Vermont Reds">Vermont Reds</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)" title="Double-A (baseball)">Double-A</a> affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> became the first U.S. city to fund <a href="/wiki/Community_land_trust" title="Community land trust">community-trust housing</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Dreier2015-78">[74]</a> and successfully sued the local <a href="/wiki/Cable_television_in_the_United_States" title="Cable television in the United States">cable television</a> franchise, thereby winning reduced rates for customers.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> As mayor, Sanders also led extensive <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">downtown revitalization</a> projects. One of his primary achievements was improving Burlington's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> waterfront.<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> In 1981, he campaigned against the unpopular plans by Burlington developer Tony Pomerleau to convert the then-industrial<a href="#cite_note-Gram2015b-79">[75]</a> waterfront property owned by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Vermont_Railway" title="Central Vermont Railway">Central Vermont Railway</a> into expensive condominiums, hotels, and offices.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-80">[76]</a> He ran under the slogan "Burlington is not for sale" and successfully supported a plan that redeveloped the waterfront area into a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-use">mixed-use</a> district featuring housing, parks, and public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-80">[76]</a> Sanders was a consistent <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_United_States_foreign_policy" title="Criticism of United States foreign policy">critic of U.S. foreign policy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> throughout the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> In 1985, Burlington City Hall hosted a foreign policy speech by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. In his introduction, he praised Chomsky as "a very vocal and important voice in the wilderness of intellectual life in America" and said that he was "delighted to welcome a person who I think we're all very proud of."<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Sanders hosted and produced a <a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">public-access television</a> program, Bernie Speaks with the Community, from 1986 to 1988.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> He collaborated with 30 Vermont musicians to record a folk album, <a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(Bernie_Sanders_album)" title="We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)">We Shall Overcome</a>, in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> That same year, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a> ranked Sanders one of America's best mayors.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a>, Burlington was regarded as one of the most livable cities in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> During a trip to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1988, Sanders interviewed the mayor of Burlington's sister city <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a> about housing and health care issues in the two cities.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> When Sanders left office in 1989, Bouricius, a member of the Burlington city council, said that Sanders had "changed the entire nature of politics in Burlington and also in the state of Vermont".<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1991–2007)">U.S. House of Representatives (1991–2007)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Electoral history of Bernie Sanders">Electoral history of Bernie Sanders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg/170px-Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg/255px-Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg/340px-Bernie_Sanders_104th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sanders' first congressional portrait photograph, 1991</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3></div> In 1988, incumbent Republican congressman <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> decided to run for the U.S. Senate, vacating the House seat representing <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">Vermont's at-large congressional district</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Vermont">lieutenant governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_P._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter P. Smith">Peter P. Smith</a> won the House election with a plurality, securing 41% of the vote. Sanders, who ran as an independent, placed second with 38% of the vote, while Democratic state representative <a href="/wiki/Paul_N._Poirier" title="Paul N. Poirier">Paul N. Poirier</a> placed third with 19%.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Two years later, he ran for the seat again and defeated Smith by a margin of 56% to 39%.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> Sanders was the first independent elected to the U.S. House of Representatives since <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Reams" title="Frazier Reams">Frazier Reams</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> won his second term in 1952,<a href="#cite_note-Pertman-97">[93]</a> as well as the first socialist elected to the House since <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a>, who won his last term in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-Daly-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pertman-97">[93]</a> Sanders was a representative from 1991 until he became a senator in 2007, winning reelection by large margins except during the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a>, when he won by 3%, with 50% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Carle1995-99">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg/220px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg/330px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg/440px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Bernie_Sanders_1993_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>Sanders meeting in 1993 with Hillary Clinton to discuss <a href="/wiki/Clinton_health_care_plan_of_1993" title="Clinton health care plan of 1993">her plan</a> to reform the healthcare system</figcaption></figure> During his first year in the House, Sanders often alienated allies and colleagues with his criticism of both political parties as <a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">working primarily on behalf of the wealthy</a>. In 1991, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a>, a group of mostly liberal Democrats that he chaired for its first eight years,<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> while still refusing to join the Democratic Party or caucus.<a href="#cite_note-:17-100">[96]</a> In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> called Sanders the "amendment king" for his ability to get more roll call amendments passed than any other congressman during the period since 1995, when Congress was entirely under Republican control. Being an independent allowed him to form coalitions across party lines.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Banking_reform">Banking reform</h4></div> In 1999, Sanders voted and advocated against rolling back the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall legislation</a> provisions that kept <a href="/wiki/Investment_banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment banks">investment banks</a> and commercial banks separate entities.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> He was a vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve chair</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>; in June 2003, during a question-and-answer discussion, Sanders told him he was concerned that he was "way out of touch" and "that you see your major function in your position as the need to represent the wealthy and large corporations."<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-NPR-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cancer_registries">Cancer registries</h4></div> Concerned by high breast cancer rates in Vermont, on February 7, 1992, Sanders sponsored the Cancer Registries Amendment Act to establish <a href="/wiki/Cancer_registry" title="Cancer registry">cancer registries</a> to collect data on cancer.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Senator Patrick Leahy introduced a companion bill in the Senate on October 2, 1992. The Senate bill was passed by the House on October 6 and signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> on October 24, 1992.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firearms_and_criminal_justice">Firearms and criminal justice</h4></div> In 1993, Sanders voted against the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brady Bill">Brady Bill</a>, which mandated federal background checks when buying guns and imposed a waiting period on firearm purchasers in the United States; the bill passed by a vote of 238–187.<a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> He voted against the bill four more times in the 1990s, explaining his Vermont constituents saw waiting-period mandates as more appropriately a state than federal matter.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> Sanders did vote for other gun-control measures.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times-110">[106]</a> For example, in 1994, he voted for the <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act</a> "because it included the <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_Act" title="Violence Against Women Act">Violence Against Women Act</a> and the ban on certain assault weapons." He was nevertheless critical of the other parts of the bill.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Although he acknowledged that "clearly, there are some people in our society who are horribly violent, who are deeply sick and <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">sociopathic</a>, and clearly these people must be put behind bars in order to protect society from them", he maintained that governmental policies played a large part in "dooming tens of millions of young people to a future of bitterness, misery, hopelessness, drugs, crime, and violence" and argued that the repressive policies introduced by the bill were not addressing the causes of violence, saying, "we can create meaningful jobs, rebuilding our society, or we can build more jails."<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Sanders has at times favored stronger law enforcement and sentencing. In 1996, he voted against a bill that would have prohibited police from purchasing tanks and armored carriers.<a href="#cite_note-Kristian_2016-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In 1998, he voted for a bill that would have increased minimum sentencing for possessing a gun while committing a federal crime to ten years in prison, including nonviolent crimes such as <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> possession.<a href="#cite_note-Kristian_2016-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tampa_Bay_Times-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In 2005, Sanders voted for the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act" title="Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act">Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> The purpose of the act was to prevent firearms manufacturers and dealers from being held liable for negligence when crimes have been committed with their products.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a>, he said that he has since changed his position and would vote for legislation to defeat this bill.<a href="#cite_note-:11-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_the_Patriot_Act">Opposition to the Patriot Act</h4></div> Sanders was a consistent critic of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blogs.wsj.com-123">[119]</a> As a member of Congress, he voted against the original Patriot Act legislation.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a> After its 357–66 passage in the House, he sponsored and voted for several subsequent amendments and acts attempting to curtail its effects<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> and voted against each reauthorization.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In June 2005, he proposed an amendment to limit Patriot Act provisions that allow the government to obtain individuals' library and book-buying records. The amendment passed the House by a bipartisan majority but was removed on November 4 of that year in House–Senate negotiations and never became law.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_the_War_in_Iraq">Opposition to the War in Iraq</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_at_Milton_High_School_-_Milton,_Vermont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bernie_Sanders_at_Milton_High_School_-_Milton%2C_Vermont.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_at_Milton_High_School_-_Milton%2C_Vermont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Bernie_Sanders_at_Milton_High_School_-_Milton%2C_Vermont.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Sanders meeting with students at Milton High School in Milton, Vermont, 2004</figcaption></figure> Sanders voted against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Resolution">resolutions</a> authorizing the use of force against Iraq in 1991 and 2002, and he opposed the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. He voted for the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> that has been cited as the legal justification for controversial military actions since the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> He especially opposed the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s decision to start a war unilaterally.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_policy">Trade policy</h4></div> In February 2005, Sanders introduced a bill that would have withdrawn the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_normal_trade_relations" title="Permanent normal trade relations">permanent normal trade relations</a> (PNTR) status that had been extended to China in October 2000. He said to the House, "Anyone who takes an objective look at our trade policy with China must conclude that it is an absolute failure and needs to be fundamentally overhauled", citing the American jobs being lost to overseas competitors. His bill received 71 co-sponsors but was not sent to the floor for a vote.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senate_(2007–present)">U.S. Senate (2007–present)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_2">Elections</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006">2006</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006 United States Senate election in Vermont</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/200px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/300px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/400px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Senate portrait, 2007</figcaption></figure> Sanders entered the race for the U.S. Senate on April 21, 2005, after Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> announced that he would not seek a fourth term. <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a> and fellow <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_High_School_(Brooklyn)" title="James Madison High School (Brooklyn)">James Madison High School</a> alumnus, endorsed Sanders. This was a critical move because it meant no Democrat running against him could expect financial help from the party. He was also endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Senate minority leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> chair and former Vermont governor <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>. Dean said in May 2005 that he considered Sanders an ally who "votes with the Democrats 98% of the time."<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> Then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> also campaigned for him in Vermont in March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> Sanders entered into an agreement with the Democratic Party, much as he had as a congressman, to be listed in their primary but to decline the nomination should he win, which he did.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_January_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2899" data-file-height="2466" /></a><figcaption>Sanders being sworn in for his second term in 2013 by Joe Biden</figcaption></figure> In the most expensive political campaign in Vermont's history,<a href="#cite_note-BGlobe-110706-138">[134]</a> Sanders defeated businessman <a href="/wiki/Rich_Tarrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich Tarrant">Rich Tarrant</a> by an almost 2-to-1 margin. Many national media outlets projected him as the winner just after the polls closed, before any returns came in. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2012">2012</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012 United States Senate election in Vermont</a></div> Sanders was reelected in 2012 with 71% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018">2018</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018 United States Senate election in Vermont</a></div> Sanders was reelected in 2018 with 67% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024">2024</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024 United States Senate election in Vermont</a></div> On May 6, 2024, Sanders announced his candidacy for a fourth Senate term.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> A poll just a few weeks earlier found that more than half of respondents wanted him to seek reelection.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Sanders faced Republican nominee Gerald Malloy, who ran against Senator <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Sanders was reelected.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation_2">Legislation</h3></div> While a member of Congress, Sanders sponsored 15 concurrent resolutions and 15 Senate resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> Of those he co-sponsored, 218 became law.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> While he has consistently advocated for progressive causes, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> wrote that he has "rarely forged actual legislation or left a significant imprint on it."<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, "Big legislation largely eludes Mr. Sanders because his ideas are usually far to the left of the majority of the Senate ... Mr. Sanders has largely found ways to press his agenda through appending small provisions to the larger bills of others."<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> During his time in the Senate, he had lower legislative effectiveness than the average senator, as measured by the number of sponsored bills that passed and successful amendments made.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Nevertheless, he has sponsored over 500 amendments to bills,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> many of which became law. The results of these amendments include a ban on imported goods made by child labor; $100 million in funding for community health centers; $10 million for an outreach program for servicemembers who have <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, traumatic brain injury, depression, panic attacks, and other mental disorders; a public database of senior <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> officials seeking employment with defense contractors; and including autism treatment under the military healthcare program <a href="/wiki/Tricare" title="Tricare">Tricare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levitz-154">[150]</a> In August 2022, Sanders voted for the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_Reduction_Act_of_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation Reduction Act of 2022">Inflation Reduction Act of 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> He was not satisfied with the bill, calling it only a small step forward. Sanders joined with Democrats to pass the Inflation Reduction Act, which capped the cost of insulin for seniors on Medicare to $35 a month and allowed Medicare to negotiate lower drug prices.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finance_and_monetary_policy">Finance and monetary policy</h4></div> In 2008 and 2009, Sanders voted against the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a> (TARP), a program to purchase toxic banking assets and provide loans to banks that were in free-fall.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> On February 4, 2009, he sponsored an amendment to ensure that TARP funds would not displace U.S. workers. The amendment passed and was added to the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levitz-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Among his proposed financial reforms is <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Transparency_Act" title="Federal Reserve Transparency Act">auditing the Federal Reserve</a>, which would reduce its independence in monetary policy deliberations; Federal Reserve officials say that "Audit the Fed" legislation would expose the Federal Reserve to undue political pressure from lawmakers who do not like its decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Robb-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-162">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm/220px--Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30870" data-mwtitle="Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm/Bernie_Sanders_-_full_2010-12-10_filibuster.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Sanders spoke for more than eight hours in his December 2010 <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>.</figcaption></figure> On December 10, 2010, Sanders delivered an 8-hour and 34-minute speech against the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[e]</a> which proposed extending the <a href="/wiki/Bush-era_tax_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-era tax rates">Bush-era tax rates</a>. He argued that the legislation would favor the wealthiest Americans. "Enough is enough! ... How many homes can you own?" he asked.<a href="#cite_note-Filibuster-165">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Nevertheless, the bill passed the Senate with a strong majority and was signed into law a week later.<a href="#cite_note-tpmdc-vote-168">[163]</a> In February 2011, <a href="/wiki/Nation_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation Books">Nation Books</a> published the speech as <a href="/wiki/The_Speech:_A_Historic_Filibuster_on_Corporate_Greed_and_the_Decline_of_Our_Middle_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class">The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class</a>, with authorial proceeds going to Vermont <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit charitable organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> In 2016, Sanders voted for the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Transparency_Act" title="Federal Reserve Transparency Act">Federal Reserve Transparency Act</a>, which included proposals for a reformed audit of the Federal Reserve System.<a href="#cite_note-Robb-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-usnews.com-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder-162">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4></div> On June 12, 2017, U.S. senators agreed to legislation imposing <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">new sanctions</a> on <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> The bill was opposed only by Sanders and Republican <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> He supported the sanctions on Russia, but voted against the bill because he believed the sanctions could endanger the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran nuclear deal">Iran nuclear deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> In 2018, Sanders sponsored a bill and was joined by senators <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Chris Murphy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">UT</a>) to invoke the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">1973 War Powers Resolution</a> to end U.S. support for the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-173">[168]</a> which has resulted in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties<a href="#cite_note-:5-174">[169]</a> and "millions more suffering from starvation and disease".<a href="#cite_note-:14-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi">assassination of Jamal Khashoggi</a> in October 2018 (which was ordered by Saudi Arabian <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">crown prince</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_bin_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad bin Salman">Mohammad bin Salman</a>, according to multiple intelligence agencies),<a href="#cite_note-:4-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-174">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-177">[172]</a> his bill attracted bipartisan co-sponsors and support, and the Senate passed it by a vote of 56–41.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> The bill passed the House in February 2019 by a 247–175 vote and President Trump vetoed it in March, saying: "This resolution is an unnecessary, dangerous attempt to weaken my constitutional authorities, endangering the lives of American citizens and brave service members, both today and in the future."<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_care">Health care</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_(35501942056).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg/220px-Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg/330px-Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg/440px-Don%27t_Take_Our_Health_Care_Rally_%2835501942056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Don't Take Our Health Care rally in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, June 2017</figcaption></figure> In mid-December 2009, Sanders successfully added a provision to the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a> to fund $11 billion to <a href="/wiki/Community_health_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Community health centers">community health centers</a>, especially those in <a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">rural areas</a>. The provision brought together Democrats on the left with Democrats from conservative, rural areas, helping to secure the 60 votes needed for passage.<a href="#cite_note-Levitz-154">[150]</a> On May 4, 2017, in response to the House vote to <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_repeal_the_Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Efforts to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act</a>, he predicted "thousands of Americans would die" from no longer having access to health care.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a> rated his statement "mostly true".<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> In September 2017, Sanders along with 15 Senate co-sponsors submitted the Medicare for All bill, a <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a> plan. The bill covers vision and dental care, unlike Medicare. Some Republicans have called the bill "Berniecare" and "the latest Democratic push for socialized medicine and higher taxes." He responded that the Republican Party has no credibility on the issue of health care after voting for legislation that would take health insurance away from 32 million Americans under the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> As chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging, Sanders introduced legislation in 2013 to reauthorize and strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Older_Americans_Act" title="Older Americans Act">Older Americans Act</a>, which supports <a href="/wiki/Meals_on_Wheels" title="Meals on Wheels">Meals on Wheels</a> and other programs for seniors.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration_policy">Immigration policy</h4></div> In 2007, Sanders helped kill a bill introducing comprehensive immigration reform, arguing that its guest-worker program would depress wages for American workers.<a href="#cite_note-:13-184">[179]</a> In 2010, he supported the <a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act</a>, which would have provided a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the United States as minors.<a href="#cite_note-:13-184">[179]</a> In 2013, he supported the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Eight_(immigration)" title="Gang of Eight (immigration)">Gang of Eight</a>'s comprehensive immigration reform bill after securing a $1.5 billion youth jobs program provision, which he argued would offset the harm of labor market competition with immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-:13-184">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Income_and_wealth_distribution">Income and wealth distribution</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanders_Introduces_$15_Minimum_Wage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg/220px-Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg/330px-Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg/440px-Sanders_Introduces_%2415_Minimum_Wage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Sanders introduced legislation to <a href="/wiki/Fight_for_$15" title="Fight for $15">raise the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour</a>, April 2017.</figcaption></figure> In April 2017, Sanders introduced a bill that would raise the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage</a> for federal contract workers to $15 an hour, an increase over an earlier Democratic $12 an hour proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Lachman-185">[180]</a> On May 9, 2018, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_Democracy_Act" title="Workplace Democracy Act">Workplace Democracy Act</a>, a bill that would expand labor rights by making it easier for workers to join a union, ban <a href="/wiki/Right-to-work_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-work laws">right-to-work laws</a> and some anti-union provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a>, and outlaw some union-busting tactics. Announcing the legislation, he said, "If we are serious about reducing income and wealth inequality and rebuilding the middle class, we have got to substantially increase the number of union jobs in this country."<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> Sanders opposed the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_federal_budget" title="2018 United States federal budget">2018 United States federal budget</a> proposed by the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>, calling it "a budget for the billionaire class, for Wall Street, for corporate CEOs, and for the wealthiest people in this country ... nothing less than a massive transfer of wealth from working families, the elderly, children, the sick and the poor to the top 1%."<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> After the November 2017 revelations from the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Papers" title="Paradise Papers">Paradise Papers</a> and a recent report from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a> which says just three people (<a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>) own more <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">wealth</a> than the bottom half of the U.S. population, Sanders stated that "we must end global <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>" and that "we need, in the United States and throughout the world, a tax system which is fair, progressive and transparent."<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a> On September 5, 2018, Sanders partnered with <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a> to introduce the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">BEZOS</a>) Act, which would require large corporations to pay for the food stamps and Medicaid benefits that their employees receive, relieving the burden on taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-189">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veterans_affairs">Veterans affairs</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_talking_to_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Sanders speaking to members of the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Army_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermont Army National Guard">Vermont Army National Guard</a> sent to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> as <a href="/wiki/Security_preparations_for_the_inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden">security preparations for the inauguration of Joe Biden</a> in 2021</figcaption></figure> On June 9, 2014, Sanders sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Access_to_Care_through_Choice,_Accountability,_and_Transparency_Act_of_2014" title="Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014">Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014</a> to reform the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_scandal_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014">Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014</a>. He worked with Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, who co-sponsored the bill.