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href="#Contemporary_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Contemporary society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territory_and_sphere_of_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_and_sphere_of_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bunyoro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Буньёра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Буньёра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%88oro-Kitara" title="Buňoro-Kitara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buňoro-Kitara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufalme_wa_Bunyoro" title="Ufalme wa Bunyoro – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufalme wa Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunjoro_karalyst%C4%97" title="Bunjoro karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bunjoro karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro-Kitara" title="Bunyoro-Kitara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bunyoro-Kitara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AD" title="ブニョロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブニョロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunoro" title="Bunoro – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bunoro" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunyoro" title="Bunyoro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bunyoro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Уньоро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уньоро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%88oro" title="Buňoro – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buňoro" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Уньйоро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уньйоро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="بنیورو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بنیورو" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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.ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span style="line-height:1.33em;">Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="line-height:1.33em;"><i>Obukama bwa Bunyoro-Kitara</i> (<a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bunyoro-Kitara"><img alt="Flag of Bunyoro-Kitara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png/125px-Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png/188px-Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png/250px-Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2156" /></a></span></div> <div>Flag</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bunyoro-Kitara"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bunyoro-Kitara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png/85px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png/128px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png/170px-Bras%C3%A3o_de_Bunyoro_Kitara.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i>Habwa Ruhanga n'Ihanga Lyange</i> <br />"For God and My Country"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "Bunyoro-Kitara Anthem" <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="197" data-mwtitle="Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg/Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="opus"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/da/Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg/Anthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAnthem_of_the_Bunyoro-Kitara_Kingdom.ogg&lang=nyo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nyo" label="Orunyoro ‪(nyo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunyoro_(map).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bunyoro (red) in Uganda (pink)."><img alt="Location of Bunyoro (red) in Uganda (pink)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunyoro_%28map%29.png/250px-Bunyoro_%28map%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunyoro_%28map%29.png/375px-Bunyoro_%28map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bunyoro_%28map%29.png/500px-Bunyoro_%28map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="515" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Bunyoro (red) in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> (pink).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hoima" title="Hoima">Hoima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Runyoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_people" title="Nyoro people">Banyoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gungu_people" title="Gungu people">Bagungu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bunyoro_sub-region" title="Bunyoro sub-region">Banyoro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Bunyoro" title="Omukama of Bunyoro">Omukama</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Iguru_I" title="Solomon Iguru I">Solomon Iguru I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Prime Minister </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Andrew Kirungi Byakutaga Ateenyi</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Consolidation <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">16th century</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">17th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000 km<sup>2</sup> (31,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">now</th><td class="infobox-data">16,114.6 km<sup>2</sup> (6,221.9 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_shilling" title="Ugandan shilling">Ugandan shilling</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">UGX</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Uganda" title="Telephone numbers in Uganda">256</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Mu</b>Nyoro</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_people" title="Nyoro people"><b>Ba</b>Nyoro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language"><b>Ru</b>Nyoro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Bu</b>Nyoro</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bunyoro</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>Bunyoro-Kitara</b>, is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Uganda" title="Western Region, Uganda">Western Uganda</a>. It was one of the most powerful kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> from the 16th century to the 19th century. It is ruled by the King (<i><a href="/wiki/Omukama_of_Bunyoro" title="Omukama of Bunyoro">Omukama</a></i>) of Bunyoro-Kitara.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current ruler is <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Iguru_I" title="Solomon Iguru I">Solomon Iguru I</a>, the 27th <i>Omukama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom of Bunyoro was established in the late 16th century by Rukidi-Mpuga after the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Empire of Kitara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwambutsya_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwambutsya-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founders of Bunyoro-Kitara were known as the Babiito, a people who succeeded the Bachwezi.