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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&params=42_39_2_N_70_33_56_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°39′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°33′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.65056°N 70.56556°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.65056; -70.56556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naval battle between an American ship and a British ship</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg/300px-Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg/450px-Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg/600px-Kamp_mellem_den_engelske_fregat_Shannon_og_den_amerikanske_fregat_Chesapeak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="1847" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle between the English [sic] frigate Shannon and the American frigate Chesapeake</i>, <a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg</a> (1836)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 June 1813</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Off <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&params=42_39_2_N_70_33_56_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°39′2″N</span> <span class="longitude">70°33′56″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.65056°N 70.56556°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.65056; -70.56556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)"><i>Shannon</i></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)"><i>Chesapeake</i></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>23 killed</li> <li>56 wounded</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>48 killed</li> <li>99 wounded</li> <li>232 captured</li> <li><i>Chesapeake</i> captured<sup id="cite_ref-toll415_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll415-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div 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href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)#Engagement_with_USS_Constitution" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">Sinking of HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Teazer" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Teazer">Capture of the Young Teazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">Capture of HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Argus_(1803)#Capture_by_HMS_Pelican" title="USS Argus (1803)">Capture of USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">Capture of HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Frolic_(1813)#Career" title="USS Frolic (1813)">Capture of USS <i>Frolic</i> </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">Capture of HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">Sinking of HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">Sinking of HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">Capture of USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane_and_HMS_Levant" title="Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant">Capture of HMS <i>Cyane</i> and HMS <i>Levant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">Capture of HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_East_India_Company_ship_Nautilus" title="Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus">Capture of East India Company ship <i>Nautilus</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>East Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_cutter_Eagle" title="Defense of the cutter Eagle">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Fort Peter</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">1st Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Caledonia_and_HMS_Detroit" title="Capture of HMS Caledonia and HMS Detroit">Capture of HMS <i>Caledonia</i> and HMS <i>Detroit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">2nd Sacket's Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Fort Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Lake Champlain</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>West Indies / Gulf Coast</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#First_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">1st Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pacific Ocean</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i></b>, also known as the <b>Battle of Boston Harbor</b>, was fought on 1 June 1813, between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shannon_(1806)" title="HMS Shannon (1806)">HMS <i>Shannon</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. The <i>Chesapeake</i> was captured in a brief but intense action in which 71 men were killed. This was the only <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> action of the war in which there was no preponderance of force on either side. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence" title="James Lawrence">James Lawrence</a> took command of <i>Chesapeake</i> on 20 May 1813, and on 1 June, put to sea to meet the waiting HMS <i>Shannon</i>, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a>. Broke had issued a written challenge to <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> commander, but <i>Chesapeake</i> had sailed before it was delivered. </p><p><i>Chesapeake</i> suffered heavily in the exchange of gunfire, having her wheel and fore <a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">topsail</a> <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a> shot away, rendering her unmanoeuvrable. Lawrence himself was mortally wounded and was carried below. The American crew struggled to carry out their captain's last order, "Don't give up the ship!", with the British boarding party quickly overwhelming them. The battle was notably intense but of short duration, lasting ten to fifteen minutes, in which time 226 men were killed or wounded. <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> captain was severely injured in fighting on the forecastle, but survived his wounds. </p><p><i>Chesapeake</i> and her crew were taken to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, where the sailors were taken to <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>; the ship was repaired and taken into service by the Royal Navy. She was sold at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in 1819 and broken up. Surviving timbers were used to build the nearby <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Mill" title="Chesapeake Mill">Chesapeake Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wickham,_Hampshire" title="Wickham, Hampshire">Wickham</a> and can be seen and visited to this day. <i>Shannon</i> survived longer, being broken up in 1859. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philip_Broke_and_his_naval_gunnery">Philip Broke and his naval gunnery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Philip Broke and his naval gunnery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg/220px-Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg/330px-Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg/440px-Sir_Philip_Broke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Captain Philip Broke</figcaption></figure> <p>During his long period in command of <i>Shannon</i>, Captain <a href="/wiki/Philip_Broke" title="Philip Broke">Philip Broke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> introduced many practical refinements to his 'great guns', which were virtually unheard of elsewhere in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Naval_gunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval gunnery">naval gunnery</a>. He had 'dispart sights' fitted to his 18-pounder long guns, which improved aiming as they compensated for the external narrowing of the barrels from the breech to the muzzle. He had adjustable tangent sights that would give accuracy at different ranges. He had the elevating 'quoins' (wedge-shaped pieces of wood placed under the breech) of his long guns grooved to mark various degrees of elevation so that his guns could be reliably levelled to fire horizontally in any state of heeling of the ship under a press of sail. The <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a> were similarly treated, but the elevating screws on these cannon were marked in paint. As the decks of contemporary ships curved upwards towards the stern and bows, he cut down the wheels on the "up-slope" side of each cannon's carriage in order that all guns were level with the horizon. He also introduced a system where bearings were incised into the deck next to each gun; fire could then be directed to any bearing independent of the ability of any particular gun crew to see the target. Fire from the whole battery could also be focused on any part of an enemy ship.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broke drilled his crew to an extremely high standard of naval gunnery; he regularly had them fire at targets, such as floating barrels. Often these drills would be made into competitions to see which gun crew could hit the target first and how fast they could do so. He even had his gun crews fire at targets 'blindfold' to good effect; they were only given the bearing to lay their gun on without being allowed to sight the gun on the target themselves. This constituted a very early example of 'director firing'.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these gunnery drills, Broke was fond of preparing hypothetical scenarios to test his crew. For example, after all hands had been drummed to quarters, he would inform them of a theoretical attack and see how they would act to defend the ship. Though the use of cutlasses in training was avoided, a method of swordsmanship training called '<a href="/wiki/Singlestick" title="Singlestick">singlestick</a>' was regularly practiced. This was a game employing roughly similar cuts, thrusts and parries as were used with the cutlass, but as it was played with wooden sticks with wicker hand guards; hits, although painful, were not often dangerous. It soon developed quickness of eye and wrist. Many of the crew became very expert.