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> His bill was incorporated into the House version of the bill, which passed both chambers on July 31, 2014, and was signed into law by President Obama on August 7, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_nominees">Supreme Court nominees</h3></div> On March 17, 2016, Sanders said he would support <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a>'s nomination to the Supreme Court, though he added, "there are some more progressive judges out there."<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> He opposed <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>'s nomination to the court, saying that Gorsuch had "refused to answer legitimate questions".<a href="#cite_note-hill-195">[190]</a> He also objected to Senate Republicans' use of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">nuclear option</a> to "choke off debate and ram [Gorsuch's] nomination through the Senate".<a href="#cite_note-hill-195">[190]</a> He voted against Gorsuch's confirmation as an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice</a> and against Trump's nominees <a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[193]</a> In 2022, Sanders voted to confirm Joe Biden's <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">nominee</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a> to the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3></div> As an independent, Sanders maintains an agreement with the Senate Democratic leadership where he votes with the Democrats on all procedural matters unless the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Majority Leader">whip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a>, agrees that he need not (a request rarely made or granted). In return he was allowed to keep his seniority and received the committee seats that would have been available to him as a Democrat; in 2013–14 he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs</a> (during the <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration_scandal_of_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014">Veterans Health Administration scandal</a>).<a href="#cite_note-vet-200">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-hillcommittee-201">[196]</a> Sanders became the <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking minority member</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> in 2015 and the chair in 2021; he previously chaired the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Veterans%27_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a> for two years. Since 2017, he has been chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Senate Democratic Outreach Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hillcommittee-201">[196]</a> He appointed economics professor <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kelton" title="Stephanie Kelton">Stephanie Kelton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">modern monetary theory</a> scholar, as the chief economic adviser for the committee's Democratic minority and presented a report about helping "rebuild the disappearing middle class" that included proposals to raise the minimum wage, boost <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure-based_development" title="Infrastructure-based development">infrastructure spending</a>, and increase <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> payments.<a href="#cite_note-202">[197]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a>, Sanders's committee assignments are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Committee on the Budget</a> (former chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Committee on Energy and Natural Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Energy" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Energy">Subcommittee on Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_National_Parks" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on National Parks">Subcommittee on National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Energy_Subcommittee_on_Water_and_Power" title="United States Senate Energy Subcommittee on Water and Power">Subcommittee on Water and Power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Committee on Environment and Public Works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Environment_and_Public_Works_Subcommittee_on_Clean_Air_and_Nuclear_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety">Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Environment_and_Public_Works_Subcommittee_on_Green_Jobs_and_the_New_Economy" title="United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy">Subcommittee on Green Jobs and the New Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Environment_and_Public_Works_Subcommittee_on_Transportation_and_Infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure">Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor,_and_Pensions" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions">Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions</a> (chair) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Children_and_Families" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Children and Families">Subcommittee on Children and Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Health_Subcommittee_on_Primary_Health_and_Retirement_Security" title="United States Senate Health Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security">Subcommittee on Primary Health and Retirement Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Committee on Veterans' Affairs</a> (former chair)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucus_memberships">Caucus memberships</h3></div> Sanders was only the third senator from Vermont to caucus with the Democrats, after Jeffords and Leahy. His caucusing with the Democrats gave them a 51–49 majority in the Senate during the <a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th Congress</a> in 2007–08. The Democrats needed 51 seats to control the Senate because <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> would likely have broken potential <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_Vice_Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States">ties</a> in favor of the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-205">[200]</a> He is a member of the following caucuses: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate">Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterschool_Caucuses" title="Afterschool Caucuses">United States Senate Afterschool Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[202]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approval_ratings">Approval ratings</h3></div> Polling conducted in August 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Polling" title="Public Policy Polling">Public Policy Polling</a> found that Sanders's approval rating was 67% and his disapproval rating 28%, making him then the third-most popular U.S. senator.<a href="#cite_note-Easley-208">[203]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_Leadership_Agenda" title="National Hispanic Leadership Agenda">NHLA</a> (National Hispanic Leadership Agenda) have given him 100% voting scores during his tenure in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Ackerman2015-209">[204]</a> In 2015, he was named one of the Top 5 of <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a> 50.<a href="#cite_note-210">[205]</a> In a November 2015 <a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a> poll, he reached an 83% approval rating among his constituents, making him the most popular U.S. senator.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-211">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> found him to have the highest net favorability at +28 points of any prominent politician included in its March 2017 poll.<a href="#cite_note-212">[207]</a> He ranked third in 2014 and first in both 2015 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek.com-211">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Easley-208">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-213">[208]</a> In April 2017, a nationwide Harvard-Harris Poll found that Sanders had the highest favorability rating among all the political figures included in the poll,<a href="#cite_note-thehill.com-214">[209]</a> a standing confirmed by subsequent polling.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2008_and_2012_presidential_elections">2008 and 2012 presidential elections</h2></div> Sanders was not a candidate in the 2008 or 2012 presidential elections. He endorsed then-Senator Barack Obama in 2008, before then-Senator Hillary Clinton had formally withdrawn from the race.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016_presidential_campaign">2016 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland,_Oregon,_August_2015_(20261929680).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_rally_in_Portland%2C_Oregon%2C_August_2015_%2820261929680%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Sanders rally in Portland, Oregon, August 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers,_May_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_at_Rutgers%2C_May_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Sanders speaking at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> in May 2016</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2012 Democratic presidential primaries</a>, Sanders—dissatisfied with President Obama's "attempts to trade <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> cuts for tax hikes"—reportedly considered running against him in the primaries. Sanders had previously suggested in 2011 that it was "a good idea" for someone to challenge Obama and "got so close to running a primary challenge ... that Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a> had to intervene to stop him."<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a> In November 2013, Sanders suggested that Senator <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> could be president and that she might earn his backing if she ran. He added that if no progressive candidate ran, he might feel compelled to do so himself.<a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> In December 2014, Warren said she was not running.<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> Sanders announced his intention to seek the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>'s nomination for president on April 30, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-kane2015-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150429-223">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cogan-224">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016">His campaign</a> was officially launched on May 26 in Burlington.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150429-223">[218]</a> In his announcement, Sanders said, "I don't believe that the men and women who defended American democracy fought to create a situation where billionaires own the political process" and made this a central idea throughout his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-kane2015-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20150429-223">[218]</a> Warren welcomed Sanders's entry into the race, saying, "I'm glad to see him get out there and give his version of what leadership in this country should be", but never endorsed him.<a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> Initially considered a long shot, Sanders won 23 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016">primaries and caucuses</a> and around 46% of pledged delegates to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>'s 54%. His campaign was noted for its supporters' enthusiasm, as well as for rejecting large donations from corporations, the financial industry, and any associated <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a>. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) emails leaked to the public in June and July 2016 showed that the committee leadership had favored Clinton over him and had worked to help Clinton win the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Here_are_the_latest-227">[222]</a> On July 12, 2016, Sanders formally endorsed Clinton <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">in her unsuccessful general election campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, while urging his supporters to continue the "political revolution" his campaign had begun.<a href="#cite_note-Endorsement2016-228">[223]</a> Following his endorsement, Sanders spent weeks campaigning for Clinton,<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> holding 39 rallies in 13 states during the final three months before the 2016 election.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_methods">Campaign methods</h3></div> Unlike the other major candidates, Sanders did not pursue funding through a <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a> or from wealthy donors, instead focusing on small-dollar donations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-231">[226]</a> His presidential campaign raised $1.5 million within 24 hours of his official announcement.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> At the end of the year, the campaign had raised a total of $73 million from more than one million people, making 2.5 million donations, with an average donation of $27.16.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> The campaign reached 3.25 million donations by the end of January 2016, raising $20 million in that month alone.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a> Sanders used social media to help his campaign gain momentum,<a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a> posting content to online platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and answering questions on <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>. He gained a large grassroots organizational following online. A July 29, 2015, meetup organized online brought 100,000 supporters to more than 3,500 simultaneous events nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> To his surprise, Sanders's June 2015 campaign events drew overflow crowds across the country.<a href="#cite_note-:1-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keith-239">[234]</a> When Clinton and Sanders made public appearances within days of each other in <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, Iowa</a>, he drew larger crowds, even though he had already made many stops around the state and Clinton's visit was her first in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-GuardianSandersVsClinton-240">[235]</a> On July 1, 2015, his campaign stop in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, drew the largest crowd of any 2016 presidential candidate to that date, with an estimated turnout of 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-MSNBCMadisonBiggestCrowd-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuffPo10K-242">[237]</a> Over the following weeks, he drew even larger crowds: 11,000 in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post_AZ_crowd-243">[238]</a> 15,000 in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>;<a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a> and 28,000 in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_debates">Presidential debates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) announced in May 2015 that there would be six debates. Critics alleged that the small number of debates and the schedule, with half of the debates on Saturday or Sunday nights, were part of the DNC's deliberate attempt to protect Clinton, who was perceived as the front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> In February 2016, both the Clinton and Sanders campaigns agreed in principle to holding four more debates for a total of ten.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a> Clinton dropped out of the tenth debate, scheduled to take place just before the <a href="/wiki/2016_California_Democratic_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 California Democratic primary">California primary</a>, citing a need to devote her time to making direct contact with California voters and preparing for the general election.<a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a> Sanders expressed disappointment that Clinton canceled the debate before what he believed would be "the largest and most important primary in the presidential nominating process."<a href="#cite_note-:12-249">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polls_and_news_coverage">Polls and news coverage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">Media coverage of Bernie Sanders</a></div> Some Sanders supporters raised concerns that publications such as <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> minimized coverage of the Sanders campaign in favor of other candidates, especially Trump and Clinton. The Times' <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> reviewed her paper's coverage of the Sanders campaign and found that as of September 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a> the Times "hasn't always taken it very seriously. The tone of some stories is regrettably dismissive, even mocking at times. Some of that is focused on the candidate's age, appearance and style, rather than what he has to say." She also found that the Times's coverage of Sanders's campaign was much scanter than its coverage of Trump's, though Trump's was also initially considered a long shot at that time, with 63 articles covering the Trump campaign and 14 covering Sanders's.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2015-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debenedetti2015-251">[246]</a> A December 2015 report found that the three major networks—<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>—had spent 234 minutes reporting on Trump and 10 minutes on Sanders, despite their similar polling results. The report noted that <a href="/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight" title="ABC World News Tonight">ABC World News Tonight</a> had spent 81 minutes on Trump and less than one minute on Sanders during 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_Now-252">[247]</a> A study of media coverage in the 2016 election concluded that while Sanders received less coverage than his rival Hillary Clinton, the amount of coverage of Sanders during the election was largely consistent with his polling performance, except during 2015 when Sanders received coverage that far exceeded his standing in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-:03-253">[248]</a> Studies concluded that the tone of media coverage of Sanders was more favorable than that of any other candidate, whereas his main opponent in the democratic primary, Hillary Clinton, received the most negative coverage of any candidate.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson12-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-253">[248]</a> All 2016 candidates received vastly less media coverage than Donald Trump, and the Democratic primary received substantially less coverage than the Republican primary.<a href="#cite_note-:03-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterson12-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-:122-255">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Goodman" title="Amy Goodman">Amy Goodman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a> noted that on March 15, <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a> III, the speeches of Trump, Clinton, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> were broadcast in full. Sanders was in Phoenix, Arizona, on that date, speaking to a rally larger than any of the others, yet his speech was not mentioned, let alone broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> However, political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bitecofer" title="Rachel Bitecofer">Rachel Bitecofer</a> wrote in her 2018 book about the 2016 election that the Democratic primary was effectively over in terms of delegate count by mid-March 2016, but that the media promoted the narrative that the contest between Sanders and Clinton was "heating up" at that time.<a href="#cite_note-:122-255">[250]</a> An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll conducted in May 2016 found Clinton and Trump (by then the presumptive Republican nominee) in a "dead heat", but the same poll found that if Sanders were the Democratic nominee, 53% of voters would support him to 39% for Trump.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News1-257">[252]</a> Clinton and Trump were the least popular likely candidates ever polled, while Sanders received a 43% positive, 36% negative rating.<a href="#cite_note-NBC_News2-258">[253]</a> Polls showed that Democratic voters older than 50 preferred Clinton by a large margin but that those under 50 overwhelmingly favored Sanders.<a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-259">[254]</a> A 2017 analysis in Newsweek found that 12% of those who voted for Sanders in the Democratic primary voted for Trump in the general election,<a href="#cite_note-Miere-260">[255]</a> a lower proportion than that of Clinton supporters in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a> who voted for <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DNC_email_leak">DNC email leak</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Committee_email_leak" title="2016 Democratic National Committee email leak">2016 Democratic National Committee email leak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podesta_emails" title="Podesta emails">Podesta emails</a></div> In July 2016, a leak of the Democratic National Committee's emails appeared to show DNC officials favoring Clinton over Sanders. Staff repeatedly discussed making his irreligious tendencies a potential campaign issue in southern states and questioned his party loyalty. DNC chair <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a> called his campaign manager "an ass" and "a damn liar".<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a> Speaking with <a href="/wiki/Jake_Tapper" title="Jake Tapper">Jake Tapper</a> on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, Sanders responded to the leak, saying, "it is an outrage and sad that you would have people in important positions in the DNC trying to undermine my campaign. It goes without saying: the function of the DNC is to represent all of the candidates—to be fair and even-minded. But again, we discussed this many, many months ago, on this show, so what is revealed now is not a shock to me."<a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endorsement_of_Hillary_Clinton">Endorsement of Hillary Clinton</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_Nashua_Oct_2016_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4654" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>Sanders campaigning for Hillary Clinton at <a href="/wiki/Nashua_Community_College" title="Nashua Community College">Nashua Community College</a> in October 2016</figcaption></figure> After the final primary election, Clinton became the presumptive Democratic nominee.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-265">[260]</a> On July 12, Sanders formally <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hillary Clinton presidential campaign political endorsements, 2016">endorsed</a> Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-Endorsement2016-228">[223]</a> He said he would continue to work with the Democratic National Convention organizers to implement progressive positions. Sanders refused to formally concede before the convention.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> He spoke at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a> on July 25, during which he gave Clinton his full support. Some of his supporters attempted to protest Clinton's nomination and booed when Sanders called for party unity. He responded, "Our job is to do two things: to defeat Donald Trump and to elect Hillary Clinton ... It is easy to boo, but it is harder to look your kids in the face if we are living under a <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump presidency</a>."<a href="#cite_note-CNN-267">[262]</a> On November 8, in the general election, Sanders received almost 6% of the vote in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="2016 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a>, even though he was no longer a candidate. This was the highest share of a statewide presidential vote for a <a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">write-in</a> <a href="/wiki/Draft_(politics)" title="Draft (politics)">draft campaign</a> in American history.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> He also received more votes in Vermont than <a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a> candidate, and <a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a> candidate, combined.<a href="#cite_note-:2-269">[264]</a> It was possible to vote for Sanders as a write-in candidate in 12 states,<a href="#cite_note-:3-270">[265]</a> and exact totals of write-in votes for him were published in three of them: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2016 United States presidential election in California">California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_New_Hampshire" title="2016 United States presidential election in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Vermont" title="2016 United States presidential election in Vermont">Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-269">[264]</a> In those three states, he received 111,850 write-in votes, about 15% of the write-in votes nationwide, and less than 1% of total nationwide vote.<a href="#cite_note-:3-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-election_activities">Post-election activities</h3></div> In November 2016, Sanders's book <a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution:_A_Future_to_Believe_In" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In">Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In</a> was released; upon its release, it was number three on <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Best_Seller_list" title="The New York Times Best Seller list">The New York Times Best Seller list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> The audiobook later received a Grammy nomination for Best Spoken Word Album.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> In February 2017, he began webcasting The Bernie Sanders Show on <a href="/wiki/Facebook_live" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook live">Facebook live streaming</a>. As of April 2, 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a>, guests had included <a href="/wiki/William_Barber_II" title="William Barber II">William Barber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Fox" title="Josh Fox">Josh Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Jane Mayer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye" title="Bill Nye">Bill Nye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> Polls taken in 2017 found him to be the most popular politician in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-thehill.com-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-277">[272]</a> In February 2018, Special Counsel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a>'s investigation into <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_U.S._elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections">Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections</a> concluded that Russians had communicated false information during the primary campaigns to help Sanders and Stein and harm Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> Sanders rejected the investigation's conclusion, saying that he had seen no evidence that Russians had helped his campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:6-279">[274]</a> Furthermore, he questioned the Clinton campaign's lack of action to prevent Russian interference.<a href="#cite_note-:6-279">[274]</a> He later said that his campaign had taken action to prevent Russian meddling in the election and that a campaign staffer had alerted the Clinton campaign.<a href="#cite_note-:7-280">[275]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> noted that a Sanders campaign volunteer contacted a <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political action committee</a> (PAC) that supported the Clinton campaign to report suspicious activities but that the Sanders campaign did not contact the Clinton campaign as such.<a href="#cite_note-:7-280">[275]</a> In November 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Sanders_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanders Institute">Sanders Institute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe_Movement_2025" title="Democracy in Europe Movement 2025">DiEM25</a>, launched <a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">Progressive International</a>, an international organization uniting <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> activists and organizations "to mobilize people around the world to transform the global order and the institutions that shape it."<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_Democratic_Party">Influence on the Democratic Party</h3></div> Analysts have suggested that Sanders's campaign shifted both the Clinton campaign and the Democratic Party <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">politically leftward</a>. A new <a href="/wiki/Political_action_committee" title="Political action committee">political organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand_New_Congress" title="Brand New Congress">Brand New Congress</a>, was formed in April 2016 by former campaign staffers. It works to elect congressional representatives with platforms in line with Sanders.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> In August 2016, he formed <a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a>, a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(4)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(4)">political organization</a> dedicated to educating voters about issues, getting people involved in the political process, and electing progressive candidates for local, state, and national office.<a href="#cite_note-Guadiano-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Times-286">[281]</a> Speaking on the <a href="/wiki/PBS_Newshour" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS Newshour">PBS Newshour</a> about the upcoming 2018 elections and discussing the main principles of the two major parties, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Page" title="Susan Page">Susan Page</a> described the Republican Party as "Trump's party" and the Democratic Party as "Bernie Sanders's party", saying that "Sanders and his more progressive stance has really taken hold."<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> Noting the increasing acceptance of his national single-payer health-care program, his $15-an-hour minimum wage stance, free college tuition, and many of the other campaign platform issues he introduced,<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> an April 2018 opinion article in <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a> suggested, "Quietly but steadily, the Democratic Party is admitting that Sanders was right."<a href="#cite_note-Spross-290">[285]</a> In July 2016, a <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> article called the Democratic platform draft "a monument to his campaign", noting not only his call for a $15 minimum wage but other campaign issues, such as Social Security expansion, a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>, Wall Street reform, opposition to the death penalty, and a "reasoned pathway for future legalization" of marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Sanders's presidential campaigns led to a resurgence of interest in <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism_among_millennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism among millennials">among millennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2020_presidential_campaign">2020 presidential campaign</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg/220px-Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg/330px-Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg/440px-Draft_Bernie_for_a_People%27s_Party.