CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="Qfi54Z5Bsp+2ZI/2ynIi+jkCZreZCpJ2Niu8UjHAHnXwSm1Zuy9SnuYgqjUTrbUi48kk9qWFyHAIsSHDeCeCpw==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Women and Religion" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Georgia Gleoudi" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Women and Religion" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/26266442/9077625/10125567/s200_georgia.gleoudi.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Women and Religion" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Women and Religion" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgiaGleoudi" /> <meta name="description" content="Women and Religion" /> <title>(DOC) Women and Religion | Georgia Gleoudi - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732431150000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732431150000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":null,"author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Georgia Gleoudi"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-10-08","dateModified":"2015-10-08","datePublished":null,"headline":"Women and Religion","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Women and Religion"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "bcd2836fe9240d7e9d3b39c74cce2b4560661ef7d181291f739952a9fc2b8932", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="vHTJzaXdnt9TEDAV4pZFNdVq7J1kNG6Prrbh85W9spkNxh11gLN+3gNUFdY7SdLtD6Gu3Fi7NImQLHxi3FouSw==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="xHFVaidIytr6Kmy4BUrYysYfcPl7JMj1w7Vp4KLHeOh1w4HSAiYq26puSXvclU8SHNQyuEerkvP9L/Rx6yDkOg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-bf3d831cde46cd0e142f29f81a3fc4ce5ab45a404c10c12a480e83de68aff851.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 26266442; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16587663%2FWomen_and_Religion%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16587663%2FWomen_and_Religion%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":39062983,"identifier":"Attachment_39062983","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":16587663,"created_at":"2015-10-08T22:19:55.195-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-17T23:43:39.316-08:00","_data":{},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Women and Religion","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [26266442]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39062983,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><img alt="First page of “Women and Religion”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39062983/mini_magick20190223-11882-15wjp5o.png?1550951843" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A-971495bd31377b9367f5ce5ca92bbc27dd8a843db989cbce3408389c670b62c0.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOCX</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Women and Religion</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26266442" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgiaGleoudi"><img alt="Profile image of Georgia Gleoudi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/26266442/9077625/10125567/s65_georgia.gleoudi.jpg" />Georgia Gleoudi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39062983,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39062983,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="39062983" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/16587663/Women_and_Religion" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="23059222" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23059222/Feminist_Reinterpretation_of_the_Qura_n">Feminist Reinterpretation of the Qur'a> n</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="341656" href="https://uinsgd.academia.edu/NinaNurmila">Nina Nurmila</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article argues that no Qur'a> nic interpretation is objective. Qur'a> nic interpretation is influenced by the interest, values and the background of its interpreters. This article will identify some of the biases in the existing Qur'a> nic interpretations, which are mostly written by male scholars, on gender issues such as the first human creation and male leadership, and will re-interpret the verses from equal gender perspective. This article will also argue that the correct interpretation is the one which is closer to the fundamental teaching of Islam, mainly equality and justice. Only Allah knows the ma'na> h} aqi@ qi@ (the real/correct meaning) of the Qur'a> n, but if Muslims believe that Allah is just, then it is impossible for Allah to reveal its message in the Qur'a> n to support injustice. Therefore, if Muslims interpret the Qur'a> n to support injustice, then their interpretations may be incorrect because they contradict the nature of God, who is just.