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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Topologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Layers</span> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fibre Channel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiudkanal" title="Kiudkanal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiudkanal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_fibra" title="Canal de fibra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal de fibra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84_%EC%B1%84%EB%84%90" title="파이버 채널 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파이버 채널" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="ファイバーチャネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファイバーチャネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_channel" title="Fibre channel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fibre channel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Fibre Channel" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_s%E1%BB%A3i_quang" title="Kênh sợi quang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kênh sợi quang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="光纤通道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光纤通道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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font-size:94%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #adb;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibre Channel</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #cfc;">Layer 4. Protocol mapping</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Logical_Unit_Number_Masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical Unit Number Masking">LUN masking</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #cfc;">Layer 3. Common services</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #cfc;">Layer 2. Network</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Channel fabric">Fibre Channel fabric</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_zoning" title="Fibre Channel zoning">Fibre Channel zoning</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Registered_state_change_notification" title="Registered state change notification">Registered state change notification</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #cfc;">Layer 1. Data link</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_8b/10b_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Channel 8b/10b encoding">Fibre Channel 8b/10b encoding</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #cfc;">Layer 0. Physical</th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fibre Channel</b> (<b>FC</b>) is a high-speed data transfer protocol providing in-order, lossless<sup id="cite_ref-fibrechannel.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fibrechannel.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> delivery of raw block data.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibre Channel is primarily used to connect <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">computer data storage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Preston_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riabov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riabov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area networks</a> (SAN) in commercial <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a>. </p><p>Fibre Channel networks form a <a href="/wiki/Switched_fabric" title="Switched fabric">switched fabric</a> because the switches in a network operate in unison as one big switch. Fibre Channel typically runs on <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> cables within and between data centers, but can also run on copper cabling.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riabov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riabov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported data rates include 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">gigabit per second</a> resulting from improvements in successive technology generations. The industry now notates this as Gigabit Fibre Channel (GFC). </p><p>There are various upper-level protocols for Fibre Channel, including two for block storage. <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_Protocol" title="Fibre Channel Protocol">Fibre Channel Protocol</a> (FCP) is a protocol that transports <a href="/wiki/Small_Computer_System_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Computer System Interface">SCSI</a> commands over Fibre Channel networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riabov_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riabov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/FICON" title="FICON">FICON</a> is a protocol that transports <a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a> commands, used by <a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a> computers, over Fibre Channel. Fibre Channel can be used to transport data from storage systems that use solid-state <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> storage medium by transporting <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> protocol commands. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the technology was originally devised, it ran over optical fiber cables only and, as such, was called "Fiber Channel". Later, the ability to run over copper cabling was added to the specification. In order to avoid confusion and to create a unique name, the industry decided to change the spelling and use the <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a> <i>fibre</i> for the name of the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fibre Channel is standardized in the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Committee_T11" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Committee T11">T11 Technical Committee</a> of the International Committee for Information Technology Standards (<a href="/wiki/INCITS" class="mw-redirect" title="INCITS">INCITS</a>), an <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI)-accredited standards committee. Fibre Channel started in 1988, with ANSI standard approval in 1994, to merge the benefits of multiple physical layer implementations including <a href="/wiki/SCSI_connector" title="SCSI connector">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a> and <a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a>. </p><p>Fibre Channel was designed as a <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial interface</a> to overcome limitations of the SCSI and HIPPI physical-layer parallel-signal copper wire interfaces. Such interfaces face the challenge of, among other things, maintaining signal timing coherence across all the data-signal wires (8, 16 and finally 32 for SCSI, 50 for HIPPI) so that a receiver can determine when all the electrical signal values are "good" (stable and valid for simultaneous reception sampling). This challenge becomes evermore difficult in a mass-manufactured technology as data signal frequencies increase, with part of the technical compensation being ever reducing the supported connecting copper-parallel cable length. See <a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a>. FC was developed with leading-edge <a href="/wiki/Multi-mode_optical_fiber" title="Multi-mode optical fiber">multi-mode optical fiber</a> technologies that overcame the speed limitations of the ESCON protocol. By appealing to the large base of SCSI disk drives and leveraging mainframe technologies, Fibre Channel developed <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> for advanced technologies and deployments became economical and widespread. </p><p>Commercial products were released while the standard was still in draft.<sup id="cite_ref-ZG940168_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZG940168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the standard was ratified lower speed versions were already growing out of use.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fibre Channel was the first serial storage transport to achieve gigabit speeds<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it saw wide adoption, and its success grew with each successive speed. Fibre Channel has doubled in speed every few years since 1996. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div><p>In addition to a modern physical layer, Fibre Channel also added support for any number of "upper layer" protocols, including <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> (<a href="/wiki/IPFC" title="IPFC">IPFC</a>) and <a href="/wiki/FICON" title="FICON">FICON</a>, with <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_Protocol" title="Fibre Channel Protocol">FCP</a>) being the predominant usage. </p><p>Fibre Channel has seen active development since its inception, with numerous speed improvements on a variety of underlying transport media. The following tables shows the progression of native Fibre Channel speeds:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Fibre_Channel_variants"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Fibre Channel variants</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Line-rate (<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">gigabaud</a>) </th> <th>Line coding </th> <th>Nominal throughput<br />per direction (MB/s) </th> <th>Market availability </th></tr> <tr> <th>133 Mbit/s </th> <td>0.1328125 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8b/10b_encoding" title="8b/10b encoding">8b10b</a> </td> <td align="right">12.5 </td> <td>1993 </td></tr> <tr> <th>266 Mbit/s </th> <td>0.265625 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td>1994<sup id="cite_ref-ZG940168_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZG940168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>533 Mbit/s </th> <td>0.53125 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">50 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td></tr> <tr> <th>1GFC (Gen 1) </th> <td>1.0625 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">100 </td> <td>1997 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2GFC (Gen 2) </th> <td>2.125 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">200 </td> <td>2001 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4GFC (Gen 3) </th> <td>4.25 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">400 </td> <td>2004 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8GFC (Gen 4) </th> <td>8.5 </td> <td>8b10b </td> <td align="right">800 </td> <td>2008 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16GFC (Gen 5) </th> <td>14.025 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/64b/66b_encoding" title="64b/66b encoding">64b66b</a> </td> <td align="right">1,600 </td> <td>2011 </td></tr> <tr> <th>32GFC (Gen 6) </th> <td>28.05 </td> <td>256b257b </td> <td align="right">3,200 </td> <td>2016<sup id="cite_ref-g620release_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g620release-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>64GFC (Gen 7) </th> <td>28.9 </td> <td>256b257b (FC-FS-5) </td> <td align="right">6,400 </td> <td>2020 </td></tr> <tr> <th>128GFC (Gen 8) </th> <td>56.1<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>256b257b </td> <td align="right">12,800 </td> <td>Planned 2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>FC used throughout all applications for Fibre Channel infrastructure and devices, including edge and ISL interconnects. Each speed maintains backward compatibility at least two previous generations (I.e., 32GFC backward compatible to 16GFC and 8GFC) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1232966811"> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <caption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Inter-Switch_Link_variants"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Inter-Switch Link variants</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Line-rate (<a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">gigabaud</a>) </th> <th>Line coding </th> <th>Nominal throughput<br />per direction (MB/s) </th> <th>Market availability </th></tr> <tr> <th>10GFC </th> <td>10.51875 </td> <td>64b66b </td> <td align="right">1,200 </td> <td>2009 </td></tr> <tr> <th>128GFC (Gen 6) </th> <td>28.05 × 4 </td> <td>256b257b </td> <td align="right">12,800 </td> <td>2016<sup id="cite_ref-g620release_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g620release-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>256GFC (Gen 7) </th> <td>28.9 × 4 </td> <td>256b257b </td> <td align="right">25,600 </td> <td>2020 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Inter-Switch Links, ISLs, are usually multi-lane interconnects used for non-edge, core connections, and other high speed applications demanding maximum bandwidth. ISL’s utilize high bit-rates to accommodate the funneling of edge connections. Some ISL solutions are vendor-proprietary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two major characteristics of Fibre Channel networks are in-order delivery and lossless delivery of raw block data. Lossless delivery of raw data block is achieved based on a credit mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-fibrechannel.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fibrechannel.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topologies">Topologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Topologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major Fibre Channel topologies, describing how a number of <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer port (software)">ports</a> are connected together. A <i>port</i> in Fibre Channel terminology is any entity that actively communicates over the network, not necessarily a <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">hardware port</a>. This port is usually implemented in a device such as disk storage, a Host Bus Adapter (<a href="/wiki/Host_bus_adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host bus adapter">HBA</a>) network connection on a server or a <a href="/wiki/Fibre_channel_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre channel switch">Fibre Channel switch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_ptpt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ben_ptpt.svg/320px-Ben_ptpt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ben_ptpt.svg/480px-Ben_ptpt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Ben_ptpt.svg/640px-Ben_ptpt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Topology diagram of a Fibre Channel point-to-point connection</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Point-to-point"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Point-to-point</span></span></b> (see <i>FC-FS-3</i>). Two devices are connected directly to each other using <a href="#Ports">N_ports</a>. This is the simplest topology, with limited connectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Preston_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bandwidth is dedicated.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arbitrated_loop" title="Arbitrated loop">Arbitrated loop</a></b> (see <i>FC-AL-2</i>). In this design, all devices are in a loop or ring, similar to <a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a> networking. Adding or removing a device from the loop causes all activity on the loop to be interrupted. The failure of one device causes a break in the ring. Fibre Channel hubs exist to connect multiple devices together and may bypass failed ports. A loop may also be made by cabling each port to the next in a ring. <ul><li>A minimal loop containing only two ports, while appearing to be similar to point-to-point, differs considerably in terms of the protocol.</li> <li>Only one pair of ports can communicate concurrently on a loop.</li> <li>Maximum speed of 8GFC.</li> <li>Arbitrated Loop has been rarely used after 2010 and its support is being discontinued for new gen switches.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre Channel fabric">Switched Fabric</a></b> (see <i>FC-SW-6</i>). In this design, all devices are connected to <a href="/wiki/Fibre_channel_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre channel switch">Fibre Channel switches</a>, similar conceptually to modern <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> implementations. Advantages of this topology over point-to-point or Arbitrated Loop include: <ul><li>The Fabric can scale to tens of thousands of ports.</li> <li>The switches manage the state of the Fabric, providing optimized paths via Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) data routing protocol.</li> <li>The traffic between two ports flows through the switches and not through any other ports like in Arbitrated Loop.</li> <li>Failure of a port is isolated to a link and should not affect operation of other ports.</li> <li>Multiple pairs of ports may communicate simultaneously in a Fabric.