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href="#Dating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Dating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahapuranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahapuranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mahapuranas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahapuranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upapurana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upapurana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Upapurana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upapurana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skanda_Purana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skanda_Purana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Skanda Purana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skanda_Purana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolism_and_layers_of_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism_and_layers_of_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Symbolism and layers of meaning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism_and_layers_of_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas_as_a_complement_to_the_Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas_as_a_complement_to_the_Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Puranas as a complement to the Vedas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas_as_a_complement_to_the_Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas_as_encyclopedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas_as_encyclopedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Puranas as encyclopedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas_as_encyclopedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas_as_religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas_as_religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Puranas as religious texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas_as_religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Jainism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sectarian,_pluralistic_or_monotheistic_theme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian,_pluralistic_or_monotheistic_theme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Sectarian, pluralistic or monotheistic theme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian,_pluralistic_or_monotheistic_theme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas_as_historical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas_as_historical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Puranas as historical texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas_as_historical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Manuscripts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Manuscripts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forgeries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forgeries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Forgeries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forgeries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Translations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Puranas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بورانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بورانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="পুৰাণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পুৰাণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="পুরাণ (ভারতীয় শাস্ত্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরাণ (ভারতীয় শাস্ত্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пурана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пурана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_(hinduisme)" title="Purana (hinduisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Purana (hinduisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A1ny" title="Purány – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Purány" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Puranas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puraanad" title="Puraanad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puraanad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Πουράνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πουράνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranoj" title="Puranoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Puranoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7" title="پوراناها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوراناها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puran" title="Puran – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Puran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3" title="પુરાણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પુરાણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%82%98" title="푸라나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="푸라나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պուրաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուրաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Purāṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purāṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪುರಾಣಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುರಾಣಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პურანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პურანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C4%81nas" title="Purānas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Purānas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranos" title="Puranos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puranos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Puranas" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A1n%C3%A1k" title="Puránák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Puránák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="പുരാണങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുരാണങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="पुराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პურანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პურანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="پورانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پورانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯨꯔꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯨꯔꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပူရဏ်ကျမ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပူရဏ်ကျမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana%27s" title="Purana's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Purana's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="プラーナ文献 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラーナ文献" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranaene" title="Puranaene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Puranaene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3" title="ପୁରାଣ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପୁରାଣ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਪੁਰਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="पुराण – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पुराण" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%A7%DD%A8%D9%8E" title="پُرَاݨَ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُرَاݨَ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purany" title="Purany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Purany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana" title="Purana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Purana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Пураны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пураны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पुराणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पुराणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پران – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پران" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranat" title="Puranat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Puranat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB" title="පුරාණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Puranas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BB" title="پراڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پراڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A1ny" title="Purány – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Purány" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranat" title="Puranat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puranat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Puranas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புராணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புராணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పురాణాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పురాణాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="ปุราณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปุราณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranalar" title="Puranalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Puranalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пурани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пурани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Puranas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%A6" title="往世书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="往世书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%A6" title="往世书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="往世书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu scriptures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu texts. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Purana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Purana (disambiguation)">Purana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_of_Text,_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_LACMA_M.82.62.1_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/500px-Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg/960px-Page_of_Text%2C_Folio_from_a_Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_LACMA_M.82.62.1_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1332" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagavata_Purana_(Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord)_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/330px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/500px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg/960px-Bhagavata_Purana_%28Ancient_Stories_of_the_Lord%29_Manuscript_LACMA_M.88.134.4_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1732" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Discoursing_(recto),_Prince_Worshipping_and_Discoursing_(verso);_Folio_from_a_Vaishnava_manuscript_LACMA_M.72.53.27a-b_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vishnu_Discoursing_%28recto%29%2C_Prince_Worshipping_and_Discoursing_%28verso%29%3B_Folio_from_a_Vaishnava_manuscript_LACMA_M.72.53.27a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/260px-Vishnu_Discoursing_%28recto%29%2C_Prince_Worshipping_and_Discoursing_%28verso%29%3B_Folio_from_a_Vaishnava_manuscript_LACMA_M.72.53.27a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vishnu_Discoursing_%28recto%29%2C_Prince_Worshipping_and_Discoursing_%28verso%29%3B_Folio_from_a_Vaishnava_manuscript_LACMA_M.72.53.27a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/390px-Vishnu_Discoursing_%28recto%29%2C_Prince_Worshipping_and_Discoursing_%28verso%29%3B_Folio_from_a_Vaishnava_manuscript_LACMA_M.72.53.27a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/250px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Rig vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> Sama vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> Yajur vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> Atharva vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Brahma puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> Vaishnava puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> Shaiva puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> Shakta puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Puranas (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: पुराण, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: Purāṇas, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Ancients'<a href="#cite_note-merriam-1">[1]</a>) are a vast genre of Indian literature that include a wide range of topics, especially legends and other traditional lore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">[2]</a> The Puranas are known for the intricate layers of symbolism depicted within their stories. Composed originally in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">other</a> Indian languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> several of these texts are named after major <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deities such as <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Devi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nair_2008_266-7">[7]</a> The Puranic genre of literature is found in both <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> The Puranic literature is encyclopedic,<a href="#cite_note-merriam-1">[1]</a> and it includes diverse topics such as <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, genealogies of gods, goddesses, kings, queens, heroes, heroines, sages, other gods, other goddesses, folk tales, pilgrimages, temples, medicine, astronomy, grammar, mineralogy, humor, love stories, theology, philosophy, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21-6">[6]</a> The content is highly inconsistent across the Puranas, and each Purana has survived in numerous manuscripts which are themselves inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> The Hindu Maha Puranas are traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, but many scholars considered them likely the work of many authors over the centuries; in contrast, most Jaina Puranas can be dated and their authors assigned.