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Reinterpretation of the Qur'a\u003e n","attachmentId":43561889,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23059222/Feminist_Reinterpretation_of_the_Qura_n","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23059222/Feminist_Reinterpretation_of_the_Qura_n"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="54900957" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54900957/_Womens_Contemporary_Readings_of_the_Quran_in_the_Routledge_Companion_to_the_Quran">"Women's Contemporary Readings of the Qur'an" in the Routledge Companion to the Qur'an</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56013626" href="https://queens.academia.edu/HadiaMubarak">Hadia Mubarak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Routledge Companion to the Qur'an, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Nowhere has the question of divine intent been as pressing for Muslims in the past two decades than in the field of women in the Qurʾan. A primary impetus for women’s contemporary readings of the Qurʾan has been a desire to address the perceived gap between divine intent and human interpretation. In the twenty-first century, Muslim women are caught amidst a polarity of interpretations regarding their position and rights within a religious tradition that spans fifteen centuries. To what extent are misogynistic attitudes or oppressive practices towards women embedded in religious texts? This chapter explores women’s contemporary readings of the Qurʾan, identifying their rationale, methods, and points of convergence and divergence. By surveying the development of this literary field, this chapter also puts into conversation arguments made by contemporary scholars of the Qurʾan regarding its inherent egalitarianism or androcentrism. This essay argues that scholars should consider new ways of engaging the Qurʾan’s scholarly exegetical tradition by moving away from binary conceptions of the Qurʾan or its exegesis as either patriarchal or egalitarian.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Women's Contemporary Readings of the Qur'an\" in the Routledge Companion to the Qur'an","attachmentId":92036639,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54900957/_Womens_Contemporary_Readings_of_the_Quran_in_the_Routledge_Companion_to_the_Quran","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54900957/_Womens_Contemporary_Readings_of_the_Quran_in_the_Routledge_Companion_to_the_Quran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="73977003" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73977003/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Quran_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_ISBN_978_0_19_935956">Aysha Hidayatullah, Feminist Edges of the Qur'an. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-935956</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="378032" href="https://siue.academia.edu/SabaFatima">Saba Fatima</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hypatia Reviews Online</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aysha Hidayatullah, Feminist Edges of the Qur'an. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-935956","attachmentId":82298648,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73977003/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Quran_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_ISBN_978_0_19_935956","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73977003/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Quran_New_York_Oxford_University_Press_2014_ISBN_978_0_19_935956"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="104405854" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104405854/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Nimet_Seker_in_Welt_Des_Islams">Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by Nimet Seker in Welt Des Islams</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3379076" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/CeleneIbrahim">Celene M Ibrahim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Welt Des Islams, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by Nimet Seker in Welt Des Islams","attachmentId":104144903,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104405854/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Nimet_Seker_in_Welt_Des_Islams","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104405854/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Nimet_Seker_in_Welt_Des_Islams"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="59036430" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59036430/Book_Review_Compte_rendu_Women_and_gender_in_the_Quran">Book Review / Compte rendu Women and gender in the Qur'an</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36780664" href="https://georgetown.academia.edu/HallaAttallah">Halla Attallah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many scholars of Islam consider feminist Qur'anic studies-the subject of women in the Qur'an-as a tangential subfield motivated by political interests as opposed to genuine "scientific" inquiry. Celene Ibrahim's book, Women and Gender in the Qur'an, challenges these assumptions. Through analysis of female representations in the Qur'an, Ibrahim earns a place alongside noteworthy scholars such as Fazlur Rahman, Ingrid Mattson, Amina Wadud, and Barbara Stowasser. Ibrahim investigates Qur'anic stories and themes using a kaleidoscope of methods from both the traditional Qur'anic sciences and contemporary western scholarship. She accomplishes this task skillfully while attending to central questions about female embodiment, agency, sexuality, and roles within religious and familiar structures. Women and Gender in the Qur'an is divided into four chapters, with each exploring a different Qur'anic theme and textual dimension. Ibrahim's analysis is divided into two main components: an in-depth textual investigation and what she refers to as a "femalecentric" reading of this data (10). Descriptively, the book offers a comprehensive introduction to women in Qur'anic narratives-the stories of the prophets and their families-and to the Qur'an's