</li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Attribute </th> <th>Point-to-point </th> <th>Arbitrated loop </th> <th>Switched fabric </th></tr> <tr> <th>Max ports </th> <td>2</td> <td>127</td> <td>~16777216 (2<sup>24</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Address size </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>8-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> ALPA</td> <td>24-bit port ID </td></tr> <tr> <th>Side effect of port failure </th> <td>Link fails</td> <td>Loop fails (until port bypassed)</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th>Access to medium </th> <td>Dedicated</td> <td>Arbitrated</td> <td>Dedicated </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layers">Layers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Channel_layers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fibre_Channel_layers.svg/220px-Fibre_Channel_layers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fibre_Channel_layers.svg/330px-Fibre_Channel_layers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fibre_Channel_layers.svg/440px-Fibre_Channel_layers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Fibre Channel is a layered technology that starts at the physical layer and progresses through the protocols to the upper-level protocols like SCSI and SBCCS.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fibre Channel does not follow the <a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a> layering, and is split into five layers: </p> <ul><li><b>FC-4</b> – Protocol-mapping layer, in which upper-level protocols such as <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe), <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, IP, and <a href="/wiki/FICON" title="FICON">FICON</a> are encapsulated into Information Units (IUs) for delivery to FC-2. Current FC-4s include FCP-4, FC-SB-5, and <a href="/wiki/NVMe#NVMe-oF" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">FC-NVMe</a>.</li> <li><b>FC-3</b> – Common services layer, a thin layer that could eventually implement functions like <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> or <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> redundancy algorithms; multiport connections;</li> <li><b>FC-2</b> – Signaling Protocol, defined by the <i>Fibre Channel Framing and Signaling</i> standard, consists of the low level <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols" title="Fibre Channel network protocols">Fibre Channel network protocols</a>; port to port connections;</li> <li><b>FC-1</b> – Transmission Protocol, which implements <a href="/wiki/Line_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Line coding">line coding</a> of signals;</li> <li><b>FC-0</b> – <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a>, defined by <i>Fibre Channel Physical Interfaces</i> standard, includes cabling, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_channel_electrical_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre channel electrical interface">connectors</a> etc.;</li></ul> <p>Fibre Channel products are available at 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16 and 32 and 128 Gbit/s; these protocol flavors are called accordingly 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC, 8GFC, 10GFC, 16GFC, 32GFC or 128GFC. The 32GFC standard was approved by the INCITS T11 committee in 2013, and those products became available in 2016. The 1GFC, 2GFC, 4GFC, 8GFC designs all use <a href="/wiki/8b/10b_encoding" title="8b/10b encoding">8b/10b encoding</a>, while the 10GFC and 16GFC standard uses <a href="/wiki/64B/66B_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="64B/66B encoding">64b/66b encoding</a>. Unlike the 10GFC standards, 16GFC provides backward compatibility with 4GFC and 8GFC since it provides exactly twice the throughput of 8GFC or four times that of 4GFC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports">Ports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg/220px-Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg/330px-Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg/440px-Fibre_Channel_Topologies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>FC topologies and port types: This diagram shows how N_Ports can be connected to a fabric or to another N_Port. A Loop Port (L_Port) communicates through a shared loop and is rarely used anymore.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fibre Channel ports come in a variety of logical configurations. The most common types of ports are: </p> <ul><li><b>N_Port (Node port)</b> An N_Port is typically an HBA port that connects to a switch's F_Port or another N_Port. Nx_Port communicating through a PN_Port that is not operating a Loop Port State Machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>F_Port (Fabric port)</b> An F_Port is a switch port that is connected to an N_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>E_Port (Expansion port)</b> Switch port that attaches to another E_Port to create an Inter-Switch Link.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Fibre Channel Loop protocols create multiple types of Loop Ports: </p> <ul><li><b>L_Port (Loop port)</b> FC_Port that contains Arbitrated Loop functions associated with the Arbitrated Loop topology.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>FL_Port (Fabric Loop port)</b> L_Port that is able to perform the function of an F_Port, attached via a link to one or more NL_Ports in an Arbitrated Loop topology.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>NL_Port (Node Loop port)</b> PN_Port that is operating a Loop port state machine.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>If a port can support loop and non-loop functionality, the port is known as: </p> <ul><li><b>Fx_Port</b> switch port capable of operating as an F_Port or FL_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Nx_Port</b> end point for Fibre Channel frame communication, having a distinct address identifier and Name_Identifier,providing an independent set of FC-2V functions to higher levels, and having the ability to act as an Originator, a Responder, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logical_Port_Structures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Logical_Port_Structures.png/220px-Logical_Port_Structures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Logical_Port_Structures.png/330px-Logical_Port_Structures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Logical_Port_Structures.png/440px-Logical_Port_Structures.png 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>A Port has a physical structure as well as logical or virtual structure. This diagram shows how a virtual port may have multiple physical ports and vice versa.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ports have virtual components and physical components and are described as: </p> <ul><li><b>PN_Port</b> entity that includes a Link_Control_Facility and one or more Nx_Ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>VF_Port (Virtual F_Port)</b> instance of the FC-2V sublevel that connects to one or more VN_Ports.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>VN_Port (Virtual N_Port)</b> instance of the FC-2V sublevel. VN_Port is used when it is desired to emphasize support for multiple Nx_Ports on a single Multiplexer (e.g., via a single PN_Port).<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>VE_Port (Virtual E_Port)</b> instance of the FC-2V sublevel that connects to another VE_Port or to a B_Port to create an Inter-Switch Link.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following types of ports are also used in Fibre Channel: </p> <ul><li><b>A_Port (Adjacent port)</b> combination of one PA_Port and one VA_Port operating together.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>B_Port (Bridge Port)</b> Fabric inter-element port used to connect bridge devices with E_Ports on a Switch.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>D_Port (Diagnostic Port)</b> A configured port used to perform diagnostic tests on a link with another D_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCFA_Nutshell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>EX_Port</b> A type of E_Port used to connect to an FC router fabric.<sup id="cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCFA_Nutshell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>G_Port (Generic Fabric port)</b> Switch port that may function either as an E_Port, A_Port, or as an F_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GL_Port (Generic Fabric Loop port)</b> Switch port that may function either as an E_Port, A_Port, or as an Fx_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>PE_Port</b> LCF within the Fabric that attaches to another PE_Port or to a B_Port through a link.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>PF_Port</b> LCF within a Fabric that attaches to a PN_Port through a link.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>TE_Port (Trunking E_Port) A trunking expansion port that</b> expands the functionality of E ports to support VSAN trunking, Transport quality of service (QoS) parameters, and Fibre Channel trace (fctrace) feature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>U_Port</b> <b>(Universal port)</b> A port waiting to become another port type<sup id="cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCFA_Nutshell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>VA_Port (Virtual A_Port)</b> instance of the FC-2V sublevel of Fibre Channel that connects to another VA_Port.