CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Antifreeze - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6198a84d-f844-4ec1-a3d5-65255d50af96","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Antifreeze","wgTitle":"Antifreeze","wgCurRevisionId":1274019211,"wgRevisionId":1274019211,"wgArticleId":562839,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2016","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2018","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022","Automotive chemicals","Automotive engine technologies","Coolants", "Household chemicals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Antifreeze","wgRelevantArticleId":562839,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q503288","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Antifreeze - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Antifreeze rootpage-Antifreeze skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antifreeze" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antifreeze" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Antifreeze" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Antifreeze" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Principles_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Principles and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use and occurrence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use and occurrence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automotive_and_internal_combustion_engine_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive_and_internal_combustion_engine_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Automotive and internal combustion engine use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive_and_internal_combustion_engine_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine_coolant_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine_coolant_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engine coolant standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engine_coolant_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_industrial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_industrial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other industrial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_industrial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_antifreezes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_antifreezes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Biological antifreezes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_antifreezes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Primary agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Primary agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethylene_glycol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethylene_glycol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ethylene glycol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethylene_glycol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propylene_glycol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propylene_glycol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Propylene glycol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propylene_glycol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_antifreezes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_antifreezes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other antifreezes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_antifreezes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measuring_the_freeze_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measuring_the_freeze_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measuring the freeze point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measuring_the_freeze_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrosion_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrosion_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Corrosion inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corrosion_inhibitors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corrosion inhibitors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corrosion_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Traditional inhibitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_acid_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_acid_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Organic acid technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_acid_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_organic_acid_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_organic_acid_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Hybrid organic acid technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_organic_acid_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phosphate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silicate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silicate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Silicate hybrid organic acid technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silicate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Additives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poisoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poisoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Poisoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poisoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifreeze</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%AF" title="مانع تجمد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانع تجمد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifriz" title="Antifriz – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antifriz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticongelant" title="Anticongelant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anticongelant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrznouc%C3%AD_kapalina" title="Nemrznoucí kapalina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nemrznoucí kapalina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefrierschutzmittel" title="Gefrierschutzmittel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gefrierschutzmittel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifriis" title="Antifriis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antifriis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%88%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Αντιψυκτικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιψυκτικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticongelante" title="Anticongelante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticongelante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malfrostilo" title="Malfrostilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malfrostilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotz-kontrako" title="Izotz-kontrako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izotz-kontrako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="ضد یخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضد یخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigel" title="Antigel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antigel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frithreo" title="Frithreo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frithreo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%8F%99%EC%95%A1" title="부동액 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부동액" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifriz" title="Antifriz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antifriz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibeku" title="Antibeku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antibeku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigelo" title="Antigelo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antigelo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibeku" title="Antibeku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Antibeku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEfr%C3%AEz" title="Antîfrîz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîfrîz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifrizas" title="Antifrizas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antifrizas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibeku" title="Antibeku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antibeku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Антифризсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антифризсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivries" title="Antivries – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antivries" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%87%8D%E6%B6%B2" title="不凍液 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不凍液" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8lev%C3%A6ske" title="Kjølevæske – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjølevæske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifrizlar" title="Antifrizlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antifrizlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samochodowe_p%C5%82yny_ch%C5%82odz%C4%85ce" title="Samochodowe płyny chłodzące – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samochodowe płyny chłodzące" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticongelante" title="Anticongelante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anticongelante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticongelant" title="Anticongelant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anticongelant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antifreeze" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sredstvo_proti_zmrzovanju" title="Sredstvo proti