language. It introduces readers to both prominent female figures, such as Mary, and more obscure representations embedded within Qur'anic parables. These include the "one woman who unravels the yarn" (Q 16:92). Ibrahim also offers an in-depth semantic analysis of key theopolitical terms, such as "family (ahl)" and "house (ā l)," highlighting the female presence in each (28). Cognizant of the issues related to scholarly positionality and authority, Ibrahim defines her interpretive lens carefully. She refers to herself as a "tentative" female Muslim exegete or "mufassira" (8), thereby situating her brand of analysis at the intersection of Muslim exegesis (tafsīr) and feminist studies without oversimplifying the complexities of each intellectual tradition or their implications within the Muslim/secular academic context-particularly those presented by the term "feminism." Hers is a pious reading that is concerned with female bodies. The first two chapters, "Female sex and sexuality" and "Female kin, procreation and parenting," examine representations of sexed bodies, reproduction, and kinship. She Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses 1-3 ª The Author(s) / Le(s) auteur(s), 2021 Article reuse guidelines/ Directives de réutilisation des articles: sagepub.com/journals-permissions</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review / Compte rendu Women and gender in the Qur'an","attachmentId":73159376,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/59036430/Book_Review_Compte_rendu_Women_and_gender_in_the_Quran","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/59036430/Book_Review_Compte_rendu_Women_and_gender_in_the_Quran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="15350206" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15350206/Book_Review_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an">Book Review: Feminist Edges of the Qur’an</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="378032" href="https://siue.academia.edu/SabaFatima">Saba Fatima</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Overall, this book is indispensable for anyone wanting to have a richer understanding of how the Qur’an is read and interpreted within a feminist context. It is a wonderful synthesis of the work that has been done in the field thus far and provides tools necessary to seek out new avenues in understanding the Qur’an while still retaining a feminist spirit. Yet, in the end, this book does not disturb Muslim world order. It remains an overwhelming possibility for Hidayatullah that interpretations which hierarchally differentiate between men and women may not be wrong. There is a comforting sense of resignation, or at least an affirmation of the ambivalence that Muslim mothers have transmitted to their daughters for centuries. We, feminist Muslims, are left with the same ambiguity with which we started the book. However, we now have a much deeper understanding of the nature of that ambiguity, and that perhaps is worth embracing in itself.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Feminist Edges of the Qur’an","attachmentId":38647381,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15350206/Book_Review_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15350206/Book_Review_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="38584417" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38584417/Women_and_Scripture_The_feminist_exegesis_in_Islam">Women and Scripture The feminist exegesis in Islam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41166329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/miannucci">marisa iannucci</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Reconstructing the relationship between women and Sacred Scriptures is a complex task, and requires a deep survey in the texts and history of religious societies. Introducing the subject, I would like to recall a theme suggested by Maria Luisa Boccia in Ravenna in a conference on Muslim feminism 1. Boccia said that all cultures, all traditions, all human thinking do not belong to ourselves, to us (women) as women, because human history has not considered women able to think. They was not a thinking being but rather a thought one, a product of the mind. Women have often mediated and spread a mindset, a culture that was not their own, which have not any feminine connotation. It was men's thought, because men were the only ones deserving this sphere of the human being. Unfortunately, religious thinking did not make an exception. Concerning this argument, I would also mention Carla Lonzi. She wrote that every man is born with a tradition of leading men behind him, a tradition of respected and influential people they can use as their models; women, instead, have to struggle and to face many problems attempting to find these figures, provided that there are any. We could find some examples in the Scriptures and in the religious history, but we could find it barely and after great efforts, because they were usually undervalued and then forgotten. Significant figures, women of great importance often are not taken into consideration as they deserved. It is important to recognize the fact that religions have been abused for a long time, and still today, in many situations, they are manipulated by the power to control both men and women. Religions have been for a long time and still today are a powerful and effective tool of oppression and restriction, especially over women, in the hands of a power that is, globally, still