<sup id="cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>VEX_Port</b> VEX_Ports are no different from EX_Ports, except underlying transport is IP rather than FC.<sup id="cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCFA_Nutshell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_modules">Media and modules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media and modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is missing information</b> about legacy copper interfaces.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fibre_Channel" title="Talk:Fibre Channel">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict itself</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fibre_Channel" title="Talk:Fibre Channel">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png/220px-Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png/330px-Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png/440px-Fibre_Channel_Media_and_Modules.png 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Fibre Channel predominantly uses SFP/SFP+ modules with LC connector and duplex cabling, but 128GFC uses QSFP28 modules with MPO connectors and ribbon cabling.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fibre Channel physical layer is based on serial connections that use fiber optics to copper between corresponding pluggable modules. The modules may have a single lane, dual lanes or quad lanes that correspond to the SFP, SFP-DD and QSFP form factors. Fibre Channel does not use 8- or 16-lane modules (like CFP8, QSFP-DD, or COBO used in 400GbE) and there are no plans to use these expensive and complex modules. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">small form-factor pluggable transceiver</a> (SFP) module and its enhanced version SFP+, SFP28 and SFP56 are common form factors for Fibre Channel ports. SFP modules support a variety of distances via multi-mode and <a href="/wiki/Single-mode_optical_fiber" title="Single-mode optical fiber">single-mode optical fiber</a> as shown in the table below. SFP modules use duplex fiber cabling with LC connectors. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png/220px-SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png/330px-SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png/440px-SFP-DD_SMT_17c.png 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>SFP-DD modules are used in high-density applications that need to double the throughput of traditional SFP ports.</figcaption></figure> <p>SFP-DD modules are used for high-density applications that need to double the throughput of an SFP Port. SFP-DD is defined by the SFP-DD MSA and enables breakout to two SFP ports. Two rows of electrical contacts enable doubling the throughput of SFP modules in a similar fashion as QSFP-DD. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/QSFP" class="mw-redirect" title="QSFP">quad small form-factor pluggable</a> (QSFP) module began being used for switch inter-connectivity and was later adopted for use in 4-lane implementations of Gen-6 Fibre Channel supporting 128GFC. QSFP uses either LC connectors for 128GFC-CWDM4 or MPO connectors for 128GFC-SW4 or 128GFC-PSM4. MPO cabling uses 8- or 12-fiber cabling infrastructure that connects to another 128GFC port or may be broken out into four duplex LC connections to 32GFC SFP+ ports. Fibre Channel switches use either SFP or QSFP modules. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Fiber <br />type </th> <th>Speed <br />(MB/s) </th> <th>Transmitter<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Medium variant </th> <th>Distance </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="17">Single-mode<br />Fiber (SMF) </th> <td rowspan="2">12,800 </td> <td>1,310 nm longwave light </td> <td>128GFC-PSM4 </td> <td>0.5m - 0.5 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,270, 1,290, 1,310 and 1,330 nm longwave light </td> <td>128GFC-CWDM4 </td> <td>0.5 m – 2 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>6,400 </td> <td>1,310 nm longwave light </td> <td>64GFC-LW </td> <td>0.5m - 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,200 </td> <td>1,310 nm longwave light </td> <td>3200-SM-LC-L </td> <td>0.5 m - 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1,600 </td> <td>1,310 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1600-SM-LC-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5 m – 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,490 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1600-SM-LZ-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5 m – 2 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">800 </td> <td rowspan="2">1,310 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>800-SM-LC-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>800-SM-LC-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 1.4 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">400 </td> <td rowspan="3">1,310 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>400-SM-LC-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_clause_8.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>400-SM-LC-M<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 4 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>400-SM-LL-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 2 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">200 </td> <td>1,550 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>200-SM-LL-V<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 50 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1,310 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>200-SM-LC-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_clause_8.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>200-SM-LL-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 2 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">100 </td> <td>1,550 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100-SM-LL-V<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 50 km </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1,310 nm longwave light<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>100-SM-LL-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH_Clause_8.1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH_Clause_8.1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />100-SM-LC-L<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_clause_8.1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 10 km </td></tr> <tr> <td>100-SM-LL-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PH_Clause_8.1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PH_Clause_8.1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2 m – 2 km </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="23">Multi-mode<br />Fiber (MMF) </th> <td>12,800 </td> <td rowspan="23">850 nm shortwave light<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>128GFC-SW4 </td> <td>0 – 100 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>6,400 </td> <td>64GFC-SW </td> <td>0 - 100m </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,200 </td> <td>3200-SN </td> <td>0 – 100 m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1,600 </td> <td>1600-M5F-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5 m – 125 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600-M5E-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–100 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600-M5-SN-S<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–35 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>1600-M6-SN-S<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–15 m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">800 </td> <td>800-M5F-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–190 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>800-M5E-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–150 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>800-M5-SN-S<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–50 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>800-M6-SN-S<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–21 m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">400 </td> <td>400-M5F-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–400 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>400-M5E-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–380 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>400-M5-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_Clause_8.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–150 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>400-M6-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_Clause_8.