zmrzovanju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sredstvo proti zmrzovanju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifriz" title="Antifriz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antifriz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakkasneste" title="Pakkasneste – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakkasneste" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylarv%C3%A4tska" title="Kylarvätska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kylarvätska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifriz" title="Antifriz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antifriz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Антифриз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антифриз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%A5t_ch%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%C3%B4ng" title="Chất chống đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chất chống đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E5%87%8D%E5%8A%91" title="防凍劑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="防凍劑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503288#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Antifreeze" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Antifreeze" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Antifreeze" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&oldid=1274019211" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Antifreeze&id=1274019211&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntifreeze"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAntifreeze"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Antifreeze&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antifreeze" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503288" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of water</div> <p>An <b>antifreeze</b> is an additive which lowers the freezing point of a water-based liquid. An antifreeze mixture is used to achieve <a href="/wiki/Freezing-point_depression" title="Freezing-point depression">freezing-point depression</a> for cold environments. Common antifreezes also increase the boiling point of the liquid, allowing higher coolant temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all common antifreeze additives also have lower <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">heat capacities</a> than water, and do reduce water's ability to act as a <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> when added to it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> has good properties as a coolant, water plus antifreeze is used in <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> and other heat transfer applications, such as <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar water heater">solar water heaters</a>. The purpose of antifreeze is to prevent a rigid enclosure from bursting due to expansion when <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water freezes</a>. Commercially, both the <i>additive</i> (pure concentrate) and the <i>mixture</i> (diluted solution) are called antifreeze, depending on the context. Careful selection of an antifreeze can enable a wide temperature range in which the mixture remains in the <a href="/wiki/Liquid_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid phase">liquid phase</a>, which is critical to efficient <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">heat transfer</a> and the proper functioning of <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a>. Most if not all commercial antifreeze formulations intended for use in heat transfer applications include anti-corrosion and anti-<a href="/wiki/Cavitation" title="Cavitation">cavitation</a> agents (that protect the hydraulic circuit from progressive wear). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles_and_history">Principles and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principles and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water was the original coolant for internal combustion engines. It is cheap, nontoxic, and has a high heat capacity. It however has only a 100 Kelvin liquid range, and it expands upon freezing. To address these problems, alternative coolants with improved properties were developed. Freezing and boiling points are <a href="/wiki/Colligative_properties" title="Colligative properties">colligative properties</a> of a solution, which depend on the concentration of dissolved substances. Salts lower the melting points of aqueous solutions. <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">Salts</a> are frequently used for <a href="/wiki/De-icing" class="mw-redirect" title="De-icing">de-icing</a>, but salt solutions are not used for cooling systems because they induce <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> of metals. Low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular weight</a> organic compounds tend to have melting points lower than water, which makes them suitable for use as antifreeze agents. Solutions of organic compounds, especially <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>, in water are effective. Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>, etc. have been the basis of all antifreezes since they were commercialized in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_occurrence">Use and occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use and occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive_and_internal_combustion_engine_use">Automotive and internal combustion engine use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Automotive and internal combustion engine use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg/300px-Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg/450px-Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg/600px-Antifreeze_in_the_radiator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Fluorescent green-dyed antifreeze is visible in the radiator header tank when car radiator cap is removed</figcaption></figure> <p>Most automotive engines are <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">"water"-cooled</a> to remove <a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">waste heat</a>, though the "water" used is actually a mixture of water and antifreeze. The term <b>engine coolant</b> is widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Automotive" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive">automotive</a> industry, which covers its primary function of <a href="/wiki/Convection_(heat_transfer)" title="Convection (heat transfer)">convective heat transfer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>. When used in an automotive context, <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor" title="Corrosion inhibitor">corrosion inhibitors</a> are added to help protect vehicles' <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiators</a>, which often contain a range of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemically</a> incompatible metals (<a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solder</a>, etc.). Water pump seal lubricant is also added. </p><p>Antifreeze was developed to overcome the shortcomings of <a href="/wiki/Water#Heat_exchange" title="Water">water as a heat transfer fluid</a>. </p><p>On the other hand, if the engine coolant gets too hot, it might boil while inside the engine, causing <a href="/wiki/Critical_heat_flux" title="Critical heat flux">voids</a> (pockets of steam), leading to localized hot spots and the catastrophic failure of the engine. If plain water were to be used as an engine coolant in northern climates freezing would occur, causing significant internal engine damage. Also, plain water would increase the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Galvanic_corrosion" title="Galvanic corrosion">galvanic corrosion</a>. Proper engine coolant and a pressurized coolant system obviate these shortcomings of water. With proper antifreeze, a wide temperature range can be tolerated by the engine coolant, such as −34 °F (−37 °C) to +265 °F (129 °C) for 50% (by volume) <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> diluted with distilled water and a 15 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> pressurized coolant system. </p><p>Early engine coolant antifreeze was <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> (methyl alcohol). <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a> was developed because its higher boiling point was more compatible with heating systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engine_coolant_standards">Engine coolant standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engine coolant standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Volkswagen Group has been particularly committed to the development of coolants and their standards (VW TL 774 ) in collaboration with Haertol Chemie from Magdeburg. VW standards include: G11, G12, G12+, G12++, G13 and G12evo. </p><p>Another company involved in the development is BASF (Glysantin), whose standards are: G30, G40, G48, G05, G33, and G34. </p><p>Volkswagen Group: </p> <ul><li><b>G11</b>: VW TL 774 C</li> <li><b>G12 / G12+</b>: VW TL 774 D/F</li> <li><b>G12++</b>: VW TL 774 G</li> <li><b>G13</b>: VW TL 774 J</li> <li><b>G12evo</b>: VW TL 774 L</li></ul> <p>BASF: </p> <ul><li><b>Glysantin G48</b>: matches VW TL 774-C</li> <li><b>Glysantin G30</b>: matches VW TL 774-D/F</li> <li><b>Glysantin G40</b>: matches VW TL 774-G and VW TL 774-J</li> <li><b>Glysantin G64</b>: matches VW TL 774-L</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_industrial_uses">Other industrial uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other industrial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common water-based antifreeze solutions used in <a href="/wiki/Electronics_cooling" title="Electronics