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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 11:39, 29 December 2023 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/81.226.139.132" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/81.226.139.132" data-mw-revid="1192446671"><bdi>81.226.139.132</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:81.226.139.132" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:81.226.139.132">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Wikipedia MoS does not allow first-person pronouns)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&diff=prev&oldid=1192446671" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&direction=prev&oldid=1192446671" title="Cogito and the History of Madness">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1963 paper by Jacques Derrida</div> <p>"<b>Cogito and the History of Madness</b>" is a 1963 paper by the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> that critically responds to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault's</a> book <a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization"><i>History of Madness</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Derrida1963_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derrida1963-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this paper, Derrida questions the intentions and feasibility of Foucault's book, particularly in relation to the historical importance attributed by Foucault to the treatment of madness by <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i>. Derrida's paper began a high-profile exchange between Derrida and Foucault as well as a considerable amount of attention from scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foucault responded directly to Derrida in an appendix added to the 1972 edition of the <i>History of Madness</i> titled "My body, this paper, this fire." Derrida again considered Foucault's 1961 text on madness with "To do Justice to Freud: The History of madness in the age of psychoanalysis" in 1991. The exchange between Derrida and Foucault was sometimes acrimonious and it is said that "the two writers stopped communicating for ten years."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentators on the exchange include <a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Felman" title="Shoshana Felman">Shoshana Felman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Spivak" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayatri Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Bennington" title="Geoffrey Bennington">Geoffrey Bennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sa%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Saïd">Edward Saïd</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9mi_Brague" title="Rémi Brague">Rémi Brague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Frank" title="Manfred Frank">Manfred Frank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Norris_(critic)" title="Christopher Norris (critic)">Christopher Norris</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been stated that Derrida first used the neologism <i><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">différance</a></i> in "Cogito and the History of Madness".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation_and_publication">Presentation and publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Presentation and publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derrida presented the paper “Cogito and the History of Madness” at the <i>Collège Philosophique</i> in 1963. Derrida sent a letter inviting Foucault to attend this presentation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper was subsequently published in the <i>Revue de métaphysique et de morale</i> in 1963 with the addition of a short passage inserted between brackets. Additional notes to the paper were published in the next issue of the <i>Revue de métaphysique et de morale</i> in 1964. The paper was subject to a further revision for its inclusion in the 1967 collection <i>L'écriture et la différence</i>. The paper was translated into English by Alan Bass in 1978 as part of <i><a href="/wiki/Writing_and_Difference" title="Writing and Difference">Writing and Difference</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_the_paper">Structure of the paper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure of the paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epigraphs">Epigraphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Epigraphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derrida prefaces the paper with two quotations. The first quotation is <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> stating that "The instant of decision is madness".<sup id="cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derrida1963p36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kierkegaard characterises the instant of decision as madness because it is only when one choice is not clearly superior to another—when reason fails to indicate which option is better—that a choice really needs to be made. The second quotation is <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> stating of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)"><i>Ulysses</i></a> that "In any event this book was terribly daring. A transparent sheet separates it from madness."<sup id="cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derrida1963p36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Point_of_departure">Point of departure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Point of departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derrida states that his point of departure for "Cogito and the History of Madness" is Foucault's 1961 book <a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization"><i>Folie et déraison</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Derrida1963p36-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derrida's paper primarily relies on two sections of Foucault's work, the original 1961 preface in which Foucault makes a number of general comments about the book, setting forth his intentions and methodology, and two and a half pages at the start of the second chapter where Foucault links <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> to an historical event that silenced madness at the beginning of the classical age. Foucault's 1961 text was heavily abridged for a popular edition in 1964 that formed the basis for Richard Howard's translation of the text into English as <i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i>. The abridged 1964 edition removed the pages concerning Descartes on which Derrida had explicitly based his argument in "Cogito and the History of Madness." These pages on Descartes were only made available in English with Jean Khalfa's 2006 translation of Foucault's work on madness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allusion_to_Hegel">Allusion to Hegel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allusion to Hegel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Derrida makes an allusion to the <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">master–slave dialectic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenology of Spirit">Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> in the opening pages of "Cogito and the History of Madness." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argument_concerning_Descartes">Argument concerning Descartes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Argument concerning Descartes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foucault writes at the start of the second chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> of a strange violent event that silenced madness at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> and the beginning of the classical age. He then discusses the treatment of madness by <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations_on_First_Philosophy" title="Meditations on First Philosophy">Meditations on First Philosophy</a></i>. Descartes, after having doubted the existence of the external world and that of his own body, poses the objection of madness to himself. For Descartes, denying that "these hands and this body belong to me" would be equivalent to maintaining, as do "those senseless people" who think they "are dressed in purple and gold while they are all naked, or imagine themselves to be jugs or have a body of glass." And he continues: "But they are fools (<i>amentes</i>), and I would be no less extravagant (<i>demens</i>) than them if I followed their example". Subsequently, Descartes tackles the "dream hypothesis", asking whether perception is only a dream and not something real, unlike the incontrovertible truths of mathematics. But even the latter are attacked, with the use of the further objection that, in addition to sensible perceptions, also certainties and rational reasons are nothing more than a deception on the part of an <i><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">evil demon</a></i>. According to Foucault, the experience of madness and the "hyperbolic doubt" are completely different and not comparable, as the experience of the madman is not even to be taken into consideration, "since I think",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the madman does not. Foucault's conclusion is that the Cartesian <i><a href="/wiki/Cogito_ergo_sum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogito ergo sum">cogito</a></i> was the premise of the decree of exclusion of madness and the "great internment". For Foucault this exclusion of madness by Descartes leads to a <i>cogito</i> that is more or less arbitrarily self-assured of its own rationality. </p><p>Derrida argues that Descartes might appear to dismiss madness at the point of the meditation to which Foucault refers but shortly after this takes madness seriously as a ground for doubt when he considers the possibility of there being an <i>evil demon</i> controlling his thoughts. Derrida argues that Descartes includes the possibility of his own madness when he hypothesises that an evil demon could corrupt even the most assured and reasonable judgements he can make, such as those of basic arithmetic. Hence, the procedure of Descartes' <i>Second Meditation</i> aims to demonstrate that <i>cogito, ergo sum</i> remains true even if I am driven mad by the evil genius: "Whether I am mad or not, <i> cogito</i>, <i>sum</i>". "The act of the <i>cogito</i> is valid even if I am mad, even if my thought is in every part mad."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Derrida, Cartesian reason, rather than excluding that which differs from it, recognizes the threatening presence of madness. In this way, reason perceives the 'other', the different from itself, within itself. Derrida argues that madness is not subject to an arbitrary exclusion by Descartes but that once Descartes earnestly but momentarily enters into the hypothesis of the evil demon he must be reassured by the ordered operative norms of his language and project of <a href="/wiki/Human_self-reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human self-reflection">self-reflection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Derrida1963-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Derrida1963_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrida, Jacques, 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness" from <i>Writing and Difference</i> trans. Alan Bass. London & New York: Routledge. pp. 36–76. Originally published as "Cogito et histoire de la folie", <i>Revue de métaphysique et de morale</i>, 68/4 (oct.-déc. 1963), 460-494.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyne, R., 1990. Foucault and Derrida: The other side of reason. London: Unwin Hyman. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khalfa, J., 2006. "Introduction" from M. Foucault <i>History of Madness</i>. Translated by J. Murphy and J. Khalfa. Edited by J. Khalfa. London and New York: Routledge. p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slavoj Žižek, The Ticklish Subject, 2nd Ed. (New York: Verso, 2008), 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Schultz, W.R. & Fried, L.B., 1992. Jacques Derrida: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography. London & New York: Garland."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foucault, M., 1994. Dits et Écrits 1954–1988, vol. I: 1954–1969. Edited by D. Defert, F. Ewald, J. Lagrange. Paris: Gallimard. p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Derrida1963p36-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Derrida1963p36_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Derrida, Jacques, 1978. "Cogito and the History of Madness" from <i>Writing and Difference</i> trans. Alan Bass. London & New York: Routledge. p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFoucault1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Foucault, Michel (1972). <i>Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique</i> [<i>A History of madness in the classical age</i>] (in French). Paris: Gallimard. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782070282487" title="Special:BookSources/9782070282487"><bdi>9782070282487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+folie+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A2ge+classique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9782070282487&rft.aulast=Foucault&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACogito+and+the+History+of+Madness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrida1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Derrida, Jacques (1967). <i>L'Écriture et la Différence</i> (in French). Paris: Éditions du Seuil. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25383-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25383-7"><bdi>0-415-25383-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89criture+et+la+Diff%C3%A9rence&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-415-25383-7&rft.aulast=Derrida&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACogito+and+the+History+of+Madness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Jacques_Derrida" title="Template:Jacques Derrida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jacques_Derrida" title="Template talk:Jacques Derrida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jacques_Derrida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jacques Derrida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jacques_Derrida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interview collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Positions_(book)" title="Positions (book)">Positions</a></i> (1972)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rhetoric_of_Drugs" title="The Rhetoric of Drugs">The Rhetoric of Drugs</a>" (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Points...:_Interviews,_1974%E2%80%931994" title="Points...: Interviews, 1974–1994">Points...: Interviews, 1974–1994</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (1963)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Structure,_Sign,_and_Play_in_the_Discourse_of_the_Human_Sciences" title="Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences">Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences</a>" (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Grammatology" title="Of Grammatology">Of Grammatology</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speech_and_Phenomena" title="Speech and Phenomena">Speech and Phenomena</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Writing_and_Difference" title="Writing and Difference">Writing and Difference</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margins_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Margins of Philosophy">Margins of Philosophy</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glas_(book)" title="Glas (book)">Glas</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_Card:_From_Socrates_to_Freud_and_Beyond" class="mw-redirect" title="The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond">The Post Card</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limited_Inc" title="Limited Inc">Limited Inc.</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Philosophy" title="Right to Philosophy">Right to Philosophy</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Literature" title="Acts of Literature">Acts of Literature</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Specters_of_Marx" title="Specters of Marx">Specters of Marx</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archive_Fever" title="Archive Fever">Archive Fever</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ethics,_Institutions,_and_the_Right_to_Philosophy" title="Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy">Ethics, Institutions, and the Right to Philosophy</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animal_That_Therefore_I_Am" title="The Animal That Therefore I Am">The Animal That Therefore I Am</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hauntology" title="Template:Hauntology">Template:Hauntology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_logic" title="Kettle logic">Kettle logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phallogocentrism" title="Phallogocentrism">Phallogocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonocentrism" title="Phonocentrism">Phonocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logocentrism" title="Logocentrism">Logocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_of_presence" title="Metaphysics of presence">Metaphysics of presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_play_(Derrida)" title="Free play (Derrida)">Free play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citationality" title="Citationality">Citationality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Aucouturier" title="Marguerite Aucouturier">Marguerite Aucouturier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadamer%E2%80%93Derrida_debate" title="Gadamer–Derrida debate">Gadamer–Derrida debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokal_affair" title="Sokal affair">Sokal affair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_(film)" title="Ghost Dance (film)">Ghost Dance (film)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Derrida_(film)" title="Derrida (film)">Derrida</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reception_of_Derrida" title="The Reception of Derrida">The Reception of Derrida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searle%E2%80%93Derrida_debate" title="Searle–Derrida debate">Searle–Derrida debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michel_Foucault" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault" title="Template talk:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michel Foucault"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michel_Foucault" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Illness and Psychology">Mental Illness and Psychology</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madness_and_Civilization" title="Madness and Civilization">Madness and Civilization</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic" title="The Birth of the Clinic">The Birth of the Clinic</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Death and the Labyrinth</i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Things" title="The Order of Things">The Order of Things</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i>This Is Not a Pipe</i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge" title="The Archaeology of Knowledge">The Archaeology of Knowledge</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discipline_and_Punish" title="Discipline and Punish">Discipline and Punish</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a></i> (1976–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, lectures,<br /> dialogues and<br />anthologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Kant%27s_Anthropology" title="Introduction to Kant's Anthropology">Introduction to Kant's Anthropology</a></i> (1964)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_an_Author%3F" title="What Is an Author?">What Is an Author?</a>" (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%27s_lectures_at_the_Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France">Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=I,_Pierre_Riviere,_Having_Slaughtered_My_Mother,_My_Sister_and_My_Brother&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother (page does not exist)">I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Language,_Counter-Memory,_Practice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (page does not exist)">Language, Counter-Memory, Practice</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herculine_Barbin_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herculine Barbin (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Herculine Barbin</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power/Knowledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power/Knowledge (page does not exist)">Power/Knowledge</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Remarks_on_Marx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remarks on Marx (page does not exist)">Remarks on Marx</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9sordre_des_familles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Désordre des familles (page does not exist)">Le Désordre des familles</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Foucault_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Foucault Reader (page does not exist)">The Foucault Reader</a></i> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Is_Enlightenment%3F_(Foucault)" title="What Is Enlightenment? (Foucault)">What Is Enlightenment?