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>"Draft Bernie" sign at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">2017 Women's March</a> in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced that he would seek the Democratic Party's 2020 nomination for president.<a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a> He had declined the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont Democratic Party</a> nomination for U.S. Senate in 2006, 2012, and 2018, which caused an unsuccessful legal challenge to his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016. Along with his 2019 campaign announcement, he said he would abide by a new Democratic Party rule for presidential candidates and that he would affirm his membership in that party.<a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> On March 5, 2019, he signed a formal statement, known as a "loyalty pledge", that he is a member of the Democratic Party and will serve as a Democrat if elected. News reports noted that the day before, he had signed paperwork to run as an independent for reelection to his Senate seat in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:18-295">[290]</a> Sanders's campaign manager was <a href="/wiki/Faiz_Shakir" title="Faiz Shakir">Faiz Shakir</a>. The campaign's national co-chairs were <a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Jerry%27s" title="Ben & Jerry's">Ben & Jerry's</a> co-founder <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cohen_(businessman)" title="Ben Cohen (businessman)">Ben Cohen</a>, Representative <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a> president <a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Nina Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Yul%C3%ADn_Cruz" title="Carmen Yulín Cruz">Carmen Yulín Cruz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_methods_2">Campaign methods</h3></div> Given the high national profile that Sanders maintained since his 2016 campaign, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> described him as "no longer an underdog" when he announced his 2020 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> Using the large email list it built during the 2016 campaign, the 2020 campaign recruited more than one million volunteers within weeks of its launch. It enlisted several former <a href="/wiki/NowThis_News" class="mw-redirect" title="NowThis News">NowThis News</a> employees to produce professional videos for wide social media distribution, live-streamed various forums to its millions of social media followers, and launched a <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> and smartphone app for grassroots organizing.<a href="#cite_note-299">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fundraising">Fundraising</h3></div> Sanders's 2020 campaign employed many of the same methods as its 2016 counterpart, eschewing a <a href="/wiki/Super_PAC" title="Super PAC">Super PAC</a> and relying predominantly on small-dollar contributions. According to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> filings, the Sanders campaign had raised the most money in the 2020 Democratic field as of June 2019, including money left over from his 2018 Senate and 2016 presidential races.<a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> In September 2019, the Sanders campaign became the fastest in U.S. history to reach one million donors.<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> On October 1, 2019, the campaign announced it had raised $25.3 million in the year's third quarter, with an average donation of $18. It was the largest quarterly sum raised by any Democratic candidate.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a> The campaign raised $34.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polls_and_news_coverage_2">Polls and news coverage</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose,_CA_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/220px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/330px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg/440px-Bernie_Sanders_-_Rally_at_San_Jose%2C_CA_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5623" data-file-height="3749" /></a><figcaption>Sanders campaigning for president in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, March 2020</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">Media coverage of Bernie Sanders</a></div> Sanders steadily polled between 15 and 20% on most national surveys between May and September 2019, according to the <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a> average. This placed him in a decisive second-place behind <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> until <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> caught up in July.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> From mid-February 2020 to the start of March, Sanders polled in first place in the Democratic primary ahead of Joe Biden<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> and was described by the press as the party's presidential front-runner.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-312">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-313">[308]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a> analysis, Sanders received the third-most mentions on <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a> between January and August 2019, trailing only <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>. Biden, however, received twice as many mentions as Sanders and Harris. Mentions of Sanders on <a href="/wiki/ABC_World_News_Tonight" title="ABC World News Tonight">ABC World News Tonight</a> found him in second place, though also trailing Biden by a large margin. Online mentions "reflect a slightly more balanced picture", with both Sanders and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> running "neck-and-neck" with Biden.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forums_and_other_appearances">Forums and other appearances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">2020 Democratic Party presidential forums</a></div> On April 6, 2019, Sanders participated in a <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> town hall that attracted more than 2.55 million viewers.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> His decision to appear on Fox was controversial, given the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>'s decision not to allow Fox to host any of its debates.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a> His appearance saw an increase of Fox News viewers by 24% overall and 40% in the 25-to-54-year-old demographic, surpassing the ratings of all other Democratic presidential candidate town halls that year. As of September 2019, the town hall had received more than 1.5 million views on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> On August 6, 2019, Sanders appeared on <a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience" title="The Joe Rogan Experience">The Joe Rogan Experience</a> podcast. Some praised Rogan for "hosting a pragmatic discussion" while others "seemed rather stunned by Sanders's decision to appear on the show at all." After the podcast, Rogan became a top-trending Twitter topic.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> After interviewing him, Rogan said, "I am not right-wing ... I've interviewed right-wing people. I am 100% left-wing ... Bernie Sanders made a ton of sense to me and I would 100% vote for him."<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> As of October 2019, the podcast had received more than ten million views on YouTube.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_debates_2">Presidential debates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">2020 Democratic Party presidential debates</a></div> In December 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> (DNC) announced the preliminary schedule for 12 official DNC-sanctioned debates, set to begin in June 2019, with six in 2019 and the remaining six during the first four months of 2020. During the July and September debates, commentators described Sanders and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> as having a "non-aggression pact", staking out similar progressive positions in contrast to the more conservative candidates.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a> In the October 15 debate, his first appearance since his heart attack, debate coach Todd Graham gave Sanders's performance an A, his highest rating of all the candidates.<a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> hosted the first 2020 debate in January with six candidates remaining. Co-moderator <a href="/wiki/Abby_Phillip" title="Abby Phillip">Abby Phillip</a> questioned Sanders and Warren about an allegation Warren had made that he had privately told her that a woman could not defeat Donald Trump. Phillip asked Sanders, "Senator Sanders, CNN reported yesterday, and Senator Warren confirmed in a statement, that in 2018 you told her that you did not believe that a woman could win the election. Why did you say that?" Ignoring Sanders's strong denial, Phillip asked Warren, "What did you think when Bernie Sanders told you that a woman couldn't become president?" In an interview after the debate, Sanders called it ludicrous to believe that he would doubt a woman's ability to win the presidency and noted that a woman already had won the national <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election#Popular_vote" title="United States presidential election">popular vote</a>, saying, "After all, Hillary Clinton beat Donald Trump by 3 million votes in 2016."<a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspension_of_campaign">Suspension of campaign</h3></div> Sanders announced that he was suspending his campaign on April 8, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-:8-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> He stated that he would remain on the ballot in the remaining states and continue to accumulate delegates with the goal of influencing the Democratic Party's platform.<a href="#cite_note-BizInsider2020-04-10-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> On April 14, Sanders endorsed Biden. Biden responded, "I think that your endorsement means a great deal. It means a great deal to me. I think people are going to be surprised that we are apart on some issues but we're awfully close on a whole bunch of others. I'm going to need you—not just to win the campaign, but to govern."<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">Political positions of Bernie Sanders</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_US" title="Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_US" title="Template talk:Socialism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloward%E2%80%93Piven_strategy" title="Cloward–Piven strategy">Cloward–Piven strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_childlessness" title="Voluntary childlessness">Voluntary childlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Brinton" title="Sam Brinton">Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haben_Girma" title="Haben Girma">Girma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Jenkins" title="Andrea Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_Mahogany" title="Honey Mahogany">Mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_(streamer)" title="Destiny (streamer)">Bonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Kate_Dale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauren Kate Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karine_Jean-Pierre#MoveOn_and_political_commentary" title="Karine Jean-Pierre">Jean-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Kasparian" title="Ana Kasparian">Kasparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Marsh" title="Jeffrey Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Quinn" title="Zoë Quinn">Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffals" title="Keffals">Sorrenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Breed" title="London Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Buttigieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Finke" title="Leigh Finke">Finke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_McBride" title="Sarah McBride">McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama (Barack)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Obama (Michelle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">AMLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"> Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Ware" title="Butch Ware">Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson (Woodrow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a> (1987–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_not_Hate" title="Hope not Hate">Hope not Hate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooked_Media" title="Crooked Media">Crooked Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">Progressive era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal 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Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a 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Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #B60202; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A self-described <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_socialist-333">[328]</a> Sanders is a <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive</a> and left-wing <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> who admires <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> programs in Europe and supports <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a> via <a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">union democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperatives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' management">workers' management</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Public enterprise">public enterprises</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-angry_about-337">[332]</a> He is a strong critic of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> capitalism, which he calls "uber-capitalism", blaming it for such societal ills as declining life expectancy and rising <a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">diseases of despair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-angry_about-337">[332]</a> He advocates <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single-payer_healthcare" title="Single-payer healthcare">single-payer healthcare</a>, paid <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a>, and tuition-free <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jaffe-340">[335]</a> He supports lowering the cost of drugs by reforming patent laws to allow cheaper generic versions to be sold in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Care_Act" title="Affordable Care Act">Affordable Care Act</a>, though he said it did not go far enough.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> In November 2015, he gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> about his view of democratic socialism, including its place in the policies of presidents <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-atlanticsocialism-343">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a> Defining what "democratic socialism" means to him, Sanders said: "I don't believe government should take over the grocery store down the street or own the means of production, but I do believe that the middle class and the working families who produce the wealth of America deserve a decent standard of living and that their incomes should go up, not down."<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> Based on his positions and votes throughout his career, many commentators consider his political platform primarily focused on tax-funded social benefits inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a> and not on <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gram2015a-346">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-maddow1-347">[342]</a> Some socialists and major socialist organizations have described Sanders as a democratic socialist, <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:10-348">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a> while others have called him a reformist social democrat.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Bhaskar Sunkara</a> has characterized Sanders' politics as "<a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> social democracy", arguing that while <a href="/wiki/Post-war_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war social democracy">postwar social democracy</a> operated as a compromise that instituted <a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">tripartite</a> arrangements between business, labor, and government to dampen class conflict, Sanders sees social democratic demands as a means to sharpening class confrontation and raising <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a> His views have been echoed by <a href="/wiki/George_Eaton_(journalist)" title="George Eaton (journalist)">George Eaton</a>, arguing that Sunkara's phrase "captures the nuances of Sanders' politics in a way that a socialist / social democrat binary does not" and asserting that if he was elected president it would represent "the triumph of a politics that is neither wholly socialist, nor social democratic, but a new fusion of both".<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate policy of the United States">Climate policy of the United States</a></div> Sanders views <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> as a serious problem,<a href="#cite_note-Totten-357">[352]</a> and advocates bold action to reverse its effects. He calls for substantial investment in <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, with energy efficiency, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">job creation</a> as prominent goals.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> He considers <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_national_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change and national security">climate change the greatest threat</a> to national security.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-Totten-357">[352]</a> He said that <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a> can help fight climate change.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> He opposed the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline" title="Dakota Access Pipeline">Dakota Access Pipeline</a> on the grounds that, like the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_XL_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL Pipeline">Keystone XL Pipeline</a>, it "will have a significant impact on our climate."<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> In 2019, he announced his support for <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a> legislation<a href="#cite_note-363">[358]</a> and joined representatives <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blumenauer" title="Earl Blumenauer">Earl Blumenauer</a> in proposing legislation that would declare climate change a national and international emergency.<a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</h3></div> Sanders focuses on economic issues such as <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">wealth inequality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Democratic_socialist-333">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> raising the minimum wage,<a href="#cite_note-Lachman-185">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jaffe-340">[335]</a> cancelling all <a href="/wiki/Student_debt" title="Student debt">student debt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> making public colleges and universities tuition-free by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_tax" title="Robin Hood tax">taxing financial transactions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a> establishing a 32-hour work week,<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> and expanding <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> benefits by eliminating the cap on the payroll tax on all incomes above $250,000.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> He has become a prominent supporter of laws requiring companies to give their workers <a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">parental leave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">sick leave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_statutory_minimum_employment_leave_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statutory minimum employment leave by country">vacation time</a>, noting that such laws have been adopted by nearly all other developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-agenda-372">[367]</a> He also supports legislation that would make it easier for workers to join or form a <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">trade union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Agenda-373">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a> He was against the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> and has called for comprehensive financial reforms,<a href="#cite_note-MarketWatch-376">[371]</a> such as breaking up "<a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">too big to fail</a>" financial institutions, restoring <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall legislation</a>, reforming the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a>, and allowing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">Post Office</a> to offer basic financial services in economically marginalized communities.<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.com-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-politico.com-378">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-379">[374]</a> Believing greater emphasis is needed on labor rights and environmental concerns when negotiating international trade agreements, Sanders voted against and has long spoken against <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CAFTA">CAFTA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PNTR" class="mw-redirect" title="PNTR">PNTR</a> with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. He has called them a "disaster for the American worker", saying that they have resulted in American corporations moving abroad. He also opposes the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Trans-Pacific Partnership">Trans-Pacific Partnership</a>, which he says was "written by corporate America and the pharmaceutical industry and Wall Street."<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-On_the_Issues-381">[376]</a> On May 1, 2019, he tweeted: "Since the <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93China_Relations_Act_of_2000" title="United States–China Relations Act of 2000">China trade deal</a> I voted against, America has lost over three million manufacturing jobs. It's wrong to pretend that China isn't one of our major economic competitors."<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> Sanders also strongly opposes outsourcing American jobs.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> During discussions of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Innovation_and_Competition_Act" title="United States Innovation and Competition Act">United States Innovation and Competition Act</a>, which was to be used to fund the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> amid a shortage, he proposed a measure to ensure the companies the bill funded could not outsource their jobs. The proposed measure would also block the companies from forbidding their employees to unionize. Sanders's proposal was voted down by most Democrats and all Republicans in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> Ahead of the 2022 midterms, Sanders said he wants the Democratic Party to focus more on supporting unionization: "I think we should move to a system where, if 50% of the workers in a bargaining unit plus one vote to form a union, they have a union. End of discussion."<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a> Sanders supports establishing <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker-owned cooperatives</a> and introduced legislation numerous times from the 1990s to the 2020s that would aid workers who want to "form their own businesses or to set up worker-owned cooperatives."<a href="#cite_note-Economic_Agenda2-387">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a> As early as 1976, Sanders proposed <a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">workplace democracy</a>, saying, "I believe that, in the long run, major industries in this state and nation should be publicly owned and controlled by the workers themselves."<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a> Likewise, he supports empowering and expanding <a href="/wiki/Labor_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor Union">labor unions</a> to advance <a href="/wiki/Union_democracy" title="Union democracy">union democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> In 1987, Sanders defined democracy as <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> in the workplace, saying: "Democracy means public ownership of the major means of production, it means decentralization, it means involving people in their work. Rather than having bosses and workers it means having democratic control over the factories and shops to as great a degree as you can."<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a> run for president, he proposed that 20% of stocks in corporations with over $100 million in annual revenue be <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership#Social_ownership_of_equity" title="Social ownership">owned by the corporation's workers</a> and that 45% of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> of corporations with over $100 million in annual revenue be <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">elected by the workers</a> of that corporation.<a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_2">Foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:110220-N-9584H-089.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/110220-N-9584H-089.jpg/220px-110220-N-9584H-089.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/110220-N-9584H-089.jpg/330px-110220-N-9584H-089.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/110220-N-9584H-089.jpg/440px-110220-N-9584H-089.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>Sanders steps out of a <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk</a> helicopter after arriving in Afghanistan in 2011.</figcaption></figure> Sanders supports reducing <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="United States military spending">military spending</a> while pursuing more <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="International cooperation">international cooperation</a>. He opposed funding <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaraguan</a> rebels, known as <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">contras</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Nicaragua" title="CIA activities in Nicaragua">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">covert war</a> against Nicaragua's leftist government.<a href="#cite_note-395">[390]</a> He opposed the <a href="/wiki/U.S._invasion_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion of Iraq</a> and has criticized a number of policies instituted during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>, particularly that of <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_the_United_States" title="Mass surveillance in the United States">mass surveillance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a> He criticized <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s actions during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Gaza war</a><a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> and U.S. involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a> On November 15, 2015, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL)'s <a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">attacks in Paris</a>, he cautioned against <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a> and said, "We gotta be tough, not stupid" in the war against ISIL, adding that the U.S. should continue to welcome Syrian refugees.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> He criticized the January 2020 <a href="/wiki/2020_Baghdad_International_Airport_airstrike" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Baghdad International Airport airstrike">drone assassination</a> of Iranian general <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, calling it a dangerous escalation of tensions that could lead to an expensive war.<a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> Sanders supports Palestinian rights and has criticized Israel on several occasions. In 2020, he called the <a href="/wiki/American_Israel_Public_Affairs_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Israel Public Affairs Committee">American Israel Public Affairs Committee</a> a platform for bigotry and said he would not attend its conference.<a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a> He condemned Trump's decision to <a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital</a>, saying, "It would dramatically undermine the prospects for an <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace agreement</a>, and severely, perhaps irreparably, damage the United States' ability to broker that peace."<a href="#cite_note-405">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>, he criticized <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> for its attacks on civilians and criticized Israel for its bombing of Gaza. He first called for a pause in fighting, saying that he "doesn't know if a ceasefire is possible with an organization like Hamas",<a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> but later called for a humanitarian ceasefire and urged Biden to withhold military aid to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a> Addressing <a href="/wiki/Westminster_College_(Missouri)" title="Westminster College (Missouri)">Westminster College</a> in a September 2017 speech, Sanders laid out a foreign policy plan for greater international collaboration, adherence to U.S.-led international agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Iran nuclear deal framework</a> and promoting human rights and democratic ideals. He emphasized the consequences associated with global economic inequality and climate change and urged reining in the use of U.S. military power, saying it "must always be a last resort". He also criticized <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States#Support_for_authoritarian_governments" title="Foreign policy of the United States">U.S. support for "murderous regimes"</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%9390)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90)">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_Junta_of_El_Salvador" title="Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador">El Salvador</a> and said that those actions continue to make the U.S. less safe.<a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a> He also spoke critically of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections and the way President Trump has handled the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> He does not consider <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> a U.S. ally and condemned the <a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syria" title="2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria">Turkish military offensive</a> against U.S.-aligned <a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">Kurdish forces</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gun_laws">Gun laws</h3></div> Sanders supports closing the "<a href="/wiki/Gun_show_loophole" title="Gun show loophole">gun show loophole</a>", <a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">banning assault weapons</a>, and passing and enforcing <a href="/wiki/Universal_background_check" title="Universal background check">universal federal background checks for gun purchases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> In 1990, his bid to become a U.S. Representative benefitted from the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> opposing the competing campaign of Peter Smith, who had reversed his stance on firearm restrictions, and waiting periods for handgun purchases.<a href="#cite_note-416">[411]</a> In 1993, while a U.S. representative, he voted against the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act" title="Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act">Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act</a> (which established background checks and wait periods), and in 2005 voted for legislation that gave gun manufacturers legal immunity against claims of negligence, but as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&action=edit">[update]</a> he has since said that he would support repealing that law.