masculine. Nonetheless, increasingly voices from different religious traditions, are suggesting a new interpretation of religion and its Scriptures highlighting how its universal message of equality has been repressed by the prevailing patriarchal system, which in the past excluded almost totally women from the sphere of knowledge. Concerning the Muslim, these voices are part of an heterogeneous and unorganized movement we can call Muslim feminism, whose members have been active all over the world since the 90's of the latest century. Muslim feminism's hermeneutic, moves towards three main directions:  Deconstructing folk myths and common traditions that are not sustained by the text of Koran, for example those about the description of Creation and of the events in the Garden of Eden, which comes from a biblical inspiration, and have been used to support the thesis of the superiority of men.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women and Scripture The feminist exegesis in Islam","attachmentId":58657887,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38584417/Women_and_Scripture_The_feminist_exegesis_in_Islam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38584417/Women_and_Scripture_The_feminist_exegesis_in_Islam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="86896640" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86896640/Re_Interpretation_of_womens_position_in_religious_texts_A_gender_humanistic_study">Re-Interpretation of women's position in religious texts: A gender humanistic study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42750601" href="https://independent.academia.edu/dwidiantari">dian widiantari</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AMCA Journal of Religion and Society</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Along with socio-cultural changes and the development of Islam that has spread to almost all parts of the world, it demands a reinterpretation of religious texts, considering the rules made by previous scholars have not yet accommodated the changes, especially related to the position of women. This change has become the idea for ladies activists to reinterpret the principles that are determined by ancient scholars that aren’t any longer relevant and interpret new things that haven’t been mentioned by the students. The debate over gender issues is unavoidable, especially between women activists and figures who consider the works of ancient scholars to still be relevant and think there is no need for reinterpretation. The purpose of this study is to provide a reinterpretation of religious texts related to gender understanding, especially those related to the position of women, especially for spots that demand equality with men. The research used is qualitative research in the form of ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Re-Interpretation of women's position in religious texts: A gender humanistic study","attachmentId":91248794,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86896640/Re_Interpretation_of_womens_position_in_religious_texts_A_gender_humanistic_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86896640/Re_Interpretation_of_womens_position_in_religious_texts_A_gender_humanistic_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="82068600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82068600/Feminist_Readings_of_the_Qur_an_Social_Political_and_Religious_Implications">Feminist Readings of the Qur’an: Social, Political, and Religious Implications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6633936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EdnanAslan">Ednan Aslan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Muslima Theology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Readings of the Qur’an: Social, Political, and Religious Implications","attachmentId":87892622,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82068600/Feminist_Readings_of_the_Qur_an_Social_Political_and_Religious_Implications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82068600/Feminist_Readings_of_the_Qur_an_Social_Political_and_Religious_Implications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="11729854" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11729854/Feminist_Interpretation_of_the_Quran_as_an_Ideological_Critique_against_Patriarchy">Feminist Interpretation of the Quran as an Ideological Critique against Patriarchy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2828217" href="https://binghamton.academia.edu/FaridMuttaqin">Farid Muttaqin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The edited version of this article published by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) can be accessed in : http://jurnalmasyarakatdanbudaya.com/index.php/jmb/article/view/119 My goals in writing this paper are, the first, to analyze and understand the methodology the Muslim feminists apply in their project of reinterpretation of the Quran. I will discuss their understanding of text and contexts, textual and contextual methods of interpretation. I will elaborate of how their method of contextual interpretation reflects their ideological perspective of feminism as a counter-patriarchal culture. I will see how the method of contextualization is in fact another literal approach since this method cannot escape from the important position of text. The second is to examine the impacts of the project in transforming public knowledge and awareness as a sign of ideological change. I will observe in what aspects and levels the project contributes to the ideological transformation from “patriarchy” to gender equal ideology.