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> There are 18 Mukhya Puranas (Major Puranas) and 18 Upa Puranas (Minor Puranas),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4-8">[8]</a> with over 400,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">[2]</a> The first versions of various Puranas were likely to have been composed between 3rd and 10th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-collins36-9">[9]</a> While the Puranas do not enjoy the authority of a scripture in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4-8">[8]</a> and are considered <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001503-10">[10]</a> they shaped Hinduism more than the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, providing a "culture synthesis" in weaving and integrating the diverse beliefs of a great number of local traditions into the Vedic-Brahmanic fold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003162–167-11">[11]</a> While all Puranas praise many gods and goddesses and "their sectarianism is far less clear cut" than assumed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126-12">[12]</a> the religious practices included in them are considered Vaidika (congruent with Vedic literature).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Puranic literature wove with the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> in India, and both <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> scholars have commented on the underlying Vedantic themes in the Maha Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Douglas Harper states that the etymological origins of Puranas are from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Puranah, literally "ancient, former," from pura "formerly, before," cognate with <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> paros "before," pro "before," Avestan paro "before," Old <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> fore, from Proto-Indo-European *pre-, from *per-."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, the narrator of the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, is hagiographically credited as the compiler of the Puranas. The ancient tradition suggests that originally there was but one Purana. Vishnu Purana (3.6.15) mentions that Vyasa entrusted his Puranasamhita to his disciple Lomaharshana, who in turn imparted it to his disciples,<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 1]</a> three of whom compiled their own samhitas. These three, together with Lomaharshana's, comprise the Mulasamhita, from which the later eighteen Puranas were derived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198645–-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coburn1988-18">[17]</a> The term Purana appears in the Vedic texts. For example, Atharva Veda mentions Purana (in the singular) in XI.7.24 and XV.6.10-11:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–821-19">[18]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Rig and Sama verses, the Chandas, the Purana along with the Yajur formulae, all sprang from the remainder of the sacrificial food, (as also) the gods that resort to heaven. He changed his place and went over to great direction, and Itihasa and Purana, gathas, verses in praise of heroes followed in going over."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, XV.6.10-11, <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962[httpsarchiveorgdetailsHistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV52pagen137_816]-20">[19]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Similarly, the Shatapatha Brahmana (XI.5.6.8) mentions Itihasapuranam (as one compound word) and recommends that on the 9th day of Pariplava, the hotr priest should narrate some Purana because "the Purana is the Veda, this it is" (XIII.4.3.13). However, states P.V. Kane, it is not certain whether these texts suggested several works or a single work with the term Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817-21">[20]</a> The late Vedic text Taittiriya Aranyaka (II.10) uses the term in the plural. Therefore, states Kane, that in the later Vedic period at least, the Puranas referred to three or more texts, and that they were studied and recited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817-21">[20]</a> In numerous passages the Mahabharata mentions 'Purana' in both singular and plural forms. Moreover, it is not unlikely that, where the singular 'Puranam' was employed in the texts, a class of works was meant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817-21">[20]</a> Further, despite the mention of the term Purana or Puranas in the Vedic texts, there is uncertainty about the contents of them until the composition of the oldest Dharmashastra <a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba Dharmasutra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Dharmasutra" title="Gautama Dharmasutra">Gautama Dharmasutra</a>, which mention Puranas that resemble the extant Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817-21">[20]</a> Another early mention of the term 'Itihas-purana' is found in the <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> (7.1.2), translated by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> as "the corpus of histories and ancient tales as the fifth Veda".<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[note 2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanishad">Brhadaranyaka Upanishad</a> also refers to purana as the "fifth Veda".<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoghe1997160,_249-27">[25]</a> According to Thomas Coburn, Puranas and early extra-puranic texts attest to two traditions regarding their origin, one proclaiming a divine origin as the breath of the great beings, the other as a human sage named <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> as the arranger of already existing material into eighteen Puranas. In the early references, states Coburn, the term Purana occurs in singular unlike the later era which refers to a plural form presumably because they had assumed their "multifarious form".<a href="#cite_note-Coburn1988-18">[17]</a> According to the Indologists <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J. A. B. van Buitenen</a> and Cornelia Dimmitt, the Puranas that have survived into the modern era are ancient but represent "an amalgam of two somewhat different but never entirely different separate oral literatures: the Brahmin tradition stemming from the reciters of the Vedas, and the bardic poetry recited by Sutas that was handed down in <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> circles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127-28">[26]</a> The original Puranas comes from the priestly roots while the later genealogies have the warrior and epic roots. These texts were collected for the "second time between the fourth and sixth centuries CE under the rule of the Gupta kings and queens", a period of Hindu renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127–8,_context:_4-13-29">[27]</a> However, the editing and expansion of the Puranas did not stop after the Gupta era, and the texts continued to "grow for another five hundred or a thousand years" and these were preserved by priests who maintained Hindu pilgrimage sites and temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127–8,_context:_4-13-29">[27]</a> The core of Itihasa-Puranas, states Klaus Klostermaier, may possibly go back to the 7th century BCE or even earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200759–-30">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating">Dating</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating">edit</a>]</div> It is not possible to set a specific date for any Purana as a whole, states <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>. He points out that even for the better established and more coherent Puranas such as <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a>, the dates proposed by scholars continue to vary widely and endlessly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198645–-17">[16]</a> The date of the production of the written texts does not define the date of origin of the Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009247-31">[29]</a> They existed in an oral form before being written down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009247-31">[29]</a> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/F._E._Pargiter" title="F. E. Pargiter">F. E. Pargiter</a> believed the "original Purana" may date to the time of the final redaction of the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargiter196230–54-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, based on her study of indologists, assigns approximate dates to the various Puranas. She dates <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a> to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 250 CE (with one portion dated to c. 550 CE), <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a> to c. 250–500 CE, <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a> to c. 350 CE, <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> to c. 450 CE, <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a> to c. 350–950 CE, <a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a> to c. 450–900 CE, <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a> to c. 550–850 CE, and <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a> to c. 600–1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-collins36-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahapuranas">Mahapuranas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mahapuranas">edit</a>]</div> Of the many texts designated 'Puranas' the most important are the Mahāpurāṇas or the major Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4-8">[8]</a> These are said to be eighteen in number, divided into three groups of six, though they are not always counted in the same way. The list of Mahapuranas is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, part 3, chapter 6, verses 21–24.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The number of verses in each Mahapurana is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, part 12, chapter 13, verses 4–9.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>S.No.</th> <th>Maha Purana</th> <th>Verses number</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></td> <td>10,000 verses</td> <td>Sometimes also called Adi Purana, because many Mahapuranas lists put it first of 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986154–156-35">[33]</a> The text has 245 chapters, shares many passages with Vishnu, Vayu, Markendeya Puranas, and with the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Includes mythology, theory of war, art work in temples, and other cultural topics. Describes holy places in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, and weaves themes of Vishnu and Shiva, but hardly any mention of deity Brahma despite the title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986154–156-35">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></td> <td>55,000 verses</td> <td>A large compilation of diverse topics, it describes cosmology, the world and nature of life from the perspective of Vishnu. It also discusses festivals, numerous legends, geography of rivers and regions from northwest India to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, major sages of India, various Avatars of Vishnu and his cooperation with Shiva, a story of Rama-Sita that is different from the Hindu epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986209–215-36">[34]</a> The north Indian manuscripts of Padma Purana are very different from south Indian versions, and the various recensions in both groups in different languages (Devanagari and Bengali, for example) show major inconsistencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> Like the Skanda Purana, it is a detailed treatise on travel and pilgrimage centers in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986209–215-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007281-283_with_footnotes_on_page_553-38">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></td> <td>23,000 verses</td> <td>One of the most studied and circulated Puranas, it also contains genealogical details of various dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> Better preserved after the 17th century, but exists in inconsistent versions, more ancient pre-15th century versions are very different from modern versions, with some versions discussing Buddhism and Jainism. Some chapters likely composed in Kashmir and Punjab region of South Asia. A Vaishnavism text, focused on Vishnu.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></td> <td>24,000 verses</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> is one of eighteen <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Purana</a> genre of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> literature corpus. It primarily centers around the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and goddess <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, but references and reveres all gods. The Shiva Purana asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a> (books), however the Purana adds that it was abridged by sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></td> <td>18,000 verses</td> <td>The most studied and popular of the Puranas,<a href="#cite_note-richardthompson-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> telling of Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a>, and of Vaishnavism. It contains genealogical details of various dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> Numerous inconsistent versions of this text and historical manuscripts exist, in many Indian languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986139–149-43">[41]</a> Influential and elaborated during <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy2001-44">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada</a></td> <td>25,000 verses</td> <td>Also called Naradiya Purana. Discusses the four <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a> and the six <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a>. Dedicates one chapter each, from Chapters 92 to 109, to summarize the other 17 Maha Puranas and itself. Lists major rivers of India and places of pilgrimage, and a short tour guide for each. Includes discussion of various philosophies, soteriology, planets, astronomy, myths and characteristics of major deities including Vishnu, Shiva, Devi, Krishna, Rama, Lakshmi and others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986202–203-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></td> <td>9,000 verses</td> <td>Describes <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Range" title="Vindhya Range">Vindhya Range</a> and western India. Probably composed in the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapti">Tapti</a> rivers, in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198670–71-46">[44]</a> Named after sage Markandeya, a student of Brahma. Contains chapters on <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and on Hindu epic Mahabharata.