cooling">electronics cooling</a> are mixtures of water and either ethylene glycol (EGW) or propylene glycol (PGW). The use of ethylene glycol has a longer history, especially in the automotive industry. However, EGW solutions formulated for the automotive industry often have silicate based rust inhibitors that can coat and/or clog heat exchanger surfaces. Ethylene glycol is listed as a toxic chemical requiring care in handling and disposal. </p><p>Ethylene glycol has desirable thermal properties, including a high boiling point, low freezing point, stability over a wide range of temperatures, and high specific heat and thermal conductivity. It also has a low viscosity and, therefore, reduced pumping requirements. Although EGW has more desirable physical properties than PGW, the latter coolant is used in applications where toxicity might be a concern. PGW is generally recognized as safe for use in food or food processing applications, and can also be used in enclosed spaces. </p><p>Similar mixtures are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> and industrial heating or cooling systems as a high-capacity <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat transfer medium">heat transfer medium</a>. Many formulations have corrosion inhibitors, and it is expected that these chemicals will be replenished (manually or under automatic control) to keep expensive piping and equipment from corroding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_antifreezes">Biological antifreezes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biological antifreezes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifreeze proteins">Antifreeze proteins</a> refer to chemical compounds produced by certain <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and other organisms that prevent the formation of ice. In this way, these compounds allow their host organism to operate at temperatures well below the freezing point of water. Antifreeze proteins bind to small <a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">ice crystals</a> to inhibit growth and <a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">recrystallization</a> of ice that would otherwise be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-Madura2001_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madura2001-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cryoprotectant" title="Cryoprotectant">Cryoprotectants</a> are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Cryobiology" title="Cryobiology">cryobiology</a> to prevent or inhibit freezing in sperm, blood, stem cells, plant seeds, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28428046_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28428046-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33761937_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33761937-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol (all used in automotive antifreeze) are commonly used as biological cryoprotectants.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28428046_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28428046-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33761937_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33761937-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_agents">Primary agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primary agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethylene_glycol">Ethylene glycol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethylene glycol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethylene_glycol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ethylene_glycol.svg/100px-Ethylene_glycol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ethylene_glycol.svg/150px-Ethylene_glycol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ethylene_glycol.svg/200px-Ethylene_glycol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="24" /></a><figcaption>Ethylene glycol</figcaption></figure> <p>Most antifreeze is made by mixing distilled water with additives and a base product, usually MEG (mono ethylene glycol) or MPG (mono propylene glycol). <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a> solutions first became available in 1926 and were marketed as "permanent antifreeze" since the higher boiling points provided advantages for summertime use as well as during cold weather. They are used today for a variety of applications, including <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">automobiles</a>, but there are lower-toxicity alternatives made with <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> available. </p><p>When ethylene glycol is used in a system, it may become oxidized to five organic acids (formic, oxalic, glycolic, glyoxalic and acetic acid). Inhibited ethylene glycol antifreeze mixes are available, with additives that buffer the pH and preserve alkalinity of the solution to prevent oxidation of ethylene glycol and formation of these acids. <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azole" title="Azole">azoles</a> may also be used to prevent corrosive attack on metal. </p><p>Ethylene glycol has a bitter, sweet taste and causes inebriation. The toxic effects of ingesting ethylene glycol occur because it is converted by the liver into 4 other chemicals that are much more toxic. The lethal dose of pure ethylene glycol is 1.4 ml/kg (3 US fluid ounces (90 ml) is lethal to a 140-pound (64 kg) person) but is much less lethal if treated within an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_poisoning" title="Ethylene glycol poisoning">Ethylene glycol poisoning</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propylene_glycol">Propylene glycol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Propylene glycol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png/100px-Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png/150px-Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png/200px-Propylene_glycol_chemical_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Propylene glycol</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">Propylene glycol</a> is considerably less toxic than ethylene glycol and may be labeled as "non-toxic antifreeze". It is used as antifreeze where ethylene glycol would be inappropriate, such as in food-processing systems or in water pipes in homes where incidental ingestion may be possible. For example, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol#Safety_in_humans" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol to be added</a> to a large number of <a href="/wiki/Ultra-processed_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-processed foods">ultra-processed foods</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frozen_custard" title="Frozen custard">frozen custard</a>, salad dressings, and <a href="/wiki/Baked_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked good">baked goods</a>, and it is commonly used as the main ingredient in the "<a href="/wiki/Construction_of_electronic_cigarettes#E-cigarette_liquid" title="Construction of electronic cigarettes">e-liquid</a>" used in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic cigarettes">electronic cigarettes</a>. Propylene glycol <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidizes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides cooling system corrosion, <a href="/wiki/Biological_fouling" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological fouling">biological fouling</a> also occurs. Once bacterial slime starts to grow, the corrosion rate of the system increases. Maintenance of systems using glycol solution includes regular monitoring of freeze protection, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a>, inhibitor level, color, and biological contamination. </p><p>Propylene glycol should be replaced when it turns a reddish color. When an aqueous solution of propylene glycol in a cooling or heating system develops a reddish or black color, this indicates that iron in the system is corroding significantly. In the absence of inhibitors, propylene glycol can react with oxygen and metal ions, generating various compounds including organic acids (e.g., formic, oxalic, acetic). These acids accelerate the corrosion of metals in the system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_antifreezes">Other antifreezes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other antifreezes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol_methyl_ether" title="Propylene glycol methyl ether">Propylene glycol methyl ether</a> is used as an antifreeze in diesel engines. It is more volatile than glycol.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once used for automotive antifreeze, <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> has the advantage of being non-toxic, withstands relatively high temperatures, and is noncorrosive. It is not however used widely.