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Lawrence">James Lawrence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: James Lawrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg/220px-JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg/330px-JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg/440px-JamesLawrenceATcommons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Captain James Lawrence</figcaption></figure> <p>Commander Lawrence of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> returned from a successful war cruise having defeated the sloop <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a>. He was promoted to captain for his victory, and received orders to take command of USS <i>Chesapeake</i>. It was not a command that he particularly wanted, as he had hoped for the larger frigate <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> instead. Lawrence travelled to Boston,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he found that most of the former crew of <i>Chesapeake</i> had left over a dispute over prize money, and had been replaced. Lawrence's prior experience of the British Navy worked against him: in his earlier battle with HMS <i>Peacock</i>, the warship had been bravely fought, but the British gunnery had been nothing less than atrocious.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His crew was laden with good seamen; however, they lacked the time working together that was needed to change a collection of good seamen into an efficient fighting crew.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence's assumptions concerning the poor quality of the opposition made him over-confident in facing the adversary he was about to encounter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issuing_a_challenge">Issuing a challenge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Issuing a challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eager to engage and defeat one of the American frigates that had already scored a number of victories over the Royal Navy in single-ship confrontations, Broke prepared a challenge. <a href="/wiki/USS_President_(1800)" title="USS President (1800)">USS <i>President</i></a> had already slipped out of the harbour under the cover of fog and had evaded the British. <i>Constitution</i> was undergoing extensive repairs and alterations and would not be ready for sea in the foreseeable future. However, <i>Chesapeake</i> appeared to be ready to put to sea. Consequently, Broke decided to challenge <i>Chesapeake</i>, which had been refitting in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> harbour under the command of Captain James Lawrence, offering single ship-to-ship combat. Whilst patrolling offshore, <i>Shannon</i> had intercepted and captured a number of American ships attempting to reach the harbour. After sending two of them off to Halifax, he found that his crew was being dangerously reduced. Broke therefore resorted to burning the rest of the prizes in order to conserve his highly trained crew in anticipation of the battle with <i>Chesapeake</i>. The boats from the burnt prizes were sent into Boston, carrying Broke's oral invitation to Lawrence to come out and engage him. Broke had already sent <i>Tenedos</i> away in the hope that the more favourable odds would entice the Americans out, but eventually began to despair that <i>Chesapeake</i> would ever come out of the harbour. He finally decided to send a written challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this he was copying his adversary. Lawrence had earlier in the war, when captain of the sloop of war <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(1805)" title="USS Hornet (1805)"><i>Hornet</i></a>, sent a written invitation to the captain of the British sloop of war <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)"><i>Bonne Citoyenne</i></a> to a single-ship contest. Lawrence's offer had been declined.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake,_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-HMS_Shannon_taking_USS_Chesapeake%2C_1_June_1813_RMG_BHC0601.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="3152" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Shannon</i>, foreground, in action with USS <i>Chesapeake</i>, from a painting by Thomas Buttersworth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness,_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_%27Shannon%27_as_a_hulk_at_Sheerness%2C_4_September_1844_RMG_PW6175.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="1730" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Shannon</i>, depicted in 1844, de-masted and roofed over as a receiving ship near the end of her working life. Ink and wash drawing by Captain George Pechell Mends</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/220px-Chesapeake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/330px-Chesapeake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chesapeake.jpg/440px-Chesapeake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>USS <i>Chesapeake</i>, modern painting by F. Muller.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the Chesapeake appears now ready for sea, I request you will do me the favour to meet the Shannon with her, ship to ship, to try the fortune of our respective flags. The Shannon mounts twenty-four guns upon her broadside and one light boat-gun; 18 pounders upon her maindeck, and 32-pounder carronades upon her quarterdeck and forecastle; and is manned with a complement of 300 men and boys, beside thirty seamen, boys, and passengers, who were taken out of recaptured vessels lately. I entreat you, sir, not to imagine that I am urged by mere personal vanity to the wish of meeting the Chesapeake, or that I depend only upon your personal ambition for your acceding to this invitation. We have both noble motives. You will feel it as a compliment if I say that the result of our meeting may be the most grateful service I can render to my country; and I doubt not that you, equally confident of success, will feel convinced that it is only by repeated triumphs in even combats that your little navy can now hope to console your country for the loss of that trade it can no longer protect. Favour me with a speedy reply. We are short of provisions and water, and cannot stay long here.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Philip Broke, challenge as condensed by James and Chamier 1837<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Captain Lawrence did not receive Broke's letter. According to <a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Ian W. Toll</a>, he had already decided to leave harbour at the first favourable weather.<sup id="cite_ref-toll409_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll409-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that it was not in his nation's interests at this point in the war to be challenging British frigates seems to have not entered into his reasoning. When USS <i>President</i> had slipped out of harbor, it was to embark on a commerce-raiding mission, which was deemed in the U.S. national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Half of the officers and up to one quarter of the crew were new to the ship. In the short time he was in command of the <i>Chesapeake</i>, Lawrence had twice exercised his crew at the great guns, walking the decks and personally supervising the drill. He also instigated a signal, a bugle call, to call on his crew to board an enemy vessel. Unfortunately the only crew member able to produce a note on the bugle was a "dull-witted" 'loblolly boy' (surgeon's assistant) called William Brown.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence believed that he would win the battle and wrote two quick notes, one to the Secretary of the Navy pronouncing his intentions, and another to his brother in-law asking him to look after Lawrence's wife and children in event of his death.<sup id="cite_ref-toll409_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll409-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bostonians and their neighbours anticipated great results from the celebrated Lawrence and his crew. Local authorities reserved a space at the docks in expectation of accommodating the captured British man-of-war. Also plans were set in motion for a gala victory banquet. As the American warship moved down the harbour, citizens raced to vantage points to witness the fight. Crowds gathered on available heights from Lynn to Malden and from Cohasset to Scituate. A diarist likened the Salem crowds to swarms of bees. The more daring took to boats to follow the <i>Chesapeake</i>. A Boston newspaper reported the bay being covered with civilian craft of all kinds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>HMS <i>Shannon</i> had been off Boston for 56 days and was running short of provisions, whilst the extended period at sea was wearing the ship down. She would be at a disadvantage facing USS <i>Chesapeake</i>, fresh from harbour and a refit. A boat was despatched carrying the invitation, manned by a Mr Slocum, a discharged American prisoner. The boat had not reached the shore when <i>Chesapeake</i> was seen underway, sailing out of the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was flying three American ensigns and a large white flag at the foremast inscribed 'Free Trade and Sailor's Rights'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shannon</i> carried 276 officers, seamen and marines of her proper complement, eight recaptured seamen, 22 Irish labourers who had been 48 hours in the ship, of whom only four could speak English,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 24 boys, of whom about 13 were under 12 years of age. Broke had trained his gun crews to fire accurate broadsides into the hulls of enemy vessels, with the aim of killing their gun crews, rather than attempting to disable the enemy ship by firing at the masts and rigging. This was, however, the standard Royal Navy practice of the time, only Broke's efficiency in gunnery training distinguished him in this regard. Lawrence, meanwhile, was confident in his ship, especially since she carried a substantially larger crew. Previous American victories over Royal Navy ships left him expectant of success.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the engagement, the American crew gave three cheers. </p><p>The two ships were about as close a match in size and force as was possible, given the variations in ship design and armament existing between contemporary navies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USS <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s (rated at 38 guns) armament of 28 18-pounder long guns was an exact match for HMS <i>Shannon</i>. Measurements proved the ships to be about the same deck length, the only major difference being the ships' complements: <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 379 against the <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 330.