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological excavations of <a href="/wiki/Bigo_bya_Mugenyi" title="Bigo bya Mugenyi">Bigo bya Mugenyi</a> has shown that the centre of the site was "radically reconstructed so as to include a large, hemispherical mound reminiscent of those made at <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a> capitals and elsewhere." Oral traditions says that in the long run a capital in the grasslands proved unsuitable for a Luo dynasty, which soon moved its headquarters to the region round and north of Mubende, where agriculture could be practised on a larger scale. It was there, in the northern half of the old <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Kitara</a> kingdom, that the new kingdom of Bunyoro developed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early Bito kings surpassed the feats of their Chwezi forefathers and achieved regional pre-eminence. Recent historical studies by Jean-Pierre Chrétien, Henri Médard and Christopher Wrigley have concluded that Bunyoro during the first one or two centuries of Bito rule was the greatest power in the region. Bito princes established themselves in the kingdom of Kiziba (in northern kagera), the northern Busoga kingdoms and west of the Rwenzoris. As far away as Buzinza, kings claimed to have their origins in Bunyoro.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunyoro began to decline in the late eighteenth century due to internal divisions. <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a> seized the <a href="/wiki/Kooki" title="Kooki">Kooki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddu" title="Buddu">Buddu</a> regions from Bunyoro at the end of the century. In the 1830s, the large province of <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro</a> separated, claiming much of the lucrative salt works. To the south <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nkore" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkore">Ankole</a> were both growing rapidly, taking over some of the smaller kingdoms that had been Bunyoro's vassals. </p><p>Thus by the mid-nineteenth century Bunyoro (also known as <b>Unyoro</b> at the time) was a far smaller state, though it was still wealthy due to the income generated from controlling the lucrative trade routes over Lake Victoria and linking to the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>. In particular, Bunyoro benefited from the trade in <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. Due to the volatile nature of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory trade</a>, an armed struggle developed between the <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banyoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyoro">Banyoro</a>. As a result, the capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Masindi" title="Masindi">Masindi</a> to the less vulnerable <a href="/wiki/Mparo,_Hoima" title="Mparo, Hoima">Mparo</a>. Following the death of Omakuma Kyebambe III, the region experienced a period of political instability where two kings ruled in a volatile political environment.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crisis_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1890 an agreement was settled whereby the entire Buganda region north of Lake Victoria was given to <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. In 1894 Great Britain declared the region its <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. In alliance with <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a>, King Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro resisted the efforts of Great Britain, aiming to take control of the kingdom. However, in 1899 Omukama Kabalega was captured and exiled to the <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>, and Bunyoro was subsequently annexed to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Because of Bunyoro's resistance to the British, a portion of the Bunyoro kingdom's territory was given to <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro</a>. </p><p>The country was put under the governance of Buganda administrators. The Banyoro revolted in 1907; the revolt was put down, and relations improved somewhat. After the region remained loyal to Great Britain in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> a new agreement was made in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the region more autonomy. Bunyoro remains as one of the five constituent kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busoga" title="Busoga">Busoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwenzururu" title="Rwenzururu">Rwenzururu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crisis_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crisis-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_society">Contemporary society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first regime of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Milton Obote</a>, the Kingdom of Bunyoro initially benefited from regaining the two "lost counties" of Buyaga and Bugangaizi following a <a href="/wiki/Ugandan_lost_counties_referendum,_1964" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan lost counties referendum, 1964">1964 referendum</a>. It was, however, forcefully disbanded in 1967. The kingdom, together with three others, <a href="/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda">Buganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busoga" title="Busoga">Busoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro</a>, remained banned during the regime of dictator <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> (1971–1979) and the second regime of Milton Obote (1980–1985)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained banned until 1993. </p><p>In 1993<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kingdom was re-established and in 1995 the new constitution of Uganda was made, allowing and recognizing the Kingdoms. The current Kingdom covers the districts of <a href="/wiki/Buliisa_District" title="Buliisa District">Buliisa District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoima_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoima City">Hoima district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kibaale_District" title="Kibaale District">Kibaale District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakumiro_District" title="Kakumiro District">Kakumiro District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagadi_District" title="Kagadi District">Kagadi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryandongo_District" title="Kiryandongo District">Kiryandongo District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masindi_District" title="Masindi District">Masindi District</a>. </p><p>According to 1997 projections, the total population of the Kingdom is between 800,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there may be 1,400,000 (depending on sources) living in 250,000-350,000 households. 96% of the population lives in rural areas, and only 1% of the population uses electricity for lighting and cooking. More than 92% of the population is poor, and earned less than half that of the Ugandan national average, and about 50% of the population is illiterate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory_and_sphere_of_influence">Territory and sphere of influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Territory and sphere of influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Northern and eastern parts of Bunyoro, it was difficult to determine where the borders of the Bunyoro kingdom ended, and where separate (but in some degree dependent) polities began, and due to the broadening and varying shades of influence the question might have been meaningless. Due to British colonialism, the Nile river, and not any traditional division in language, culture, or political allegiance, became the formal northern boundary of the attenuated Nyoro state.