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glycerol was historically used as an antifreeze for automotive applications before being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> introduced <i>G13</i> (TL 774-G) antifreezes containing glycerol in 2008, marketed as better for the environment due to its low toxicity and reduced <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g13_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g13-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since 2018, they have moved on to <i>G12EVO</i> (TL 774-L) which no longer contains glycerol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glycerol is mandated for use as an antifreeze in many sprinkler systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measuring_the_freeze_point">Measuring the freeze point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Measuring the freeze point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once antifreeze has been mixed with water and put into use, it periodically needs to be maintained. If engine coolant leaks, boils, or if the cooling system needs to be drained and refilled, the antifreeze's freeze protection will need to be considered. In other cases a vehicle may need to be operated in a colder environment, requiring more antifreeze and less water. Three methods are commonly employed to determine the freeze point of the solution by measuring the concentration:<sup id="cite_ref-asa_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a>—(using a <a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">hydrometer</a> test strip or some sort of floating indicator),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractometer" title="Refractometer">Refractometer</a>—which measures the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the antifreeze solution, and</li> <li>Test strips—specialized, disposable indicators made for this purpose.</li></ol> <p>Both specific gravity and refractive index are affected by temperature, although the former is affected much less catastrophically. Temperature compensation is nevertheless recommended for RI measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-asa_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Propylene glycol solutions cannot be tested using specific gravity because of ambiguous results (40% and 100% solutions have the same specific gravity),<sup id="cite_ref-asa_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asa-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although typical uses rarely exceed 60% concentration. </p><p>The boiling point can be similarly determined by a concentration given from one of the three methods. Datasheets for glycol/water coolant mixtures are commonly available from chemical vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corrosion_inhibitors">Corrosion inhibitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Corrosion inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most commercial antifreeze formulations include <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_inhibitor" title="Corrosion inhibitor">corrosion inhibiting</a> compounds, and a colored <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> (commonly a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> green, red, orange, yellow, or blue) to aid in identification.<sup id="cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetcorp1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">dilution</a> with water is usually used, resulting in a freezing point of about −34 °F (−37 °C), depending on the formulation. In warmer or colder areas, weaker or stronger dilutions are used, respectively, but a range of 40%/60% to 60%/40% is frequently specified to ensure corrosion protection, and 70%/30% for maximum freeze prevention down to −84 °F (−64 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-Peak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peak-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of leaks, antifreeze chemicals such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol may retain their basic properties indefinitely. By contrast, corrosion inhibitors are gradually used up, and must be replenished from time to time. Larger systems (such as <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems) are often monitored by specialist firms which take responsibility for adding corrosion inhibitors and regulating coolant composition. For simplicity, most automotive manufacturers recommend periodic complete replacement of engine coolant, to simultaneously renew corrosion inhibitors and remove accumulated contaminants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_inhibitors">Traditional inhibitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Traditional inhibitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, there were two major corrosion inhibitors used in vehicles: <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>. American-made vehicles traditionally used both silicates and phosphates.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European makes contain silicates and other inhibitors, but no phosphates.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese makes traditionally use phosphates and other inhibitors, but no silicates.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waynes_Garage_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waynes_Garage-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_acid_technology">Organic acid technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organic acid technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most modern cars are built with organic acid technology (OAT) antifreeze (e.g., DEX-COOL<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), or with a hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) formulation (e.g., Zerex G-05),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both of which are claimed to have an extended service life of five years or 240,000 km (150,000 mi). </p><p>DEX-COOL specifically has caused <a href="/wiki/Controversy" title="Controversy">controversy</a>. Litigation has linked it with intake manifold gasket failures in <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a>' (GM's) 3.1L and 3.4L engines, and with other failures in 3.8L and 4.3L engines. One of the anti-corrosion components presented as sodium or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_2-ethylhexanoate" title="Potassium 2-ethylhexanoate">potassium 2-ethylhexanoate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylhexanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethylhexanoic acid">ethylhexanoic acid</a> is incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Nylon_6,6" class="mw-redirect" title="Nylon 6,6">nylon 6,6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicone_rubber" title="Silicone rubber">silicone rubber</a>, and is a known <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">Class action</a> lawsuits were registered in several states of the US, and in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to address some of these claims. The first of these to reach a decision was in Missouri, where a settlement was announced early in December 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in March 2008, GM agreed to compensate complainants in the remaining 49 states.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GM (<a href="/wiki/Motors_Liquidation_Company" title="Motors Liquidation Company">Motors Liquidation Company</a>) filed for bankruptcy in 2009, which tied up the outstanding claims until a court determines who gets paid.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the DEX-COOL manufacturer, "mixing a 'green' [non-OAT] coolant with DEX-COOL reduces the batch's change interval to 2 years or 30,000 miles, but will otherwise cause no damage to the engine".<sup id="cite_ref-imcool_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imcool-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DEX-COOL antifreeze uses two inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Sebacate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebacate">sebacate</a> and 2-EHA (<a href="/wiki/2-ethylhexanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="2-ethylhexanoic acid">2-ethylhexanoic acid</a>), the latter which works well with the <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a> found in the United States, but is a <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a> that can cause gaskets to leak.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to internal GM documents,<sup id="cite_ref-imcool_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imcool-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the ultimate culprit appears to be operating vehicles for long periods of time with low coolant levels. The low coolant is caused by pressure caps that fail in the open position. (The new caps and recovery bottles were introduced at the same time as DEX-COOL). This exposes hot engine components to air and vapors, causing corrosion and contamination of the coolant with iron oxide particles, which in turn can aggravate the pressure cap problem as contamination holds the caps open permanently.<sup id="cite_ref-imcool_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imcool-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Honda and Toyota's new extended life coolants use OAT with sebacate, but without the 2-EHA. Some added phosphates provide protection while the OAT builds up.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Honda specifically excludes 2-EHA from its formulas. </p><p>Typically, OAT antifreeze contains an orange dye to differentiate it from the conventional glycol-based coolants (green or yellow), though some OAT products may contain a red or mauve dye. Some of the newer OAT coolants claim to be compatible with <i>all</i> types of OAT and glycol-based coolants; these are typically green or yellow in color.<sup id="cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetcorp1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_organic_acid_technology">Hybrid organic acid technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid organic acid technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HOAT coolants typically mix an OAT with a traditional inhibitor, usually silicates.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example is <a href="/wiki/Zerex" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerex">Zerex</a> G05, which is a low-silicate, phosphate free formula that includes the <a href="/wiki/Benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoate">benzoate</a> inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-motor.com_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A HOAT coolant can have a life expectancy as high as 10 years / 180,000 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phosphate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology">Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Phosphate hybrid organic acid technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>P-HOAT coolants mix phosphates with HOAT.