</a>" (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics,_Philosophy,_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics, Philosophy, Culture (page does not exist)">Politics, Philosophy, Culture</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foucault_Live&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foucault Live (page does not exist)">Foucault Live</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Politics_of_Truth_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Politics of Truth (Foucault) (page does not exist)">The Politics of Truth</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_Must_Be_Defended&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society Must Be Defended (page does not exist)">Society Must Be Defended</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethics:_Subjectivity_and_Truth_(Essential_Works_Volume_1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1) (page does not exist)">Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1)</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics,_Method,_Epistemology_(Essential_Works_Volume_2)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2) (page does not exist)">Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2)</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abnormal_(Foucault)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abnormal (Foucault) (page does not exist)">Abnormal</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Power_(Essential_Works_Volume_3)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Power (Essential Works Volume 3) (page does not exist)">Power (Essential Works Volume 3)</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fearless_Speech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fearless Speech (page does not exist)">Fearless Speech</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermeneutics_of_the_Subject" title="The Hermeneutics of the Subject">The Hermeneutics of the Subject</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Essential_Foucault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Essential Foucault (page does not exist)">The Essential Foucault</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychiatric_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychiatric Power (page does not exist)">Psychiatric Power</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Security,_Territory,_Population" title="Security, Territory, Population">Security, Territory, Population</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Biopolitics" title="The Birth of Biopolitics">The Birth of Biopolitics</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Government_of_Self_and_Others&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Government of Self and Others (page does not exist)">The Government of Self and Others</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courage_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courage of Truth">The Courage of Truth</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lectures_on_the_Will_to_Know&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lectures on the Will to Know (page does not exist)">Lectures on the Will to Know</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Government_of_the_Living&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Government of the Living (page does not exist)">On the Government of the Living</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjectivity_and_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjectivity and Truth (page does not exist)">Subjectivity and Truth</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wrong-Doing,_Truth-Telling" title="Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling">Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Punitive_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Punitive Society (page does not exist)">On the Punitive Society</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-psychiatry" title="Anti-psychiatry">Anti-psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_function" title="Author function">Author function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">Biopolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopower" title="Biopower">Biopower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_archipelago" title="Carceral archipelago">Carceral archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_institution" title="Disciplinary institution">Disciplinary institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discontinuity_(Postmodernism)" title="Discontinuity (Postmodernism)">Discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispositif" title="Dispositif">Dispositif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecogovernmentality" title="Ecogovernmentality">Ecogovernmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme">Episteme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governmentality" title="Governmentality">Governmentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)" title="Heterotopia (space)">Heterotopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdiscourse" title="Interdiscourse">Interdiscourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit-experience" title="Limit-experience">Limit-experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrhesia" title="Parrhesia">Parrhesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power (social and political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postsexualism" title="Postsexualism">Postsexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cogito and the History of Madness</a>" (Derrida)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis" title="Foucauldian discourse analysis">Foucauldian discourse analysis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)" title="Foucault (Deleuze book)">Foucault</a></i> (Deleuze)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault" title="The Passion of Michel Foucault">The Passion of Michel Foucault</a></i> (Miller)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gutting" title="Gary Gutting">Gary Gutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)" title="Thomas Lemke (sociologist)">Thomas Lemke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)" title="James Miller (academic)">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rabinow" title="Paul Rabinow">Paul Rabinow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Raffestin" title="Claude Raffestin">Claude Raffestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolas_Rose" title="Nikolas Rose">Nikolas Rose</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran" title="Foucault in Iran">Foucault in Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography" title="Michel Foucault bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate" title="Foucault–Habermas debate">Foucault–Habermas debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate" title="Chomsky–Foucault debate">Chomsky–Foucault debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defert" title="Daniel Defert">Daniel Defert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald" title="François Ewald">François Ewald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Sheridan" title="Alan Sheridan">Alan Sheridan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&oldid=1192446671">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness&oldid=1192446671</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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