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People north of the Nile, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alur_people" title="Alur people">Alur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a>, recognized the Mukama (king of Bunyoro) as overlord and sent tribute to him. According to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Southall" title="Aidan Southall">Aidan Southall</a>, the Alur recognized their "ritual subordination to Bunyoro by going there for confirmation of their title after accession to kingship".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gifts were given to the king of Bunyoro by <a href="/wiki/Lango_people" title="Lango people">Lango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi</a> chiefs, who acknowledged the Nyoro king’s supremacy.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The rulers of Bunyoro acted as the ultimate arbiters of the Acholi political system. Disputes about succession to chieftainship were taken to them to settle. Many of the drums and spears which form part of the regalia of Acholi Rwodi are said to have been presented to an ancestor by a past Mukama. Representatives of the Banyoro rulers attended the installation and other ceremonies of the Rwodi of Payera.</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunyoro's Nilotic neighbors viewed themselves and were viewed by the Banyoro, as "mother's brothers" to the Bito dynasty, rooted in the fact that Rukidi Mpuga's mother, Nyatworo, was a Nilotic Luo from Bukidi. Bunyoro's relationship with its Nilotic neighbors was not only defined by political dominance but also by kinship ties. In Nyoro culture, it is believed that sisters' sons are to "rule" their mothers' brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luo_influence">Luo influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luo influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Bito King Rukidi and his brothers took the totem (Muziro) of the clan of their Luo mother, Nyatworo, which was the bushbuck (Ngabi) because their Chwezi father, Kyomya, abandoned them when they were infants. Today the aristocratic lineages of the <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Acholi people</a> to the north still have the bushbuck as their totem like the Babito clan of Bunyoro.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Babito kings made sure that succession to the throne was restricted to sons born to them by their Luo wives. This gave the Paluo (luo speakers in northern Bunyoro) major political influence in Bunyo-Kitara. It was Oyo Nyimba, Rukidi's son born by Nyatworo of the Luo clan of Kwonga, who succeeded him. Nyimba in turn made sure that it Waswinyi, born by a Luo woman, who became king after him. The practice of restricting succession to children born by Luo women went on uninterrupted, and thus all the kings of Bunyoro-Kitara were born by <a href="/wiki/Acholi_people" title="Acholi people">Luo</a> women until 1733.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi language</a>, the term "Bito" is used "generally of the sons of an aristocratic lineage". The <a href="/wiki/Empaako" title="Empaako">Empaako</a> praise names that every Munyoro is given after birth are still found in Acholi, where they are called "Pak", meaning 'praise'. Many of the mpako names are also of Luo origin. Although many Bito personal names are Luo, Bunyoro's political terminology features only two words of Luo origin, "ekikali" ("royal courtyard" found also in the kingdom of Ankole and Rwanda) and "dyangi". Some of the objects which make up the regalia of the Nyoro kings can be identified with artefacts of Nilotic origin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nyoro_language" title="Nyoro language">Nyoro</a> word "Mugole" (wife) is a nilotic loanword that can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Acholi_dialect" title="Acholi dialect">Acholi</a> "Nya gol" (wife) and beyond that to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Nilotic_languages" title="Western Nilotic languages">Dinka-Nuer</a> word "Gol" (clan, family). It can be found as far south in Rwanda where Mugole/Mugore simply means "woman" in <a href="/wiki/Kinyarwanda" title="Kinyarwanda">Kinyarwanda</a>. The nyoro word, "wakonga" (pangolin) is related to the Acholi "Okong" and Dinka "Akuong". the Nyoro "Mukago" ("blood-brotherhood" which is initiated by cutting the hands) is related to <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_language" title="Shilluk language">Shilluk</a> "Kago" and <a href="/wiki/Dinka_language" title="Dinka language">Dinka</a> "Kak" (cut open).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture and society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>European visitors in the late nineteenth century consistently observed that Bunyoro was one of the most densely populated parts of East Africa." Wilhelm Junker, who had explored much of the Nile Valley before traveling through the heart of Bunyoro in 1886, wrote that 'of all the Negro regions visited by me, Bunyoro and Buganda were by far the most densely populated. Interestingly, in 1893. Henry Colvile, found Bunyoro as a whole to be 'far more thickly populated and highly cultivated' than Buganda, though it is important to note that Buganda had suffered heavy mortality and emigration during its recent civil wars.</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In describing the Kingdom of Bunyoro, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a> states that the people of Bunyoro "have become the most advanced nation in Central Africa; they are well clothed and clean in their persons, courteous and dignified in demeanor, and susceptible of enlarged political organization."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunyoro consists of three classes of people: Iru, Huma, and Bito. The distinction between the Iru and Huma has never had the importance in Bunyoro, as it did in other kingdoms such as Ankole or Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Iru</b> are commoners who engage in farming and some cattle rearing. The Iru were Ironsmiths and provided tools and weapons to the Huma (who themselves did not practice smithing). Intermarriage between the Iru and Huma (Hima) in Bunyoro was never prohibited, and it has always been possible for Bunyoro of Iru (commoner) origin to rise to a high position in the state as many did in historical times.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a Luo speaking community in the Kibanda county of the <a href="/wiki/Kiryandongo_District" title="Kiryandongo District">Kiryandongo District</a> of northern Bunyoro called the <b>Paluo</b> (or <b>Palwo</b>) or <b>Chope/Chopi</b>. The Paluo were generally regarded as Iru by other Banyoro people. It was possible for Paluo families settling south into the Kitara heartland and assimilating its culture to become part of the Huma category.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Huma</b> are those engaged only in pastoralism. The name "Bahuma" comes from the verb "okuhuma", which means the "cacophony of sound made by a herd of cattle on the move, lowing, thudding of hooves, and cries of herdsmen".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Bahuma claimed and were accorded high status, they have always, as Bahuma, lacked major political importance and they have never been rulers in Bunyoro-Kitara but were herdsmen, who "attached themselves to the great chiefs as custodians of their herds".