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology is typically used in Asian makes and is often dyed red or blue.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Silicate_hybrid_organic_acid_technology">Silicate hybrid organic acid technology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Silicate hybrid organic acid technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Si-OAT coolants mix silicates with HOAT.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technology is typically used in European makes and is often dyed pink.<sup id="cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additives">Additives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Additives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All automotive antifreeze formulations, including the newer organic acid (OAT antifreeze) formulations, are environmentally hazardous because of the blend of additives (around 5%), including lubricants, buffers, and corrosion inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the additives in antifreeze are proprietary, the <a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">safety data sheets</a> (SDS) provided by the manufacturer list only those compounds which are considered to be significant safety hazards when used in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Common additives include <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disodium_phosphate" title="Disodium phosphate">disodium phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">sodium molybdate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borate" title="Sodium borate">sodium borate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denatonium_benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Denatonium benzoate">denatonium benzoate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">dextrin</a> (hydroxyethyl starch). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">Disodium fluorescein</a> dye is added to conventional ethylene glycol formulas to visually distinguish leaked amounts from other vehicle fluids, and as a marker of type to distinguish it from incompatible types.<sup id="cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eetcorp1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dye fluoresces bright green when illuminated by blue or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV light</a> from daylight or testing lamps. </p><p>Automotive antifreeze has a characteristic odor due to the additive <a href="/wiki/Tolyltriazole" title="Tolyltriazole">tolyltriazole</a>, a corrosion inhibitor. The unpleasant odor in industrial-use tolyltriazole comes from impurities in the product that are formed from the <a href="/wiki/Toluidine" title="Toluidine">toluidine</a> isomers (ortho-, meta-, and para-toluidine) and meta-diamino toluene which are side-products in the manufacture of tolyltriazole.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These side-products are highly reactive and produce volatile aromatic amines which are responsible for the unpleasant odor.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poisoning">Poisoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poisoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antifreeze is a poisonous substance<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered to be very dangerous to ingest. The main ingredient which makes it dangerous is <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>, which, when ingested, is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> in the liver into various intermediate substances, which then get turned into <a href="/wiki/Oxalic_acid" title="Oxalic acid">oxalic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spandidos-publications.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spandidos-publications.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxalic acid is incredibly dangerous as it can cause, among other ailments, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, which is why a major treatment for antifreeze poisoning is <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> to combat said kidney failure.<sup id="cite_ref-spandidos-publications.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spandidos-publications.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antifreeze is commonly consumed due to its sweet taste cause by the ethylene glycol,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also commonly consumed as a <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_alcohol" title="Surrogate alcohol">surrogate alcohol</a> due to its high alcohol contents. To prevent consumption due to taste, many brands have bitter additives, but many<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies do not support the idea bitter additives reduce ingestions. Common symptoms of poisoning are <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a>, Agitation, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a>. Long term damage such as kidney damage, <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a>, central nervous system damage, and <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_deicing_fluid" title="Aircraft deicing fluid">Aircraft deicing fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze_protein" title="Antifreeze protein">Antifreeze protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoprotectant" title="Cryoprotectant">Cryoprotectant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heater_core" title="Heater core">Heater core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_melt#Surface_treatments" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice melt">Ice melt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Internal combustion engine cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterless_coolant" title="Waterless coolant">Waterless coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">Windshield washer fluid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosenBowlesFordPerlson2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosen, Sidney F.; Bowles, William A.; Ford, Emory A.; Perlson, Bruce D. (2000). "Antifreezes". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a03_023">10.1002/14356007.a03_023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-30673-2"><bdi>978-3-527-30673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antifreezes&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a03_023&rft.isbn=978-3-527-30673-2&rft.aulast=Bosen&rft.aufirst=Sidney+F.&rft.au=Bowles%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Emory+A.&rft.au=Perlson%2C+Bruce+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dow.com/content/dam/dcc/documents/en-us/mark-prod-info/180/180-01613-01-dispelling-the-myths-of-heat-transfer-fluids-presentation.pdf?iframe=true">"Dispelling the Myths of Heat Transfer Fluids Presentation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Dow_Chemical_Company" title="Dow Chemical Company">Dow Chemical Company</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dispelling+the+Myths+of+Heat+Transfer+Fluids+Presentation&rft.pub=Dow+Chemical+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dow.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fdcc%2Fdocuments%2Fen-us%2Fmark-prod-info%2F180%2F180-01613-01-dispelling-the-myths-of-heat-transfer-fluids-presentation.pdf%3Fiframe%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mas-ft.de/kuehlmittel/">"Kühlmittel"</a>. <i>MAS Fahrzeugtechnik</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAS+Fahrzeugtechnik&rft.atitle=K%C3%BChlmittel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mas-ft.de%2Fkuehlmittel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarArco2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">CarArco (2024-09-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wodoil.ch/der-ultimative-frostschutz-ratgeber/">"Der ultimative Frostschutz Ratgeber"</a>. <i>Wodoil</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wodoil&rft.atitle=Der+ultimative+Frostschutz+Ratgeber&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft.au=CarArco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwodoil.ch%2Fder-ultimative-frostschutz-ratgeber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madura2001-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madura2001_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodsell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Goodsell D (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104223136/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=120">"Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins"</a>. <i>The Scripps Research Institute and the RCSB PDB</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2210%2Frcsb_pdb%2Fmom_2009_12">10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2009_12</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=120">the original</a> on 2015-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scripps+Research+Institute+and+the+RCSB+PDB&rft.atitle=Molecule+of+the+Month%3A+Antifreeze+Proteins&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2210%2Frcsb_pdb%2Fmom_2009_12&rft.aulast=Goodsell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsb.org%2Fpdb%2F101%2Fmotm.do%3FmomID%3D120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher2001_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherHewDavies2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fletcher GL, Hew CL, Davies PL (2001). "Antifreeze proteins of teleost fishes". <i>Annual Review of Physiology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">359–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.63.1.359">10.1146/annurev.physiol.63.1.359</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11181960">11181960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Antifreeze+proteins+of+teleost+fishes&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.physiol.63.1.359&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11181960&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=GL&rft.au=Hew%2C+CL&rft.au=Davies%2C+PL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28428046-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28428046_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid28428046_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliottWangFuller2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elliott GD, Wang S, Fuller BJ (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1556251/">"Cryoprotectants: A review of the actions and applications of cryoprotective solutes that modulate cell recovery from ultra-low temperatures"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cryobiology_(journal)" title="Cryobiology (journal)">Cryobiology</a></i>. <b>76</b>: <span class="nowrap">74–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2017.04.004">10.1016/j.cryobiol.2017.04.