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra19878–11-47">[45]</a> The Purana includes <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></td> <td>15,400 verses</td> <td>Contains encyclopedic information. Includes geography of Mithila (<a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar</a> and neighboring states), cultural history, politics, education system, iconography, taxation theories, organization of army, theories on proper causes for war, diplomacy, local laws, building public projects, water distribution methods, trees and plants, medicine, Vastu Shastra (architecture), gemology, grammar, metrics, poetry, food, rituals and numerous other topics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986134–137-48">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></td> <td>14,500 verses</td> <td>The Bhavishya Purana (Bhaviṣya Purāṇa, lit. "Future Purana") is one of the eighteen major works in the Purana genre of Hinduism, written in Sanskrit.The title Bhavishya means "future" and implies it is a work that contains prophecies regarding the future, however, the "prophecy" parts of the extant manuscripts are a modern era addition and hence not an integral part of the Bhavishya Purana.Those sections of the surviving manuscripts that are dated to be older, are partly borrowed from other Indian texts such as Brihat Samhita and Shamba Purana. </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></td> <td>18,000 verses</td> <td>It is related by Savarni to Narada, and centres around the greatness of Krishna and Radha. In this, the story of Brahma-varaha is repeatedly told.<a href="#cite_note-Dowson2000-49">[47]</a> Notable for asserting that Krishna is the supreme reality and the gods Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma are incarnations of him.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-50">[48]</a> Mentions geography and rivers such as <a href="/wiki/Ganga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganga">Ganga</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></td> <td>11,000 verses</td> <td>Discusses <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a>, symbol of Shiva, and origin of the universe as per <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>. It also contains many stories of Lingam, one of which entails how Agni Lingam solved a dispute between Vishnu and Brahma. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></td> <td>24,000 verses</td> <td>Primarily Vishnu-related worship manual, with large Mahatmya sections or travel guide to Mathura and Nepal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra198796–97-51">[49]</a> Presentation focuses on Varaha as incarnation of Narayana, but rarely uses the terms Krishna or Vasudeva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra198796–97-51">[49]</a> Many illustrations also involve Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></td> <td>81,100 verses</td> <td>Describes the birth of Skanda (or Karthikeya), son of Shiva. The longest Purana, it is an extraordinarily meticulous pilgrimage guide, containing geographical locations of pilgrimage centers in India, with related legends, parables, hymns and stories. Many untraced quotes are attributed to this text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger199359–83-53">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></td> <td>10,000 verses</td> <td>Describes <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, particularly Himalayan foothills region. </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></td> <td>17,000 verses</td> <td>Contains a combination of Vishnu and Shiva related legends, mythology, Tirtha (pilgrimage) and theology </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></td> <td>14,000 verses</td> <td>An encyclopedia of diverse topics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198678–79-54">[52]</a> Narrates the story of <a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a>, the first of ten major <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of Vishnu. Likely composed in west India, by people aware of geographical details of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> river. Includes legends about Brahma and Saraswati.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> It also contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></td> <td>19,000 verses</td> <td>An encyclopedia of diverse topics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198678–79-54">[52]</a> Primarily about Vishnu, but praises all gods. Describes how Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma collaborate. Many chapters are a dialogue between Vishnu and the bird-vehicle <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>. Cosmology, Describes cosmology, relationship between gods. Discusses ethics, what are crimes, good versus evil, various schools of Hindu philosophies, the theory of Yoga, the theory of "heaven and hell" with "karma and rebirth", includes Upanishadic discussion of self-knowledge as a means of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnduttgaruda-56">[54]</a> Includes chapters on rivers, geography of Bharat (India) and other nations on earth, types of minerals and stones, testing methods for stones for their quality, various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, prophylactics, Hindu calendar and its basis, astronomy, moon, planets, astrology, architecture, building home, essential features of a temple, rites of passage, virtues such as compassion, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, duties of a king, politics, state officials and their roles and how to appointment them, genre of literature, rules of grammar, and other topics.<a href="#cite_note-mnduttgaruda-56">[54]</a> The final chapters discuss how to practice <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> (Samkhya and Advaita types), personal development and the benefits of self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-mnduttgaruda-56">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></td> <td>12,000 verses</td> <td>One of the earliest composed Puranas, it contains a controversial genealogical details of various dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> Includes <a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranamam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalita Sahasranamam">Lalita Sahasranamam</a>, law codes, system of governance, administration, diplomacy, trade, ethics. Old manuscripts of Brahmanda Purana have been found in the Hindu literature collections of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198678–79-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Puranas, according to Flood, have traditionally been classified according to three qualities (<a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guna</a>) which are inherent in existence, namely the quality of light or purity (<a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a>), passion (<a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a>), and darkness or inertia (<a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a>), with each quality having six puranas focused, but not exclusively, upon a single deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996109–110-58">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Guna </th> <th>Central deity </th> <th>Maha Puranas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">Sattva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">Rajas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavisya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Puranas have also been classified based on a specific deity, although the texts are mixed and revere all gods and goddesses:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Deity </th> <th>Puranas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[note 3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[note 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-v2-63">[note 5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-v1-64">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-v2-63">[note 5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-v1-64">[note 6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a>,<a href="#cite_note-v1-64">[note 6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[note 7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Two puranas have "Bhagavata" in their names, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, which Srivastava says both are called Mahapuranas in Sanskrit literature, where the <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a>, and Aditya Upa Purana admit the Devi Bhagavata Purana as a Mahapurana, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma Purana</a> consider it an Upapurana.<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> There are discussions on whether the Devi Bhagavata Purana is a Mahapurana.<a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upapurana">Upapurana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upapurana">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashta-Matrika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/300px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/450px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashta-Matrika.jpg/600px-Ashta-Matrika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>The Goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> Leading the Eight <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a> in Battle Against the Demon <a href="/wiki/Raktabija" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktabija">Raktabija</a>, Folio from <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a>, Markandeya Purana.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></div> The difference between Upapuranas and Mahapuranas has been explained by Rajendra Hazra: "a Mahapurana is well known, and that what is less well known becomes an Upapurana".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198663-73">[66]</a> Rocher states that the distinction between Mahapurana and Upapurana is ahistorical, since there is little corroborating evidence that either were more or less known, and that "the term Mahapurana occurs rarely in Purana literature, and is probably of late origin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198668-74">[67]</a> The Upapuranas are eighteen in number, with disagreement as to which canonical titles belong in that list of eighteen. They include among – <ol><li>Sanat-kumara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li>Brihad-naradiya</li> <li>Shiva-rahasya</li> <li>Durvasa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li>Vamana</li> <li>Bhargava</li> <li>Varuna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li>Nandi</li> <li>Surya</li> <li>Parasara</li> <li>Vasishtha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li>Hamsa</li></ol> Only a few have been critically edited.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> The Ganesha and Mudgala Puranas are devoted to <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapan1997304-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skanda_Purana">Skanda Purana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skanda Purana">edit</a>]</div> The Skanda Purana is the largest Purana with 81,000 verses,<a href="#cite_note-stephenknapp44-79">[72]</a> named after the deity <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>, the son of Shiva and Uma, and the brother of the deity Ganesha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnefoyDoniger199392–95-80">[73]</a> The mythological part of the text weaves together the stories of Shiva and Vishnu, along with those featuring Parvati, Lakshmi, Rama, Krishna, Sita, Rukmini and other major gods and goddesses in the Hindu pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-stephenknapp44-79">[72]</a> In Chapter 1.8, it declares, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Vishnu is nobody but Shiva, and he who is called Shiva is but identical with Vishnu. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Skanda Purana, 1.8.20-21<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Skanda Purana has received renewed scholarly interest ever since the late 20th century discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepalese</a> Skanda Purana manuscript dated to be from the early 9th century CE. This discovery established that the Skanda Purana existed by the 9th century CE. However, a comparison shows that the 9th century CE document is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in South Asia since the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-R_Andriaensen_1994_pages_325-331-83">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg/330px-A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg/500px-A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg/960px-A_Thailand_representation_of_Hindu_mythology_on_cosmos_creation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Puranas include cosmos creation myths such as the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean). It is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> temple complex of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and at Bangkok airport, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (above).