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a> describes them:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a curious custom throughout Unyoro; a peculiar caste are cattle-keepers. These people only attend to the herds and the profession is inherited from past generations. They are called Bahooma. If the herds are carried off in battle, the Bahooma, who never carry arms, accompany them to their new masters and continue their employment. Nothing but death will separate them from their cattle</p></blockquote> <p>The Bahuma loved their cattle so dearly that <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Casati" title="Gaetano Casati">Gaetano Casati</a> reports that after a Sudanese raid into Bunyoro that captured 10,000 cattle, the Bahuma preferred to serve the Sudanese as cattle keepers rather than be separated [sic] from their cows. Thus The Bahuma willingly followed the raiders with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_University_Press_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_University_Press-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Bito</b> are the royal clan of Bunyoro. The Babito are originally descended from the Chwezi prince Kyomya and the Luo woman Nytworo. The Banyoro say, "the Babito are the children (Bana) of the Bacwezi, and the grandchildren (baijukuru) of the Batembuzi". When the Luo diviner Nyakoka left Kitara and entered northern Uganda, he encountered Kyomya's sons resting under a Bito tree, which is where the Bito clan gets its name from (although it is unknown what kind of tree a bito tree was).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baker" title="Samuel Baker">Samuel Baker</a> praised the crafts made by Bunyoro artisans. He said that the Banyoro "make good earthenware, they sew with needles of their own make, the eye of the needles being simply a fine end overlapped; their smiths are clever and use hammers instead of stones as in neighbouring countries and they draw fine brass and copper wire for ornamenting belts, knife handles".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European travelers in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes region of Africa</a> during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in Bunyoro.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical historians, such as Jack Davies argued in 1959 that Bunyoro's traditional healers were perhaps the most highly skilled in precolonial sub-Saharan Africa, possessing a remarkable level of medical knowledge. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_1959_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_1959-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean sections</a> and other abdominal and thoracic operations were performed on a regular basis with the avoidance of hemorrhage and sepsis using antiseptics, anesthetics and cautery iron.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle2006_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle2006-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing. From the well-developed nature of the procedures employed, European observers concluded that they had been employed for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunyoro surgeons treated <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">lung inflammations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> by punching holes in the chest until the air passed freely. <a href="/wiki/Trephining" class="mw-redirect" title="Trephining">Trephining</a> was carried out and the bones of depressed fractures were elevated. Horrible war wounds, even penetrating abdominal and chest wounds were treated with success, even when this involved quite heroic surgery. Amputations were done by tying a tight ligature just above the line of amputation and neatly cutting off the limb, stretched out on a smooth log, with one stroke of a sharp sword. Banyoro surgeons had a good knowledge of anatomy, in part obtained by carrying out autopsies. Inoculation against smallpox was carried out in Bunyoro and its neighbouring kingdoms. Over 200 plants are used medicinally in eastern Bunyoro alone, and recent tests have shown that traditional cures for eczema and post-measles bloody diarrhea were more effective than western medications. Bunyoro's medical elite, the "Bafumu", had a system of apprenticeship and even "met at periods for conferences". In Bunyoro, there was a close relationship between the state and traditional healers. Kings gave healers "land spread in the different areas so that their services would reach more people". Moreover, "in the case of a disease hitting a given area", the king would order healers into the affected district. Kabaleega is said to have provided his soldiers with anti-malarial herbs and even to have organized medical research. A Munyoro healer reported in 1902 that when an outbreak of what he termed sleeping sickness occurred in Bunyoro around 1886–87, causing many deaths, Kabaleega ordered him "to make experiments in the interest of science", which were "eventually successful in procuring a cure".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_1959_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_1959-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1965_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1965-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a>, which was used to bandage wounds, has been proven to be antimicrobial.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunyoro drew various communities together in trade. This trade heavily depended on Bunyoro's rich salt deposits in the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Kibiro_saltworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibiro saltworks">Kibiro saltworks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Mwitanzige</a> and the saltworks located in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Katwe" title="Lake Katwe">Lake Katwe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunyoro's markets fostered complex interactions between the Banyoro and regional groups such as the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Kumam Iteso, Basoga, Banyankore, Congolese, and Haya populations, and, further, witnessed brisk trade not only in iron implements, salt, and ivory, but also in items like cattle, foodstuffs, beer, tobacco, and coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even despite their bitter rivalry, Bunyoro traded iron hoes and salt with Buganda in exchange for Barkcloth and <a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">Bananas</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunyoro blacksmiths were regarded as among the greatest in east Africa. Bunyoro's historical ties with Luo speakers to the north, many of whom considered Bunyoro as "home," and with Buganda to the south secured the stability of trade in Bunyoro. The ties also ensured that "Bunyoro's ironsmiths had a guaranteed market among the Iteso and Langi [to the northeast], peoples who did not smelt". Having the highest quality of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> in the region made it one of the strongest economic and military powers in the Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian John Nyakatura delineates three categories of slaves in the Bunyoro region. The first category, known as "Embomboza," consists of individuals who were found wandering without a home or family, likely as a result of conflict or famine. The second category encompasses individuals who were captured during warfare. The third category comprises those who were acquired through purchase from neighboring kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Kabalega forcibly relocated various ethnic groups into Bunyoro to ease the demographic crisis the kingdom was experiencing. When he reconquered Busongora and the <a href="/wiki/Tooro_Kingdom" title="Tooro Kingdom">Tooro Kingdom</a> he relocated many Bahuma herders into the Nyoro heartland. The <a href="/wiki/Masindi_District" title="Masindi District">Masindi</a> area was settled by <a href="/wiki/Alur_people" title="Alur people">Alur</a> slaves and entire <a href="/wiki/Konjo_people" title="Konjo people">Bakonjo</a> families from the <a href="/wiki/Rwenzururu" title="Rwenzururu">Rwenzori region</a> were settled into central Bunyoro and were almost completely culturally assimilated into Bunyoro society by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohio_University_Press_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_University_Press-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Banyoro tried not to mistreat their slaves too harshly, due to the fear of their ghosts returning to seek retribution. The Banyoro say, "If you ever mistreated a slave, his ghost would always disturb the family. And that one is very, very dangerous, even more, dangerous than the ghost of a relative".