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28428046">28428046</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4176915">4176915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cryobiology&rft.atitle=Cryoprotectants%3A+A+review+of+the+actions+and+applications+of+cryoprotective+solutes+that+modulate+cell+recovery+from+ultra-low+temperatures&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4176915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28428046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cryobiol.2017.04.004&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=GD&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Fuller%2C+BJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1556251%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33761937-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid33761937_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid33761937_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojicMurrayBentleySpindler2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bojic S, Murray A, Bentley BL, Spindler R, Pawlik P, Cordeiro JL, Bauer R, de Magalhães JP (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7989039">"Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMC_Biology" title="BMC Biology">BMC Biology</a></i>. <b>19</b> (1): 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-021-00976-8">10.1186/s12915-021-00976-8</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7989039">7989039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33761937">33761937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Winter+is+coming%3A+the+future+of+cryopreservation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7989039%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33761937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12915-021-00976-8&rft.aulast=Bojic&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Murray%2C+A&rft.au=Bentley%2C+BL&rft.au=Spindler%2C+R&rft.au=Pawlik%2C+P&rft.au=Cordeiro%2C+JL&rft.au=Bauer%2C+R&rft.au=de+Magalh%C3%A3es%2C+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7989039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PM Leth, M Gregersen. <i>Ethylene glycol poisoning</i>. Forensic science international, 2005 - Elsevier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contaminants (Technical Report Series)</i>. World Health Organization. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-120909-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-120909-7"><bdi>92-4-120909-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+Certain+Food+Additives+and+Contaminants+%28Technical+Report+Series%29&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.isbn=92-4-120909-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartwick, D.; Hutchinson, D.; Langevin, M., "A multi-discipline approach to closed system treatment," Corrosion 2004; New Orleans, Louisiana; March 28 - April 1, 2004; NACE (<a href="/wiki/NACE_International" class="mw-redirect" title="NACE International">National Association of Corrosion Engineers</a>) paper 04-322. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415164033/http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=NACE-04322">Document preview.</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Soeder, Daniel Benson, and Dennis Tomsheck, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestowntech.com/documents/TP4ClosedSystemCleaning.pdf">"An on-line cleaning procedure used to remove iron and microbiological fouling from a critical glycol-contaminated closed-loop cooling water system,"</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> 2007 Annual Convention and Exposition of the Association of Water Technologies; Colorado Springs, Colorado; November 7–10, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan Browning and David Berry (September / October 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afe.org/Publications/journal/SelectingGlycol_SeptOct2010.pdf">"Selecting and maintaining glycol based heat transfer fluids,"</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i>Facilities Engineering Journal</i>, pages 16-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter J. Rossiter, Jr., McClure Godette, Paul W. Brown and Kevin G. Galuk (1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build85/PDF/b85010.pdf">"An investigation of the degradation of aqueous ethylene glycol and propylene glycol solutions using ion chromatography,"</a> <i>Solar Energy Materials</i>, vol. 11, pages 455-467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudgensHercampFrancisNyman2007" class="citation book cs1">Hudgens, R. Douglas; Hercamp, Richard D.; Francis, Jaime; Nyman, Dan A.; Bartoli, Yolanda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/2007-01-4000/">"An Evaluation of Glycerin (Glycerol) as a Heavy Duty Engine Antifreeze/Coolant Base"</a>. <i>SAE Technical Paper Series</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4271%2F2007-01-4000">10.4271/2007-01-4000</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Evaluation+of+Glycerin+%28Glycerol%29+as+a+Heavy+Duty+Engine+Antifreeze%2FCoolant+Base&rft.btitle=SAE+Technical+Paper+Series&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4271%2F2007-01-4000&rft.aulast=Hudgens&rft.aufirst=R.+Douglas&rft.au=Hercamp%2C+Richard+D.&rft.au=Francis%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Nyman%2C+Dan+A.&rft.au=Bartoli%2C+Yolanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sae.org%2Fpublications%2Ftechnical-papers%2Fcontent%2F2007-01-4000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120220447/http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=2115&year=2010&category=Standards%2FTechnical">"Proposed ASTM Engine Coolant Standards Focus on Glycerin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astmnewsroom.org/default.aspx?pageid=2115&year=2010&category=Standards%2FTechnical">the original</a> on 2012-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proposed+ASTM+Engine+Coolant+Standards+Focus+on+Glycerin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astmnewsroom.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpageid%3D2115%26year%3D2010%26category%3DStandards%252FTechnical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g13-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g13_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolflubes.com/EN_EU/Blog/2016/What-you-need-to-know-about-G13-antifreeze-and-coolant.aspx">"What you need to know about G13 antifreeze and coolant"</a>. <i>Wolf Lubricants</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolf+Lubricants&rft.atitle=What+you+need+to+know+about+G13+antifreeze+and+coolant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolflubes.com%2FEN_EU%2FBlog%2F2016%2FWhat-you-need-to-know-about-G13-antifreeze-and-coolant.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glysantin.de/en/zulassungslisten">"Approval lists"</a>. <i>Glysantin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glysantin&rft.atitle=Approval+lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glysantin.de%2Fen%2Fzulassungslisten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asa-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asa_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asa_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/feb2001/mech.htm">Engine Cooling Testing: Why use a refractometer?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725015630/http://www.asashop.org/autoinc/feb2001/mech.htm">Archived</a> July 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> posted 2/7/2001 by Michael Reimer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corecheminc.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Freeze-Point-Chart-GlycoChill-Ethylene-Glycol-Heat-Transfer-Fluid.pdf">Ethylene GlycolHeat Transfer Fluid Freeze/Boiling Point Chart</a>, CoreChem</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meglobal.biz/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Monoethylene-Glycol-MEG-Technical-Product-Brochure-PDF.pdf">Ethylene Glycol product guide</a>, MEGlobal</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eetcorp1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eetcorp1_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetcorp.com/antifreeze/Coolants_matrix.pdf">Coolants Matrix 2003_5.xls</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-01-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416233112/http://www.eetcorp.com/antifreeze/Coolants_matrix.