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Interpretation of the Quran as an Ideological Critique against Patriarchy","attachmentId":37164109,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11729854/Feminist_Interpretation_of_the_Quran_as_an_Ideological_Critique_against_Patriarchy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11729854/Feminist_Interpretation_of_the_Quran_as_an_Ideological_Critique_against_Patriarchy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39062983,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39062983,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39062983" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="6933923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6933923/Nirmeen_Fawzy_Ibrahim_Womens_Experience_and_the_Sacred_Text_Which_is_the_Norm">Nirmeen Fawzy Ibrahim Women's Experience and the Sacred Text: Which is the Norm</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8050543" href="https://cairo.academia.edu/NirmeenFawzy">Nirmeen Fawzy</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Nirmeen Fawzy Ibrahim Women's Experience and the Sacred Text: Which is the Norm","attachmentId":33606694,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6933923/Nirmeen_Fawzy_Ibrahim_Womens_Experience_and_the_Sacred_Text_Which_is_the_Norm","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6933923/Nirmeen_Fawzy_Ibrahim_Womens_Experience_and_the_Sacred_Text_Which_is_the_Norm"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="11455392" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11455392/Towards_an_Islamic_Feminist_Hermeneutic">Towards an Islamic Feminist Hermeneutic</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1420230" href="https://mistra.academia.edu/naeemjeenah">na'eem jeenah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards an Islamic Feminist Hermeneutic","attachmentId":36990849,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11455392/Towards_an_Islamic_Feminist_Hermeneutic","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11455392/Towards_an_Islamic_Feminist_Hermeneutic"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="96397861" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96397861/Feminism_in_the_QURAN_Study_of_Gender_Verses_of_the_QURAN_">Feminism in the QUR'AN (Study of Gender Verses of the QUR'AN)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19958940" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DeltaYauminNahri">Delta Yaumin Nahri‬</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminism in the QUR'AN (Study of Gender Verses of the QUR'AN)","attachmentId":98306743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96397861/Feminism_in_the_QURAN_Study_of_Gender_Verses_of_the_QURAN_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96397861/Feminism_in_the_QURAN_Study_of_Gender_Verses_of_the_QURAN_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122696567" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122696567/Book_Review_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran">Book Review: Women and Gender in the Qur'an</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25792045" href="https://camosun.academia.edu/ZainabYounus">Zainab bint Younus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Islam and Society, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Book Review: Women and Gender in the Qur'an","attachmentId":117310309,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122696567/Book_Review_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122696567/Book_Review_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="35478195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35478195/Womans_Identity_and_the_Quran_A_New_Reading">Woman's Identity and the Qur'an: A New Reading</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="72971744" href="https://independent.academia.edu/norhazira">nor hazira</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Woman's Identity and the Qur'an: A New Reading","attachmentId":55340601,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35478195/Womans_Identity_and_the_Quran_A_New_Reading","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35478195/Womans_Identity_and_the_Quran_A_New_Reading"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="81942176" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81942176/Muslim_Feminist_Hermeneutical_Method_to_the_Quran_Analytical_Study_to_the_Method_of_Amina_Wadud_">Muslim Feminist Hermeneutical Method to the Qur'an (Analytical Study to the Method of Amina Wadud)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="177080605" href="https://independent.academia.edu/irmariyani5">irma riyani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Muslim Feminist Hermeneutical Method to the Qur'an (Analytical Study to the Method of Amina Wadud)","attachmentId":87809966,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81942176/Muslim_Feminist_Hermeneutical_Method_to_the_Quran_Analytical_Study_to_the_Method_of_Amina_Wadud_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81942176/Muslim_Feminist_Hermeneutical_Method_to_the_Quran_Analytical_Study_to_the_Method_of_Amina_Wadud_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34693200" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34693200/Feminist_Muslim_Re_interpretations_of_Early_Islam">Feminist Muslim (Re)interpretations of Early Islam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5134502" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/AishaGeissinger">Ash Geissinger</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Routledge Handbook on Early Islam, ed. Herbert Berg (London and New York: Routledge, 2018), pp. 296-308.