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–70 m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">200 </td> <td>200-M5E-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–500 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>200-M5-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_Clause_8.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–300 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>200-M6-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FC-PI_Clause_8.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–150 m </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">100 </td> <td>100-M5E-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–860 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>100-M5-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-PI_Clause_8.2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–500 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>100-M6-SN-I<sup id="cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-PI_Clause_8.2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>0.5–300 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>100-M5-SL-I<sup id="cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-PI_Clause_8.2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2–500 m </td></tr> <tr> <td>100-M6-SL-I<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ITS 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2–175 m </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Multi-mode fiber</th> <th>Fiber diameter</th> <th>FC media designation </th></tr> <tr> <th>OM1 </th> <td>62.5 μm</td> <td>M6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>OM2 </th> <td>50 μm</td> <td>M5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>OM3 </th> <td>50 μm</td> <td>M5E </td></tr> <tr> <th>OM4 </th> <td>50 μm</td> <td>M5F </td></tr> <tr> <th>OM5 </th> <td>50 μm</td> <td>N/A </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Modern Fibre Channel devices support <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">SFP+</a> transceiver, mainly with <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">LC</a> (Lucent Connector) fiber connector. Older 1GFC devices used <a href="/wiki/GBIC" class="mw-redirect" title="GBIC">GBIC</a> transceiver, mainly with <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">SC</a> (Subscriber Connector) fiber connector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_area_networks">Storage area networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Storage area networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png/220px-Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png/330px-Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png/440px-Fibre_Channel_Storage_Area_Network.png 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>The Fibre Channel SAN connects servers to storage via Fibre Channel switches.</figcaption></figure> <p>The goal of Fibre Channel is to create a <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area network</a> (SAN) to connect servers to storage. </p><p>The SAN is a dedicated network that enables multiple servers to access data from one or more storage devices. <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise storage">Enterprise storage</a> uses the SAN to backup to secondary storage devices including <a href="/wiki/Disk_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk arrays">disk arrays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tape_library" title="Tape library">tape libraries</a>, and other backup while the storage is still accessible to the server. Servers may access storage from multiple storage devices over the network as well. </p><p>SANs are often designed with dual fabrics to increase fault tolerance. Two completely separate fabrics are operational and if the primary fabric fails, then the second fabric becomes the primary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switches">Switches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Switches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg/200px-Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg/300px-Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg/400px-Fibre_Channel_Director.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Fibre Channel director with SFP+ modules and LC <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber_connector" title="Optical fiber connector">optical fiber connectors</a> with Optical Multimode 3 (OM3) fiber (aqua)</figcaption></figure> <p>Fibre Channel switches can be divided into two classes. These classes are not part of the standard, and the classification of every switch is a marketing decision of the manufacturer: </p> <ul><li><b>Directors</b> offer a high port-count in a modular (slot-based) chassis with no single point of failure (high availability).</li> <li><b>Switches</b> are typically smaller, fixed-configuration (sometimes semi-modular), less redundant devices.</li></ul> <p>A fabric consisting entirely of one vendors products is considered to be <i>homogeneous</i>. This is often referred to as operating in its "native mode" and allows the vendor to add proprietary features which may not be compliant with the Fibre Channel standard. </p><p>If multiple switch vendors are used within the same fabric it is <i>heterogeneous</i>, the switches may only achieve adjacency if all switches are placed into their interoperability modes. This is called the "open fabric" mode as each vendor's switch may have to disable its proprietary features to comply with the Fibre Channel standard. </p><p>Some switch manufacturers offer a variety of interoperability modes above and beyond the "native" and "open fabric" states. These "native interoperability" modes allow switches to operate in the native mode of another vendor and still maintain some of the proprietary behaviors of both. However, running in native interoperability mode may still disable some proprietary features and can produce fabrics of questionable stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Host_bus_adapters">Host bus adapters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Host bus adapters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg/200px-QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg/300px-QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg/400px-QLogic_QLE2562_8Gb_FC_HBA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption>Dual port 8 Gb FC host bus adapter card</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg/200px-Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg/300px-Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg/400px-Qlogic_qle2672-ck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Dual port 16 Gb FC host bus adapter card</figcaption></figure> <p>Fibre Channel <a href="/wiki/Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">HBAs</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Converged_network_adapter" title="Converged network adapter">CNAs</a>, are available for all major <a href="/wiki/Open_system_(computing)" title="Open system (computing)">open systems</a>, computer architectures, and buses, including <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> and <a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a>. HBAs connect servers to the Fibre Channel network and are part of a class of devices known as translation devices. Some are OS dependent. Each HBA has a unique <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Name" title="World Wide Name">World Wide Name</a> (WWN), which is similar to an Ethernet <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a> in that it uses an <a href="/wiki/Organizationally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizationally Unique Identifier">Organizationally Unique Identifier</a> (OUI) assigned by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>. However, WWNs are longer (8 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>). There are two types of WWNs on an HBA; a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Node_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wide Node Name">World Wide Node Name</a> (WWNN), which can be shared by some or all ports of a device, and a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Port_Name" title="World Wide Port Name">World Wide Port Name</a> (WWPN), which is necessarily unique to each port. Adapters or routers can connect Fibre Channel networks to IP or Ethernet networks.