</figcaption></figure> Several Puranas, such as the Matsya Purana,<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> list "five characteristics" or "five signs" of a Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">[2]</a> These are called the Pancha Lakshana ( pañcalakṣaṇa), and are topics covered by a Purana:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001438-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199385–100-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009248-87">[80]</a> <ol><li>Sarga: <a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">cosmogony</a> or the creation of the world</li> <li>Pratisarga: cosmogony and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a></li> <li>Vamśa: <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> of the gods, sages and kings and queens<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a></li> <li>Manvañtara: cosmic cycles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra19874-90">[83]</a> the history of the world during the time of one patriarch and matriarch</li> <li>Vamśānucaritam: Accounts of royal dynasties, including the Suryavamshi and Chandravamshi kings and queens</li></ol> A few Puranas, such as the most popular Bhagavata Purana, add five more characteristics to expand this list to ten:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001440–443-91">[84]</a> <ol><li>Utaya: <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic</a> links between the deities, sages, kings and the various living beings</li> <li>Ishanukatha: tales about a god</li> <li>Nirodha: finale, cessation</li> <li>Mukti: <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, spiritual liberation</li> <li>Ashraya: refuge</li></ol> These five or ten sections weave in biographies, myths, geography, medicine, astronomy, Hindu temples, pilgrimage to distant real places, rites of passage, charity, ethics,<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> duties, rights, dharma, divine intervention in cosmic and human affairs, love stories,<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> festivals, theosophy and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21-6">[6]</a> The Puranas link gods to men, both generally and in a religious, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> (devotional) context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001440–443-91">[84]</a> Here the Puranic literature follows a general pattern. It starts with an introduction, where a future devotee is described as ignorant about the deity, yet curious. The devotee learns about the deity, and this begins their spiritual realization. The text then describes instances of this deity's grace, which inspires and deepens the devotee's devotion towards the deity. The devotee, then, shows devotion, which is rewarded by the deity. The reward is appreciated by the devotee, who, in return, performs further actions to express further devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001440–443-91">[84]</a> The Puranas, states Flood, document the rise of the theistic traditions such as those based on Vishnu, Shiva, Brahma, Tridevi and include respective mythology, pilgrimage to holy places, rituals and genealogies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996104–110-94">[87]</a> The bulk of these texts, in Flood's view, were established by 500 CE, in the Gupta era, though amendments were made later. Along with inconsistencies, common ideas are found throughout the corpus, but it is not possible to trace the lines of influence of one Purana upon another, so the corpus is best viewed as a synchronous whole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996109–112-95">[88]</a> An example of similar stories woven across the Puranas, but in different versions, include the <a href="/wiki/Lingodbhava" title="Lingodbhava">Lingodbhava</a> – the apparition of the <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Linga</a>. The is a Shaiva story that features <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, the three major gods of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, who get together and debate about who is supreme amongst the three of them and after various incidents of the story, the glory of Shiva is established at the end by the apparition of the Linga which is a form of Shiva as Lingodbhava over Vishnu and Brahma, thus it shows that Vishnu and Brahma are secondary gods in the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trideva</a> because he expanded and conquered the entire <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and them being secondary gods with lesser powers, so they cannot find his beginning and end at a single place in the universe. This story, state Bonnefoy and Doniger, appears in <a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a>'s chapter 1.55, <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a>'s chapter 1.26, <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a>'s Rudra Samhita's Sristi Khanda's chapter 15, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>'s chapters 1.3, 1.16, 3.1, and other Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnefoyDoniger199338–39-96">[89]</a> The texts are in Sanskrit as well as regional languages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> and almost entirely in narrative metric couplets.<a href="#cite_note-merriam-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolism_and_layers_of_meaning">Symbolism and layers of meaning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolism and layers of meaning">edit</a>]</div> The texts use ideas, concepts and even names that are symbolic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonnefoyDoniger199338–39-96">[89]</a> The words can interpreted literally, and at an <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiological</a> level.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a>, for example, recites a myth where the names of the characters are loaded with symbolism and axiological significance. The myth is as follows, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> The progeny of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> by the daughters of Daksha were as follows: by Sraddhá (devotion) he had <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> (desire); by Lakshmí (wealth, prosperity), was born Darpa (pride); by Dhriti (courage), the progeny was <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a> (precept); by Tusht́i (inner comfort), <a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a> (contentment); by Pusht́i (opulence), the progeny was Lobha (cupidity, greed); by Medhá (wisdom, experience), Sruta (sacred tradition); by Kriyá (hard work, labour), the progeny were Dańd́a, Naya, and Vinaya (justice, politics, and education); by Buddhi (intellect), Bodha (understanding); by Lajjá (shame, humility), Vinaya (good behaviour); by Vapu (body, strength), Vyavasaya (perseverance). Shanti (peace) gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness#Hinduism" title="Forgiveness">Kshama</a> (forgiveness); Siddhi (excellence) to Sukha (enjoyment); and Kírtti (glorious speech) gave birth to Yasha (reputation). These were the sons of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>; one of whom, <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> (love, emotional fulfillment) had baby Hersha (joy) by his wife Nandi (delight). The wife of Adharma (vice, wrong, evil) was Hinsá (violence), on whom he begot a son Anrita (falsehood), and a daughter Nikriti (immorality): they intermarried, and had two sons, Bhaya (fear) and Naraka (hell); and twins to them, two daughters, Máyá (deceit) and Vedaná (torture), who became their wives. The son of Bhaya (fear) and Máyá (deceit) was the destroyer of living creatures, or Mrityu (death); and Dukha (pain) was the offspring of Naraka (hell) and Vedaná (torture). The children of Mrityu were Vyádhi (disease), Jará (decay), Soka (sorrow), Trishńa (greediness), and Krodha (wrath). These are all called the inflictors of misery, and are characterised as the progeny of Vice (Adharma). They are all without wives, without posterity, without the faculty to procreate; they perpetually operate as causes of the destruction of this world. On the contrary, Daksha and the other Rishis, the elders of mankind, tend perpetually to influence its renovation: whilst the Manus and their sons, the heroes endowed with mighty power, and treading in the path of truth, as constantly contribute to its preservation. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vishnu Purana, Chapter 7, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Horace Hayman Wilson</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas_as_a_complement_to_the_Vedas">Puranas as a complement to the Vedas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Puranas as a complement to the Vedas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krishna_and_the_Gopis_(herdsmaids).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg/220px-Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg/330px-Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg/440px-Krishna_and_the_Gopis_%28herdsmaids%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The mythology in the Puranas has inspired many <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> and sculptures found in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> The legend behind the Krishna and Gopis relief above is described in the Bhagavata Purana.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> The relation of the Puranas with Vedas has been debated by scholars, some holding that there's no relationship, others contending that they are identical.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> The Puranic literature, stated <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, is independent, has changed often over its history, and has little relation to the Vedic age or the Vedic literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198613–16-102">[95]</a> In contrast, Purana literature is evidently intended to serve as a complement to the Vedas, states Vans Kennedy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21-6">[6]</a> Some scholars such as Govinda Das suggest that the Puranas claim a link to the Vedas but in name only, not in substance. The link is purely a mechanical one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198613–16-102">[95]</a> Scholars such as Viman Chandra Bhattacharya and PV Kane state that the Puranas are a continuation and development of the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes-103">[96]</a> Sudhakar Malaviya and VG Rahurkar state the connection is closer in that the Puranas are companion texts to help understand and interpret the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[97]</a> K.S. Ramaswami Sastri and Manilal N. Dvivedi reflect the third view which states that Puranas enable us to know the "true import of the ethos, philosophy, and religion of the Vedas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198615_with_footnotes-105">[98]</a> Barbara Holdrege questions the fifth Veda status of Itihasas (the Hindu epics) and Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[note 8]</a> The Puranas, states V.S. Agrawala, intend to "explicate, interpret, adapt" the metaphysical truths in the Vedas.<a href="#cite_note-Coburn1988-18">[17]</a> In the general opinion, states Rocher, "the Puranas cannot be divorced from the Vedas" though scholars provide different interpretations of the link between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes-103">[96]</a> Scholars have given the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a> as an example of the links and continuity of the Vedic content, such as its providing an interpretation of the Gayatri mantra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes-103">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas_as_encyclopedias">Puranas as encyclopedias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Puranas as encyclopedias">edit</a>]</div> The Puranas, states <a href="/wiki/Kees_W._Bolle" title="Kees W. Bolle">Kees Bolle</a>, are best seen as "vast, often encyclopedic" works from ancient and medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> Some of them, such as the Agni Purana and Matsya Purana, cover all sorts of subjects, dealing with – states Rocher – "anything and everything", from fiction to facts, from practical recipes to abstract philosophy, from geographic Mahatmyas (travel guides)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_Quote:_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-110">[102]</a> to cosmetics, from festivals to astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> Like encyclopedias, they were updated to remain current with their times, by a process called Upabrimhana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden200094–95-112">[104]</a> However, some of the 36 major and minor Puranas are more focused handbooks, such as the Skanda Purana, Padma Purana and Bhavishya Purana, which deal primarily with Tirtha Mahatmyas (pilgrimage travel guides)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_Quote:_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-110">[102]</a> while Vayu Purana and Brahmanda Purana focus more on history, mythology and legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198678–79-54">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas_as_religious_texts">Puranas as religious texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Puranas as religious texts">edit</a>]</div> The colonial-era scholars of Puranas studied them primarily as religious texts, with Vans Kennedy declaring in 1837 that any other use of these documents would be disappointing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986104-106_with_footnotes-113">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a>, who from 1732 onwards spent 30 years in India and was elected Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1767, described the Puranas as "18 books of divine words".