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Muslim (Re)interpretations of Early Islam","attachmentId":54552007,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34693200/Feminist_Muslim_Re_interpretations_of_Early_Islam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34693200/Feminist_Muslim_Re_interpretations_of_Early_Islam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="72966632" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72966632/Four_Works_on_Women_in_Islam">Four Works on Women in Islam</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12295919" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MazenHashem">Mazen Hashem</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Islam and Society</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Four Works on Women in Islam","attachmentId":81677186,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72966632/Four_Works_on_Women_in_Islam","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72966632/Four_Works_on_Women_in_Islam"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="55592787" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55592787/The_Critique_of_Feminism_on_Traditional_Christian_Theology_An_Analysis_from_Qur_%C4%81nic_Perspective">The Critique of Feminism on Traditional Christian Theology: An Analysis from Qur’ānic Perspective</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="202543803" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdibahAbdulRahim">Adibah Abdul Rahim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ulum Islamiyyah</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Critique of Feminism on Traditional Christian Theology: An Analysis from Qur’ānic Perspective","attachmentId":71393025,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/55592787/The_Critique_of_Feminism_on_Traditional_Christian_Theology_An_Analysis_from_Qur_%C4%81nic_Perspective","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/55592787/The_Critique_of_Feminism_on_Traditional_Christian_Theology_An_Analysis_from_Qur_%C4%81nic_Perspective"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="82157191" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82157191/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_C_Ibrahim">Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by C. Ibrahim</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56013626" href="https://queens.academia.edu/HadiaMubarak">Hadia Mubarak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AAR Reading Religion, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by C. Ibrahim","attachmentId":87954062,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82157191/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_C_Ibrahim","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82157191/Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_C_Ibrahim"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="80549249" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80549249/Muslim_Women_as_Religious_Scholars_A_Historical_Survey">Muslim Women as Religious Scholars: A Historical Survey</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5026385" href="https://howard.academia.edu/ZainabAlwani">Zainab Alwani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Muslima Theology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Muslim Women as Religious Scholars: A Historical Survey","attachmentId":86893978,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80549249/Muslim_Women_as_Religious_Scholars_A_Historical_Survey","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80549249/Muslim_Women_as_Religious_Scholars_A_Historical_Survey"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="38013526" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38013526/Mheta_REVIEWING_FEMINIST_LITERATURE_Article_docx">Mheta - REVIEWING FEMINIST LITERATURE - Article.docx</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19584707" href="https://johannesburg.academia.edu/MustafaMheta">Mustafa Mheta</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mheta - REVIEWING FEMINIST LITERATURE - Article.docx","attachmentId":58034118,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38013526/Mheta_REVIEWING_FEMINIST_LITERATURE_Article_docx","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38013526/Mheta_REVIEWING_FEMINIST_LITERATURE_Article_docx"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="44185937" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44185937/_Women_in_the_Qur_an_Appreciating_Female_Faith_Wisdom_and_Knowledge_Yaqeen_">"Women in the Qur’an: Appreciating Female Faith Wisdom and Knowledge" (Yaqeen)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3379076" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/CeleneIbrahim">Celene M Ibrahim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Yaqeen, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Women in the Qur’an: Appreciating Female Faith Wisdom and