<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a female slave had a child with her master, then that child would be considered free and not discriminated against in Nyoro society. Female slaves who married their masters were no longer treated as slaves and overworked.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slaves were able to rise to political power. A famous example of this is Nyakamatura, who was a slave of Iru origin. King Kamarusi recognized Nyakamatura's talents, freed him, and made him a chief. Nyakamatura was a friend of Kamamrusi's son, Kabalega, which caused the Iru chief's status to rise even further in society. After Kabalega took the throne he honored Nyakamatura by naming him the first minister.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kabalega created a standing army called the "Abarusura". Most members of Bunyoro's army were Iru, such as Rwabudongo, who was the leader of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of Bunyoro was supplemented with mercenaries from foreign ethnic groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Lango_people" title="Lango people">Lango</a>. War captives could also be integrated into the military, such as in the case of Ireeta, who was freed and eventually became one of Bunyoro's leading generals.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kabalega defeated the rebellious Paluo in northern Bunyoro and put them back under Nyoro authority and the Acholi and Alur tribes across the Nile were forced to pay tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunyoro's army achieved a significant victory against the Baganda (who outnumbered them) at the Battle of Rwangabi (or Rwengabi) in February 1886. Following this victory, the army occupied parts of western Buganda and enslaved 20,000 Baganda.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunyoro boasted an impressive and well-maintained network of roads, which facilitated efficient movement throughout the region. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Colvile" title="Henry Colvile">Henry Colvile</a> effectively utilized these routes to swiftly transport his army, taking advantage of the carefully constructed bridges that spanned the streams. <a href="/wiki/John_Roscoe" title="John Roscoe">John Roscoe</a>, a missionary, also picked up on Bunyoro's network of roads.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people of Bunyoro developed a form of writing based on a floral code<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is especially interesting that the form of writing that developed in Bunyoro was based on a floral code, as the absence of both writing and flowers in African culture have been used by Jack Goody as evidence of African culture's separateness from that of "Eurasia." Goody has written that African peoples generally did not make significant use of flowers in worship, gift-giving or decoration. He does "not know of any indigenous use of odours", nor of plants playing a role in stories or myths. This is thought to be because of Africa's "simple" agriculture, "non-complex" societies and absence of a "culture of luxury". This description of African life does not fit well with what we know of precolonial Bunyoro, a large, relatively ancient, and extremely hierarchical kingdom, and the analysis of the role of flowers was quite inaccurate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shane Doyle, <i>The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro</i></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Nyoro pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nyo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[βuɲôɾo]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBriggsRoberts2007" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPzAlYu6nEsC&pg=PA10"><i>Uganda</i></a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-182-1"><bdi>978-1-84162-182-1</bdi></a>. <q>At its peak in the 17th century, Bunyoro covered an area of roughly 80,000km<sup>2</sup> south and west of the Nile and Lake Victoria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-182-1&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPzAlYu6nEsC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2009" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie (2009). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East, Volume 1</i>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">506–</span>509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E506-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anchor.fm/afriwetu/episodes/AfriWetu-Ep16---Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom---African-Civilisation-Series-elkvvc">"AfriWetu Ep16 - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom - African Civilisation Series by AfriWetu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AfriWetu+Ep16+-+Bunyoro-Kitara+Kingdom+-+African+Civilisation+Series+by+AfriWetu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanchor.fm%2Fafriwetu%2Fepisodes%2FAfriWetu-Ep16---Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom---African-Civilisation-Series-elkvvc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Facts about the Kingdom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/35682709/2010-01-21-Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom-General-Information">https://www.scribd.com/doc/35682709/2010-01-21-Bunyoro-Kitara-Kingdom-General-Information</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kabalegafoundation.org/about-bunyoro-kitara/culture-and-traditions.html">"Culture and Traditions"</a>. <i>Kabalega Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kabalega+Foundation&rft.atitle=Culture+and+Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkabalegafoundation.org%2Fabout-bunyoro-kitara%2Fculture-and-traditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunyoro-kitara.org/30.html">"Royal Orders - Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (Rep. Uganda) - The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa!"</a>. <i>www.bunyoro-kitara.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bunyoro-kitara.org&rft.atitle=Royal+Orders+-+Bunyoro-Kitara+Kingdom+%28Rep.+Uganda%29+-+The+most+powerful+Kingdom+in+East+Africa%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunyoro-kitara.org%2F30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mwambutsya-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mwambutsya_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mwambutsya, Ndebesa, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ossrea.net/eassrr/jan91/mwambuts.htm">Pre-capitalist Social Formation: The Case of the Banyankole of Southwestern Uganda.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080301225446/http://www.ossrea.net/eassrr/jan91/mwambuts.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i>Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review</i> 6, no. 2; 7, no. 1 (June 1990 and January 1991): 78-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzoigwe1973" class="citation journal cs1">Uzoigwe, GN (1973). "Succession and Civil War in Bunyoro - Kitara". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F216973">10.2307/216973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/216973">216973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Succession+and+Civil+War+in+Bunyoro+-+Kitara&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F216973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F216973%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Uzoigwe&rft.aufirst=GN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Medieval_Africa_1250_1800/4o-OZ5w-BmMC?hl=en"><i>Medieval Africa, 1250-1800</i></a>. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Africa%2C+1250-1800&rft.pages=145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FMedieval_Africa_1250_1800%2F4o-OZ5w-BmMC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrbvzgEACAAJ"><i>Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955</i></a>. British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-432-6"><bdi>978-0-85255-432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+%26+Decline+in+Bunyoro%3A+Population+%26+Environment+in+Western+Uganda+1860-1955&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=British+Institute+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-432-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrbvzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2007" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Philip (2007). <i>Uganda, 5th: The Bradt Travel Guide</i>. Bradt Travel Guides. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda%2C+5th%3A+The+Bradt+Travel+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crisis-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crisis_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, Shane (2006). <i>Crisis & decline in Bunyoro : population & environment in western Uganda 1860-1955</i>. London Oxford Kampala Athens, Ohio: British Institute in Eastern Africa in association with James Currey Fountain Publishers Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1634-1"><bdi>978-0-8214-1634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+%26+decline+in+Bunyoro+%3A+population+%26+environment+in+western+Uganda+1860-1955&rft.place=London+Oxford+Kampala+Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=British+Institute+in+Eastern+Africa+in+association+with+James+Currey+Fountain+Publishers+Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1634-1&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20BUNYORO%20AGREEMENT%201933.pdf">https://kituochakatiba.org/sites/default/files/legal-resources/THE%20BUNYORO%20AGREEMENT%201933.pdf</a> The Bunyoro Agreement 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2000" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle, Shane (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/183476">"Population Decline and Delayed Recovery in Bunyoro, 1860-1960"</a>. <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>41</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700007751">10.1017/S0021853700007751</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537">0021-8537</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/183476">183476</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162522723">162522723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Population+Decline+and+Delayed+Recovery+in+Bunyoro%2C+1860-1960&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0021-8537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162522723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F183476%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700007751&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F183476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100903113249/http://www.buganda.com/const67.htm">"Uganda Constitution of 1967"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buganda.com/const67.htm">the original</a> on 2010-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uganda+Constitution+of+1967&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buganda.com%2Fconst67.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traditional Rulers (Restitution of Assets and Properties) Act 1993 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ulii.org/ug/legis/consol_act/troaapa1993622/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728142602/http://www.ulii.org/ug/legis/consol_act/troaapa1993622/#">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uconnect.org/bunyoro/index.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091218070040/http://www.uconnect.org/bunyoro/index.html">Archived</a> 2009-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1997 projections. No current number exists</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUzoigwe1972" class="citation journal cs1">Uzoigwe, G. N. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178036">"Precolonial Markets in Bunyoro-Kitara"</a>. <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>14</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">422–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500006794">10.1017/S0010417500006794</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178036">178036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145160791">145160791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Precolonial+Markets+in+Bunyoro-Kitara&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=1972&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145160791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178036%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500006794&rft.aulast=Uzoigwe&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banyoro">"Banyoro | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Banyoro+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fbanyoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29, 62, <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29%2C+62%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alursocietystudy0000sout"><i>Alur society: A Study in Processes and Types of Domination</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alur+society%3A+A+Study+in+Processes+and+Types+of+Domination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falursocietystudy0000sout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29, 64, 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29%2C+64%2C+254&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Lawino_s_People/w-LuDwAAQBAJ?hl=en"><i>Lawino's People: The Acholi of Uganda</i></a>. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawino%27s+People%3A+The+Acholi+of+Uganda&rft.pages=282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLawino_s_People%2Fw-LuDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41971236"><i>Kabalega and the Palwo: Conflict of Aspirations</i></a>. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kabalega+and+the+Palwo%3A+Conflict+of+Aspirations&rft.pages=82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41971236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrbvzgEACAAJ"><i>Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955</i></a>. British Institute in Eastern Africa. 2006. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-432-6"><bdi>978-0-85255-432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+%26+Decline+in+Bunyoro%3A+Population+%26+Environment+in+Western+Uganda+1860-1955&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=British+Institute+in+Eastern+Africa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-432-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrbvzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/SUGIA_Sprache_und_Geschichte_in_Afrika/RIwLAQAAMAAJ?hl=en"><i>SUGIA, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">582–</span>583.