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of the combatant vessels<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>HMS <i>Shannon</i></th> <th>USS <i>Chesapeake</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Length (gundeck)</td> <td>150 ft 2 in (45.77 m)</td> <td>151 ft 0 in (46.02 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beam</td> <td>39 ft 11 in (12.17 m)</td> <td>40 ft 11 in (12.47 m) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonnage</td> <td>1065 tons</td> <td>1135 tons </td></tr> <tr> <td>Complement</td> <td>330 men</td> <td>379 men </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Armament </td> <td>28 × 18-pounder long guns<br />16 × 32-pounder carronades<br />2 × 9-pounder dismantling guns<br /> 1 × 6-pounder long gun*<br />1 × 12-pounder boat carronade* </td> <td>28 × 18-pounder long guns<br />20 × 32-pounder carronades<br />1 × 18-pounder chase gun </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>*</b> Broke shipped the smaller calibre guns (6-pounder, and 12-pounder carronade) in order that the younger midshipmen and ship's boys had light-weight ordnance that they could practise all aspects of gun laying and firing with. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunnery_duel">Gunnery duel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gunnery duel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shannon_and_Chesapeake_(NYPL_Hades-118375-54321).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg/220px-Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg/330px-Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg/440px-Shannon_and_Chesapeake_%28NYPL_Hades-118375-54321%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3622" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption><i>Chesapeake</i>, left, shortening sail as she bears down on <i>Shannon</i>, who has backed her main topsail to await the American ship. Aquatint by Robert Dodd, London, 1813.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg/220px-Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg/330px-Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg/440px-Shannon_Chesapeake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>The commencement of the action, with the two frigates exchanging gunfire at close range. Lithograph by L. Haghe, London, 1830.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Chesapeake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/USS_Chesapeake.jpg/220px-USS_Chesapeake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/USS_Chesapeake.jpg/330px-USS_Chesapeake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/USS_Chesapeake.jpg/440px-USS_Chesapeake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The crisis-point of the engagement – <i>Chesapeake</i> (right) has run ahead of <i>Shannon</i> and is 'luffing up' out of control, and presenting her stern quarter to <i>Shannon's</i> broadside. If the image is entirely accurate it must represent the moment after <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s helm had been destroyed, but before her fore-topsail halyard was shot away.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As the American ship approached, Broke spoke to his crew, ending with a description of his philosophy of gunnery, "Throw no shot away. Aim every one. Keep cool. Work steadily. Fire into her quarters – maindeck to maindeck, quarterdeck to quarterdeck. Don't try to dismast her. Kill the men and the ship is yours."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two ships met at half past five in the afternoon, 20 nautical miles (37 km) east of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Light" title="Boston Light">Boston Light</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>. <i>Shannon</i> was flying a weather-worn <a href="/wiki/Blue_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue ensign">blue ensign</a>, and her dilapidated outside appearance after a long period at sea suggested that she would be an easy opponent. Observing the <i>Chesapeake'</i>s many flags, a sailor had questioned Broke: "Mayn't we have three ensigns, sir, like she has?" "No," said Broke, "we've always been an unassuming ship."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HMS <i>Shannon</i> refused to fire upon USS <i>Chesapeake</i> as she bore down, nor did USS <i>Chesapeake</i> attempt to <a href="/wiki/Raking_fire" title="Raking fire">rake</a> HMS <i>Shannon</i>, despite having the <a href="/wiki/Weather_gage" title="Weather gage">weather gage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence's behaviour that day earned him praise from the British officers for gallantry. </p><p>The two ships opened fire just before 18:00 at a range of about 35 metres (115 ft), with <i>Shannon</i> scoring the first hit, striking <i>Chesapeake</i> on one of her forward gunports with two round shot and a bag of musket balls fired by William Mindham, the gun captain of the aftmost of <i>Shannon'</i>s starboard 18-pounders.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chesapeake</i> was moving faster than <i>Shannon</i>, and as she ranged down the side of the British ship, the destruction inflicted by the precise and methodical gunnery of the British crew moved aft with the American's forward gun crews suffering the heaviest losses. However, the American crew were well drilled and, despite their losses, returned fire briskly. As <i>Chesapeake</i> was heeling, many of their shots struck the water or waterline of <i>Shannon</i> causing little damage, but American carronade fire caused serious damage to <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s rigging.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, a 32-pound carronade ball struck the piled shot for the <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s 12-pounder gun that was stowed in the main chains; the shot was propelled through the timbers to scatter like hail across the gundeck.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the distance closed, the Shannon's gun crews and topmen kept up a relentless fire, and the unprotected quarter-deck became as uninhabitable as the surface of the moon.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ian W. Toll <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Captain Lawrence realised that his ship's speed would take it past <i>Shannon</i> and ordered a 'pilot's <a href="/wiki/Luffing" title="Luffing">luff</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a small and brief turn to windward which would make the sails shiver and reduce the ship's speed. Just after <i>Chesapeake</i> began this limited turn away from <i>Shannon</i>, she had her means of manoeuvring entirely disabled as a second round of accurate British fire caused more losses, most critically to the men and officers manning <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s quarterdeck. Here the helmsmen were killed by a 9-pounder gun that Broke had ordered installed on the <a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck" title="Quarterdeck">quarterdeck</a> for that very purpose, and the same gun shortly afterwards shot away the wheel itself.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving American gun crews did land hits on <i>Shannon</i> in their second round of fire, especially American carronade fire which swept <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s forecastle, killing three men, wounding others and disabling <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s forward 9-pounder gun<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while one round shot demolished <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s ship's bell.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At almost the same time as <i>Chesapeake</i> lost control of her helm, her fore-<a href="/wiki/Topsail" title="Topsail">topsail</a> <a href="/wiki/Halyard" title="Halyard">halyard</a> was shot away, her fore-topsail <a href="/wiki/Yard_(sailing)" title="Yard (sailing)">yard</a> then dropped, and she 'luffed up'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Losing her forward momentum, she yawed further into the wind until she was 'in irons', her sails were pressed back against her masts and she then made sternway (went backwards). Her port stern quarter (rear left corner) made contact with <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s starboard side, level with the fifth gunport from the bow, and <i>Chesapeake</i> was caught by the projecting fluke of one of <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s anchors, which had been stowed on the gangway. <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Spanker_(sail)" title="Spanker (sail)">spanker</a> boom then swung over the deck of the British ship. Mr Stevens, <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">boatswain</a>, lashed the boom inboard to keep the two ships together, and lost an arm as he did so.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trapped against <i>Shannon</i> at an angle in which few of her guns could fire on the British ship, and unable to manoeuvre away, <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s stern now became exposed and was swept by <a href="/wiki/Raking_fire" title="Raking fire">raking fire</a>. Earlier in the action <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s gunnery had devastated <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s forward gun crews; this destruction was now inflicted on the gun crews in the aft part of the ship. The American ship's situation worsened when a small open cask of <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> cartridges abaft the <a href="/wiki/Mizzen-mast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen-mast">mizzen-mast</a> blew up. When the smoke cleared, Broke judged the time was right and gave the order to board. Captain Lawrence also gave the order to board, but the frightened bugler aboard <i>Chesapeake</i>, William Brown, failed to sound the call, and only those near Lawrence heard his command. By this time Lawrence was the only officer left on the upper deck, as Lieutenants Ludlow and Ballard had been wounded. <a href="/wiki/William_Sitgreaves_Cox" title="William Sitgreaves Cox">Lieutenant Cox</a>, who had brought up men from the lower deck to form a boarding party, reached the quarterdeck only to find that his captain had been badly, indeed mortally, wounded by musket fire. Lawrence was clinging to the <a href="/wiki/Binnacle" title="Binnacle">binnacle</a> in order to stay upright; Cox, who had served all his sea life with Lawrence, carried him down to the cockpit with the help of two sailors. As he was being taken down Lawrence called out "Tell the men to fire faster! Don't give up the ship!"<sup id="cite_ref-padfield173_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padfield173-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D R Hickey, in a book under that title about myths from the war, reports this but notes that others quoted his words as, "Don't surrender the ship!", "Never give up the ship.", or "Never strike the flag of my ship."