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8b/10b_encoding" title="8b/10b encoding">8b/10b encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/64b/66b_encoding" title="64b/66b encoding">64b/66b encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_Application_Interface_Standard" title="Fabric Application Interface Standard">Fabric Application Interface Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_zoning" title="Fibre Channel zoning">Fibre Channel zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_State_Change_Notification" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered State Change Notification">Registered State Change Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Vsan">Virtual Storage Area Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_frame" title="Fibre Channel frame">Fibre Channel frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_network_protocols" title="Fibre Channel network protocols">Fibre Channel network protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCoE" class="mw-redirect" title="FCoE">Fibre Channel over Ethernet</a> (FCoE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_IP" title="Fibre Channel over IP">Fibre Channel over IP</a> (FCIP), contrast with <a href="/wiki/Internet_Fibre_Channel_Protocol" title="Internet Fibre Channel Protocol">Internet Fibre Channel Protocol</a> (iFCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_5_Fibre_Channel" title="Gen 5 Fibre Channel">Gen 5 Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_Bus_Adapter" class="mw-redirect" title="Host Bus Adapter">Host Bus Adapter</a> (HBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnect_bottleneck" title="Interconnect bottleneck">Interconnect bottleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FATA_(hard_drive)" class="mw-redirect" title="FATA (hard drive)">FATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Drive_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Drive Electronics">IDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">ATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATA_over_Ethernet" title="ATA over Ethernet">AoE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPFC" title="IPFC">IP over Fibre Channel</a> (IPFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPIV" title="NPIV">N_Port ID Virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Name" title="World Wide Name">World Wide Name</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fibrechannel.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fibrechannel.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fibrechannel.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fibrechannel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/FCIA_Fibre_Channel_Performance_Congestion_Slowdrain_and_Over_Utilization_Final.pdf">"Fibre Channel Performance: Congestion, Slow Drain, and Over Utilization, Oh My!"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Fibre Channel Industry Association. February 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164420/http://fibrechannel.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/FCIA_Fibre_Channel_Performance_Congestion_Slowdrain_and_Over_Utilization_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fibre+Channel+Performance%3A+Congestion%2C+Slow+Drain%2C+and+Over+Utilization%2C+Oh+My%21&rft.pub=Fibre+Channel+Industry+Association&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffibrechannel.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F02%2FFCIA_Fibre_Channel_Performance_Congestion_Slowdrain_and_Over_Utilization_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://images.apple.com/server/docs/Fibre_Channel_Basics_TB_v10.4.pdf">"Fibre Channel Basics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829075557/http://images.apple.com/server/docs/Fibre_Channel_Basics_TB_v10.4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fibre+Channel+Basics&rft.pub=Apple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.apple.com%2Fserver%2Fdocs%2FFibre_Channel_Basics_TB_v10.4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2002" class="citation book cs1">Preston, W. Curtis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUodwAQdMGcC&pg=PA19">"Fibre Channel Architecture"</a>. <i>Using SANs and NAS</i>. Sebastopol, CA: <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. pp. 19–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00153-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00153-7"><bdi>978-0-596-00153-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/472853124">472853124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fibre+Channel+Architecture&rft.btitle=Using+SANs+and+NAS&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.pages=19-39&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F472853124&rft.isbn=978-0-596-00153-7&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=W.+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUodwAQdMGcC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riabov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riabov_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riabov_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riabov_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiabov2004" class="citation book cs1">Riabov, Vladmir V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5W3f6IyIBQcC&pg=PA329">"Storage Area Networks (SANs)"</a>. In Bidgoli, Hossein (ed.). <i>The Internet Encyclopedia. Volume 3, P-Z</i>. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 329–338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-68997-3"><bdi>978-0-471-68997-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55610291">55610291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Storage+Area+Networks+%28SANs%29&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia.+Volume+3%2C+P-Z&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=329-338&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55610291&rft.isbn=978-0-471-68997-3&rft.aulast=Riabov&rft.aufirst=Vladmir+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5W3f6IyIBQcC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tate_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Fibre Channel internals". <i>Introduction to Storage Area Networks</i>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. 2016. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fibre+Channel+internals&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Storage+Area+Networks&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZG940168-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZG940168_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZG940168_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/877/ENUSZG94-0168/index.html">IBM 7319 Model 100 Fibre Channel Switch 16/266 and IBM Fibre Channel Adapter/266</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fibre Channel Physical and Signaling Interface (FC-PH) Rev 4.3, June 1, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pearsonhighered.com/assets/samplechapter/0/3/2/1/0321136500.pdf">Tom Clark, Designing Storage Area Networks: A Practical Reference for Implementing Fibre Channel and IP SANs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrechannel.org/roadmap/">"Roadmaps"</a>. Fibre Channel Industry Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roadmaps&rft.pub=Fibre+Channel+Industry+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffibrechannel.org%2Froadmap%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrechannel.org/roadmap/">Fibre Channel Speedmap</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g620release-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g620release_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g620release_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brocade 32Gb platform released, Storagereview.com <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagereview.com/brocade_g620_gen_6_fibre_channel_switch_released">"Brocade G620 Gen 6 Fibre Channel Switch Released"</a>. March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404014046/http://www.storagereview.com/brocade_g620_gen_6_fibre_channel_switch_released">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brocade+G620+Gen+6+Fibre+Channel+Switch+Released&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagereview.com%2Fbrocade_g620_gen_6_fibre_channel_switch_released&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrechannel.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/FCIA-128GFC-Webcast-Final-v1.pdf">128GFC: A Preview of the New Fibre Channel Speed</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrechannel.org/roadmap/">Fibre Channel Speedmap</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-FS-4-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-FS-4_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstore.ansi.org/standards/incits/incits4882016">Fibre Channel - Framing and Signaling - 4 (FC-FS-4)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-SW-6-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-SW-6_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fibre Channel - Switch Fabric 6 (FC-SW-6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCFA_Nutshell-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BCFA_Nutshell_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brocade.com/content/dam/common/documents/content-types/education-study-tools/brocade-bcfa-nutshell-certification-study-tools.pdf">"BCFA in a Nutshell Study Guide for Exam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brocade Communications, Inc. February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185312/http://www.brocade.com/content/dam/common/documents/content-types/education-study-tools/brocade-bcfa-nutshell-certification-study-tools.