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SUGIA%2C+Sprache+und+Geschichte+in+Afrika&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E582-%3C%2Fspan%3E583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSUGIA_Sprache_und_Geschichte_in_Afrika%2FRIwLAQAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdAhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. 2007. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-4574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4574-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdAhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtSNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature</i></a>. Routledge. 20 March 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0"><bdi>978-0-429-55829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fieldwork+of+Empire%2C+1840-1900%3A+Intercultural+Dynamics+in+the+Production+of+British+Expeditionary+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55829-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtSNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 24, <span class="nowrap">246–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=24%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Early_History_of_Kitara_in_Western_U.html?id=Un_UAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1</i></a>. p. 59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Kitara+in+Western+Uganda%3A+Process+Models+of+Religious+and+Political+Change%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Early_History_of_Kitara_in_Western_U.html%3Fid%3DUn_UAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Early_History_of_Kitara_in_Western_U.html?id=Un_UAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y"><i>The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1</i></a>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Kitara+in+Western+Uganda%3A+Process+Models+of+Religious+and+Political+Change%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%2FThe_Early_History_of_Kitara_in_Western_U.html%3Fid%3DUn_UAAAAMAAJ%26redir_esc%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Bunyoro_Kitara/_XoWAAAAIAAJ?hl=en"><i>A History of Bunyoro-Kitara</i></a>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bunyoro-Kitara&rft.pages=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Bunyoro_Kitara%2F_XoWAAAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 26, 50, 57, 129, 248 and 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=26%2C+50%2C+57%2C+129%2C+248+and+250&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohio_University_Press-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ohio_University_Press_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ohio_University_Press_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdAhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. 2007. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-4574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4574-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdAhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up"><i>The Nyoro State</i></a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 51, <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58, <span class="nowrap">254–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=51%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtSNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature</i></a>. Routledge. 20 March 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0"><bdi>978-0-429-55829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fieldwork+of+Empire%2C+1840-1900%3A+Intercultural+Dynamics+in+the+Production+of+British+Expeditionary+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55829-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtSNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theafricanhistory.com/1812">"Empire of Kitara: One of the oldest African Empires that existed since 900 AD to date"</a>. <i>Theafricanhistory.com</i>. 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theafricanhistory.com&rft.atitle=Empire+of+Kitara%3A+One+of+the+oldest+African+Empires+that+existed+since+900+AD+to+date&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheafricanhistory.com%2F1812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_1959-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1959_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1959_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1959" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, J. N. P. (January 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034446">"The Development of 'Scientific' Medicine in the African Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara"</a>. <i>Medical History</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300024248">10.1017/s0025727300024248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034446">1034446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13632207">13632207</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1301876103">1301876103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+%27Scientific%27+Medicine+in+the+African+Kingdom+of+Bunyoro-Kitara&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1959-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13632207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300024248&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=J.+N.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doyle2006-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doyle2006_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane_Doyle2006" class="citation book cs1">Shane Doyle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYHTQRBGjikC&pg=PA32"><i>Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860–1955</i></a>. James Currey Publishers. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85255-431-9"><bdi>978-0-85255-431-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+%26+Decline+in+Bunyoro%3A+Population+%26+Environment+in+Western+Uganda+1860%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=James+Currey+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85255-431-9&rft.au=Shane+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYHTQRBGjikC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cesarean/part2.html">Cesarean Section – A Brief History</a>(2008). National Library of Medicine, part 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson1965-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson1965_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Thompson1965</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerSlateToddAirton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, J.A.; Slate, A.J.; Todd, D.B.; Airton, D.; Hardman, M.; Hickey, N.A.; Scott, K.; Venkatraman, P.D. (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/626905/1/jam.14945.pdf">"A traditional Ugandan <i>Ficus natalensis</i> bark cloth exhibits antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Applied Microbiology</i>. <b>131</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjam.14945">10.1111/jam.14945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33247525">33247525</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227191862">227191862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+traditional+Ugandan+Ficus+natalensis+bark+cloth+exhibits+antimicrobial+activity+against+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A227191862%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33247525&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjam.14945&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft.au=Slate%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Todd%2C+D.B.&rft.au=Airton%2C+D.&rft.au=Hardman%2C+M.&rft.au=Hickey%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+K.&rft.au=Venkatraman%2C+P.