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peak-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peak_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakantifreeze.com/10ez_steps.shtml">Peak Antifreeze chart</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005215523/http://www.peakantifreeze.com/10ez_steps.shtml">Archived</a> October 5, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motor.com-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-motor.com_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motor.com/magazine-summary/coolant-confusion-its-not-easy-being-green-or-yellow-or-orange-or/">"Coolant Confusion: It's Not Easy Being Green ... or Yellow or Orange or ..."</a> motor.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coolant+Confusion%3A+It%27s+Not+Easy+Being+Green+...+or+Yellow+or+Orange+or+...&rft.pub=motor.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motor.com%2Fmagazine-summary%2Fcoolant-confusion-its-not-easy-being-green-or-yellow-or-orange-or%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waynes_Garage-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waynes_Garage_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512110937/http://www.waynesgarage.com/articles/coolant_confusion.htm">"Coolant Confusion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waynesgarage.com/articles/coolant_confusion.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coolant+Confusion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waynesgarage.com%2Farticles%2Fcoolant_confusion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havoline.com/products/na/antifreeze_01.html">Products: North America: Anti Freeze/Coolants</a>. Havoline.com (2003-01-31). Retrieved on 2011-01-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.valvoline.com/en/g-05-antifreeze-coolant/2">"Zerex G-05® Antifreeze/Coolant"</a>. <i>Valvoline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valvoline&rft.atitle=Zerex+G-05%C2%AE+Antifreeze%2FCoolant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valvoline.com%2Fen%2Fg-05-antifreeze-coolant%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512083634/http://www.branchmacmaster.com/storage/classactions/SETTLEMENT_AGREEMENT_signed_by_all_parties.PDF">"Canadian Nationwide Class Action Settlement Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.branchmacmaster.com/storage/classactions/SETTLEMENT_AGREEMENT_signed_by_all_parties.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Nationwide+Class+Action+Settlement+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.branchmacmaster.com%2Fstorage%2Fclassactions%2FSETTLEMENT_AGREEMENT_signed_by_all_parties.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gohtsn.com/article_860.shtml">Tentative Settlement of GM DEX-COOL Class Action Suit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dexcoolsettlement.com/">DEX-COOL Litigation Website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2009/11/gm_wants_to_dump_liability_for.html">"GM wants to dump liability for damaged engines in Dex-Cool cases"</a>. 18 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GM+wants+to+dump+liability+for+damaged+engines+in+Dex-Cool+cases&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fbusiness%2Findex.ssf%2F2009%2F11%2Fgm_wants_to_dump_liability_for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imcool-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imcool_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imcool_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imcool_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcool.com/articles/antifreeze-coolant/GMdocs/GMdocs.php">Draft—DEX 2007, Part 3: Now It’s All Up To The Judges and Juries</a>. Imcool.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gearsmagzaine-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gearsmagzaine_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gearsmagazine.com/magazine/cool-it-what-you-need-to-know-about-your-vehicles-cooling-system/">"Gears Magazine - Cool It: What You Need to Know about Your Vehicle's Cooling System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gears+Magazine+-+Cool+It%3A+What+You+Need+to+Know+about+Your+Vehicle%27s+Cooling+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgearsmagazine.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcool-it-what-you-need-to-know-about-your-vehicles-cooling-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6918/is_2_91/ai_n31038895/pg_2/">A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures – page 2|Florida Entomologist</a>. Findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2011-01-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VOGT, P. F. 2005. Tolyltriazole-myth and misconceptions. The Analyst 12: 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A safe and effective propylene glycol based capture liquid for fruit fly traps baited with synthetic lures; Florida Entomologist, June, 2008 by Donald B. Thomas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/service/d/dpic/community/household-poisons">"Household Poisons | Drug and Poison Information Center"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Household+Poisons+%26%23124%3B+Drug+and+Poison+Information+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cincinnatichildrens.org%2Fservice%2Fd%2Fdpic%2Fcommunity%2Fhousehold-poisons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spandidos-publications.com-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spandidos-publications.com_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spandidos-publications.com_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuLuQiWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Xiaofei; Lu, Guoyu; Qi, Benquan; Wang, Ran; Guo, Daohua; Liu, Xiaolin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spandidos-publications.com/etm/13/2/701">"Antifreeze poisoning: A case report"</a>. <i>Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">701–</span>704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3892%2Fetm.2016.3976">10.3892/etm.2016.3976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5348716">5348716</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28352354">28352354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+and+Therapeutic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Antifreeze+poisoning%3A+A+case+report&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E701-%3C%2Fspan%3E704&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5348716%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28352354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3892%2Fetm.2016.3976&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Xiaofei&rft.au=Lu%2C+Guoyu&rft.au=Qi%2C+Benquan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Ran&rft.au=Guo%2C+Daohua&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiaolin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spandidos-publications.com%2Fetm%2F13%2F2%2F701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poison.org/articles/antifreeze-bad-for-your-kids-and-pets">"Antifreeze: Bad for Your Kids and Pets"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antifreeze%3A+Bad+for+Your+Kids+and+Pets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poison.org%2Farticles%2Fantifreeze-bad-for-your-kids-and-pets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLitovitzBensonHorowitz2009" class="citation journal cs1">White, Nicole C.; Litovitz, Toby; Benson, Blaine E.; Horowitz, B. Zane; Marr-Lyon, Lisa; White, Marisa K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0009922809339522">"The Impact of Bittering Agents on Pediatric Ingestions of Antifreeze"</a>. <i>Clinical Pediatrics</i>. <b>48</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">913–</span>921. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922809339522">10.1177/0009922809339522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571333">19571333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Bittering+Agents+on+Pediatric+Ingestions+of+Antifreeze&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E913-%3C%2Fspan%3E921&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0009922809339522&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19571333&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.&rft.au=Litovitz%2C+Toby&rft.au=Benson%2C+Blaine+E.&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+B.+Zane&rft.au=Marr-Lyon%2C+Lisa&rft.au=White%2C+Marisa+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F0009922809339522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLitovitzWhiteWatson2008" class="citation journal cs1">White, Nicole C.; Litovitz, Toby; White, Marisa K.; Watson, William A.; Benson, Blaine E.; Horowitz, B. Zane; Marr-Lyon, Lisa (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15563650802119700">"The impact of bittering agents on suicidal ingestions of antifreeze"</a>. <i>Clinical Toxicology</i>. <b>46</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">507–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563650802119700">10.1080/15563650802119700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18584362">18584362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+bittering+agents+on+suicidal+ingestions+of+antifreeze&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15563650802119700&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18584362&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Nicole+C.&rft.au=Litovitz%2C+Toby&rft.au=White%2C+Marisa+K.&rft.au=Watson%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Benson%2C+Blaine+E.&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+B.