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BCFA+in+a+Nutshell+Study+Guide+for+Exam&rft.pub=Brocade+Communications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocade.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fcommon%2Fdocuments%2Fcontent-types%2Feducation-study-tools%2Fbrocade-bcfa-nutshell-certification-study-tools.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/datacenter/mds9000/sw/4_1/configuration/guides/fm_4_1/fmguide.html">"Cisco MDS 9000 Family Fabric Manager Configuration Guide, Release 4.x"</a>. Cisco Systems, Inc. November 11, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821064642/https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/switches/datacenter/mds9000/sw/4_1/configuration/guides/fm_4_1/fmguide.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cisco+MDS+9000+Family+Fabric+Manager+Configuration+Guide%2C+Release+4.x&rft.pub=Cisco+Systems%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisco.com%2Fc%2Fen%2Fus%2Ftd%2Fdocs%2Fswitches%2Fdatacenter%2Fmds9000%2Fsw%2F4_1%2Fconfiguration%2Fguides%2Ffm_4_1%2Ffmguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Transmitter values listed are the currently specified values for the variant listed. Some older versions of the FC standards listed slightly different values (however, the values listed here fall within the +/− variance allowed). Individual variations for each specification are listed in the references associated with those entries in this table. FC-PH = X3T11 Project 755D; FC-PH-2 = X3T11 Project 901D; FC-PI-4 = INCITS Project 1647-D; FC-PI-5 = INCITS Project 2118D. Copies are available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incits.org/">INCITS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100915022630/http://www.incits.org/">Archived</a> 2010-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fibrechannel.org/hardware/">"Hardware"</a>. 25 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hardware&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffibrechannel.org%2Fhardware%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFibre+Channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="INCITS_standards">INCITS standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: INCITS standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_6.3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-5 Clause 6.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-5 Clause 8.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_6.3_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-4 Clause 6.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.1_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-4 Clause 8.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH-2_lists_1300nm_(see_clause_6.1_and_8.1)_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PH-2 lists 1300nm (see clause 6.1 and 8.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI_clause_8.1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_clause_8.1_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI clause 8.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH-2_clause_8.1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PH-2 clause 8.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_11-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_11_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-4 Clause 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PH lists 1300nm (see clause 6.1 and 8.1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PH_Clause_8.1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH_Clause_8.1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PH_Clause_8.1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PH Clause 8.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-5 Clause 6.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-4 Clause 6.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The older FC-PH and FC-PH-2 list 850nm (for 62.5μm cables) and 780nm (for 50μm cables)(see clause 6.2, 8.2, and 8.3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-5_Clause_8.2_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-5 Clause 8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-5 Annex A</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI-4_Clause_8.2_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI-4 Clause 8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FC-PI_Clause_8.2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FC-PI_Clause_8.2_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PI Clause 8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PC-PI-4 Clause 8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-PI_Clause_8.2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC-PI_Clause_8.2_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PC-PI Clause 8.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FC-PH Annex C and Annex E</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Clark, T. <i>Designing Storage Area Networks</i>, Addison-Wesley, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-61584-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-61584-3">0-201-61584-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2625">2625</a> – IP and ARP over Fibre Channel</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2837">2837</a> – Definitions of Managed Objects for the Fabric Element in Fibre Channel Standard</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3723">3723</a> – Securing Block Storage Protocols over IP</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4044">4044</a> – Fibre Channel Management <a href="/wiki/Management_information_base" title="Management information base">MIB</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4625">4625</a> – Fibre Channel Routing Information MIB</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4626">4626</a> – MIB for Fibre Channel's Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) Protocol</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibre_Channel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fibrechannel.org/">Fibre Channel Industry Association</a> (FCIA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t11.org/index.html">INCITS technical committee responsible for FC standards(T11)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks.nsf/0/f98c75e7c6b5a4ca88256d0c0060bcc0?OpenDocument">IBM SAN Survival Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg245470.html?Open">Introduction to Storage Area Networks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsi.web.cern.ch/HSI/fcs/spec/overview.htm">Fibre Channel overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iol.unh.edu/training/fc/tutorials/fc_tutorial.php">Fibre Channel tutorial</a> (UNH-IOL)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snia.org">Storage Networking Industry Association</a> (SNIA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetechnologychronicle.blogspot.in/2013/12/virtual-fibre-channel-in-hyper-v.html">Virtual fibre Channel in Hyper V</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">System bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front-side_bus" title="Front-side bus">Front-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-side_bus" title="Back-side bus">Back-side bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">Daisy chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_bus" title="Control bus">Control bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Address bus">Address bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_contention" title="Bus contention">Bus contention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_mastering" title="Bus mastering">Bus mastering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">Network on a chip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">Plug and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Computer_buses" title="List of interface bit rates">List of bus bandwidths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-50_bus" title="SS-50 bus">SS-50 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">Multibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unibus" title="Unibus">Unibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAXBI_bus" title="VAXBI