<a href="#cite_note-:11-122">[118]</a> In 1996, he voted against additional funding to the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> for research on issues related to firearms, but in 2016, he called for an increase in CDC funding for the study of gun violence.<a href="#cite_note-:11-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_issues">Social issues</h3></div> On social issues, Sanders has long taken progressive stances.<a href="#cite_note-417">[412]</a> He considers himself a <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a> on abortion, and opposes defunding <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> He has long advocated for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a>; in 2009, he supported <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Equality_Act_(Vermont)" title="Marriage Equality Act (Vermont)">legalizing same-sex marriage in Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> Sanders has denounced <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a> and called for criminal justice reform to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">number of people in prison</a>,<a href="#cite_note-421">[416]</a> advocates a crackdown on <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States" title="Police brutality in the United States">police brutality</a>, and supports abolishing <a href="/wiki/Private_prison#United_States" title="Private prison">private, for-profit prisons</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[418]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death penalty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a> He supports <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huffington_Post2-425">[420]</a> He also supports <a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">legalizing marijuana</a> at the federal level.<a href="#cite_note-426">[421]</a> He has advocated for greater democratic participation by citizens, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance reform in the United States">campaign finance reform</a>, and a constitutional amendment or judicial decision that would overturn <a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Legislation:_Campaign_Finance-427">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saving_American_Democracy_Amendment-428">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huffington_Post-429">[424]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_administration">Trump administration</h3></div> Sanders criticized President Trump for appointing multiple billionaires to his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-430">[425]</a> He criticized Trump's rolling back President Obama's <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a>, noting the scientifically reported effect on climate change of human activity and citing Trump's calling those reports a hoax.<a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a> He called for caution on the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, saying, "It's easier to get into a war than out of one."<a href="#cite_note-432">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[428]</a> In 2017, he promised to defeat "Trump and Trumpism and the Republican right-wing ideology".<a href="#cite_note-434">[429]</a> Sanders gave an online reply to Trump's January 2018 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address in which he called Trump "compulsively dishonest" and criticized him for initiating "a looming immigration crisis" by ending the <a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals</a> program. He voiced concern about Trump's failure to mention the finding that Russia had interfered in the 2016 election and "will likely interfere in the 2018 midterms we will be holding ... Unless you have a very special relationship with Mr. Putin."<a href="#cite_note-435">[430]</a> On January 6, 2021, Trump supporters <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">attacked the United States Capitol</a>. Sanders commented: "[Trump] has made it clear that he will do anything to remain in power – including insurrection and inciting violence [and he] will go down in history as the worst and most dangerous president in history."<a href="#cite_note-436">[431]</a> Sanders voted to convict Trump on both articles of his <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment trial of Donald Trump">first impeachment trial</a> in 2020 (for pressuring a foreign leader to investigate <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>), and again on the sole article of his <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">second impeachment trial</a> in 2021 (for inciting the Capitol attack).<a href="#cite_note-437">[432]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biden_administration">Biden administration</h3></div> Sanders influenced the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_Joe_Biden_administration" title="Environmental policy of the Joe Biden administration">environmental policy goals of the Biden administration</a> as described before Biden's nomination. Biden's policy team adopted certain details from the <a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces</a>' climate recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-438">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a> After Biden was elected president, Sanders became the subject of speculation over a potential appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Labor Secretary</a>, which was supported by several progressive groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_Movement" title="Sunrise Movement">Sunrise Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a> For his part, Sanders said that he would accept Biden's nomination if it was offered, but <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Marty_Walsh" title="Marty Walsh">Marty Walsh</a> was chosen for the position instead. When announcing Walsh's nomination, Biden confirmed that he had discussed the position with Sanders, but the two agreed that Sanders's resignation from the Senate and the ensuing special election would have put the Democrats' slim Senate majority at risk.<a href="#cite_note-442">[437]</a> On February 23, 2021, Sanders became the first senator in the Democratic caucus to oppose one of Biden's cabinet picks when he voted against <a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a>'s confirmation as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Agriculture Secretary</a>, citing concerns about Vilsack's past work as a lobbyist and ties to large corporations.<a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a> Sanders strongly supported Senate Democrats' decision to use <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">budget reconciliation</a>, a procedure used to avoid <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibusters</a>, to pass the <a href="/wiki/American_Rescue_Plan_Act_of_2021" title="American Rescue Plan Act of 2021">American Rescue Plan Act of 2021</a>, despite having criticized Republicans' use of reconciliation to pass the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">2017 tax cuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> The bill passed the Senate by a 50–49 vote and was signed into law by Biden on March 11, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a> Sanders has continued to have a strong influence on the Biden administration. When it was noted that he had become a key voice in Biden's administration, he replied, "As somebody who wrote a book called Outsider in the House, yes, it is a strange experience to be having that kind of influence that we have now." Their relationship has lasted over 30 years and Sanders has said it is based on respect and trust: "We have had a good relationship. He wants to be a champion of working families, and I admire that and respect that."<a href="#cite_note-446">[441]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_elections" title="2022 United States elections">2022 midterm election</a>, Sanders said he regarded it as deciding the fate of democracy, abortion, and climate change, calling it "the most consequential midterm election" of modern U.S. history. He expressed a fear that the Democratic Party had "not done a good enough job" of getting its message out "to young people and working-class people."<a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a> In April 2023, Sanders endorsed Biden in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a> and after <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Joe_Biden_from_the_2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election">Biden withdrew</a> from the race, Sanders endorsed <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">Harris for president</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a> After Donald Trump won the 2024 presidential election, Sanders released a statement blaming the Democratic Party's abandonment of "working-class people" for its defeat.<a href="#cite_note-450">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_affiliations">Party affiliations</h2></div> Born into a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>-voting family, Sanders was first introduced to political activism when his brother <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a> and campaigned for <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-451">[446]</a> Sanders joined Vermont's <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">Liberty Union Party</a> in 1971 and was a candidate for several offices, never coming close to winning election. He became party chairman,<a href="#cite_note-:BeganRevolution-452">[447]</a> but quit in 1977 to become an independent.<a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a> In 1980, he served as an elector for the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a> In 1981, Sanders ran as an independent for mayor of Burlington, Vermont, and defeated the Democratic incumbent; he was reelected three times.<a href="#cite_note-Dreier2015-78">[74]</a> Although an independent, he endorsed Democratic presidential candidates <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> in <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson_presidential_campaign,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Jackson presidential campaign, 1988">1988</a>. His endorsement of Mondale was lukewarm (telling reporters that "if you go around saying that Mondale would be a great president, you would be a liar and a hypocrite"), but he supported Jackson enthusiastically.<a href="#cite_note-mojo-456">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that the Jackson campaign helped inspire Sanders to work more closely with the Democratic Party.<a href="#cite_note-mojo-456">[451]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-6">[2]</a> Sanders attended the 1983 conference of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a> where he gave a speech.<a href="#cite_note-457">[452]</a> Sanders first ran for the U.S. House of Representatives in <a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1988</a> and for the U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a>, each time adopting a strategy of winning the Democratic Party primary, thereby eliminating Democratic challengers, and then running as an independent in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-458">[453]</a> He continued this strategy through his reelection in the <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018 United States Senate election in Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a> Throughout his tenure in Congress, he has been listed as an independent. He caucused with Democrats in the House<a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> while refusing to join the party,<a href="#cite_note-:17-100">[96]</a> and continues to caucus with Democrats in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-205">[200]</a> Some conservative southern House Democrats initially barred him from the caucus as they believed that allowing a self-described socialist to join would harm their electoral prospects.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-6">[2]</a> He soon came to work constructively with Democrats, voting with the party over 90% of the time during his tenure in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-6">[2]</a> Starting with his 2016 presidential campaign, Sanders's announcements suggested that not only was he running as a Democrat, but that he would run as a Democrat in future elections.<a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> When challenged by Clinton about his party commitment, he said, "Of course I am a Democrat and running for the Democratic nomination."<a href="#cite_note-:19-463">[458]</a> Since he remained a senator elected as an independent, his U.S. Senate website and press materials continued to refer to him as an independent during the campaign and upon his return to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-:22-464">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-465">[460]</a> In October 2017, Sanders said he would run for reelection as an independent in 2018 despite pressure to run as a Democrat.<a href="#cite_note-466">[461]</a> His party status became ambiguous again in March 2019 when he signed a formal "loyalty pledge" to the Democratic Party stating that he was a member of the party and would serve as a Democrat if elected president. He signed the pledge the day after he signed paperwork to run as an independent for reelection to the Senate in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-:18-295">[290]</a> After Trump's victory in the 2016 elections, Sanders suggested the Democratic Party undergo a series of reforms and that it "break loose from its corporate establishment ties and, once again, become a grass-roots party of working people, the elderly and the poor."<a href="#cite_note-467">[462]</a> He drew parallels between his campaign and that of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian-468">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent-469">[464]</a> He wrote in The New York Times that "the British elections should be a lesson for the Democratic Party" and urged the Democrats to stop holding on to an "overly cautious, centrist ideology", arguing that "momentum shifted to Labour after it released a very progressive manifesto that generated much enthusiasm among young people and workers."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes-470">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-newstatesman-471">[466]</a> He had earlier praised <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a>'s stance on class issues.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-472">[467]</a> Sanders is one of four independents in the Senate, along with <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a>. All of them except Sinema <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">caucus</a> with Democrats in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-473">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bernie_and_Jane_Sanders_by_Gage_Skidmore_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3398" data-file-height="2185" /></a><figcaption>Sanders with his wife <a href="/wiki/Jane_Sanders" title="Jane Sanders">Jane O'Meara</a> in Des Moines, Iowa, January 2016</figcaption></figure> In 1963, Sanders and Deborah Shiling Messing, whom he met in college, volunteered for several months on the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaAmakim" title="Sha'ar HaAmakim">Sha'ar HaAmakim</a>. They married in 1964 and bought a summer home in Vermont; they had no children and divorced in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shoah-16">[12]</a> His son (and only biological child), Levi Sanders, was born in 1969 to then-girlfriend Susan Campbell Mott.<a href="#cite_note-The_Populist_Prophet-26">[22]</a> On May 28, 1988, Sanders married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Sanders" title="Jane Sanders">Jane O'Meara Driscoll</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Mary Jane O'Meara), who later became president of <a href="/wiki/Burlington_College" title="Burlington College">Burlington College</a>, in Burlington, Vermont.<a href="#cite_note-476">[471]</a> The day after their wedding, the couple visited the Soviet Union as part of an official delegation in his capacity as mayor.<a href="#cite_note-477">[472]</a> They own a <a href="/wiki/Row_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Row house">row house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, a house in Burlington's <a href="/wiki/New_North_End" class="mw-redirect" title="New North End">New North End</a> neighborhood, and a lakefront <a href="/wiki/Summer_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer home">summer home</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hero">North Hero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[476]</a> He considers Jane's three children—Dave Driscoll (born 1975), <a href="/wiki/Carina_Driscoll" title="Carina Driscoll">Carina Driscoll</a> (born 1974), and Heather Titus (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Driscoll; 1971)—to be his own.<a href="#cite_note-Politico-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnfastfacts1-25">[21]</a> Sanders's elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry</a>, lives in England;<a href="#cite_note-482">[477]</a> he was a <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party</a> <a href="/wiki/County_councillor" class="mw-redirect" title="County councillor">county councillor</a>, representing the East Oxford <a href="/wiki/Electoral_division_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral division (UK)">division</a> on <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council" title="Oxfordshire County Council">Oxfordshire County Council</a>, until he retired from the council in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-483">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[479]</a> Larry ran as a Green Party candidate for <a href="/wiki/Oxford_West_and_Abingdon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Oxford West and Abingdon (UK Parliament constituency)">Oxford West and Abingdon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 British general election</a> and came in fifth.<a href="#cite_note-485">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collinson-486">[481]</a> Bernie Sanders told CNN, "I owe my brother an enormous amount. It was my brother who actually introduced me to a lot of my ideas."<a href="#cite_note-Collinson-486">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> On October 1, 2019, Sanders was hospitalized after experiencing chest pains at a campaign event in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>. His campaign announced the next day that a blockage had been found in one <a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">coronary artery</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Stent" title="Stent">stents</a> inserted.<a href="#cite_note-ChoiOtterbein-487">[482]</a> Scheduled campaign events and appearances were canceled until further notice.<a href="#cite_note-488">[483]</a> Two days later his campaign released a statement that he had been diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a>. He was released from the hospital the same day.<a href="#cite_note-ChoiOtterbein-487">[482]</a> The statement included the following from Sanders's doctors:<a href="#cite_note-489">[484]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">After presenting to an outside facility with chest pain, Sen. Sanders was diagnosed with a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>. He was immediately transferred to Desert Springs Hospital Medical Center. The senator was stable upon arrival and taken immediately to the cardiac catheterization laboratory, at which time two stents were placed in a blocked coronary artery in a timely fashion. All other arteries were normal. His hospital course was uneventful with good expected progress. He was discharged with instructions to follow up with his personal physician.</blockquote> A few days after returning home, Sanders addressed media outside his home and said he had experienced fatigue and chest discomfort for a month or two before the incident; he expressed regret for not seeking medical assessment sooner: "I was dumb."<a href="#cite_note-490">[485]</a> Sanders made his first national appearance after his heart attack on October 15 at the Democratic debate, at which he said, "I'm healthy, I'm feeling great." When asked how he would reassure voters about his health and ability to take on the duties of the presidency, he said, "We are going to be mounting a vigorous campaign all over this country. That is how I think I can reassure the American people." It was noted that he was "lively and sharp at the debate."<a href="#cite_note-491">[486]</a> In December 2019, three months after the heart attack, Sanders released letters from three physicians, <a href="/wiki/Attending_Physician_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Attending Physician of the United States Congress">Attending Physician of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_P._Monahan" title="Brian P. Monahan">Brian P. Monahan</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Cardiologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiologists">cardiologists</a>, who declared Sanders healthy and recovered from his heart condition.<a href="#cite_note-492">[487]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h3></div> On December 4, 2015, Sanders won <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>'s 2015 <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a> readers' poll with 10.2% of the vote<a href="#cite_note-493">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[489]</a> but did not receive the editorial board's award. On March 20, 2016, he was given an honorary <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> name, dxʷshudičup,<a href="#cite_note-CoastSalishName-495">[f]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Parker" title="Deborah Parker">Deborah Parker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> to honor his focus on Native American issues during his presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-496">[490]</a> On May 30, 2017, Sanders received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degree</a> of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-497">[491]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_heritage,_and_values">Religion, heritage, and values</h3></div> As Sanders described his upbringing as an <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jew</a> in a 2016 speech: his father generally attended <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> only on <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>; he attended <a href="/wiki/American_public_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="American public schools">public schools</a> while his mother "chafed" at his <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshiva</a> Sunday schooling at a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a>; and their religious observances were mostly limited to <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">seders</a> with their neighbors. Larry Sanders said of their parents, "They were very pleased to be <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, but didn't have a strong belief in <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>."<a href="#cite_note-NYT02242016-498">[492]</a> Bernie had a <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a><a href="#cite_note-Sellers-499">[493]</a> at the historic <a href="/wiki/Kingsway_Jewish_Center" title="Kingsway Jewish Center">Kingsway Jewish Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood, Brooklyn</a>, where he grew up.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02242016-498">[492]</a> In 1963, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionist</a> youth movement <a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a>, Sanders and his first wife <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz_volunteer" title="Kibbutz volunteer">volunteered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaAmakim" title="Sha'ar HaAmakim">Sha'ar HaAmakim</a>, a kibbutz in northern Israel.<a href="#cite_note-500">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-jtamysterysolved-501">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[496]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jewish-17">[13]</a> His motivation for the trip was as much socialistic as it was Zionistic.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02242016-498">[492]</a> As mayor of Burlington, Sanders allowed a <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">public menorah</a> to be placed at city hall, an action the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a> contested. He publicly inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">menorah</a> and performed the Jewish religious ritual of <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_music#Hanukkah_blessings" title="Hanukkah music">blessing Hanukkah candles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02242016-498">[492]</a> His early and strong support played a significant role in the now widespread <a href="/wiki/Public_menorah" title="Public menorah">public menorah</a> celebrations around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-503">[497]</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-506">[500]</a> When asked about his Jewish heritage, Sanders has said that he is "proud to be Jewish."<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-17">[13]</a> Sanders rarely speaks about religion.<a href="#cite_note-Sellers-499">[493]</a> He describes himself as "not particularly religious"<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-17">[13]</a> and "not actively involved" with <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sellers-499">[493]</a> A press package issued by his office states his religion as Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-507">[501]</a> He has said he believes in God, but not necessarily in a traditional way: "I think everyone believes in God in their own ways", he said. "To me, it means that all of us are connected, all of life is connected, and that we are all tied together."<a href="#cite_note-Sellers-499">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[502]</a> In October 2015, on the <a href="/wiki/Late-night_talk_show" title="Late-night talk show">late-night talk show</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Kimmel_Live!" title="Jimmy Kimmel Live!">Jimmy Kimmel Live!</a>, Kimmel asked him, "You say you are culturally Jewish and you don't feel religious; do you believe in God and do you think that's important to the people of the United States?" Sanders replied:<a href="#cite_note-509">[503]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am who I am, and what I believe in and what my spirituality is about is that we're all in this together. That I think it is not a good thing to believe as human beings we can turn our backs on the suffering of other people ... and this is not Judaism, this is what Pope Francis is talking about, that we can't just worship billionaires and the making of more and more money. Life is more than that.</blockquote> In 2016, he disclosed that he had "very strong religious and spiritual feelings", adding, "My spirituality is that we are all in this together and that when children go hungry, when veterans sleep out on the street, it impacts me."<a href="#cite_note-jtasandersdiscussesfaith-510">[504]</a> Sanders does not regularly attend synagogue, and he does not refrain from working on <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>, as observant Jews do. He has attended <a href="/wiki/Yahrzeit" title="Yahrzeit">yahrzeit observances</a> in memory of the deceased, for the father of a friend, and in 2015 attended a <a href="/wiki/Tashlikh" title="Tashlikh">Tashlikh</a>, an atonement ceremony, with the mayor of Lynchburg on the afternoon of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT02242016-498">[492]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sugarman" title="Richard Sugarman">Richard Sugarman</a>, his Jewish identity is "certainly more ethnic and cultural than religious."<a href="#cite_note-511">[505]</a> His wife is <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and he has often expressed admiration for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, saying that "the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> is raising profound issues. It is important that we listen to what he has said." He has said he feels very close to Francis's economic teachings, describing him as "incredibly smart and brave".<a href="#cite_note-gaudiano-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pope_Francis-512">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[507]</a> In April 2016, he accepted an invitation from <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_S%C3%A1nchez_Sorondo" title="Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo">Marcelo Sánchez Sorondo</a>, an aide close to Francis, to speak at a Vatican conference on economic and environmental issues. While at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>, he met briefly with Francis.<a href="#cite_note-514">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-515">[509]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> In December 1987, during his tenure as mayor of Burlington, Sanders recorded a folk album, <a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(Bernie_Sanders_album)" title="We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)">We Shall Overcome</a>, with 30 Vermont musicians. As he was not a skilled singer, he performed his vocals in a <a href="/wiki/Talking_blues" title="Talking blues">talking blues</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-nprbehindthemusic-516">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-517">[511]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_culture">Internet culture</h3></div> Owing to his two high-profile campaigns in the 2016 and 2020 Democratic primaries, Sanders and his campaigns have generated many <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Internet memes</a> and other online content. The <a href="/wiki/Facebook_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook group">Facebook group</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders%27_Dank_Meme_Stash" title="Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash">Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash</a>, where users can submit memes focused around Sanders, received significant attention in the 2016 primary season due to the at-the-time unique idea of a meme community focused entirely on a politician.<a href="#cite_note-518">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[513]</a> During the 2020 primary season, a still from a fundraising video in which Sanders tells the viewers "I am once again asking for your financial support" went <a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">viral</a> online, with numerous edits made of the frame.<a href="#cite_note-520">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-521">[515]</a> The day before <a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday,_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tuesday, 2020">Super Tuesday 2020</a>, a video of the Twitch streamer <a href="/wiki/Neekolul" title="Neekolul">Neekolul</a> wearing a Bernie 2020 shirt and lip-syncing the song "<a href="/wiki/OK_boomer" title="OK boomer">Oki Doki Boomer</a>" also went viral.<a href="#cite_note-522">[516]</a> In 2021, a frame from the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration of Joe Biden</a> showing Sanders seated in a folding chair wearing patterned mittens and a jacket reminiscent of the one in the "I am once again asking" meme <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_mittens_meme" title="Bernie Sanders mittens meme">went viral</a>, with the image captioned or edited into other images, most commonly popular movie scenes.<a href="#cite_note-523">[517]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[518]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film_and_television">In film and television</h3></div> Sanders appeared in a cameo role in the 1988 comedy-drama film <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Hearts_Dance" title="Sweet Hearts Dance">Sweet Hearts Dance</a>, playing a man who distributes candy to young trick-or-treaters.