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-space.mmu.ac.uk%2F626905%2F1%2Fjam.14945.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Katwe_Salt_in_the_African_Great_Lakes_Re/fcxEAQAAIAAJ?hl=en"><i>Katwe Salt in the African Great Lakes Regional Economy, 1750s-1950s</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Katwe+Salt+in+the+African+Great+Lakes+Regional+Economy%2C+1750s-1950s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FKatwe_Salt_in_the_African_Great_Lakes_Re%2FfcxEAQAAIAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtSNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature</i></a>. Routledge. 20 March 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0"><bdi>978-0-429-55829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fieldwork+of+Empire%2C+1840-1900%3A+Intercultural+Dynamics+in+the+Production+of+British+Expeditionary+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55829-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtSNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxHGiP-Be70C"><i>Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom</i></a>. Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536430-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536430-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9536430-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casualty+of+Empire%3A+Britain%27s+Unpaid+Debt+to+an+African+Kingdom&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Ituri+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9536430-7-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxHGiP-Be70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BtSNDwAAQBAJ"><i>Fieldwork of Empire, 1840-1900: Intercultural Dynamics in the Production of British Expeditionary Literature</i></a>. Routledge. 20 March 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55829-0"><bdi>978-0-429-55829-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fieldwork+of+Empire%2C+1840-1900%3A+Intercultural+Dynamics+in+the+Production+of+British+Expeditionary+Literature&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55829-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBtSNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih6vCwAAQBAJ"><i>An Economic History of Kenya and Uganda, 1800-1970</i></a>. Springer. January 1975. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-02442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-02442-1"><bdi>978-1-349-02442-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Kenya+and+Uganda%2C+1800-1970&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1975-01&rft.isbn=978-1-349-02442-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIh6vCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdAhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. 2007. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-4574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4574-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdAhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdAhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. 2007. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-4574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4574-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdAhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TdAhDgAAQBAJ"><i>Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. 2007. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-4574-7"><bdi>978-0-8214-4574-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-4574-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTdAhDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an/6knAMseFPpIC?hl=en"><i>A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915</i></a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa%3A+African+societies+and+the+establishment+of+colonial+rule%2C+1800-1915&rft.pages=33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an%2F6knAMseFPpIC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an/6knAMseFPpIC?hl=en"><i>A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915</i></a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa%3A+African+societies+and+the+establishment+of+colonial+rule%2C+1800-1915&rft.pages=33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an%2F6knAMseFPpIC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an/6knAMseFPpIC?hl=en"><i>A History of Africa: African societies and the establishment of colonial rule, 1800-1915</i></a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa%3A+African+societies+and+the+establishment+of+colonial+rule%2C+1800-1915&rft.pages=33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Africa_African_societies_an%2F6knAMseFPpIC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crisis_Decline_in_Bunyoro/KYHTQRBGjikC?hl=en"><i>Crisis & Decline in Bunyoro: Population & Environment in Western Uganda 1860-1955</i></a>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+%26+Decline+in+Bunyoro%3A+Population+%26+Environment+in+Western+Uganda+1860-1955&rft.pages=58&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FCrisis_Decline_in_Bunyoro%2FKYHTQRBGjikC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxHGiP-Be70C"><i>Casualty of Empire: Britain's Unpaid Debt to an African Kingdom</i></a>. Ituri Publications. 2007. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9536430-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9536430-7-3"><bdi>978-0-9536430-7-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casualty+of+Empire%3A+Britain%27s+Unpaid+Debt+to+an+African+Kingdom&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Ituri+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9536430-7-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxHGiP-Be70C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2003" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle, Shane (2003). "The Language of Flowers: Knowledge, Power and Ecology in Precolonial Bunyoro". <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">107–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0361541300003168">10.1017/S0361541300003168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3172084">3172084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153346091">153346091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Language+of+Flowers%3A+Knowledge%2C+Power+and+Ecology+in+Precolonial+Bunyoro&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153346091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3172084%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0361541300003168&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Shane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABunyoro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunyoro&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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(disestablished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitagwenda" title="Kitagwenda">Kitagwenda</a> (disestablished)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alur_people#Chiefdoms" title="Alur people">Alur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdom_of_Bunya" title="Chiefdom of Bunya">Bunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kooki" title="Kooki">Kooki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs#Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">List of current constituent monarchs in Uganda</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/244092566">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt7VtRwYGyD4mhkv34v3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bunyoro (Uganda)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge841548&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" 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