Knowledge\" (Yaqeen)","attachmentId":64546964,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44185937/_Women_in_the_Qur_an_Appreciating_Female_Faith_Wisdom_and_Knowledge_Yaqeen_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44185937/_Women_in_the_Qur_an_Appreciating_Female_Faith_Wisdom_and_Knowledge_Yaqeen_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="122640945" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122640945/Response_to_Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Zainab_Bint_Younus">Response to Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by Zainab Bint Younus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3379076" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/CeleneIbrahim">Celene M Ibrahim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Islam and Society, 2024</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Response to Review of Women and Gender in the Qur'an by Zainab Bint Younus","attachmentId":117267305,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122640945/Response_to_Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Zainab_Bint_Younus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122640945/Response_to_Review_of_Women_and_Gender_in_the_Quran_by_Zainab_Bint_Younus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="73189239" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73189239/An_examination_of_the_nature_and_necessity_of_feminist_interpretation_of_the_Holy_Quran">An examination of the nature and necessity of feminist interpretation of the Holy Quran</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173485302" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadSharifi3">Muhammad Sharifi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An examination of the nature and necessity of feminist interpretation of the Holy Quran","attachmentId":81805874,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73189239/An_examination_of_the_nature_and_necessity_of_feminist_interpretation_of_the_Holy_Quran","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73189239/An_examination_of_the_nature_and_necessity_of_feminist_interpretation_of_the_Holy_Quran"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="51779993" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51779993/Recovering_the_Female_Voice_in_Islamic_Scripture">Recovering the Female Voice in Islamic Scripture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3623808" href="https://sandiego.academia.edu/BaharDavary">Bahar Davary</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recovering the Female Voice in Islamic Scripture","attachmentId":69351470,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/51779993/Recovering_the_Female_Voice_in_Islamic_Scripture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/51779993/Recovering_the_Female_Voice_in_Islamic_Scripture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="23801561" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23801561/On_the_Convergence_of_Islam_Feminism_and_Qur_anic_Interpretation_A_Critical_Review_of_Aysha_Hidayatullah_s_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an">On the Convergence of Islam, Feminism, and Qur’anic Interpretation: A Critical Review of Aysha Hidayatullah’s Feminist Edges of the Qur’an</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22836" href="https://uct.academia.edu/FatimaSeedat">Fatima Seedat</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On the Convergence of Islam, Feminism, and Qur’anic Interpretation: A Critical Review of Aysha Hidayatullah’s Feminist Edges of the Qur’an","attachmentId":44201847,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23801561/On_the_Convergence_of_Islam_Feminism_and_Qur_anic_Interpretation_A_Critical_Review_of_Aysha_Hidayatullah_s_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23801561/On_the_Convergence_of_Islam_Feminism_and_Qur_anic_Interpretation_A_Critical_Review_of_Aysha_Hidayatullah_s_Feminist_Edges_of_the_Qur_an"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="8377940" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8377940/PhD_Dissertation_Room_for_Interpretation_Quranic_Exegesis_and_Gender">PhD Dissertation - Room for Interpretation: Qur'anic Exegesis and Gender</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="146757" href="https://iis.academia.edu/KarenBauer">Karen Bauer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"PhD Dissertation - Room for Interpretation: Qur'anic Exegesis and Gender","attachmentId":34776493,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8377940/PhD_Dissertation_Room_for_Interpretation_Quranic_Exegesis_and_Gender","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8377940/PhD_Dissertation_Room_for_Interpretation_Quranic_Exegesis_and_Gender"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="72385772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72385772/Women_and_the_Freedom_of_Reinterpreting_the_Holy_Text_A_Study_of_Sisters_in_Islam_and_Their_Reinterpretation_of_QurAnic_Verses_and_Hadith_on_Marital_Issues">Women and the Freedom of Reinterpreting the Holy Text: A Study of Sisters in Islam and Their Reinterpretation of Qur'Anic Verses and Hadith on Marital Issues</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7752252" href="https://uniabuja.academia.edu/MusaYusufOwoyemi">Musa Yusuf Owoyemi</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Women and the Freedom of Reinterpreting the Holy Text: A Study of Sisters in Islam and Their Reinterpretation of Qur'Anic Verses and Hadith on Marital