<a href="#cite_note-525">[519]</a> In 1999, he acted in the film <a href="/wiki/My_X-Girlfriend%27s_Wedding_Reception" title="My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception">My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception</a>, playing Rabbi Manny Shevitz. In this role, he mourned the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a>' move to Los Angeles, reflecting Sanders's own upbringing in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-526">[520]</a> On February 6, 2016, he was a guest star alongside <a href="/wiki/Larry_David" title="Larry David">Larry David</a> (who is a sixth cousin once removed of Sanders) on <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>, playing a Polish immigrant on a <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> that was sinking near the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SNL-527">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-528">[522]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/DC_Extended_Universe" title="DC Extended Universe">DC Extended Universe</a> film <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(2020_film)" title="Birds of Prey (2020 film)">Birds of Prey (and the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn)</a>, one of the reasons <a href="/wiki/Black_Mask_(character)" title="Black Mask (character)">Roman Sionis</a> wants <a href="/wiki/Harley_Quinn" title="Harley Quinn">Harley Quinn</a> dead is that she "voted for Bernie".<a href="#cite_note-529">[523]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li>With <a href="/wiki/Huck_Gutman" title="Huck Gutman">Huck Gutman</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Outsider_in_the_White_House" title="Outsider in the White House">Outsider in the White House</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. 2015 [1997]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-418-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78478-418-8"><bdi>978-1-78478-418-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918986570">918986570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outsider+in+the+White+House&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918986570&rft.isbn=978-1-78478-418-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li>In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_McChesneyRussell_NewmanBen_Scott2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">Robert McChesney</a>; Russell Newman; Ben Scott, eds. (2005). "Why Americans Should Take Back the Media". The Future of Media: Resistance and Reform in the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-679-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-679-7"><bdi>978-1-58322-679-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57574152">57574152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+Should+Take+Back+the+Media&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Media%3A+Resistance+and+Reform+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57574152&rft.isbn=978-1-58322-679-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_Speech:_A_Historic_Filibuster_on_Corporate_Greed_and_the_Decline_of_Our_Middle_Class" class="mw-redirect" title="The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class">The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bold_Type_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Bold Type Books">Bold Type Books</a>. 2015 [2011]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-554-3"><bdi>978-1-56858-554-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011920256">2011920256</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/927456901">927456901</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25090387M">25090387M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speech%3A+A+Historic+Filibuster+on+Corporate+Greed+and+the+Decline+of+Our+Middle+Class&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bold+Type+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F927456901&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011920256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25090387M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-56858-554-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne Books</a>. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-13292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-13292-5"><bdi>978-1-250-13292-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1026148801">1026148801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Revolution%3A+A+Future+to+Believe+In&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1026148801&rft.isbn=978-1-250-13292-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_Guide_to_Political_Revolution" title="Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution">Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-13890-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-13890-3"><bdi>978-1-250-13890-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/999379791">999379791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernie+Sanders+Guide+to+Political+Revolution&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F999379791&rft.isbn=978-1-250-13890-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Where_We_Go_from_Here" title="Where We Go from Here">Where We Go from Here: Two Years in the Resistance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Gale</a>. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-432-86916-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-432-86916-8"><bdi>978-1-432-86916-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1126540640">1126540640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+We+Go+from+Here%3A+Two+Years+in+the+Resistance&rft.pub=Gale&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1126540640&rft.isbn=978-1-432-86916-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/It%27s_OK_to_Be_Angry_About_Capitalism" title="It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism">It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Books" title="Crown Books">Crown Books</a>. 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0593238714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0593238714"><bdi>978-0593238714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+OK+to+Be+Angry+About+Capitalism&rft.pub=Crown+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0593238714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li>"Ending America's Endless War." <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, June 24, 2019<a href="#cite_note-530">[524]</a></li> <li>"Washington's Dangerous New Consensus on China." <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, June 17, 2021<a href="#cite_note-531">[525]</a></li> <li>"A Revolution in American Foreign Policy." <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, March 18, 2024<a href="#cite_note-532">[526]</a></li> <li>"Democrats must choose: The elites or the working class." <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>, November 10, 2024<a href="#cite_note-533">[527]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Electoral history of Bernie Sanders">Electoral history of Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_socialist_mayors_in_the_United_States" title="List of elected socialist mayors in the United States">List of elected socialist mayors in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">List of Jewish members of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spintharus_berniesandersi" title="Spintharus berniesandersi">Spintharus berniesandersi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives">Third-party members of the United States House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> From January 3, 2015 to January 3, 2017 Klobuchar was the Chair of the Steering & Outreach Committee. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th Congress</a> - January 3, 2017 - Steering and Outreach were split into 2 separate Chairs; Klobuchar continued as the Chair of the Steering Committee. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus</a> member (1995–present) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Affiliated non-member </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Excludes three stepchildren, whom he considers to be his own </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> A long speech such as this is commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>, but because it did not block action, it was not technically a filibuster under Senate rules.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoastSalishName-495"><a href="#cite_ref-CoastSalishName_495-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˌduːh.s.ˈhwuː.diː.ˌtʃuːp]</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'the one lighting the fires for change and unity' in <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto4-5"><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2019" class="citation news cs1">Gambino, Lauren (March 10, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/10/democrats-small-dollar-donors-essential-bernie-sanders">"'Not the billionaires': why small-dollar donors are Democrats' new powerhouse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226055113/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/10/democrats-small-dollar-donors-essential-bernie-sanders">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2020. 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Retrieved July 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Socialist+Senator&rft.date=2007-01-21&rft.aulast=Leibovich&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F21%2Fmagazine%2F21Sanders.t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2015" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Amita (April 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/04/29/399818581/5-things-you-should-know-about-bernie-sanders">"5 Things You Should Know About Bernie Sanders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220312202524/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/04/29/399818581/5-things-you-should-know-about-bernie-sanders">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2022. 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It's Also Misleading"</a>. 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Retrieved June 13, 2015. <q>'I'm proud to be Jewish,' the Independent from Vermont – and candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination – responded Thursday at a press breakfast hosted by the Monitor. Though, he added, 'I'm not particularly religious.' As a child, Sanders said, being Jewish taught him 'in a very deep way what politics is about. A guy named Adolf Hitler won an election in 1932,' the senator said. 'He won an election, and 50 million people died as a result of that election in World War II, including 6 million Jews. So what I learned as a little kid is that politics is, in fact, very important.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders%3A+%27I%27m+Proud+to+be+Jewish%27&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FUSA%2FPolitics%2Fmonitor_breakfast%2F2015%2F0611%2FBernie-Sanders-I-m-proud-to-be-Jewish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2015" class="citation web cs1">Keith, Tamara (November 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/454051697/sanders-could-be-the-first-jewish-president-but-doesnt-like-to-talk-about-it">"Sanders Could Be The First Jewish President, But He Doesn't Like To Talk About It"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026071255/https://www.npr.org/2015/11/02/454051697/sanders-could-be-the-first-jewish-president-but-doesnt-like-to-talk-about-it">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2023. 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Retrieved January 20, 2016. <q>Soltys told them that at the time the Nazis invaded Poland, Romek was the leader of Slopnice's Jewish community. "Which of course," Larry said, "meant he was one of the first to be killed."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tablet&rft.atitle=Straight+Outta+Brooklyn%2C+by+Way+of+Vermont%3A+The+Bernie+Sanders+Story&rft.date=2015-08-20&rft.aulast=Chana&rft.aufirst=Jas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabletmag.com%2Fjewish-news-and-politics%2F192931%2Fbernie-sanders-story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-untold-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-untold_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-untold_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBump2016" class="citation news cs1">Bump, Philip (January 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/29/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-high-school-track-star/">"The untold story of Bernie Sanders, high school track star"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223150502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2016/01/29/the-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-high-school-track-star/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+untold+story+of+Bernie+Sanders%2C+high+school+track+star&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2016%2F01%2F29%2Fthe-untold-story-of-bernie-sanders-high-school-track-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsenthal2015" class="citation web cs1">Felsenthal, Carol (May 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/May-2015/Bernie-Sanders-University-of-Chicago/">"Bernie Sanders Found Socialism at the University of Chicago"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(magazine)" title="Chicago (magazine)">Chicago</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806100715/https://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/Felsenthal-Files/May-2015/Bernie-Sanders-University-of-Chicago/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2015. <q>He graduated from Brooklyn's P.S. 197 and James Madison High School where he was captain of his high school track team.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+Found+Socialism+at+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft.aulast=Felsenthal&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagomag.com%2FChicago-Magazine%2FFelsenthal-Files%2FMay-2015%2FBernie-Sanders-University-of-Chicago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stone_p483-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stone_p483_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stone_p483_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2010" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Kurt F. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC&pg=PA483">The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 483. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5731-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5731-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-5731-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/755001191">755001191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Capitol+Hill%3A+A+Compendium+of+Jewish+Congressional+Members&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=483&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F755001191&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5731-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Kurt+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACTF56SnaykC%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Nicola (January 17, 2016). 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Retrieved July 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=In+Bernie%27s+Brooklyn%2C+Political+Revolution+Was+Mainstream&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobinmag.com%2F2020%2F07%2Fbernie-sanders-bernies-brooklyn-excerpt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChana2015" class="citation news cs1">Chana, Jas (August 20, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/bernie-sanders-story">"Straight Outta Brooklyn, by Way of Vermont: The Bernie Sanders Story"</a>. Tablet Magazine. 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Retrieved February 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders%3A+From+hippie+migrant+to+would-be+president&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Hunter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F30%2Fbernie-sanders-from-hippie-migrant-to-would-be-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz-Wald2015" class="citation news cs1">Seitz-Wald, Alex (May 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-25-best-things-we-learned-bernie-sanders-book">"The 25 best things we learned from Bernie Sanders' book"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217162157/http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-25-best-things-we-learned-bernie-sanders-book">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MSNBC&rft.atitle=The+25+best+things+we+learned+from+Bernie+Sanders%27+book&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=Seitz-Wald&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.com%2Fmsnbc%2Fthe-25-best-things-we-learned-bernie-sanders-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1969" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, Bernard (March 29, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5">"Cuba: the Other Side of the Story"</a> (PDF). Vermont Freeman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310215744/https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2725548/Sanders-Freeman-Writings.pdf#page=5">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 10, 2016. 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I've visited 13 states in the last 3 weeks but coming home to Stannard was very special to me. pic.twitter.com/muk1Ps4mzh"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). Retrieved December 17, 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+moved+to+Stannard+when+I+first+came+to+Vermont.+I%27ve+visited+13+states+in+the+last+3+weeks+but+coming+home+to+Stannard+was+very+special+to+me.+pic.twitter.com%2Fmuk1Ps4mzh&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FBernieSanders%2Fstatus%2F1058922975737593856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-argus-accidents/130486570/">"Two Accidents In Montpelier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barre_Montpelier_Times_Argus" title="Barre Montpelier Times Argus">Barre Montpelier Times Argus</a>. 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October 25, 1971. p. 20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230823004340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/rutland-daily-herald-third-party/130486793/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2023. Retrieved August 23, 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Third+Party+Candidates&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1971-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Frutland-daily-herald-third-party%2F130486793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.cq.com/members/509">"Sen. Bernard Sanders (I-Vt.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601153533/http://media.cq.com/members/509">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roll+Call&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bernard+Sanders+%28I-Vt.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.cq.com%2Fmembers%2F509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.state.vt.us/elections/election-results/election-results-search.aspx?primaryFilterId=12449&secondaryFolderName=1974+Election+Results">"Election Results Search: 1974 Election Results"</a>. sec.state.vt.us. Retrieved May 2, 2015. <q>Citation for votes (total for Leahy and percentages calculated from spreadsheet)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sec.state.vt.us&rft.atitle=Election+Results+Search%3A+1974+Election+Results&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.vt.us%2Felections%2Felection-results%2Felection-results-search.aspx%3FprimaryFilterId%3D12449%26secondaryFolderName%3D1974%2BElection%2BResults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2014" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Garrison (September 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vtdigger.org/2014/09/14/garrison-nelson-jim-jeffords-reluctant-rebel-appreciation/">"Jim Jeffords: Reluctant Rebel. Section: 1974: Changing the Congressional Guard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/VTDigger" title="VTDigger">VTDigger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220806103255/https://vtdigger.org/2014/09/14/garrison-nelson-jim-jeffords-reluctant-rebel-appreciation/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2022. Retrieved May 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VTDigger&rft.atitle=Jim+Jeffords%3A+Reluctant+Rebel.+Section%3A+1974%3A+Changing+the+Congressional+Guard&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvtdigger.org%2F2014%2F09%2F14%2Fgarrison-nelson-jim-jeffords-reluctant-rebel-appreciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guma-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guma_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guma_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guma_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuma1989" class="citation book cs1">Guma, Greg (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttETPQAACAAJ">The People's Republic: Vermont and the Sanders Revolution</a>. South Burlington, Vermont: New England Press. pp. 19–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933050-78-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933050-78-5"><bdi>978-0-933050-78-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509100638/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttETPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2024. 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Vanguard Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319212425/http://www.sevendaysvt.com/vermont/vermonts-third-party-no-longer-just-a-fan-club/Content?oid=2434161">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2016. 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July 11, 1980. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209184331/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64274411/rutland-daily-herald/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved November 29, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Socialists+Launch+Campaign+to+Get+Candidates+on+Ballot&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1980-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64274411%2Frutland-daily-herald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160723105127/http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html">"Arena Profile: Sen. Bernie Sanders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/arena/bio/sen_bernie_sanders.html">the original</a> on July 23, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Arena+Profile%3A+Sen.+Bernie+Sanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Farena%2Fbio%2Fsen_bernie_sanders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bernard Sanders (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ka7qoXPliwQ">Eugene V. Debs: Trade Unionist, Socialist, Revolutionary, 1855–1926 – Introduction</a> (Video). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ka7qoXPliwQ">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved July 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eugene+V.+Debs%3A+Trade+Unionist%2C+Socialist%2C+Revolutionary%2C+1855%E2%80%931926+%E2%80%93+Introduction&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dka7qoXPliwQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64275859/the-burlington-free-press/">"Liberty Unionite to Run For Mayor of Burlington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. 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Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Liberty+Unionite+to+Run+For+Mayor+of+Burlington&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1980-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64275859%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64276236/the-burlington-free-press/">"UVM Pair to Work for Independent Coalition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. December 13, 1980. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211033410/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64276236/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=UVM+Pair+to+Work+for+Independent+Coalition&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1980-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64276236%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64331883/the-burlington-free-press/">"Sanders Opens Campaign Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. February 18, 1981. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130194700/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64331883/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Sanders+Opens+Campaign+Office&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1981-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64331883%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64330793/the-burlington-free-press/">"Citizens Party Fails To Nominate Candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. January 16, 1981. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130193422/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64330793/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Citizens+Party+Fails+To+Nominate+Candidate&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1981-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64330793%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/154086/bernies-red-vermont">"Bernie's Red Vermont"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. June 13, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101021943/https://newrepublic.com/article/154086/bernies-red-vermont">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved December 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Bernie%27s+Red+Vermont&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F154086%2Fbernies-red-vermont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64504803/the-burlington-free-press/">"Board to Conduct Mayoral Recount Friday"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. March 10, 1981. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203043453/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64504803/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Board+to+Conduct+Mayoral+Recount+Friday&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1981-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64504803%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinen1982" class="citation news cs1">Clendinen, Dudley (March 2, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/28/us/it-s-new-politics-vs-old-in-vermont-as-mayor-strives-to-oust-alderman.html">"It's New Politics vs. Old in Vermont As Mayor Strives to Oust Alderman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123428/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/28/us/it-s-new-politics-vs-old-in-vermont-as-mayor-strives-to-oust-alderman.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+New+Politics+vs.+Old+in+Vermont+As+Mayor+Strives+to+Oust+Alderman&rft.date=1982-03-02&rft.aulast=Clendinen&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F02%2F28%2Fus%2Fit-s-new-politics-vs-old-in-vermont-as-mayor-strives-to-oust-alderman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolis1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Margolis, Jon (March 15, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/122285/bernie-burlington">"Bernie of Burlington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902151917/https://newrepublic.com/article/122285/bernie-burlington">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Bernie+of+Burlington&rft.date=1983-03-15&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F122285%2Fbernie-burlington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64643579/the-burlington-free-press/">"Gilson Rejects Campaign Fund Limit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. February 2, 1983. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826170726/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643579/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Gilson+Rejects+Campaign+Fund+Limit&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1983-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64643579%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64644027/bennington-banner/">"Sanders will make it official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bennington_Banner" title="Bennington Banner">Bennington Banner</a>. December 3, 1982. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826170740/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644027/bennington-banner/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bennington+Banner&rft.atitle=Sanders+will+make+it+official&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1982-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64644027%2Fbennington-banner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64644044/the-times-argus/">"Sanders Announces He's Running Again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barre_Montpelier_Times_Argus" title="Barre Montpelier Times Argus">Barre Montpelier Times Argus</a>. December 3, 1982. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826170727/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644044/the-times-argus/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barre+Montpelier+Times+Argus&rft.atitle=Sanders+Announces+He%27s+Running+Again&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1982-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64644044%2Fthe-times-argus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64644113/the-burlington-free-press/">"Citizens Party Endorses Sanders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. January 23, 1983. p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202612/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64644113/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Citizens+Party+Endorses+Sanders&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1983-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64644113%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64643449/the-burlington-free-press/">"Massive Turnout Keeps Mayor Sanders in Office"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. March 2, 1983. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901082302/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64643449/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Massive+Turnout+Keeps+Mayor+Sanders+in+Office&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1983-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64643449%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64672822/the-brattleboro-reformer/">"Mayor Sanders to run again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer" title="Brattleboro Reformer">Brattleboro Reformer</a>. December 7, 1984. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826170741/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672822/the-brattleboro-reformer/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brattleboro+Reformer&rft.atitle=Mayor+Sanders+to+run+again&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1984-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64672822%2Fthe-brattleboro-reformer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64672843/rutland-daily-herald/">"Sanders Makes It Official"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Herald" title="Rutland Herald">Rutland Herald</a>. December 8, 1984. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826170735/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64672843/rutland-daily-herald/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Sanders+Makes+It+Official&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1984-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64672843%2Frutland-daily-herald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64665647/the-burlington-free-press/">"City Elections At-a-glance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. March 6, 1985. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610035325/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64665647/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=City+Elections+At-a-glance&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1985-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64665647%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64685742/rutland-daily-herald/">"Sanders Announces for Fourth Term, Says He Has 'Energy and Enthusiasm'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutland_Herald" title="Rutland Herald">Rutland Herald</a>. December 2, 1986. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927132720/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64685742/rutland-daily-herald/">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutland+Herald&rft.atitle=Sanders+Announces+for+Fourth+Term%2C+Says+He+Has+%27Energy+and+Enthusiasm%27&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1986-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64685742%2Frutland-daily-herald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64684487/the-burlington-free-press/">"1987 election results"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. March 4, 1985. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610035316/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64684487/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=1987+election+results&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1985-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2F64684487%2Fthe-burlington-free-press%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/64868171/the-burlington-free-press/">"Sanders Proclaims '87 Race Will Be His Last Mayoral Bid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press" title="The Burlington Free Press">The Burlington Free Press</a>. December 7, 1987. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610035312/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64868171/the-burlington-free-press/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2021. 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Retrieved July 20, 2015. <q>Back in March 2006, the future president traveled to Vermont to headline a rally and fundraiser for then-Rep. Bernie Sanders, an independent running for Senate, and Pete Welch, a Democrat seeking election to Sanders's House seat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Watch+Young+Senator+Barack+Obama+Campaign+for+Bernie+Sanders+in+2006&rft.pub=mic.com&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Krieg&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mic.com%2Farticles%2F122011%2Fwatch-young-senator-barack-obama-campaign-for-bernie-sanders-in-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2015" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Jessica (June 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416929786/this-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot">"This Quirky New Hampshire Law Might Keep Bernie Sanders Off The Ballot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123205202/https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/24/416929786/this-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2015. <q>He did appear on the Democratic primary ballot in Vermont for the Senate in both 2006 and 2012, winning their primary, but he declined the nomination both times so he could run as an independent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+Quirky+New+Hampshire+Law+Might+Keep+Bernie+Sanders+Off+The+Ballot&rft.date=2015-06-24&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fitsallpolitics%2F2015%2F06%2F24%2F416929786%2Fthis-quirky-new-hampshire-law-might-keep-sanders-off-the-ballot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Nichols_(journalist)" title="John Nichols (journalist)">Nichols, John</a> (May 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717002914/http://www.thenation.com/article/why-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me/">"'Don't Underestimate Me': Bernie Sanders Knows a Thing or Two About Winning"</a>. 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He won the Democratic primary and then declined the nomination, mounting an audacious independent run that was not supposed to be easy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=%27Don%27t+Underestimate+Me%27%3A+Bernie+Sanders+Knows+a+Thing+or+Two+About+Winning&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-bernie-sanders-says-dont-underestimate-me%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGlobe-110706-138"><a href="#cite_ref-BGlobe-110706_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing2006" class="citation news cs1">Ring, Wilson (November 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/vote2006/VT/2006-11-08-us-congress_x.htm">"Sanders, Welch are winners in Vermont"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 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Bernie Sanders to seek reelection to fourth term"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved May 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sen.+Bernie+Sanders+to+seek+reelection+to+fourth+term&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Amy+B.&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Felections%2F2024%2F05%2F06%2Fbernie-sanders-seeks-reelection-fourth-term%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurston2024" class="citation web cs1">Thurston, Jack (May 6, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mynbc5.com/article/vermont-senator-bernie-sanders-2024-reelection/60700457">"Bernie Sanders announces 2024 reelection campaign"</a>. 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Retrieved May 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WPTZ&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+announces+2024+reelection+campaign&rft.date=2024-05-06&rft.aulast=Thurston&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mynbc5.com%2Farticle%2Fvermont-senator-bernie-sanders-2024-reelection%2F60700457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRMICNBXp2Q">Announcement from Senator Bernie Sanders</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507112008/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRMICNBXp2Q">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2024. 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Retrieved January 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=The+Senate+is+moving+closer+to+ending+US+support+for+the+war+in+Yemen&rft.date=2018-11-28&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2F18116442%2Fyemen-war-powers-senate-vote-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/54">"Senate Joint Resolution 54 of the 115th Congress: A joint resolution to direct the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities in the Republic of Yemen that have not been authorized by Congress"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>. December 19, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604135030/https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/senate-joint-resolution/54">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2023. 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Retrieved December 20, 2019. <q>Vote Number 266</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Senate.gov&rft.atitle=Roll+Call+Vote+115th+Congress+-+2nd+Session&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLIS%2Froll_call_votes%2Fvote1152%2Fvote_115_2_00266.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonmezDawseyDemirjian2019" class="citation news cs1">Sonmez, Felicia; Dawsey, Josh; Demirjian, Karoun (April 16, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-vetoes-resolution-to-end-us-participation-in-yemens-civil-war/2019/04/16/0fabc312-60a1-11e9-bfad-36a7eb36cb60_story.html">"Trump vetoes resolution to end U.S. participation in Yemen's civil war"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209073250/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-vetoes-resolution-to-end-us-participation-in-yemens-civil-war/2019/04/16/0fabc312-60a1-11e9-bfad-36a7eb36cb60_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020. 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Sides">Sides, John</a>; Tesler, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Vavreck" title="Lynn Vavreck">Vavreck, Lynn</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691174198/identity-crisis">Identity Crisis</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 8, 99, 104–107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17419-8"><bdi>978-0-691-17419-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114214823/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691174198/identity-crisis">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019. <q>Sanders's media coverage and polling numbers were strongly correlated ... At this point in time [2015], Sanders's share of news coverage far exceeded his share in national polls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+Crisis&rft.pages=8%2C+99%2C+104-107&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17419-8&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tesler%2C+Michael&rft.au=Vavreck%2C+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691174198%2Fidentity-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson12-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson12_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patterson12_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2016" class="citation web cs1">Patterson, Thomas E. (June 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/">"Pre-Primary News Coverage of the 2016 Presidential Race: Trump's Rise, Sanders' Emergence, Clinton's Struggle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127095707/https://shorensteincenter.org/pre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders/">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pre-Primary+News+Coverage+of+the+2016+Presidential+Race%3A+Trump%27s+Rise%2C+Sanders%27+Emergence%2C+Clinton%27s+Struggle&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshorensteincenter.org%2Fpre-primary-news-coverage-2016-trump-clinton-sanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:122_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:122_255-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitecofer2018" class="citation book cs1">Bitecofer, Rachel (2018). The Unprecedented 2016 Presidential Election. Palgrave. pp. 36–38, 48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-61976-7">10.1007/978-3-319-61976-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-61975-0"><bdi>978-3-319-61975-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unprecedented+2016+Presidential+Election&rft.pages=36-38%2C+48&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-61976-7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-61975-0&rft.aulast=Bitecofer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2016" class="citation web cs1">Goodman, Amy (November 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/29/bernie_sanders_i_was_stunned_by">"Bernie Sanders: "I Was Stunned" by Corporate Media Blackout During Democratic Primary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Now">Democracy Now</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108162423/https://www.democracynow.org/2016/11/29/bernie_sanders_i_was_stunned_by">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. 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Associated Press. Retrieved August 30, 2023. <q>Sanders says he'll run as a Democrat in future elections. He says, 'I am running as a Democrat obviously, I am a Democrat now.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Sanders+declares+as+Democrat+in+NH+primary&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Ronayne&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fburlingtonfreepress.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fsanders-declares-democrat-nh-primary%2F75242938%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomquistWay2015" class="citation news cs1">Blomquist, Dan; Way, Robert (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/politics/2015/11/05/sanders-declares-democrat-new-hampshire-primary/jxK9D2LQAAKYdUW9CyjjdM/story.html">"Bernie Sanders files for Democratic ballot in N.H. primary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>. Retrieved December 20, 2019. <q>When a reporter asked Sanders his party allegiance after he filed, Sanders responded, 'I'm a Democrat.' He then called on Buckley, the Democratic chairman, who confirmed the senator's party allegiance. Sanders added that he would run as a Democrat in any future elections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+files+for+Democratic+ballot+in+N.H.+primary&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Blomquist&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Way%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fsanders-declares-democrat-new-hampshire-primary%2FjxK9D2LQAAKYdUW9CyjjdM%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitz-WaldKoenig2015" class="citation news cs1">Seitz-Wald, Alex; Koenig, Kailani (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/sanders-files-new-hampshire-state-ballot-without-incident-n458271">"Sanders Files for New Hampshire State Ballot Without Incident"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. Retrieved August 30, 2023. <q>Sanders declared himself a Democrat Thursday, and said he will run as a Democrat in future elections, and that was good enough for Gardner.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Sanders+Files+for+New+Hampshire+State+Ballot+Without+Incident&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Seitz-Wald&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Kailani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2016-election%2Fsanders-files-new-hampshire-state-ballot-without-incident-n458271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-463"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_463-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation news cs1">Lee, MJ (February 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/03/politics/democratic-town-hall-highlights/">"Clinton, Sanders clash over what it means to be progressive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 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Retrieved December 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Here%27s+the+Moment+Bernie+Sanders+and+Larry+David+Found+Out+They%27re+Cousins&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4970053%2Fbernie-sanders-larry-david-finding-your-roots-pbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-529"><a href="#cite_ref-529">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebey2020" class="citation web cs1">Grebey, James (February 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq.com/story/harley-quinn-bernie-sanders">"Harley Quinn Voted for Bernie Sanders in Birds of Prey, Apparently"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GQ" title="GQ">GQ</a>. Retrieved February 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GQ&rft.atitle=Harley+Quinn+Voted+for+Bernie+Sanders+in+Birds+of+Prey%2C+Apparently&rft.date=2020-02-07&rft.aulast=Grebey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq.com%2Fstory%2Fharley-quinn-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2019" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Bernie (June 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2019-06-24/ending-americas-endless-war">"Ending America's Endless War"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Ending+America%27s+Endless+War&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F2019-06-24%2Fending-americas-endless-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2021" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Bernie (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2021-06-17/washingtons-dangerous-new-consensus-china">"Washington's Dangerous New Consensus on China"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Washington%27s+Dangerous+New+Consensus+on+China&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fchina%2F2021-06-17%2Fwashingtons-dangerous-new-consensus-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2024" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Bernie (March 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/revolution-american-foreign-policy-bernie-sanders">"A Revolution in American Foreign Policy"</a>. Foreign Affairs. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-7120">0015-7120</a>. Retrieved March 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=A+Revolution+in+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft.issn=0015-7120&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Funited-states%2Frevolution-american-foreign-policy-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2024" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Bernie (November 10, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/11/10/opinion/democratic-party-working-class-bernie-sanders/">"Democrats must choose: The elites or the working class"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0743-1791">0743-1791</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Democrats+must+choose%3A+The+elites+or+the+working+class&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft.issn=0743-1791&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2F2024%2F11%2F10%2Fopinion%2Fdemocratic-party-working-class-bernie-sanders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRall2016" class="citation book cs1">Rall, Ted (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMaUCwAAQBAJ">Bernie</a>. New York: Hollowbrook Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60980-698-9"><bdi>978-1-60980-698-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernie&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hollowbrook+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-60980-698-9&rft.aulast=Rall&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMaUCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1985" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, Tom W. (1985). "Who Votes for a Socialist Mayor?: The Case of Burlington, Vermont". Polity. 17 (4): 795–806. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3234575">10.2307/3234575</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-3497">0032-3497</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3234575">3234575</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5546248357">5546248357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153889856">153889856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Who+Votes+for+a+Socialist+Mayor%3F%3A+The+Case+of+Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=795-806&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3234575%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3234575&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5546248357&rft.issn=0032-3497&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153889856%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Tom+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeld1992" class="citation book cs1">Rosenfeld, Steven (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBRyAAAAMAAJ">Making History in Vermont: The Election of a Socialist to Congress</a>. Wakefield, NH: Hollowbrook Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89341-698-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89341-698-0"><bdi>978-0-89341-698-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91034055">91034055</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24468446">24468446</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1553980M">1553980M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+History+in+Vermont%3A+The+Election+of+a+Socialist+to+Congress&rft.place=Wakefield%2C+NH&rft.pub=Hollowbrook+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24468446&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91034055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1553980M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-89341-698-0&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBRyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoifer1991" class="citation book cs1">Soifer, Steven (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8h4AAAAMAAJ">The Socialist Mayor: Bernard Sanders in Burlington, Vermont</a>. Westport, CN: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-219-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-219-3"><bdi>978-0-89789-219-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90048954">90048954</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22491683">22491683</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1887682M">1887682M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Mayor%3A+Bernard+Sanders+in+Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22491683&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90048954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1887682M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-219-3&rft.aulast=Soifer&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8h4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABernie+Sanders" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bernie Sanders at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bernie_Sanders" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bernie Sanders">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Bernie_Sanders" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Bernie Sanders">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359442" class="extiw" title="d:Q359442">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanders.senate.gov/">Senator Bernie Sanders</a> official U.S. Senate website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berniesanders.com/">Campaign website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?994">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=s000033">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S4VT00033">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/bernard-sanders/1010">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/27110">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Gordon Paquette</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont">Mayor of Burlington</a> 1981–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clavelle" title="Peter Clavelle">Peter Clavelle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Plympton_Smith" title="Peter Plympton Smith">Peter Plympton Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">Vermont's at-large congressional district</a> 1991–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> 1991–1999 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Flanagan_(politician)" title="Ed Flanagan (politician)">Ed Flanagan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) Affiliated <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Most recent </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></div>as Chair of the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Senate Democratic Outreach Committee</a> 2017–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Vermont</a> 2007–present Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee</a> 2013–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Johnny Isakson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> 2015–2021 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Mike Enzi</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Senate Budget Committee</a> 2021–2023 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Health Committee</a> 2023–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Incumbent </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as United States Senator </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">United States senators by seniority</a> 18th </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bernie_Sanders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bernie_Sanders" title="Template:Bernie Sanders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bernie_Sanders" title="Template talk:Bernie Sanders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bernie_Sanders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bernie Sanders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bernie_Sanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">from Vermont</a> (2007–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">from Vermont's</a> <a href="/wiki/Vermont%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Vermont's at-large congressional district">at-large district</a> (1991–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont">Mayor of Burlington</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Mayoralty of Bernie Sanders">Mayoralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon.com_controversies#Stop_BEZOS_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com controversies">Stop BEZOS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Relief,_Unemployment_Insurance_Reauthorization,_and_Job_Creation_Act_of_2010" title="Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010">Tax Relief Act filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Access_to_Care_through_Choice,_Accountability,_and_Transparency_Act_of_2014" title="Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014">Veterans Choice Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Democracy_Act" title="Workplace Democracy Act">Workplace Democracy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution#Yemen,_2018–2019" title="War Powers Resolution">Yemen War Powers Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bernie_Sanders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/100px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/150px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bernie_Sanders.jpg/200px-Bernie_Sanders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="864" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Electoral history of Bernie Sanders">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1972 Vermont gubernatorial election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1976 Vermont gubernatorial election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Vermont_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 Vermont gubernatorial election">1986</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mayoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="1981 Burlington mayoral election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="1983 Burlington mayoral election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="1985 Burlington mayoral election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Burlington_mayoral_election" title="1987 Burlington mayoral election">1987</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1988 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1990 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1992 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1994 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1996 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="1998 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2000 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2002 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Vermont" title="2004 United States House of Representatives election in Vermont">2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Vermont" title="1972 United States Senate special election in Vermont">1972 special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="1974 United States Senate election in Vermont">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2006 United States Senate election in Vermont">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2012 United States Senate election in Vermont">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2018 United States Senate election in Vermont">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_election_in_Vermont" title="2024 United States Senate election in Vermont">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">2016 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">2020 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanders-Trump_voters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanders-Trump voters">Sanders-Trump voters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(Bernie_Sanders_album)" title="We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)">We Shall Overcome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_in_the_White_House" title="Outsider in the White House">Outsider in the White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_Guide_to_Political_Revolution" title="Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution">Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_We_Go_from_Here" title="Where We Go from Here">Where We Go from Here</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_OK_to_Be_Angry_About_Capitalism" title="It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism">It's OK to Be Angry About Capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_(advertisement)" title="America (advertisement)">"America" advertisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Bro" title="Bernie Bro">Bernie Bro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_vs._Bernie" title="Trump vs. Bernie">Trump vs. Bernie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_mittens_meme" title="Bernie Sanders mittens meme">Mittens meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Students_for_Bernie" title="College Students for Bernie">College Students for Bernie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_for_Bernie_Sanders" title="The People for Bernie Sanders">People for Bernie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Bernie_Sanders" title="Veterans for Bernie Sanders">Vets for Bernie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Sanders" title="Jane Sanders">Jane O'Meara Sanders</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_Driscoll" title="Carina Driscoll">Carina Driscoll</a> (stepdaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Larry Sanders (politician)">Larry Sanders</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bernie_Sanders" title="Category:Bernie Sanders">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Bernie_Sanders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Bernie_Sanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Bernie Sanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Budget_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Budget chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">United States Senate Committee on the Budget</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Hollings" title="Fritz Hollings">Hollings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawton_Chiles" title="Lawton Chiles">Chiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">Sasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Domenici" title="Pete Domenici">Domenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Gregg" title="Judd Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Conrad" title="Kent Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enzi" title="Mike Enzi">Enzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2016 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_2012)_2016_United_States_presidential_election_(2020_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">← 2012</a>) <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 304 electoral votes; <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a> (D), 227 electoral votes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2016 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_political_affiliation" title="Political positions of the 2016 United States presidential candidates by political affiliation">Positions</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">national</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election_by_demographic" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election by demographic">by demo.