bus">VAXBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STD_Bus" title="STD Bus">STD Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Card_Bus" title="Europe Card Bus">Europe Card Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEbus" title="STEbus">STEbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_II" title="Amiga Zorro II">Zorro II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Zorro_III" title="Amiga Zorro III">Zorro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Automated_Measurement_and_Control" title="Computer Automated Measurement and Control">CAMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTBUS" title="FASTBUS">FASTBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Pin_Count" title="Low Pin Count">LPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Precision_Bus" title="HP Precision Bus">HP Precision Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Extended Industry Standard Architecture">EISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMEbus" title="VMEbus">VME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="VME eXtensions for Instrumentation">VXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VXS" title="VXS">VXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPX" title="VPX">VPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuBus" title="NuBus">NuBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURBOchannel" title="TURBOchannel">TURBOchannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">MCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus" title="VESA Local Bus">VLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSC_bus" title="GSC bus">HP GSC bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">UPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI Extended (PCI-X)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation" title="PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation">PXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express (PCIe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port" title="Accelerated Graphics Port">AGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compute_Express_Link" title="Compute Express Link">Compute Express Link (CXL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface" title="Direct Media Interface">Direct Media Interface (DMI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidIO" title="RapidIO">RapidIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnect" title="Intel QuickPath Interconnect">Intel QuickPath Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVLink" title="NVLink">NVLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperTransport" title="HyperTransport">HyperTransport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infinity_Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Infinity Fabric">Infinity Fabric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Ultra_Path_Interconnect" title="Intel Ultra Path Interconnect">Intel Ultra Path Interconnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coherent_Accelerator_Processor_Interface" title="Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface">Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceWire" title="SpaceWire">SpaceWire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ST-506/ST-412" title="ST-506/ST-412">ST-506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Peripheral_Interface" title="Intelligent Peripheral Interface">IPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Module_Device" title="Storage Module Device">SMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA (PATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_and_Tag" title="Bus and Tag">Bus and Tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Storage_Systems_Interconnect" title="Digital Storage Systems Interconnect">DSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIPPI" title="HIPPI">HIPPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">Serial ATA (SATA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESCON" title="ESCON">ESCON</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Storage_Architecture" title="Serial Storage Architecture">SSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATAe</a></li> <li>PCI Express (via <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">AHCI</a> or <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a> logical device interface)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripheral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">Atari SIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Control_Bus" title="Digital Control Bus">DCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_bus" title="Commodore bus">Commodore bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-IL" title="HP-IL">HP-IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIL_bus" title="HIL bus">HIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-423" title="RS-423">RS-423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_(connector)" title="Lightning (connector)">Lightning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMX512#DMX512-A" title="DMX512">DMX512-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE-488" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE-488">IEEE-488 (GPIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1284" title="IEEE 1284">IEEE-1284 (parallel port)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">IEEE-1394 (FireWire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI/O" title="UNI/O">UNI/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Wire" title="1-Wire">1-Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> (<a href="/wiki/ACCESS.bus" title="ACCESS.bus">ACCESS.bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_Management_Bus" title="Power Management Bus">PMBus</a>, <a href="/wiki/System_Management_Bus" title="System Management Bus">SMBus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I3C_(bus)" title="I3C (bus)">I3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">SPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">D²B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profibus" title="Profibus">Profibus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Link" title="Camera Link">Camera Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express#PCI_Express_External_Cabling" title="PCI Express">External PCIe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAT_Lightpipe" title="ADAT Lightpipe">ADAT Lightpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">AES3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_High_Definition_Audio" title="Intel High Definition Audio">Intel HD Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2S" title="I²S">I²S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADI" title="MADI">MADI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McASP" title="McASP">McASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/PDIF" title="S/PDIF">S/PDIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOSLINK" title="TOSLINK">TOSLINK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">ExpressCard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multidrop_bus" title="Multidrop bus">Multidrop bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoreConnect" title="CoreConnect">CoreConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Microcontroller_Bus_Architecture" title="Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture">AMBA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Advanced_eXtensible_Interface" title="Advanced eXtensible Interface">AXI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishbone_(computer_bus)" title="Wishbone (computer bus)">Wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLIMbus" title="SLIMbus">SLIMbus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.</small><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solid-state_drives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solid-state_drive" title="Template talk:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solid-state_drives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">Solid-state drives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">SLC/MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XMC_(company)" title="XMC (company)">XMC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Form_factors" title="Hard disk drive">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">ONFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express#History" title="NVM Express">NVMHCI Work Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB-IF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">T10/SCSI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T11/FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">T13/ATA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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