Issues","attachmentId":81332000,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72385772/Women_and_the_Freedom_of_Reinterpreting_the_Holy_Text_A_Study_of_Sisters_in_Islam_and_Their_Reinterpretation_of_QurAnic_Verses_and_Hadith_on_Marital_Issues","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/72385772/Women_and_the_Freedom_of_Reinterpreting_the_Holy_Text_A_Study_of_Sisters_in_Islam_and_Their_Reinterpretation_of_QurAnic_Verses_and_Hadith_on_Marital_Issues"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="113518537" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/113518537/FEMINIST_HERMENEUTICS_IN_ISLAM_A_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_BELIEVING_WOMEN_IN_ISLAM_UNREADING_PATRIARCHAL_INTERPRETATIONS_OF_THE_QURAN_OF_ASMA_BARLAS_pdf">FEMINIST HERMENEUTICS IN ISLAM; A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ‘BELIEVING WOMEN IN ISLAM: UNREADING PATRIARCHAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE QUR'AN’ OF ASMA BARLAS.pdf</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="145161386" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PSALMANULFARIS">SALMANULFARIS P</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">thesis, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FEMINIST HERMENEUTICS IN ISLAM; A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ‘BELIEVING WOMEN IN ISLAM: UNREADING PATRIARCHAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE QUR'AN’ OF ASMA BARLAS.pdf","attachmentId":110457598,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113518537/FEMINIST_HERMENEUTICS_IN_ISLAM_A_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_BELIEVING_WOMEN_IN_ISLAM_UNREADING_PATRIARCHAL_INTERPRETATIONS_OF_THE_QURAN_OF_ASMA_BARLAS_pdf","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/113518537/FEMINIST_HERMENEUTICS_IN_ISLAM_A_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_BELIEVING_WOMEN_IN_ISLAM_UNREADING_PATRIARCHAL_INTERPRETATIONS_OF_THE_QURAN_OF_ASMA_BARLAS_pdf"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="116754623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116754623/WOMEN_IN_THE_OLD_TESTAMENT_AND_THE_QURAN">WOMEN IN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE QUR'AN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="135902832" href="https://amu-in.academia.edu/MohdItoo">Mohd Z A H I D Itoo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Islamic Studies and Humanities, Indonesia, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"WOMEN IN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE QUR'AN","attachmentId":112796086,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116754623/WOMEN_IN_THE_OLD_TESTAMENT_AND_THE_QURAN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116754623/WOMEN_IN_THE_OLD_TESTAMENT_AND_THE_QURAN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="108929802" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108929802/THE_HERMENEUTICS_INFLUENCE_ON_FEMINIST_EXEGESIS_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_AMINA_WADUD">THE HERMENEUTICS INFLUENCE ON FEMINIST EXEGESIS: A CASE STUDY ON AMINA WADUD</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16584296" href="https://cmb.academia.edu/DrGafoordeenN">Prof. Dr. Gafoordeen N.</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Quran and Tafseer Studies, 2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE HERMENEUTICS INFLUENCE ON FEMINIST EXEGESIS: A CASE STUDY ON AMINA WADUD","attachmentId":107191276,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108929802/THE_HERMENEUTICS_INFLUENCE_ON_FEMINIST_EXEGESIS_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_AMINA_WADUD","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108929802/THE_HERMENEUTICS_INFLUENCE_ON_FEMINIST_EXEGESIS_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_AMINA_WADUD"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="122495081" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122495081/Feminist_Exegesis_in_Hamkas_Tafsir_Al_Azhar">Feminist Exegesis in Hamka's Tafsir Al-Azhar</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12630803" href="https://uludag.academia.edu/ZulFikri">Zul Fikri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jurnal Studi Ilmu-ilmu Al-Qur'an dan Hadis, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Feminist Exegesis in Hamka's Tafsir Al-Azhar","attachmentId":117146908,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122495081/Feminist_Exegesis_in_Hamkas_Tafsir_Al_Azhar","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122495081/Feminist_Exegesis_in_Hamkas_Tafsir_Al_Azhar"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="35716530" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35716530/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Muslim_Feminist_Theology_in_the_United_States">Aysha Hidayatullah Muslim Feminist Theology in the United States</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="74980843" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FaridRafid">Farid Rafid</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aysha Hidayatullah Muslim Feminist Theology in the United States","attachmentId":55589745,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35716530/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Muslim_Feminist_Theology_in_the_United_States","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35716530/Aysha_Hidayatullah_Muslim_Feminist_Theology_in_the_United_States"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="100764" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_and_Religion">Women and Religion</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div> </body> </html>