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_British_board">The British board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The British board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Contrasting impressions of the taking of the <i>Chesapeake</i></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Dubourg,_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake,_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon,_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke,_June_1813_(c._1813).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg/200px-M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg/300px-M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg/400px-M_Dubourg%2C_Boarding_and_Taking_the_American_Ship_Chesapeake%2C_by_the_Officers_and_Crew_of_H.M._Ship_Shannon%2C_Commanded_by_Capt._Broke%2C_June_1813_%28c._1813%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Broke leads the boarding party aboard <i>Chesapeake</i>. In reality Broke wore a 'round hat' not a cocked hat in action.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or,_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg/200px-British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg/300px-British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg/400px-British_valour_and_Yankee_boasting_or%2C_Shannon_versus_Chesapeake_by_George_Cruikshank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/George_Cruikshank" title="George Cruikshank">George Cruikshank</a> portrayed the Americans as hapless and cowardly.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg/220px-Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg/330px-Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg/440px-Below_deck_HMS_Trincomalee_geograph.org.uk_1605094_41c89220-by-Ian-Petticrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The berth deck of a 38-gun frigate, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Trincomalee" title="HMS Trincomalee">HMS <i>Trincomalee</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the confusion and loss of leadership aboard the American vessel, the British boarding party was being effectively organised. A number of small-arms men rushed aboard <i>Chesapeake</i>, led by Broke, including the <a href="/wiki/Purser" title="Purser">purser</a>, Mr G. Aldham, and the clerk, Mr John Dunn. Aldham and Dunn were killed as they crossed the gangway, but the rest of the party made it onto <i>Chesapeake</i>. Captain Broke, at the head of not more than twenty men, stepped from the rail of the hammock netting onto the muzzle of the port-side carronade of <i>Chesapeake</i> closest to the stern, and from there he jumped down to her quarterdeck. As the British boarded there were no American officers left on the quarterdeck to organise resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maindeck of <i>Chesapeake</i> was almost deserted, having been swept by <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s gunfire; the surviving gun crews had either responded to the call for boarders or had taken refuge below. Two American officers, Lieutenant Cox (who had returned from carrying Captain Lawrence down to the surgeon) and Midshipman Russell saw that the aftmost 18-pounders on the port side still bore on <i>Shannon</i>. Working between them, they managed to fire both.<sup id="cite_ref-padfield173_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padfield173-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Ludlow, who had been slightly wounded and had gone down to <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s cockpit for treatment, now returned to the upper decks, rallying some of the American crew as he did so. Lieutenant Budd joined him with a band of men he had led up the fore-hatch. Ludlow led them in a counter-attack which pushed the British back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Binnacle" title="Binnacle">binnacle</a>. However, a wave of British reinforcements arrived, Ludlow received a mortal wound from a cutlass, and the Americans were again thrown back. James Bulger, one of <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s Irishmen, charged into the Americans wielding a boarding pike and shouting Gaelic curses – "And then did I not spit them, beJaysus!" Lacking officers to lead them (Lieutenant Budd had also been wounded by a cutlass) and lacking support from below, the Americans were driven back by the boarders. American resistance then fell apart, with the exception of a band of men on the <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastle</a> and those in the tops. A number of the Americans driven from the upper decks jostled each other to get down the main hatchway to the comparative safety of the berth deck.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing this, Lt. Cox called to them, "You damned cowardly sons of bitches! What are you jumping below for?" When asked by a nearby midshipman if he should stop them by cutting a few down, Cox replied, "No sir, it is of no use."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting had also been ongoing between the <a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">tops</a> (platforms at the junction of mast and topmast) of the ships, as rival sharpshooters fired upon their opponents and upon sailors on the exposed decks below. While the ships were locked together, the British marksmen, led by midshipman William Smith, commander of the fore-top, stormed <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s fore-top over the yard-arm and killed all the Americans there. Following this, the wind tore the two ships apart, and <i>Chesapeake</i> was blown around the bows of <i>Shannon.</i> This left the British boarders, about fifty-strong, stranded. However, organised resistance aboard the American ship had almost ceased by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broke himself led a charge against a number of the Americans who had managed to rally on the forecastle. Three American sailors, probably from the rigging, descended and attacked him. Taken by surprise, he killed the first, but the second hit him with a musket which stunned him, whilst the third sliced open his skull with a sabre or cutlass, knocking him to the deck. Before the sailor could finish Broke off, the American was bayoneted by a British Marine named John Hill. <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew rallied to the defence of their captain and carried the forecastle, killing the remaining Americans. Broke sat, dizzied and weak, on a carronade slide, and his head was bound up by William Mindham, who used his own neckerchief. One of <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s lieutenants, <a href="/wiki/Provo_Wallis" title="Provo Wallis">Provo Wallis</a>, believed that Broke's three assailants were probably British deserters. The desperate and violent attempt on Broke's life made by these men may have been motivated by the fact that they faced the death penalty under the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_War" title="Articles of War">Articles of War</a> as deserters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s First Lieutenant, Mr George T. L. Watt, had attempted to hoist the British colours over <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s, but this was misinterpreted aboard <i>Shannon,</i> and he was hit in the forehead by grapeshot and killed as he did so.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chesapeake_is_taken"><i>Chesapeake</i> is taken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chesapeake is taken"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Lane_(1780-1859)_(style_of)_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_(1776%E2%80%931841)_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/220px-Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/330px-Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg/440px-Samuel_Lane_%281780-1859%29_%28style_of%29_-_Captain_Sir_Philip_Bowes_Vere_de_Broke_%281776%E2%80%931841%29_-_BHC2575_-_Royal_Museums_Greenwich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Sir Philip Broke, portrait in full-dress uniform. He is shown standing on the ensign of USS <i>Chesapeake</i>, in token of his victory.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British had cleared the upper decks of American resistance, and most of <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew had taken refuge on the berth deck. A musket or pistol shot from the berth deck killed a British marine, William Young, who was guarding the main hatchway. The furious British crewmen then began firing through the hatchway at the Americans crowded below. Lieutenant Charles Leslie Falkiner of <i>Shannon</i>, the leader of the boarders who had rushed the maindeck, restored order by threatening to blow out the brains of the next person to fire. He then demanded that the Americans send up the man who had killed Young, adding that <i>Chesapeake</i> was taken and "We have three hundred men aboard. If there is another act of hostility you will be called up on deck one by one – and shot." Falkiner was given command of <i>Chesapeake</i> as a British prize-vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s midshipmen during the action were Messers, Smith, Leake, Clavering, Raymond, Littlejohn and Samwell. Samwell was the only British officer other than Broke to be wounded in the action; he was to die from an infection of his wounds some weeks later. Mr Etough was the acting master, and conned the ship into the action. Shortly after <i>Chesapeake</i> had been secured, Broke fainted from loss of blood and was rowed back to <i>Shannon</i> to be attended to by the ship's surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engagement had lasted just ten minutes according to <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s log, or eleven minutes by Lieutenant Wallis' watch. Broke more modestly claimed fifteen minutes in his official despatch.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shannon</i> had lost 23 men killed, and had 56 wounded. <i>Chesapeake</i> had about 48 killed, including four lieutenants, the master and many other of her officers, and 99 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-toll415_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll415-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shannon</i> had been hit by a total of 158 projectiles, <i>Chesapeake</i> by 362 (these figures include grapeshot). In the time the batteries of both ships were firing, the Americans had been exposed to 44 roundshot, whilst the British had received 10 or 11 in reply (these are figures for shot which would have produced casualties or material damage; some of <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s shot was fired low, bouncing off <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s side at waterline level). Even before being boarded, <i>Chesapeake</i> had lost the gunnery duel by a considerable margin.