+Zane&rft.au=Marr-Lyon%2C+Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F15563650802119700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumannGiffinHallHenderson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Catherine M.; Giffin, Sandra; Hall, Ronald; Henderson, Marilyn; Buhler, Donald R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.2307/3343331">"Oregon's Toxic Household Products Law"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Health Policy</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">342–</span>359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3343331">10.2307/3343331</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3343331">3343331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Health+Policy&rft.atitle=Oregon%27s+Toxic+Household+Products+Law&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E359&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3343331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3343331%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rft.au=Giffin%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Hall%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Henderson%2C+Marilyn&rft.au=Buhler%2C+Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.2307%2F3343331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddySudiniLewis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Reddy, Nandi J.; Sudini, Madhuri; Lewis, Lionel D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21192754/#:~:text=Following%20ingestion%20of%20these%20glycols,develop%20as%20a%20delayed%20complication">"Delayed neurological sequelae from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methanol poisonings"</a>. <i>Clinical Toxicology</i>. <b>48</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">967–</span>973. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F15563650.2010.532803">10.3109/15563650.2010.532803</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21192754">21192754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Delayed+neurological+sequelae+from+ethylene+glycol%2C+diethylene+glycol+and+methanol+poisonings&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E967-%3C%2Fspan%3E973&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F15563650.2010.532803&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21192754&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Nandi+J.&rft.au=Sudini%2C+Madhuri&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Lionel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F21192754%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFollowing%2520ingestion%2520of%2520these%2520glycols%2Cdevelop%2520as%2520a%2520delayed%2520complication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/poison/antifreeze-poisoning#:~:text=Kidney%20damage%20may%20be%20permanent,occurs%20also%20may%20be%20permanent.&text=Permanent%20damage%20to%20the%20nervous,condition%20similar%20to%20Parkinson%20disease">"Antifreeze poisoning Information | Mount Sinai - New York"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antifreeze+poisoning+Information+%26%23124%3B+Mount+Sinai+-+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountsinai.org%2Fhealth-library%2Fpoison%2Fantifreeze-poisoning%23%3A~%3Atext%3DKidney%2520damage%2520may%2520be%2520permanent%2Coccurs%2520also%2520may%2520be%2520permanent.%26text%3DPermanent%2520damage%2520to%2520the%2520nervous%2Ccondition%2520similar%2520to%2520Parkinson%2520disease&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntifreeze" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Motor_fuels120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Motor_fuel" title="Template:Motor fuel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Motor_fuel" title="Template talk:Motor fuel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Motor_fuel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Motor fuel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Motor_fuels120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">Motor</a> <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline/petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline#Lead_replacement_petrol_(gasoline)" title="Gasoline">Lead Replacement Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressed_natural_gas" title="Compressed natural gas">Compressed natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Butanol fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_gasoline_additives" title="List of gasoline additives">Fuel additives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">Butyl rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylated_hydroxytoluene" title="Butylated hydroxytoluene">Butylated hydroxytoluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dibromoethane" title="1,2-Dibromoethane">1,2-Dibromoethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,2-Dichloroethane" title="1,2-Dichloroethane">1,2-Dichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">Dimethyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol" title="2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol">2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic_acid" title="Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid">Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol" title="2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol">2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecalene" title="Ecalene">Ecalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylenediamine" title="Ethylenediamine">Ethylenediamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_deactivator" title="Metal deactivator">Metal deactivator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether" title="Methyl tert-butyl ether">Methyl tert-butyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Motor oil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_transmission_fluid" title="Automatic transmission fluid">Automatic transmission fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_oil" title="Gear oil">Gear oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windshield_washer_fluid" title="Windshield washer fluid">Windshield washer fluid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_card" title="Fuel card">Fuel card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTBE_controversy" title="MTBE controversy">MTBE controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_at_the_pump" title="Pay at the pump">Pay at the pump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template talk:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" title="Redline">Redline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_charge_engine" title="Stratified charge engine">Stratified charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)" title="Dead centre (engineering)">Top dead centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q503288#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antifreeze solutions"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005611">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antigels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983263p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Antigels"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11983263p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563802">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007295597405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&oldid=1274019211">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&oldid=1274019211</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_chemicals" title="Category:Automotive chemicals">Automotive chemicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automotive_engine_technologies" title="Category:Automotive engine technologies">Automotive engine technologies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coolants" title="Category:Coolants">Coolants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Household_chemicals" title="Category:Household chemicals">Household chemicals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2018">Articles with dead external links from March 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 February 2025, at 02:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antifreeze&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antifreeze</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>43 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-7948897d4d-vpjwn","wgBackendResponseTime":145,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.628","walltime":"0.766","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3400,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":125337,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3823,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":143261,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 623.297 1 -total"," 49.93% 311.198 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.05% 93.807 1 Template:Ullmann"," 13.32% 83.042 3 Template:Navbox"," 13.27% 82.711 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.96% 74.525 1 Template:Motor_fuel"," 10.26% 63.935 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.33% 51.912 15 Template:Cite_web"," 6.88% 42.860 3 Template:Fix"," 6.76% 42.113 1 Template:Authority_control"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.380","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8415057,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-c95pn","timestamp":"20250211200845","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Antifreeze","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antifreeze","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503288","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q503288","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-29T20:01:23Z","dateModified":"2025-02-05T02:34:39Z","headline":"coolant additive which reduces the freezing point of water"}</script> </body> </html>