<a href="#cite_note-ursapp-114">[106]</a> British officials and researchers such as Holwell, states Urs App, were <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> scholars who introduced a distorted picture of Indian literature and Puranas as "sacred scriptures of India" in 1767. Holwell, states Urs App, "presented it as the opinion of knowledgeable Indians; But it is abundantly clear that no knowledgeable Indian would ever have said anything remotely similar".<a href="#cite_note-ursapp-114">[106]</a> Modern scholarship doubts this 19th-century premise.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> Ludo Rocher, for example, states, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> I want to stress the fact that it would be irresponsible and highly misleading to speak of or pretend to describe the religion of the Puranas. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, The Puranas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986104-106_with_footnotes-113">[105]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The study of Puranas as religious texts remains a controversial subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden200087–98-116">[108]</a> Some Indologists, in the colonial tradition of scholarship, treat the Puranic texts as scriptures, or as useful sources of religious contents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198619–20-117">[109]</a> Other scholars, such as Ronald Inden, consider this approach "essentialist and antihistorical" because the Purana texts changed often over time and over distance, and the underlying presumption of them being religious texts is that those changes are "Hinduism expressed by a religious leader or philosopher", or the "expressiveness of Hindu mind", or "society at large", when the texts and passages are literary works and "individual geniuses of their authors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInden200095–96-118">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jainism">edit</a>]</div> The Jaina Puranas are like Hindu Puranas encyclopedic epics in style, and are considered as anuyogas (expositions), but they are not considered <a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas">Jain Agamas</a> and do not have scripture or quasi-canonical status in Jainism tradition.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> They are best described, states John Cort, as post-scripture literary corpus based upon themes found in Jain scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-johncort185-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sectarian,_pluralistic_or_monotheistic_theme">Sectarian, pluralistic or monotheistic theme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sectarian, pluralistic or monotheistic theme">edit</a>]</div> Scholars have debated whether the Puranas should be categorized as sectarian, or non-partisan, or monotheistic religious texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-bryant11-119">[111]</a> Different Puranas describe a number of stories where Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva compete for supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-bryant11-119">[111]</a> In some Puranas, such as <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, the Goddess Devi joins the competition and ascends for the position of being Supreme. Further, most Puranas emphasize legends around one who is either Shiva, or Vishnu, or Devi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126-12">[12]</a> The texts thus appear to be sectarian. However, states Edwin Bryant, while these legends sometimes appear to be partisan, they are merely acknowledging the obvious question of whether one or the other is more important, more powerful. In the final analysis, all Puranas weave their legends to celebrate pluralism, and accept the other two and all gods in Hindu pantheon as personalized form but equivalent essence of the Ultimate Reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> The Puranas are not spiritually partisan, states Bryant, but "accept and indeed extol the transcendent and absolute nature of the other, and of the Goddess Devi too".<a href="#cite_note-bryant11-119">[111]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> [The Puranic text] merely affirm that the other deity is to be considered a derivative manifestation of their respective deity, or in the case of Devi, the Shakti, or power of the male divinity. The term monotheism, if applied to the Puranic tradition, needs to be understood in the context of a supreme being, whether understood as Vishnu, Shiva or Devi, who can manifest himself or herself as other supreme beings. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edwin Bryant, Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana<a href="#cite_note-bryant11-119">[111]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Ludo Rocher, in his review of Puranas as sectarian texts, states, "even though the Puranas contain sectarian materials, their sectarianism should not be interpreted as exclusivism in favor of one god to the detriment of all others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198623_with_footnote_35-122">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas_as_historical_texts">Puranas as historical texts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Puranas as historical texts">edit</a>]</div> Despite the diversity and wealth of manuscripts from ancient and medieval India that have survived into the modern times, there is a paucity of historical data in them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> Neither the author name nor the year of their composition were recorded or preserved, over the centuries, as the documents were copied from one generation to another. This paucity tempted 19th-century scholars to use the Puranas as a source of chronological and historical information about India or Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> This effort was, after some effort, either summarily rejected by some scholars, or become controversial, because the Puranas include fables and fiction, and the information within and across the Puranas was found to be inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> In early 20th-century, some regional records were found to be more consistent, such as for the Hindu dynasties in <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, Andhra Pradesh. Basham, as well as Kosambi, have questioned whether lack of inconsistency is sufficient proof of reliability and <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">[37]</a> More recent scholarship has attempted to, with limited success, states Ludo Rocher, use the Puranas for historical information in combination with independent corroborating evidence, such as "epigraphy, archaeology, Buddhist literature, Jaina literature, non-Puranic literature, Islamic records, and records preserved outside India by travelers to or from India in medieval times such as in China, Myanmar and Indonesia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986121-127_with_footnotes-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Manuscripts">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/330px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/500px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg/600px-Devimahatmya_Sanskrit_MS_Nepal_11c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>An 11th-century Nepalese palm-leaf manuscript in Sanskrit of Devimahatmya (Markandeya Purana).</figcaption></figure> The study of Puranas manuscripts has been challenging because they are highly inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–67-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003141–142-126">[118]</a> This is true for all Mahapuranas and Upapuranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–67-125">[117]</a> Most editions of Puranas, in use particularly by Western scholars, are "based on one manuscript or on a few manuscripts selected at random", even though divergent manuscripts with the same title exist. Scholars have long acknowledged the existence of Purana manuscripts that "seem to differ much from the printed edition", and it is unclear which one is accurate, and whether conclusions drawn from the randomly or cherrypicked printed version were universal over geography or time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–67-125">[117]</a> This problem is most severe with Purana manuscripts of the same title, but in regional languages such as Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, and others which have largely been ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–67-125">[117]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> Modern scholarship noticed all these facts. It recognized that the extent of the genuine Agni Purana was not the same at all times and in all places and that it varied with the difference in time and locality. (...) This shows that the text of the Devi Purana was not the same everywhere but differed considerably in different provinces. Yet, one failed to draw the logical conclusion: besides the version or versions of Puranas that appear in our [surviving] manuscripts, and fewer still in our [printed] editions, there have been numerous other versions, under the same titles, but which either have remained unnoticed or have been irreparably lost. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ludo Rocher, The Puranas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198663-73">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chronology">edit</a>]</div> Newly discovered Puranas manuscripts from the medieval centuries have attracted scholarly attention and the conclusion that the Puranic literature has gone through slow redaction and text corruption over time, as well as sudden deletion of numerous chapters and its replacement with new content to an extent that the currently circulating Puranas are entirely different from those that existed before 11th century, or 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-dominicifixvii-128">[120]</a> For example, a newly discovered palm-leaf manuscript of Skanda Purana in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> has been dated to be from 810 CE but is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in South Asia since the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-R_Andriaensen_1994_pages_325-331-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-dominicifixvii-128">[120]</a> Further discoveries of four more manuscripts, each different, suggest that document has gone through major redactions twice, first likely before the 12th century, and the second very large change sometime in the 15th-16th century for unknown reasons.<a href="#cite_note-kengoharimoto-129">[121]</a> The different versions of manuscripts of Skanda Purana suggest that "minor" redactions, interpolations, and corruption of the ideas in the text over time.<a href="#cite_note-kengoharimoto-129">[121]</a> Rocher states that the date of the composition of each Purana remains a contested issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986249-130">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139–141,_154–156-131">[123]</a> Dimmitt and van Buitenen state that each of the Puranas manuscripts is encyclopedic in style, and it is difficult to ascertain when, where, why and by whom these were written:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125-132">[124]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> As they exist today, the Puranas are stratified literature. Each titled work consists of material that has grown by numerous accretions in successive historical eras. Thus no Purana has a single date of composition. (...) It is as if they were libraries to which new volumes have been continuously added, not necessarily at the end of the shelf, but randomly. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cornelia Dimmitt and <a href="/wiki/J._A._B._van_Buitenen" title="J. A. B. van Buitenen">J.A.B. van Buitenen</a>, Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20125-132">[124]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forgeries">Forgeries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Forgeries">edit</a>]</div> Many of the extant manuscripts were written on <a href="/wiki/Palm_leaf_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm leaf manuscript">palm leaf</a> or copied during the British India colonial era, some in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell2010p128-134">[126]</a> The scholarship on various Puranas, has suffered from frequent forgeries, states <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, where liberties in the transmission of Puranas were normal and those who copied older manuscripts replaced words or added new content to fit the theory that the colonial scholars were keen on publishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198649–53-133">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell2010p128-134">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Horace Hayman Wilson</a> published one of the earliest English translations of one version of the Vishnu Purana in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> The same manuscript, and Wilson's translation, was reinterpreted by Manmatha Nath Dutt and published in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> The All India Kashiraj Trust has published editions of the Puranas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMittal2004657-137">[129]</a> Marinas Poullé (Mariyadas Pillai) published a French translation from a Tamil version of the Bhagavata Purana in 1788, and this was widely distributed in Europe becoming an introduction to the 18th-century Hindu culture and Hinduism to many Europeans during the colonial era. Poullé republished a different translation of the same text as Le Bhagavata in 1795, from <a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry (city)">Pondicherry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> A copy of Poullé translation is preserved in <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, Paris. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/250px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/330px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg/500px-Bharathanatyam_By_Ranjitha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4472" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Puranas have had a large cultural impact on <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a>, from festivals to diverse arts. The dance <a href="/wiki/Bharata_natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata natyam">Bharatanatyam</a> (above) is inspired in part by the Bhagavata Purana.<a href="#cite_note-katherinezubko-139">[131]</a></figcaption></figure> The most significant influence of the Puranas genre of Indian literature has been, stated scholars and particularly Indian scholars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001442–443-140">[132]</a> in "culture synthesis", in weaving and integrating the diverse beliefs from ritualistic rites of passage to Vedantic philosophy, from fictional legends to factual history, from individual introspective yoga to social celebratory festivals, from temples to pilgrimage, from one god to another, from goddesses to tantra, from the old to the new.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003162–167-11">[11]</a> These have been dynamic open texts, composed socially, over time. This, states Greg Bailey, may have allowed the Hindu culture to "preserve the old while constantly coming to terms with the new", and "if they are anything, they are records of cultural adaptation and transformation" over the last 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001442–443-140">[132]</a> The Puranic literature, suggests Khanna, influenced "acculturation and accommodation" of a diversity of people, with different languages and from different economic classes, across different kingdoms and traditions, catalyzing the syncretic "cultural mosaic of Hinduism".<a href="#cite_note-champa48-141">[133]</a> They helped influence cultural pluralism in India and are a literary record thereof.<a href="#cite_note-champa48-141">[133]</a> Om Prakash states the Puranas served as an efficient medium for cultural exchange and popular education in ancient and medieval India.<a href="#cite_note-omprakash33-142">[134]</a> These texts adopted, explained, and integrated regional deities such as Pashupata in Vayu Purana, Sattva in Vishnu Purana, Dattatreya in Markendeya Purana, Bhojakas in Bhavishya Purana.<a href="#cite_note-omprakash33-142">[134]</a> Further, states Prakash, they dedicated chapters to "secular subjects such as poetics, dramaturgy, grammar, lexicography, astronomy, war, politics, architecture, geography and medicine as in Agni Purana, perfumery and lapidary arts in Garuda Purana, painting, sculpture and other arts in Vishnudharmottara Purana".<a href="#cite_note-omprakash33-142">[134]</a> <dl><dt>Indian Arts</dt></dl> The cultural influence of the Puranas extended to Indian classical arts, such as songs, dance culture such as <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Natyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Natyam">Bharata Natyam</a> in south India<a href="#cite_note-katherinezubko-139">[131]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rasa_Lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa Lila">Rasa Lila</a> in northeast India,<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> plays and recitations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> <dl><dt>Festivals</dt></dl> The myths, lunar calendar schedule, rituals, and celebrations of major Hindu cultural festivities such as <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> are in the Puranic literature.<a href="#cite_note-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Six disciples: Sumati, Agnivarchaha, Mitrayu, Shamshapyana, Akritaverna and Savarni </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The early <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> text (<a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a> 3.7 describes the meeting between the Buddha and Sela. It has been translated by Mills and Sujato as, "(...) the brahmin Sela was visiting Āpaṇa. He was an expert in the three Vedas, with the etymologies, the rituals, the phonology and word analysis, and fifthly the legendary histories".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Like all Puranas, this text underwent extensive revisions and rewrite in its history; the extant manuscripts are predominantly an encyclopedia, and so secular in its discussions of gods and goddesses that scholars have classified as <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smartism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> Purana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198620–22,_134–137-59">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> This text underwent a near complete rewrite in or after 15th/16th century CE, and almost all extant manuscripts are Vaishnava (Krishna) bhakti oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986161–164-61">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-v2-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-v2_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-v2_63-1">b</a> Hazra includes this in Vaishnava category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra198796–97-51">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-v1-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-v1_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-v1_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-v1_64-2">c</a> This text is named after a Vishnu avatar, but extant manuscripts praise all gods and goddesses equally with some versions focusing more on Shiva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198635,_185,_199,_239–242-65">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> This text includes the famous Devi-Mahatmya, one of the most important Goddess-related text of the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> tradition in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986191–192-66">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> There are only four Vedas in Hinduism. Several texts have been claimed to have the status of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Veda" title="Fifth Veda">Fifth Veda</a> in the Hindu tradition. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>, a Sanskrit text on the performing arts, is sometimes given this status.<a href="#cite_note-107">[100]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-merriam-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-merriam_1-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myriadworldsbudd00kons">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature</a> (1995 Edition), Article on "Puranas", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-877790426" title="Special:BookSources/0-877790426">0-877790426</a>, page 915 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001437–439_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey2001">Bailey 2001</a>, pp. 437–439. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerma2009" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Rajeev (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC">Faith & Philosophy of Hinduism</a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-718-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-718-8"><bdi>978-81-7835-718-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074547/https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-718-8&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7eo6vsvkEkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003139_4-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey2003">Bailey 2003</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-johncort185-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johncort185_5-6">g</a> John Cort (1993), "An Overview of the Jaina Puranas" in Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, (Editor: Wendy Doniger), State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791413821" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791413821">978-0791413821</a>, pages 185-204 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198616,_12–21_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 16, 12–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nair_2008_266-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Nair_2008_266_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNair2008" class="citation book cs1">Nair, Shantha N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ekehXVP3W8wC&pg=PA266">Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom: The Universal Hindu Vision and Its Edifice</a>. Hindology Books. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1020-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-223-1020-7"><bdi>978-81-223-1020-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513103245/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekehXVP3W8wC&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+Ancient+Indian+Wisdom%3A+The+Universal+Hindu+Vision+and+Its+Edifice&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Hindology+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-223-1020-7&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Shantha+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DekehXVP3W8wC%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen2012xii,_4_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, pp. xii, 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-collins36-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-collins36_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-collins36_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1988" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36">The Iconography and Ritual of Śiva at Elephanta</a>. SUNY Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-773-0"><bdi>978-0-88706-773-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527061905/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQNi6kAGJQ4C&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iconography+and+Ritual+of+%C5%9Aiva+at+Elephanta&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-773-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Charles+Dillard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQNi6kAGJQ4C%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001503-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001503_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey2001">Bailey 2001</a>, p. 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2003162–167-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003162–167_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2003162–167_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey2003">Bailey 2003</a>, pp. 162–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198621–24,_104–113,_115–126_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 21–24, 104–113, 115–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page xxxix </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> BN Krishnamurti Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815759" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815759">978-8120815759</a>, pages 128-131 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Douglas Harper (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Purana">Purana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929171338/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Purana">Archived</a> 29 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Etymology Dictionary </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198645–-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198645–_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198645–_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 45–. </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn1988-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coburn1988_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coburn1988_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coburn1988_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Coburn" title="Thomas B. Coburn">Thomas B. Coburn</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC&pg=PA27">Devī-Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 23–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0557-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB-M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%3A+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0557-6&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Coburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy9kf7_TOHgC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–821-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–821_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1962">Kane 1962</a>, pp. 816–821. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962[httpsarchiveorgdetailsHistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV52pagen137_816]-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962[httpsarchiveorgdetailsHistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV52pagen137_816]_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1962">Kane 1962</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.5.2/page/n137">816</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKane1962816–817_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKane1962">Kane 1962</a>, pp. 816–817. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Olivelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Olivelle (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC">The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535242-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817125024/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads%3A+Annotated+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535242-9&rft.au=Patrick+Olivelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsp18ZvstrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Thomas Colburn (2002), Devī-māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805576" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805576">978-8120805576</a>, page 24-25 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/snp3.7/en/mills-sujato">Sutta Nipata 3.7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727054822/https://suttacentral.net/snp3.7/en/mills-sujato">Archived</a> 27 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, To Sela and his Praise of the Buddha, Laurence Mills and Bhikkhu Sujato </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brhadaranyaka_Upanisad" class="mw-redirect" title="Brhadaranyaka Upanisad">Brhadaranyaka Upanisad</a> 2.4.10, 4.1.2, 4.5.11. Satapatha Brahmana (SBE, Vol. 44, pp. 98, 369). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoghe1997160,_249-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoghe1997160,_249_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoghe1997">Moghe 1997</a>, pp. 160, 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127–8,_context:_4-13-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127–8,_context:_4-13_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimmittvan_Buitenen20127–8,_context:_4-13_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012">Dimmitt & van Buitenen 2012</a>, pp. 7–8, context: 4-13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200759–-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier200759–_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, pp. 59–. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009247-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009247_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2009247_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2009">Johnson 2009</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPargiter196230–54-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPargiter196230–54_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPargiter1962">Pargiter 1962</a>, pp. 30–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1840" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Horace Hayman (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp080.htm">The Vishnu Purana</a>. pp. 283–284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Horace+Hayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp080.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull/page/n2231/mode/1up">The Bhagavata Purana</a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. 1950. p. 2206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pages=2206&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbhagavatapuranamotilalenglishfull%2Fpage%2Fn2231%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986154–156-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986154–156_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986154–156_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986209–215-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986209–215_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986209–215_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 209–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198659–61_37-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007281-283_with_footnotes_on_page_553-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier2007281-283_with_footnotes_on_page_553_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlostermaier2007">Klostermaier 2007</a>, pp. 281-283 with footnotes on page 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986115-121_with_footnotes_39-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 115-121 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2002" class="citation cs2">Lochtefeld, James G. (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA760">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</a>, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 760, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615164214/https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA760">archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2016, retrieved 13 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=760&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6FsB3psOTIC%26pg%3DPA760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richardthompson-41"><a href="#cite_ref-richardthompson_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Richard L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10">The Cosmology of the Bhagavata Purana 'Mysteries of the Sacred Universe</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1919-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1919-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160530234350/https://books.google.com/books?id=3TZmDSr-1msC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmology+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana+%27Mysteries+of+the+Sacred+Universe&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1919-1&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TZmDSr-1msC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMonier-Williams1899">Monier-Williams 1899</a>, p. 752, column 3, under the entry Bhagavata. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986139–149-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986139–149_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 139–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy2001-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy2001_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardy2001">Hardy 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986202–203-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986202–203_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 202–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198670–71-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198670–71_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazra19878–11-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHazra19878–11_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHazra1987">Hazra 1987</a>, pp. 8–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986134–137-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986134–137_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 134–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowson2000-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Dowson2000_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dowson2000" class="citation book cs1">John Dowson (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UHOPiD5LcfwC">A Classical Dictionary of Hindu Mythology and Religion, Geography, History and Literature</a>. 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In <a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey (2013)</a>, pp. 130-132. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm">Vishnu Purana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115155747/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp041.htm">Archived</a> 15 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Sara Schastok (1997), The Śāmalājī Sculptures and 6th Century Art in Western India, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004069411" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004069411">978-9004069411</a>, pages 77-79, 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Edwin Bryant (2007), Krishna : A Sourcebook, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195148923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195148923">978-0195148923</a>, pages 111-119 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Patton, Laurie L.(1994), Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation, SUNY Series in Hindu Studies, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0585044675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0585044675">978-0585044675</a>, p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198613–16-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198613–16_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198613–16_102-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 13–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198614-15_with_footnotes_103-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 14-15 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Holdrege1995" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Holdrege (1995). Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture. SUNY Press. pp. 95–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791416402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791416402"><bdi>978-0791416402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Veda+and+Torah%3A+Transcending+the+Textuality+of+Scripture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0791416402&rft.au=Barbara+Holdrege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198615_with_footnotes-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher198615_with_footnotes_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 15 with footnotes. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Holdrege2012" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Holdrege (2012). Hananya Goodman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&pg=PA110">Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism</a>. SUNY Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-0437-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-0437-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=XF_a3cfrcLQC&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. 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Elsevier. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-8875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-8875-8"><bdi>978-1-4832-8875-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002074548/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Pq0BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communication+Theory%3A+Eastern+and+Western+Perspectives&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4832-8875-8&rft.au=D.+Lawrence+Kincaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Pq0BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolle1963" class="citation journal cs1">Bolle, Kee (Winter 1963). "Reflections on a Puranic Passage". History of Religions. 2 (2): 286–291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462465">10.1086/462465</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062068">1062068</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162364709">162364709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+a+Puranic+Passage&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E286-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162364709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462465&rft.aulast=Bolle&rft.aufirst=Kee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_Quote:_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_Quote:_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlucklich2008146,_Quote:_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlucklich2008">Glucklich 2008</a>, p. 146, Quote: The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called mahatmyas. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 1–5, 12–21, 79–80, 96–98; Quote: These are the true encyclopedic Puranas. in which detached chapters or sections, dealing with any imaginable subject, follow one another, without connection or transition. 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Boydell & Brewer. pp. 130, 128–134, 87–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-579-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-579-0"><bdi>978-1-84383-579-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222202732/https://books.google.com/books?id=KOnS1X8a528C">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017. 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"Krishna come soon: Bharata Natyam and the Bhāgavata Purāṇa on stage". In <a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey (2013)</a>, pp. 162-180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey2001442–443-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001442–443_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey2001442–443_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBailey2001">Bailey 2001</a>, pp. 442–443. </li> <li id="cite_note-champa48-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-champa48_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-champa48_141-1">b</a> R Champakalakshmi (2012), in Cultural History of Medieval India (Editor: M Khanna), Berghahn, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187358305" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187358305">978-8187358305</a>, pages 48-50 </li> <li id="cite_note-omprakash33-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omprakash33_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omprakash33_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omprakash33_142-2">c</a> Om Prakash (2004), Cultural History of India, New Age, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122415872" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122415872">978-8122415872</a>, pages 33-34 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Beck, Guy. "Two braj-bhāṣā versions of the Rāsa-Līlā pañcādhyāyī and their musical performance in Vaiṣṇava worship". In <a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey (2013)</a>, pp. 181-201. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />Wilczewska, Ilona. "Live with the text and listen to its words: Bhāgavata recitation in changing times". In <a href="#CITEREFGuptaValpey2013">Gupta & Valpey (2013)</a>, pp. 202-220. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> A Whitney Sanford (2006), "Holi Through Dauji's Eyes," in Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity, (Editor: Guy Beck), State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791464168" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791464168">978-0791464168</a>, pages 91-94 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Tracy Pintchman (2005), Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791465950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791465950">978-0791465950</a>, pages 60-63, with notes on 210-211 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailey2001" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Gregory (2001). Leaman, Oliver (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofas0000unse_d9k3">Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415172813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415172813"><bdi>978-0415172813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415172813&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofas0000unse_d9k3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Gregory (2003). "The Puranas". In Sharma, Arvind (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC">The Study of Hinduism</a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-449-7"><bdi>978-1-57003-449-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224003448/https://books.google.com/books?id=npCKSUUQYEIC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Puranas&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-449-7&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpCKSUUQYEIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonnefoyDoniger1993" class="citation book cs1">Bonnefoy, Yves; Doniger, Wendy (1993). Asian Mythologies. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226064567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226064567"><bdi>978-0226064567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Mythologies&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0226064567&rft.aulast=Bonnefoy&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft.au=Doniger%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDimmittvan_Buitenen2012" class="citation book cs1">Dimmitt, Cornelia; van Buitenen, J.A.B. (2012) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC">Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas</a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4399-0464-0"><bdi>978-1-4399-0464-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804052535/https://books.google.com/books?id=re7CR2jKn3QC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Mythology%3A+A+Reader+in+the+Sanskrit+Puranas&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4399-0464-0&rft.aulast=Dimmitt&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=van+Buitenen%2C+J.A.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dre7CR2jKn3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a>, ed. (1993). Purāṇa Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany, NY: State University of New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1382-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1382-9"><bdi>0-7914-1382-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EPur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1382-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo_n5j0">An Introduction to Hinduism</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43304-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43304-5"><bdi>0-521-43304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43304-5&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo_n5j0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108132912/https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu+%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuptaValpey2013" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ravi and Valpey, Kenneth, eds. (2013). The Bhagavata Purana: Sacred Text and Living Tradition. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231149983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231149983"><bdi>978-0231149983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavata+Purana%3A+Sacred+Text+and+Living+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0231149983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHardy2001" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Friedhelm (2001). Viraha-Bhakti – The Early History of Krsna Devotion in South India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564916-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564916-8"><bdi>0-19-564916-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viraha-Bhakti+%E2%80%93+The+Early+History+of+Krsna+Devotion+in+South+India&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-564916-8&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Friedhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHazra1987" class="citation book cs1">Hazra, R.C. (1987) [1940]. Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804227" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804227"><bdi>978-8120804227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Puranic+Records+on+Hindu+Rites+and+Customs&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-8120804227&rft.aulast=Hazra&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInden2000" class="citation book cs1">Inden, Ronald (2000). Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124309" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124309"><bdi>978-0195124309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Querying+the+Medieval%3A+Texts+and+the+History+of+Practices+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0195124309&rft.aulast=Inden&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, W.J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861025-0"><bdi>978-0-19-861025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861025-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKane1962" class="citation book cs1">Kane, P. V. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.5.2">History of Dharmasastra (Ancient and mediaeval Religious and Civil Law), Vol. 5.2</a> (1st ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dharmasastra+%28Ancient+and+mediaeval+Religious+and+Civil+Law%29%2C+Vol.+5.2&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryOfDharmasastraancientAndMediaevalReligiousAndCivilLawV.5.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaushal2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaushal, Molly, ed. (2001). Chanted Narratives – The Katha Vachana Tradition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-246-0182-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-246-0182-8"><bdi>81-246-0182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chanted+Narratives+%E2%80%93+The+Katha+Vachana+Tradition&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-246-0182-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2007" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2007). A Survey of Hinduism (3rd ed.). SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7082-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-7082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7082-4&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FFAgAAQBAJ">First edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702225944/https://books.google.com/books?id=75FFAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 2 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMittal2004" class="citation book cs1">Mittal, Sushil (2004). The Hindu World. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21527-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21527-5"><bdi>978-0-415-21527-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21527-5&rft.aulast=Mittal&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoghe1997" class="citation book cs1">Moghe, S. G., ed. (1997). Professor Kane's Contribution to Dharmasastra Literature. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-246-0075-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-246-0075-9"><bdi>81-246-0075-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professor+Kane%27s+Contribution+to+Dharmasastra+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=D.K.+Printworld&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-246-0075-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31959">A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.31959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPargiter1962" class="citation book cs1">Pargiter, F. E. (1962) [1922]. Ancient Indian Historical Tradition. Original publisher Oxford University Press, London. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1068416">1068416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+Historical+Tradition&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1068416&rft.aulast=Pargiter&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao1993" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Velcheru Narayana (1993). "Purana as Brahminic Ideology". In Doniger Wendy (ed.). Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0"><bdi>0-7914-1381-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purana+as+Brahminic+Ideology&rft.btitle=Purana+Perennis%3A+Reciprocity+and+Transformation+in+Hindu+and+Jaina+Texts&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-1381-0&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Velcheru+Narayana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC">The Puranas</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814163755/https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0-4RJh5FgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapan1997" class="citation book cs1">Thapan, Anita Raina (1997). Understanding Gaṇapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult. New Delhi: Manohar Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-195-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-195-4"><bdi>81-7304-195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3EGa%E1%B9%87apati%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+Insights+into+the+Dynamics+of+a+Cult&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7304-195-4&rft.aulast=Thapan&rft.aufirst=Anita+Raina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1990" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie, C. Brown (1990). The Triumph of the Goddess – The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the DevI-BhAgavata PuraNa. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0363-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0363-7"><bdi>0-7914-0363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess+%E2%80%93+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Visions+of+the+DevI-BhAgavata+PuraNa&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7914-0363-7&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=C.+Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kumar (1997). Encyclopaedia of Hinduism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7488-168-9"><bdi>81-7488-168-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Hinduism&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7488-168-9&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APuranas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Puranas" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Puranas">Puranas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil.htm#Pur">GRETIL</a> (uni-goettingen.de)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_2">Translations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Puranas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Translations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Puranas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Puranas">Puranas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4023049">Agni Purana (in English)</a>, Volume 2, MN Dutt (Translator), Hathi Trust Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/index.htm">Vishnu Purana</a> H.H. Wilson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Vishnupurana-English-MnDutt#page/n15/mode/2up">Vishnu Purana</a>, MN Dutt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/BrahmandaPurana/BrahmandaPuI#page/n1/mode/2up">Brahmanda Purana</a>, GV Tagare</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Puranas62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puranas" title="Template:Puranas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puranas" title="Template talk:Puranas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puranas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Puranas62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puranas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#The_Mahapuranas">Mahapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markendeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/120px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/250px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/20px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/40px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anupalabdhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anupalabdhi (page does not exist)">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhi_(Hindu_thought)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhi (Hindu thought) (page does not exist)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idam (page does not exist)">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikshana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikshana (page does not exist)">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishvaratva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishvaratva (page does not exist)">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kshetrajna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kshetrajna (page does not exist)">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 73 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f7c94ff49-ntmxf","wgBackendResponseTime":283,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.394","walltime":"1.577","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19697,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":297290,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22986,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":350955,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1283.145 1 -total"," 25.14% 322.555 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.75% 291.966 125 Template:Sfn"," 17.21% 220.859 43 Template:Cite_book"," 7.61% 97.695 21 Template:ISBN"," 7.00% 89.790 1 Template:Langx"," 5.93% 76.104 1 Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts"," 5.79% 74.277 1 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