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large cask of un-slaked <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> was found open on <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s forecastle, and another bag of lime was discovered in the fore-top.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some British sailors alleged the intention was to throw handfuls into the eyes of <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s men in an unfair and dishonourable manner as they attempted to board, though that was never done by <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleaves" title="Albert Gleaves">Albert Gleaves</a>, historian and biographer of Lawrence, called the allegation "absurd," noting, "Lime is always carried in ship's stores as a disinfectant, and the fact that it was left on the deck after the ship was cleared for action was probably due to the neglect of a junior, or petty, officer."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Gleaves, who was a decorated officer of the United States Navy, had no answer for the presence of a bag of lime at the top of the foremast. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Christian_Schetky,_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_(c._1830).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/220px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/330px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg/440px-John_Christian_Schetky%2C_H.M.S._Shannon_Leading_Her_Prize_the_American_Frigate_Chesapeake_into_Halifax_Harbour_%28c._1830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption> HMS <i>Shannon</i> leading the captured USS <i>Chesapeake</i> into <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Christian_Schetky" title="John Christian Schetky">John Christian Schetky</a>, 1830)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the victory, a prize crew was put aboard <i>Chesapeake</i>. The commander of the prize, Lieutenant Falkiner, had a good deal of trouble from the restive Americans, who outnumbered his own men. He had some of the leaders of the unrest transferred to <i>Shannon</i> in the leg-irons that had, ironically, been shipped aboard <i>Chesapeake</i> to deal with expected British prisoners. The rest of the American crew were rendered docile by the expedient of a carpenter cutting scuttles (holes) in the maindeck through which two 18-pounder cannon, loaded with grapeshot, were pointed at them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg/220px-WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg/330px-WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg/440px-WilliamParryWallisByRobertField.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotian</a> <a href="/wiki/Provo_Wallis" title="Provo Wallis">Provo Wallis</a> commanded <i>Shannon</i> back to Halifax. Depicted as a commander in 1813, he later became <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)">Admiral of the Fleet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lieutenant Provo Wallis commanded <i>Shannon</i> as she escorted her prize into Halifax, arriving there on 6 June. On the entry of the two frigates into the harbour, the naval ships already at anchor manned their yards, bands played martial music and each ship <i>Shannon</i> passed greeted her with cheers.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 320 American survivors of the battle were interned on <a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Melville Island (Nova Scotia)">Melville Island</a> in Halifax harbour. Their ship, repaired and taken into British service as HMS <i>Chesapeake</i>, was later used to ferry prisoners from Melville Island to England's <a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dartmoor (HM Prison)">Dartmoor Prison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many officers were paroled to Halifax, but some began a riot at a performance of a patriotic song about <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parole restrictions were tightened: beginning in 1814, paroled officers were required to attend a monthly muster on Melville Island, and those who violated their parole were confined to the prison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg/220px-Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg/330px-Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg/440px-Chesapeake_Mill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_178198.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Chesapeake Mill</figcaption></figure> <p>As the first major naval victory in the war of 1812 for the British, the capture raised the morale of the Royal Navy. After setting out on 5 September for a brief cruise under a Captain Teahouse, <i>Shannon</i> departed for England on 4 October, carrying the recovering Broke. They arrived at Portsmouth on 2 November. After the successful action, Lieutenants Wallis and Falkiner were promoted to the rank of commander, and Messrs. Etough and Smith were made lieutenants. Broke was made a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a> that September.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Council" title="Court of Common Council">Court of Common Council</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the city">freedom of the city</a> and a sword worth 100 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea (British coin)">guineas</a>. He also received a piece of <a href="/wiki/Plate_(dishware)" title="Plate (dishware)">plate</a> worth 750 pounds and a cup worth 100 guineas. Captain Lawrence was buried in Halifax with full military honours; six British naval officers served as pallbearers. <i>Chesapeake</i>, after active service in the Royal Navy, was eventually sold at <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, England, for £500 in 1819 and broken up. Some of the timbers of <i>Chesapeake</i> were used in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Mill" title="Chesapeake Mill">Chesapeake Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wickham,_Hampshire" title="Wickham, Hampshire">Wickham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shannon</i> was reduced to a <a href="/wiki/Receiving_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiving ship">receiving ship</a> in 1831, and broken up in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShannonStadaconaHalifaxNovaScotiaCanada2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ShannonStadaconaHalifaxNovaScotiaCanada2.JPG/220px-ShannonStadaconaHalifaxNovaScotiaCanada2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/ShannonStadaconaHalifaxNovaScotiaCanada2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Gravestones for the casualties of <i>Chesapeake</i> (left) and <i>Shannon</i> (right), <a href="/wiki/CFB_Halifax" title="CFB Halifax">CFB Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the US, the capture was seen as a humiliation, and contributed to popular sentiment against the war. Many New Englanders, now calling the conflict "Madison's war" after <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, demanded that he resign the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But while the <i>Chesapeake</i> was captured, Lawrence's admonition to his crew has inspired American sailors ever since. </p><p>Accounts of <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s victory were ascribed to many reasons. Very few of these took into account that Lawrence had rushed into a fight with an untrained and unprepared crew for what awaited him. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> would later state this plainly, lambasting former American "history writers" while doing so. In less than two minutes, <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew had taken horrible losses and did not break, while <i>Chesapeake</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s crew did.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately for Lawrence, he did not meet an average British frigate of this point in the long wars, undermanned and with many men aboard who were not real seamen, but a frigate with a crew at the highest pitch of training, led by an expert in naval gunnery. Author Peter Padfield said of <i>Shannon</i>, that "a more destructive vessel of her force had probably never existed in the history of naval warfare".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broke never again commanded a ship. The head wound from a cutlass blow, which had exposed the brain, had been very severe accompanied by great blood loss. Therapeutic bleeding, routinely employed at the time, was not performed by <i>Shannon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s surgeon Mr Alexander Jack, which was to Broke's advantage. The report of the surgeon described the wound as "a deep cut on the parietal bone, extending from the top of the head ... towards the left ear, [the bone] penetrated for at least three inches in length".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broke survived the wound into moderate old age (64 years), though he was debilitated. He suffered, to a greater or lesser extent, from headaches and other neurological problems for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casualties were heavy: the British lost 23 killed and 56 wounded in the fighting, and the Americans lost 48 killed and 99 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-toll415_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toll415-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-three of the wounded of both sides died of their wounds in the two weeks following the action. The total 'butcher's bill' was high for an action between two frigates, but the ferocity of the fighting is emphasised by all the casualties occurring within 11 minutes. The casualty rate was an unprecedented 20 men killed or wounded every minute. As a comparison, in the action between the USS <i>United States</i> and HMS <i>Macedonian</i> the casualty rate was two per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graves of those who died of their wounds after the battle are marked in the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Halifax" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax">Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax</a> and at <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church_(Halifax)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Church (Halifax)">St. Paul's Church in Halifax</a>. Lawrence's coffin was later reinterred from Halifax to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ns1763.ca/hfxrm/shannon.html">plaque</a> was erected to commemorate the battle in Halifax in 1927 and may be seen at <a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant_Park" title="Point Pleasant Park">Point Pleasant Park</a>. <i>Shannon's</i> bell is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Museum_of_the_Atlantic" title="Maritime Museum of the Atlantic">Maritime Museum of the Atlantic</a> in Halifax in an exhibit about the battle which includes a surgeon's chest and mess kettle from <i>Chesapeake</i>. Cannons believed to be from <i>Shannon</i> and <i>Chesapeake</i> are displayed either side of <a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House</a>, Nova Scotia's legislature. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a> of HMS <i>Shannon</i> has been restored and preserved, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Trincomalee" title="HMS Trincomalee">HMS <i>Trincomalee</i></a> of the <a href="/wiki/Leda-class_frigate" title="Leda-class frigate"><i>Leda</i> class</a>; she can be seen in a dock at <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a> in the North East of England and is the oldest British warship afloat.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/200px-ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/300px-ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/400px-ChesapeakeCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cannon from USS <i>Chesapeake</i> (<a href="/wiki/Province_House_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Province House (Nova Scotia)">Province House, Nova Scotia</a>).</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/200px-HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/300px-HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG/400px-HMSShannonCanonProvinceHouseNovaScotia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="968" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cannon from HMS <i>Shannon</i> (Province House, Nova Scotia).</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capture of USS <i>Chesapeake</i> by HMS <i>Shannon</i> features prominently in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fortune_of_War" title="The Fortune of War">The Fortune of War</a></i>, the sixth book in the <a href="/wiki/Aubrey%E2%80%93Maturin_series" title="Aubrey–Maturin series">Aubrey–Maturin series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">historical fiction</a> novels by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Brian" title="Patrick O'Brian">Patrick O'Brian</a>, and first published in 1979. The main characters, having escaped Boston, where they were being held as prisoners of war, are on board the <i>Shannon</i> during the engagement. The battle is described with considerable accuracy by O'Brian, with his fictional characters playing only minor roles in the action.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle is mentioned in chapter 12 of the science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>, and was also referred to in the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_the_Island" title="Anne of the Island">Anne of the Island</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Maud_Montgomery" title="Lucy Maud Montgomery">Lucy Maud Montgomery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Surveyor" title="USRC Surveyor">USRC <i>Surveyor</i></a>, captured on the same day</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a shortened version, the original ran to six paragraphs in length. The full message can be found in Padfield, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-toll415-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toll415_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll415_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll415_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield, pp. 27–29, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield, pp. 37–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian W. Toll, <i>Six Frigates</i>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Roosevelt, <i>The Naval War of 1812</i>, location 2391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Roosevelt, <i>The Naval War of 1812</i>, location 2356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James and Chamier 1837, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toll409-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toll409_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll409_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, pp. 4–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1984, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler 1984, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Irishmen had been captured by the Americans when <i>en route</i> from Waterford to Newfoundland in the brig <a href="/wiki/Duck_(1812_ship)" title="Duck (1812 ship)"><i>Duck</i></a>, and were then released by the Royal Navy. Of these 40 Irishmen, 22 volunteered for service aboard <i>Shannon</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">English measurement methods used for both ships; dimensions from Gardiner (2006) pp. 25, 32, and armament from Padfield p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136"><i>The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812</i></a>. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136/page/n733">706</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665291364" title="Special:BookSources/9780665291364"><bdi>9780665291364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=706&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=9780665291364&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_29136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murdoch 1867, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Lambert, <i>The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812</i>, Faber and Faber (2012), p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian W. Toll, <i>Six Frigates</i>, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broke installed two 9-pounder "dismantling pieces", one at the break of the quarterdeck and the other at the break of the forecastle. These guns had picked crews and were specifically intended to target the wheel and headsails of an opponent. The 9-pounders had 'elevating and traversing carriages' specially designed by Broke himself, the carriages allowed for an elevation up to 33°, enabling fire at an enemy's tops and upper rigging. The "long nine", as it was known, was universally acknowledged to be the most accurate British naval cannon of the period, see Padfield, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marinecurator.blogspot.ca/2013/05/an-artifact-from-heart-of-deadly-war-of.html">Dan Conlin, "An Artifact From a Deadly War of 1812 Battle", <i>The Maritime Museum of the Atlantic</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Americans had not secured this yard with iron chains as was often done before an action, possibly indicative of their overconfidence. As a "<a href="/wiki/Headsail" class="mw-redirect" title="Headsail">headsail</a>", the fore-topsail was vital for manoeuvring the ship, and its loss at a critical moment in the action probably doomed the American vessel. See Padfield 1968, pp. 167–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 167–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padfield173-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padfield173_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padfield173_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald R Hickey, <i>Don't give up the ship!</i>, page 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen 1852, pp. 427–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically, in the predecessors of the true frigate the deck below the deck with the main armament had been partially armed (early to mid 18th century), and the Royal Navy continued to call this deck the 'gun deck' even though it now had no cannon. The more accurate American usage was to call it the 'berth deck', as it was the deck where the crew slung their hammocks. Larger warships had no exact equivalent to this unarmed deck.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 173–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner 1998, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert 2012, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 173–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 240–245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gleaves 1904, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200527–29_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200530_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheaWatts200531_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheaWatts2005">Shea & Watts 2005</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette16779" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16779/page/1890">"No. 16779"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 21 September 1813. p. 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+16779&rft.pages=1890&rft.date=1813-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F16779%2Fpage%2F1890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette16852" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/16852/page/280">"No. 16852"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 5 February 1814. p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+16852&rft.pages=280&rft.date=1814-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F16852%2Fpage%2F280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winfield (2007), p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and White, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown and White, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Roosevelt The Naval War of 1812, location 2426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Voelcker, pp. 152–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll 2006, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Padfield 1968, pp. 184-185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh Pullen, <i>The Shannon and the Chesapeake</i> (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970), p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313203616/http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/modern/gallery/the-ship-project.php">"The Ship Project"</a>. <i>hms-trincomalee.co.uk</i>. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hms-trincomalee.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Ship+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hms-trincomalee.co.uk%2Fmodern%2Fgallery%2Fthe-ship-project.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brian, P. (1979) <i>The Fortune of War</i>, Collins, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-222498-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-222498-4">0-00-222498-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen1852" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Joseph (1852). <i>Battles of the British Navy</i>. Vol. 2. London: Henry G. Bohn. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5852951">5852951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+British+Navy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1852&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5852951&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrighton1866" class="citation book cs1">Brighton, J. G. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/admiralsirpbvbro00briguoft"><i>Admiral Sir P.B.V. Broke, Bart.: A Memoir</i></a>. London: Sampson Low, Son and Marston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Admiral+Sir+P.B.V.+Broke%2C+Bart.%3A+A+Memoir&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Son+and+Marston&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Brighton&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadmiralsirpbvbro00briguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2005" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1812warthatforge0000born"><i>1812: The War That Forged A Nation</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-053113-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-053113-4"><bdi>0-06-053113-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+The+War+That+Forged+A+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-053113-4&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1812warthatforge0000born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, Anthony G., and White, Colin (2006) <i>The Patrick O'Brian Muster book: persons, animals, ships and cannon in the Aubrey-Maturin sea novels</i>. McFarland & Co.</li> <li>Cray, Robert E. "Remembering the USS Chesapeake: The politics of maritime death and impressment." <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i> (2005) 25#3 pp: 445–474. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/jer/summary/v025/25.3cray.html">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2009" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, James H. (2009). <i>A Ruinous and Unhappy War: New England and the War of 1812</i>. New York: Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-690-1"><bdi>978-0-87586-690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ruinous+and+Unhappy+War%3A+New+England+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-690-1&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFowler1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Fowler" title="William M. Fowler">Fowler, William M.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacktarscommodor00fowl"><i>Jack Tars and Commodores: The American Navy, 1783–1815</i></a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-35314-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-35314-9"><bdi>0-395-35314-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10277756">10277756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Tars+and+Commodores%3A+The+American+Navy%2C+1783%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10277756&rft.isbn=0-395-35314-9&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacktarscommodor00fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1998" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1998). <i>The Naval War of 1812</i>. London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-063-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-063-9"><bdi>1-86176-063-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86176-063-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2006" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert (2006). <i>Frigates of the Napoleonic Wars</i>. London: Chatham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-292-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-292-4"><bdi>978-1-86176-292-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frigates+of+the+Napoleonic+Wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-292-4&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleaves1904" class="citation book cs1">Gleaves, Albert (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameslawrenceca01gleagoog"><i>James Lawrence, Captain, United States Navy, Commander of the "Chesapeake"</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/526283">526283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Lawrence%2C+Captain%2C+United+States+Navy%2C+Commander+of+the+%22Chesapeake%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F526283&rft.aulast=Gleaves&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjameslawrenceca01gleagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickey2006" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Donald R (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontgiveupshipmy00hick/page/111/mode/1up"><i>Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812</i></a>. Montreal: Robin Brass Studio Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_0_252_03179_3" title="Special:BookSources/978 0 252 03179 3"><bdi>978 0 252 03179 3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Give+Up+the+Ship%21+Myths+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780252031793&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontgiveupshipmy00hick%2Fpage%2F111%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James, William, and Chamier, Frederick (1837) <i>The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV,</i> Vol VI. Richard Bentley, London.</li> <li>Lambert, Andrew (2012) <i>The Challenge: Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812</i>, Faber and Faber, London.</li> <li>Ludlow, J.M. (1862) <i>A Sketch of the History of the United States from Independence to Secession</i>, Macmillan and Co., London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch1867" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Beamish (1867). <i>A History of Nova Scotia</i>. Vol. 3. Halifax: J. Barnes. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11506476">11506476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.place=Halifax&rft.pub=J.+Barnes&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11506476&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Beamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPadfield1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Padfield" title="Peter Padfield">Padfield, Peter</a> (1968). <i>Broke and the Shannon</i>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-02511-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-02511-5"><bdi>0-340-02511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broke+and+the+Shannon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-340-02511-5&rft.aulast=Padfield&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoolman1962" class="citation book cs1">Poolman, Kenneth (1962). <i>Guns Off Cape Ann: The Story of the Shannon and the Chesapeake</i>. Chicago: Rand McNally. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1384754">1384754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns+Off+Cape+Ann%3A+The+Story+of+the+Shannon+and+the+Chesapeake&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Rand+McNally&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1384754&rft.aulast=Poolman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pullen, Hugh Francis. <i>The Shannon and the Chesapeake</i> (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1970)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/9104"><i>The Naval War of 1812 or The History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain</i></a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/133902576">133902576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812+or+The+History+of+the+United+States+Navy+during+the+Last+War+with+Great+Britain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1882&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F133902576&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F9104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheaWatts2005" class="citation book cs1">Shea, Iris V.; Watts, Heather (2005). <i>Deadman's: Melville Island & Its Burial Ground</i>. Tantallon Nova Scotia: Glen Margaret Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05847-5"><bdi>978-0-393-05847-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadman%27s%3A+Melville+Island+%26+Its+Burial+Ground&rft.place=Tantallon+Nova+Scotia&rft.pub=Glen+Margaret+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05847-5&rft.aulast=Shea&rft.aufirst=Iris+V.&rft.au=Watts%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToll2006" class="citation book cs1">Toll, Ian (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixfrigatesepich00toll"><i>Six Frigates:The Epic History of the U.S. Navy</i></a></span>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920427-68-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920427-68-2"><bdi>978-0-920427-68-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Frigates%3AThe+Epic+History+of+the+U.S.