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">statewide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Pre-2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">pre-2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January%E2%80%93August_2016_statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="January–August 2016 statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">early 2016</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="International opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2016 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2016 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential election">Newspaper endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_primaries" title="Newspaper endorsements in the 2016 United States presidential primaries">primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Vote pairing in the 2016 United States presidential election">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_recounts" title="2016 United States presidential election recounts">Recounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_electors_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Faithless electors in the 2016 United States presidential election">Faithless electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2017 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_presidential_transition_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidential transition of Donald Trump">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNY</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Republican Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">statewide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">straw</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Republican Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Donald_Trump#Protests_during_Trump's_campaign" title="Protests against Donald Trump">protests</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jeb Bush 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeb_Bush" title="Political positions of Jeb Bush">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ben Carson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie" title="Chris Christie">Chris Christie</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chris_Christie_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Chris Christie 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ted_Cruz_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Cruz" title="Political positions of Ted Cruz">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Everson" title="Mark Everson">Mark Everson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Carly Fiorina 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Jim Gilmore</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Gilmore 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lindsey Graham 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Huckabee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Mike_Huckabee" title="Political positions of Mike Huckabee">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign" title="John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_John_Kasich_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_McMillan" title="Jimmy McMillan">Jimmy McMillan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="George Pataki 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rand Paul 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rand_Paul" title="Political positions of Rand Paul">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Perry 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rick_Perry" title="Political positions of Rick Perry">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Marco Rubio 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Marco_Rubio" title="Political positions of Marco Rubio">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rick Santorum 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_(politician)" title="Scott Walker (politician)">Scott Walker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Walker 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Party_(New_York)" title="Women's Equality Party (New York)">WEP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">statewide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_polls_for_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Straw polls for the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">straw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention">superdelegates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2016 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign_screen_and_stage_performer_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign screen and stage performer endorsements">performers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Hillary_Clinton" title="Political positions of Hillary Clinton">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democrats_who_opposed_the_Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Democrats who opposed the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">Democratic opposition</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lincoln Chafee 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paul_T._Farrell_Jr." title="Paul T. Farrell Jr.">Paul T. Farrell Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">Martin O'Malley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Martin O'Malley 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jim Webb 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Willie_Wilson_(businessman)" title="Willie Wilson (businessman)">Willie Wilson</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of New York State">IPNY</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2016 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gary_Johnson_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Gary_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of Gary Johnson">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austin_Petersen" title="Austin Petersen">Austin Petersen</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2016 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates and forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Green_National_Convention" title="2016 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jill_Stein_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Darryl_Cherney" title="Darryl Cherney">Darryl Cherney</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents ▌ <a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">IPMN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Better_for_America" title="Better for America">Better for America</a></li> <li>Candidate: <a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin" title="Evan McMullin">Evan McMullin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Evan_McMullin_2016_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Evan McMullin 2016 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li>Running mate: <a href="/wiki/Mindy_Finn" title="Mindy Finn">Mindy Finn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election">third-party and independent candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #355E39;"><a href="/wiki/American_Delta_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="American Delta Party">American Delta Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Rocky De La Fuente 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(lawyer)" title="Michael Steinberg (lawyer)">Michael Steinberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC66FF;">American Party (South Carolina)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skewes" title="Peter Skewes">Peter Skewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Maturen" title="Mike Maturen">Mike Maturen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;">America's Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention#2016_convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd>Darrell Castle <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Castle_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Darrell Castle 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bradley_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Bradley (politician)">Scott Bradley</a></dd> <dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hoefling" title="Tom Hoefling">Tom Hoefling</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Nutrition Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rod_Silva_(businessman)" title="Rod Silva (businessman)">Rod Silva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #00FF00;"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">PSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Banks" title="Dennis Banks">Dennis Banks</a></li> <li>PSL VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Puryear" title="Eugene Puryear">Eugene Puryear</a>*</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Hedges" title="James Hedges">James Hedges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(socialist)" title="Jerry White (socialist)">Jerry White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik" title="Mimi Soltysik">Mimi Soltysik</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Soltysik_2016_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimi Soltysik 2016 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Nicole Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Hart" title="Osborne Hart">Osborne Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;">Pacifist Party</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Lyttle" title="Bradford Lyttle">Bradford Lyttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Other Independent candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Kotlikoff" title="Laurence Kotlikoff">Laurence Kotlikoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* : These candidates were constitutionally ineligible to serve as President or Vice President.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_elections" title="2016 United States elections">Other 2016 elections</a>: <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2016 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_2016)_2020_United_States_presidential_election_(2024_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2020 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D), 306 electoral votes; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (R), 232 electoral votes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_elections" title="2020 United States elections">2020 United States elections</a></li> <li>Polls <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 United States presidential election">state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_predictions" title="2020 United States presidential election predictions">Predictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Timeline of the 2020 United States presidential election">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2020 United States presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Postal voting in the 2020 United States elections">Postal voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundraising_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Fundraising in the 2020 United States presidential election">Fundraising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_2020_United_States_presidential_electors" title="List of 2020 United States presidential electors">Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_Electoral_College_vote_count" title="2021 United States Electoral College vote count">Electoral College vote count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidential transition of Joe Biden">Transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">inauguration</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_of_Oregon" title="Independent Party of Oregon">IPO</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">WFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_forums" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential forums">Forums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_automatic_delegates_at_the_2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention">automatic delegates</a>)</li> <li>Polls (<a href="/wiki/Nationwide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Nationwide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">national</a> · <a href="/wiki/Statewide_opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Statewide opinion polling for the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primary_candidates" title="Political positions of the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primary candidates">Positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorsements_in_the_2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Endorsements in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Endorsements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2020 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">VP candidate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden-Sanders_Unity_Task_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Biden-Sanders Unity Task Forces">Unity Task Forces</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_celebrity_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign celebrity endorsements">celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements_from_organizations" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign endorsements from organizations">organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_U.S._Congress_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign U.S. Congress endorsements">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_state_and_territorial_legislative_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign state and territorial legislative endorsements">state & territorial officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Joe_Biden_2020_presidential_campaign_municipal_endorsements" title="List of Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign municipal endorsements">municipal officials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Biden" title="Political positions of Joe Biden">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Michael Bennet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Michael_Bloomberg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Bloomberg" title="Political positions of Michael Bloomberg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg" title="Pete Buttigieg">Pete Buttigieg</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pete_Buttigieg_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Pete Buttigieg 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Pete_Buttigieg" title="Political positions of Pete Buttigieg">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Tulsi Gabbard">Tulsi Gabbard</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Tulsi_Gabbard" title="Political positions of Tulsi Gabbard">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amy_Klobuchar_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Amy Klobuchar 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Amy_Klobuchar" title="Political positions of Amy Klobuchar">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bernie_Sanders_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Political positions of Bernie Sanders">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_Bernie_Sanders" title="Media coverage of Bernie Sanders">media coverage</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tom_Steyer" title="Tom Steyer">Tom Steyer</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elizabeth_Warren_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Elizabeth_Warren" title="Political positions of Elizabeth Warren">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang" title="Andrew Yang">Andrew Yang</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Andrew_Yang_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Andrew Yang 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cory_Booker_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Cory Booker 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Cory_Booker" title="Political positions of Cory Booker">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Steve Bullock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">Bill de Blasio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Delaney (Maryland politician)">John Delaney</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Delaney_2020_presidential_campaign" title="John Delaney 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Delaney" title="Political positions of John Delaney">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Kirsten Gillibrand</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Political positions of Kirsten Gillibrand">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gleib" title="Ben Gleib">Ben Gleib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel" title="Mike Gravel">Mike Gravel</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mike_Gravel_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mike Gravel 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kamala_Harris_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Kamala_Harris" title="Political positions of Kamala Harris">positions</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee" title="Jay Inslee">Jay Inslee</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jay_Inslee_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jay Inslee 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Messam" title="Wayne Messam">Wayne Messam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Seth Moulton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ojeda" title="Richard Ojeda">Richard Ojeda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke" title="Beto O'Rourke">Beto O'Rourke</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beto_O%27Rourke_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Beto O'Rourke 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tim_Ryan_(Ohio_politician)" title="Tim Ryan (Ohio politician)">Tim Ryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sestak" title="Joe Sestak">Joe Sestak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eric_Swalwell" title="Eric Swalwell">Eric Swalwell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson" title="Marianne Williamson">Marianne Williamson</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Williamson_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Marianne Williamson 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">CPNYS</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Right_to_Life_Party" title="New York State Right to Life Party">RTLP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="2020 Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Opinion polling for the 2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">Polls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Incumbent nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd>endorsements <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">political</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_non-political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign non-political endorsements">non-political</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">GOP opposition</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Republican_reactions_to_Donald_Trump%27s_claims_of_2020_election_fraud" title="Republican reactions to Donald Trump's claims of 2020 election fraud">GOP reactions to fraud claims</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Incumbent VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ely" title="Bob Ely">Bob Ely</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_(Illinois_politician)" title="Joe Walsh (Illinois politician)">Joe Walsh</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Walsh_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Joe Walsh 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Bill Weld</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Weld 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Mark Sanford</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Mark Sanford 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Libertarian_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2020 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Nominee</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jo Jorgensen</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jo_Jorgensen_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" title="List of Jo Jorgensen 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Spike_Cohen" title="Spike Cohen">Spike Cohen</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Eliminated in balloting</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(jurist)" title="Jim Gray (jurist)">Jim Gray</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kokesh" title="Adam Kokesh">Adam Kokesh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Monds" title="John Monds">John Monds</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme" title="Vermin Supreme">Vermin Supreme</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Vermin_Supreme_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Vermin Supreme 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew before or during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Lincoln Chafee</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Istvan" title="Zoltan Istvan">Zoltan Istvan</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Formed exploratory committee but did not run</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Justin Amash</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">LMN</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">SA</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">SPUSA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2020_Green_Party_presidential_primaries" title="Results of the 2020 Green Party presidential primaries">Results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_Party_presidential_debates_and_forums" title="2020 Green Party presidential debates and forums">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Green_National_Convention" title="2020 Green National Convention">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Howie_Hawkins_2020_presidential_campaign_endorsements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Howie Hawkins 2020 presidential campaign endorsements">endorsements</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Nicole_Walker" title="Angela Nicole Walker">Angela Walker</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Withdrew during primaries</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Jesse Ventura</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Constitution_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Constitution Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Don_Blankenship" title="Don Blankenship">Don Blankenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Other third-party candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #385AA3;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance Party</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">AIP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Rocky_De_La_Fuente" title="Rocky De La Fuente">Rocky De La Fuente</a></li> <li>VP nominee: Darcy Richardson</li> <li>AIP VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Max_Abramson" title="Max Abramson">Max Abramson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F37120;"><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Brian_T._Carroll" title="Brian T. Carroll">Brian T. Carroll</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other candidates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #791a52;"><a href="/wiki/Birthday_Party_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birthday Party (political party)">Birthday Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanye_West_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West" title="Views of Kanye West">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_Roses_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bread and Roses (political party)">Bread and Roses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;; font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism & Liberation</a> ▌<a href="/wiki/Liberty_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Union Party">LUP</a> · ▌<a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">PFP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peltier" title="Leonard Peltier">Leonard Peltier</a> (withdrew)</li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Howie Hawkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Progressive_Party" title="Oregon Progressive Party">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Dario Hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Collins_(politician)" title="Phil Collins (politician)">Phil Collins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mackler" title="Jeff Mackler">Jeff Mackler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D30101;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kishore" title="Joseph Kishore">Joseph Kishore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alyson_Kennedy" title="Alyson Kennedy">Alyson Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_candidates_for_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election">Independent candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Declared</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/VoiceoverPete" title="VoiceoverPete">Pete Accetturo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mark_Charles" title="Mark Charles">Mark Charles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brock_Pierce" title="Brock Pierce">Brock Pierce</a> (▌<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_New_York" title="Independence Party of New York">IPNY</a> nominee)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jade_Simmons" title="Jade Simmons">Jade Simmons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Withdrew</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Perry_Caravello" title="Perry Caravello">Perry Caravello</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gable" title="Jeremy Gable">Jeremy Gable</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Disputes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Disputes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Attempts to overturn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_United_States_election_protests" title="2020–21 United States election protests">Protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_States_inauguration_week_protests" title="2021 United States inauguration week protests">during inauguration week</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Timeline of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Aftermath of the January 6 United States Capitol attack">aftermath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">second impeachment of Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_trial_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment trial of Donald Trump">trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_commission" title="January 6 commission">January 6 commission</a></li></ul></li> <li>reactions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="Domestic reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="International reactions to the January 6 United States Capitol attack">international</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_fake_electors_plot" title="Trump fake electors plot">Trump fake electors plot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Arizona prosecution of fake electors">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_election_racketeering_prosecution" title="Georgia election racketeering prosecution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_prosecution_of_fake_electors" title="Michigan prosecution of fake electors">Michigan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump%E2%80%93Raffensperger_phone_call" title="Trump–Raffensperger phone call">Trump–Raffensperger phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_memos" title="Eastman memos">Eastman memos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Pre-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed before Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election">Filed during or after Election Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Arizona" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Georgia" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Michigan" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Nevada" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Pennsylvania" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_U.S._presidential_election_from_Wisconsin" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 U.S. presidential election from Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Total_Landscaping_press_conference" title="Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference">Four Seasons Total Landscaping press conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2020_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2020 United States elections">Russian interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_efforts_to_restrict_voting_following_the_2020_presidential_election" title="Republican efforts to restrict voting following the 2020 presidential election">Voting restrictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vermont&#039;s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VT-FedRep" title="Template:VT-FedRep"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VT-FedRep" title="Template talk:VT-FedRep"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VT-FedRep" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VT-FedRep"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vermont&#039;s_current_delegation_to_the_United_States_Congress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Vermont" title="United States congressional delegations from Vermont">Vermont's current delegation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a> (I)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Peter Welch</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Becca_Balint" title="Becca Balint">Becca Balint</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_United_States_senators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Current_U.S._senators" title="Template:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Current_U.S._senators" title="Template talk:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Current_U.S._senators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Current U.S. senators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_United_States_senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Current United States senators</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#Constitutional_roles" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a>: ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (D) ‧ <a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a>: ▌ <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a> (D)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama" title="List of United States senators from Alabama">AL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tuberville" title="Tommy Tuberville">Tuberville</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Katie_Britt" title="Katie Britt">Britt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alaska" title="List of United States senators from Alaska">AK</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Murkowski</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sullivan_(U.S._senator)" title="Dan Sullivan (U.S. senator)">Sullivan</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">AZ</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Sinema</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kelly" title="Mark Kelly">Kelly</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas" title="List of United States senators from Arkansas">AR</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">Boozman</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">CA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States senators from Colorado">CO</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennet" title="Michael Bennet">Bennet</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Delaware" title="List of United States senators from Delaware">DE</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Coons</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Florida" title="List of United States senators from Florida">FL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Rick_Scott" title="Rick Scott">R. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">GA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jon_Ossoff" title="Jon Ossoff">Ossoff</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Warnock" title="Raphael Warnock">Warnock</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Hawaii" title="List of United States senators from Hawaii">HI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Schatz</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mazie_Hirono" title="Mazie Hirono">Hirono</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">ID</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Crapo</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Risch</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">IL</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Duckworth" title="Tammy Duckworth">Duckworth</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">IN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">IA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Grassley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Ernst</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">KS</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Marshall" title="Roger Marshall">Marshall</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Louisiana" title="List of United States senators from Louisiana">LA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Cassidy</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_(Louisiana_politician)" title="John Kennedy (Louisiana politician)">Kennedy</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">ME</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Collins</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">King</a> (I)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Cardin</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chris_Van_Hollen" title="Chris Van Hollen">Van Hollen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">MI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Klobuchar</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tina_Smith" title="Tina Smith">Smith</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Mississippi" title="List of United States senators from Mississippi">MS</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Wicker</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Hyde-Smith" title="Cindy Hyde-Smith">Hyde-Smith</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">MT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Daines</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">NE</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Fischer</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Pete_Ricketts" title="Pete Ricketts">Ricketts</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">NV</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Cortez Masto</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jacky_Rosen" title="Jacky Rosen">Rosen</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Shaheen</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Hassan" title="Maggie Hassan">Hassan</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey" title="List of United States senators from New Jersey">NJ</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/George_Helmy" title="George Helmy">Helmy</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Mexico" title="List of United States senators from New Mexico">NM</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heinrich" title="Martin Heinrich">Heinrich</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ray_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Ben Ray Luján">Luján</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">Gillibrand</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">NC</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Tillis</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ted_Budd" title="Ted Budd">Budd</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">ND</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Hoeven" title="John Hoeven">Hoeven</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Cramer" title="Kevin Cramer">Cramer</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">OH</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Brown</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma" title="List of United States senators from Oklahoma">OK</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">Lankford</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Markwayne_Mullin" title="Markwayne Mullin">Mullin</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States senators from Oregon">OR</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Wyden</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">PA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Reed</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Whitehouse</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Graham</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">T. Scott</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">SD</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Rounds" title="Mike Rounds">Rounds</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Marsha_Blackburn" title="Marsha Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hagerty" title="Bill Hagerty">Hagerty</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">TX</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">UT</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>:</div> ▌ <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Welch</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States senators from Washington">WA</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a> (D)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Cantwell</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a> (I)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Capito</a> (R)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Ron_Johnson" title="Ron Johnson">Johnson</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Baldwin</a> (D)</div></li> <li><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wyoming" title="List of United States senators from Wyoming">WY</a>:</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a> (R)</div><div><div style="width:3em; display:inline-block; text-align:right">⎣</div> ▌ <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Lummis" title="Cynthia Lummis">Lummis</a> (R)</div></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>: 49</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>: 47</li> <li>▌ <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>: 4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_and_ranking_members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_chairs" title="Template:US Senate chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_and_ranking_members_of_United_States_Senate_committees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking members</a> of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_Senate_committees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current United States Senate committees">committees</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Chairs (Democratic)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Ranking Members (Republican)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Bob Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a>: <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Patty Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Reed_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician)">Jack Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sherrod_Brown" title="Sherrod Brown">Sherrod Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science and Transportation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Cantwell" title="Maria Cantwell">Maria Cantwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Coons" title="Chris Coons">Chris Coons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cardin" title="Ben Cardin">Ben Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Gary Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs (Permanent Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Whitehouse" title="Sheldon Whitehouse">Sheldon Whitehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Shaheen" title="Jeanne Shaheen">Jeanne Shaheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Jon Tester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Special_Committee_on_Aging" title="United States Senate Special Committee on Aging">Aging (Special)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Mike Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Agriculture,_Nutrition_and_Forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry">Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Boozman" title="John Boozman">John Boozman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Armed Services</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wicker" title="Roger Wicker">Roger Wicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Banking,_Housing,_and_Urban_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs">Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tim_Scott" title="Tim Scott">Tim Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Budget" title="United States Senate Committee on the Budget">Budget</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Commerce, Science and Transportation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Energy_and_Natural_Resources" title="United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources">Energy and Natural Resources</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">Environment and Public Works</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Ethics">Ethics (Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Lankford" title="James Lankford">James Lankford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Finance" title="United States Senate Committee on Finance">Finance</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">Foreign Relations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Risch" title="Jim Risch">Jim Risch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Health, Education, Labor and Pensions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cassidy" title="Bill Cassidy">Bill Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Rand Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Indian_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs">Indian Affairs (Permanent Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Intelligence (Select)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="International Narcotics Control Caucus">International Narcotics Control (Permanent Caucus)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Judiciary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Graham" title="Lindsey Graham">Lindsey Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Rules_and_Administration" title="United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration">Rules and Administration</a>: <a href="/wiki/Deb_Fischer" title="Deb Fischer">Deb Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Small_Business_and_Entrepreneurship" title="United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship">Small Business and Entrepreneurship</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">Veterans' Affairs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Jerry Moran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Majority (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a>)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Minority (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> (Leader and Caucus Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Dick Durbin</a> (Whip)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Debbie Stabenow</a> (Policy/Communications Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar" title="Amy Klobuchar">Amy Klobuchar</a> (Steering Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Mark Warner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Elizabeth Warren</a> (Caucus Vice Chairs)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a> (Outreach Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Cory Booker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> (Policy/Communications Committee Vice Chairs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin" title="Tammy Baldwin">Tammy Baldwin</a> (Caucus Secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Gary Peters</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto" title="Catherine Cortez Masto">Catherine Cortez Masto</a> (Outreach Vice Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schatz" title="Brian Schatz">Brian Schatz</a> (Caucus Deputy Secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Jeff Merkley</a> (Chief Deputy Whip)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> (Leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (Whip)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">John Barrasso</a> (Conference Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joni_Ernst" title="Joni Ernst">Joni Ernst</a> (Policy Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Moore_Capito" title="Shelley Moore Capito">Shelley Moore Capito</a> (Conference Vice Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a> (Campaign Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Mike Lee</a> (Steering Committee Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Crapo" title="Mike Crapo">Mike Crapo</a> (Chief Deputy Whip)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Grassley" title="Chuck Grassley">Chuck Grassley</a> (Senate President pro tempore emeritus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Vermont" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="Template:United States senators from Vermont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="Template talk:United States senators from Vermont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Vermont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Vermont" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">United States senators from Vermont</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Robinson" title="Moses Robinson">M. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tichenor" title="Isaac Tichenor">Tichenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Chipman" title="Nathaniel Chipman">Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Smith" title="Israel Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Robinson_(American_politician)" title="Jonathan Robinson (American politician)">J. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Tichenor" title="Isaac Tichenor">Tichenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_(Vermont_politician)" title="Horatio Seymour (Vermont politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Swift" title="Benjamin Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Phelps" title="Samuel S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wolcott_Stewart" title="John Wolcott Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_S._Page" title="Carroll S. Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_L._Greene" title="Frank L. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Partridge" title="Frank C. Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_L._Prouty" title="Winston L. Prouty">Prouty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stafford" title="Robert Stafford">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Paine" title="Elijah Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bradley" title="Stephen R. Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Chase" title="Dudley Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fisk_(politician)" title="James Fisk (politician)">Fisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Palmer" title="William A. Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Chase" title="Dudley Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prentiss" title="Samuel Prentiss">Prentiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Crafts" title="Samuel C. Crafts">Crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Upham" title="William Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Phelps" title="Samuel S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Brainerd" title="Lawrence Brainerd">Brainerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Collamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_P._Poland" title="Luke P. Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ross_(politician)" title="Jonathan Ross (politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Dillingham" title="William P. Dillingham">Dillingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_H._Dale" title="Porter H. Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Gibson" title="Ernest W. Gibson">Gibson Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Gibson_Jr." title="Ernest W. Gibson Jr.">Gibson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Aiken" title="George Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">Welch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans&#039;_Affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_VA_chairs" title="Template:US Senate VA chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_VA_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate VA chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_VA_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate VA chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans&#039;_Affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Veterans%27_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs">United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Simpson (U.S. politician)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murkowski" title="Frank Murkowski">Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Akaka" title="Daniel Akaka">Akaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty_Murray" title="Patty Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">Isakson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Moran" title="Jerry Moran">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Tester" title="Jon Tester">Tester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Template:Third_Party_US_Senators" title="Template:Third Party US Senators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Party_US_Senators" title="Template talk:Third Party US Senators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Party_US_Senators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Party US Senators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third-party_United_States_senators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third-party_and_independent_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Third-party and independent members of the United States Congress">Third-party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States senators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0EBFB0;"><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Y._Hayne" title="Robert Y. Hayne">Robert Y. Hayne</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur_Miller" title="Stephen Decatur Miller">Stephen D. Miller</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Preston" title="William C. Preston">William C. Preston</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from South Carolina">SC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy_(Maryland_politician)" title="Anthony Kennedy (Maryland politician)">Anthony Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson" title="John Burton Thompson">John B. Thompson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CCCC66;"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Brainerd" title="Lawrence Brainerd">Lawrence Brainerd</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio" title="List of United States senators from Ohio">OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gillette" title="Francis Gillette">Francis Gillette</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(Iowa_politician)" title="James Harlan (Iowa politician)">James Harlan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa" title="List of United States senators from Iowa">IA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ffaacc;"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_J._Bowden" title="Lemuel J. Bowden">Lemuel J. Bowden</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">B. Gratz Brown</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Carlile" title="John S. Carlile">John S. Carlile</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">John Creswell</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Davis" title="Garrett Davis">Garrett Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">KY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Fowler" title="Joseph S. Fowler">Joseph S. Fowler</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">John B. Henderson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Thomas H. Hicks</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland" title="List of United States senators from Maryland">MD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_T._Patterson" title="David T. Patterson">David T. Patterson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">TN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Van_Winkle" title="Peter G. Van Winkle">Peter G. Van Winkle</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitman_T._Willey" title="Waitman T. Willey">Waitman T. Willey</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(Missouri_politician)" title="Robert Wilson (Missouri politician)">Robert Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF69B4;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Reuben Fenton</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orris_S._Ferry" title="Orris S. Ferry">Orris S. Ferry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_C._Hamilton" title="Morgan C. Hamilton">Morgan C. Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States senators from Texas">TX</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Carl Schurz</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">MO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">MA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">IL</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 Black;"><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Riddleberger" title="Harrison H. Riddleberger">Harrison H. Riddleberger</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V._Allen" title="William V. Allen">William V. Allen</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">NE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Butler" title="Marion Butler">Marion Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina" title="List of United States senators from North Carolina">NC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Harris_(Kansas_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Alexander Harris (Kansas politician)">William A. Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">KS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heitfeld" title="Henry Heitfeld">Henry Heitfeld</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">ID</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Kyle" title="James H. Kyle">James H. Kyle</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Peffer" title="William A. Peffer">William A. Peffer</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kansas" title="List of United States senators from Kansas">KS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A3BFBA;"><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Cannon" title="Frank J. Cannon">Frank J. Cannon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Utah" title="List of United States senators from Utah">UT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dubois" title="Fred Dubois">Fred Dubois</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Idaho" title="List of United States senators from Idaho">ID</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Jones_(Nevada_politician)" title="John P. Jones (Nevada politician)">John P. Jones</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">NV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Mantle" title="Lee Mantle">Lee Mantle</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Montana" title="List of United States senators from Montana">MT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Pettigrew" title="Richard F. Pettigrew">Richard F. Pettigrew</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from South Dakota">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Stewart" title="William M. Stewart">William M. Stewart</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nevada" title="List of United States senators from Nevada">NV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Henry M. Teller</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado" title="List of United States senators from Colorado">CO</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FCF5D9;"><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Frazier" title="Lynn Frazier">Lynn Frazier</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">ND</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">William Langer</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota" title="List of United States senators from North Dakota">ND</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #66FF99;"><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_A._Benson" title="Elmer A. Benson">Elmer A. Benson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Johnson" title="Magnus Johnson">Magnus Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lundeen" title="Ernest Lundeen">Ernest Lundeen</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Shipstead" title="Henrik Shipstead">Henrik Shipstead</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dean_Barkley" title="Dean Barkley">Dean Barkley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Party of Minnesota">Independence</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Minnesota" title="List of United States senators from Minnesota">MN</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Newton Booth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party" title="Anti-Monopoly Party">Anti-Monopoly</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">CA</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">NY</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cilley_(1791%E2%80%931887)" title="Joseph Cilley (1791–1887)">Joseph Cilley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Francis" title="John Brown Francis">John B. Francis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Law_and_Order_Party_of_Rhode_Island" title="Law and Order Party of Rhode Island">Law and Order</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Rhode_Island" title="List of United States senators from Rhode Island">RI</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert M. La Follette Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Progressive</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin" title="List of United States senators from Wisconsin">WI</a>)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Miles_Poindexter" title="Miles Poindexter">Miles Poindexter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912%E2%80%931920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912–1920)">Progressive</a>–<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington" title="List of United States senators from Washington">WA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;">Independents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd_Jr." title="Harry F. Byrd Jr.">Harry F. Byrd Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">VA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Illinois" title="List of United States senators from Illinois">IL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_King" title="Angus King">Angus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maine" title="List of United States senators from Maine">ME</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="List of United States senators from Connecticut">CT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Joe Manchin</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_West_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from West Virginia">WV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon" title="List of United States senators from Oregon">OR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Nebraska" title="List of United States senators from Nebraska">NE</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">VT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema" title="Kyrsten Sinema">Kyrsten Sinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">AZ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Bob Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire" title="List of United States senators from New Hampshire">NH</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States elections">Notable third-party performances in United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="Template:Mayor of Burlington, Vermont"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="Template talk:Mayor of Burlington, Vermont"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mayor_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mayor of Burlington, Vermont"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Burlington,_Vermont" title="List of mayors of Burlington, Vermont">Mayors of Burlington, Vermont</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_L._Catlin" title="Albert L. Catlin">Catlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrey_E._Wales" title="Torrey E. Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_D._Ballou" title="Phineas D. Ballou">Ballou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chipman_Linsley" title="Daniel Chipman Linsley">Linsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_C._Dodge" title="Luther C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_H._Blodgett" title="Calvin H. Blodgett">Blodgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Hatch" title="Joseph D. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Morse" title="George H. Morse">Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_A._Woodbury" title="Urban A. Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Henry" title="William W. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Crombie" title="William A. Crombie">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Haselton" title="Seneca Haselton">Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Van_Patten" title="William J. Van Patten">Van Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_S._Peck" title="Hamilton S. Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_M._Sutton" title="Elliot M. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roberts_(American_politician)" title="Robert Roberts (American politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donly_C._Hawley" title="Donly C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Edmund_Burke" title="James Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Bigelow" title="Walter J. Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li>Burke</li> <li>Roberts</li> <li>Burke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Drew" title="Albert S. Drew">Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_Jackson" title="John Holmes Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_H._Beecher" title="Clarence H. Beecher">Beecher</a></li> <li>Jackson</li> <li>Burke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Dow" title="Louis F. Dow">Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Burns_(Vermont_politician)" title="John J. Burns (Vermont politician)">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Moran" title="John Edward Moran">Moran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Cairns" title="C. Douglas Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Fitzpatrick" title="James E. Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Bing" title="Robert K. Bing">Bing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Keenan" title="Edward A. Keenan">Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Cain" title="Francis J. Cain">Cain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Paquette" title="Gordon Paquette">Paquette</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Clavelle" title="Peter Clavelle">Clavelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brownell" title="Peter Brownell">Brownell</a></li> <li>Clavelle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kiss" title="Bob Kiss">Kiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miro_Weinberger" title="Miro Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Mulvaney-Stanak" title="Emma Mulvaney-Stanak">Mulvaney-Stanak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Titles <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vermont&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_102nd–present_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vermont&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_102nd–present_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>'s delegation(s) to the 102nd–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (R/I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">J. Jeffords</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">P. Leahy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont" title="List of United States senators from Vermont">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">B. Sanders</a> (I)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_Welch" title="Peter Welch">P. Welch</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Vermont" title="List of United States representatives from Vermont">House</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Becca_Balint" title="Becca Balint">R. Balint</a> (D)</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/16px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/25px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/33px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/21px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/21px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/42px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Vermont" title="Portal:Vermont">Vermont</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359442#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011436871X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3760459">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/46263/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgTqQ9yMrhTtWhcQHQv3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120571803">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79136413">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16248189z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16248189z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001236030">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20191036667&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5606428">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p406502080">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10078120">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201524335">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542047505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987008116372405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14475730">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11376358?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ed7792cd-81a3-4a21-9249-f1d199b7bbf3">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/bernie-sanders/188516">Grammy Awards</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000033">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120571803">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/196077885">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rv5702">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&oldid=1259079049">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Sanders&oldid=1259079049</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bernie_Sanders" title="Category:Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1941_births" title="Category:1941 births">1941 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Living_people" title="Category:Living people">Living 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