+Navy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-920427-68-2&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixfrigatesepich00toll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger2012" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Harlow Giles (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780306822650"><i>John Quincy Adams</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82129-5"><bdi>978-0-306-82129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Quincy+Adams&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-306-82129-5&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780306822650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Voelcker, Tim (2013) <i>Broke of the Shannon: and the War of 1812</i>, Seaforth Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473831322" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473831322">978-1473831322</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Winfield, Rif (2007). <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates</i>. London: Seaforth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-246-7"><bdi>978-1-86176-246-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181927614">181927614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Warships+in+the+Age+of+Sail+1793%E2%80%931817%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+Careers+and+Fates&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Seaforth&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181927614&rft.isbn=978-1-86176-246-7&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Rif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapture+of+USS+Chesapeake" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Fort Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" 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mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1813_shipwrecks" title="Template:1813 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1813_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1813 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1813_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1813 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1813310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1813" title="List of shipwrecks in 1813">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1813</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1 Jan: <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_(1803_EIC_ship)" title="Euphrates (1803 EIC ship)"><i>Euphrates</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">HMS <i>Java</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">7 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ferret_(1806)" title="HMS Ferret (1806)">HMS <i>Ferret</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">17 Jan: <a href="/wiki/Teazer_(privateer)" title="Teazer (privateer)"><i>Teazer</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Jan: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Daring_(1804)" title="HMS Daring (1804)"><i>Daring</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">January (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/William_Dent_(1800_ship)" title="William Dent (1800 ship)"><i>William Dent</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">6 Feb: <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Rubis_(1812)" title="French frigate Rubis (1812)"><i>Rubis</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 Feb: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Peacock_(1806)" title="HMS Peacock (1806)">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">sinking</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">22 Mar: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Captain_(1787)" title="HMS Captain (1787)">HMS <i>Captain</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1 Apr: <a href="/wiki/USRC_Gallatin_(1807)" title="USRC Gallatin (1807)">USS <i>Gallatin</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Unity_(schooner)" title="Unity (schooner)"><i>Unity</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Apr: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sir_Isaac_Brock" title="HMS Sir Isaac Brock">HMS <i>Sir Isaac Brock</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 May: <a href="/wiki/American_privateer_Holkar" title="American privateer Holkar"><i>Holkar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">16 May: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Wellington_(1811_Montreal_ship)" title="Lord Wellington (1811 Montreal ship)"><i>Lord Wellington</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 May: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Algerine_(1810)" title="HMS Algerine (1810)">HMS <i>Algerine</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 May: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sir_Isaac_Brock" title="HMS Sir Isaac Brock">HMS <i>Sir Isaac Brock</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">28 May: <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Duke_of_Gloucester_(1807)" title="HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807)">York</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/USS_General_Pike" title="USS General Pike">USS <i>General Pike</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Jun: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Persian_(1809)" title="HMS Persian (1809)">HMS <i>Persian</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Jun: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Young_Teazer" title="Capture of the Young Teazer"><i>Young Teazer</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2 Jul: <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Corona_(1807)" title="French frigate Corona (1807)">HMS <i>Daedalus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Jul: <a href="/wiki/Caledonian_(1811_ship)" title="Caledonian (1811 ship)"><i>Caledonian</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Jul: <a href="/wiki/Bootle_(1805_ship)" title="Bootle (1805 ship)"><i>Bootle</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Teazer_(1798)" title="HMS Teazer (1798)"><i>Teazer</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">July (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/HMS_Herring_(1804)" title="HMS Herring (1804)">HMS <i>Herring</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">8 Aug: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hamilton_(1809)" title="USS Hamilton (1809)">USS <i>Hamilton</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Scourge_(1812)" title="USS Scourge (1812)">USS <i>Scourge</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">23 Aug: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Colibri_(1809)" title="HMS Colibri (1809)">HMS <i>Colibri</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">9 Sep: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Alphea_(1806)" title="HMS Alphea (1806)">HMS <i>Alphea</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">11 Sep: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Woolwich_(1785)" title="HMS Woolwich (1785)">HMS <i>Woolwich</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">27 Sep: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bold_(1812)" title="HMS Bold (1812)">HMS <i>Bold</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Oct: <a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitty_(1799_ship)" title="Charming Kitty (1799 ship)"><i>Charming Kitty</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_(1790_ship)" title="Queen Charlotte (1790 ship)"><i>Queen Charlotte</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">October (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/Sir_Godfrey_Webster_(1799_ship)" title="Sir Godfrey Webster (1799 ship)"><i>Sir Godfrey Webster</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vautour_(1810)" title="HMS Vautour (1810)">HMS <i>Vautour</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">12 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Canso_(1813)" title="HMS Canso (1813)">HMS <i>Canso</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Epervier_(1812)" title="HMS Epervier (1812)">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fantome_(1810)" title="HMS Fantome (1810)">HMS <i>Fantome</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_La_Hogue" title="HMS La Hogue">HMS <i>La Hogue</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Paragon_(1801_ship)" title="Paragon (1801 ship)"><i>Paragon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Mary_(1796_ship)" title="Princess Mary (1796 ship)"><i>Princess Mary</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_San_Domingo_(1809)" title="HMS San Domingo (1809)">HMS <i>San Domingo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">13 Nov: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Canso_(1813)" title="HMS Canso (1813)">HMS <i>Canso</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Epervier_(1812)" title="HMS Epervier (1812)">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fantome_(1810)" title="HMS Fantome (1810)">HMS <i>Fantome</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_La_Hogue" title="HMS La Hogue">HMS <i>La Hogue</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Manly_(1812)" title="HMS Manly (1812)">HMS <i>Manly</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_San_Domingo_(1809)" title="HMS San Domingo (1809)">HMS <i>San Domingo</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2 Dec: <a href="/wiki/USS_Lady_of_the_Lake" title="USS Lady of the Lake">USS <i>Lady of the Lake</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Dec: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Gaunt_(1809_ship)" title="John O'Gaunt (1809 ship)"><i>John O'Gaunt</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">20 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Tartar_(1813_privateer)" title="Tartar (1813 privateer)"><i>Tartar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">December (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/Antoinetta_(1812_ship)" title="Antoinetta (1812 ship)"><i>Antoinetta</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">5 Feb: <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Ar%C3%A9thuse_(1812)" title="French frigate Aréthuse (1812)"><i>Aréthuse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">26 Apr: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Godfrey_Webster_(1799_ship)" title="Sir Godfrey Webster (1799 ship)"><i>Sir Godfrey Webster</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">April (unknown date): <a href="/wiki/Dart_(1806_ship)" title="Dart (1806 ship)"><i>Dart</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">29 May: <a href="/wiki/USS_General_Pike" title="USS General Pike">USS <i>General Pike</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Duke_of_Gloucester_(1807)" title="HMS Duke of Gloucester (1807)">York</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1 Jun: <a href="/wiki/USS_Chesapeake_(1799)" title="USS Chesapeake (1799)">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">capture</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">5 Dec: <a href="/wiki/Blenden_Hall" title="Blenden Hall"><i>Blenden Hall</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1812" title="List of shipwrecks in 1812">1812</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1812" title="List of shipwrecks in 1812"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/12px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/18px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg/24px-Arrow_Blue_Left_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1814" title="List of shipwrecks in 1814"><img 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