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class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" 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0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/12-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BE5E16C-C7AA-40A5-BCED056F55529699_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BE5E16C-C7AA-40A5-BCED056F55529699_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BE5E16C-C7AA-40A5-BCED056F55529699_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-27">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/12-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F004DFD2-32F7-4A4B-944482714E056BAC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1407supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F004DFD2-32F7-4A4B-944482714E056BAC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F004DFD2-32F7-4A4B-944482714E056BAC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-20">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/12-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A041B649-F595-4B1B-85E1C750E7C6C2AD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A041B649-F595-4B1B-85E1C750E7C6C2AD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A041B649-F595-4B1B-85E1C750E7C6C2AD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-20">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/12-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C992182C-870D-47AE-B2005DDB9E419296_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1406supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C992182C-870D-47AE-B2005DDB9E419296_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C992182C-870D-47AE-B2005DDB9E419296_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-13">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/12-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD5368A-D82A-45BF-8FA14C215F52CE53_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD5368A-D82A-45BF-8FA14C215F52CE53_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD5368A-D82A-45BF-8FA14C215F52CE53_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-13">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/12-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D258FB9B-15AB-4CA0-96BC81F2E183ED79_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1405supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D258FB9B-15AB-4CA0-96BC81F2E183ED79_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D258FB9B-15AB-4CA0-96BC81F2E183ED79_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-06">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/12-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDE5F2E8-A26B-4204-A18AC4B85EF1B596_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDE5F2E8-A26B-4204-A18AC4B85EF1B596_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDE5F2E8-A26B-4204-A18AC4B85EF1B596_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-06">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FE6EF92-1117-4BED-981EA311F49A42A0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FE6EF92-1117-4BED-981EA311F49A42A0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2FE6EF92-1117-4BED-981EA311F49A42A0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-12-01">December 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/11-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C26BE7BD-0657-440B-B2E1C0F99A86C1A1_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1404supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C26BE7BD-0657-440B-B2E1C0F99A86C1A1_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C26BE7BD-0657-440B-B2E1C0F99A86C1A1_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-29">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/11-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C47707D-4773-4901-8343D4FC2CDF5212_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C47707D-4773-4901-8343D4FC2CDF5212_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C47707D-4773-4901-8343D4FC2CDF5212_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-29">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/11-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/46BC34D1-4A5E-450A-94943C7841AF74FE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1403supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/46BC34D1-4A5E-450A-94943C7841AF74FE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/46BC34D1-4A5E-450A-94943C7841AF74FE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-22">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/11-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4237F5B3-3CFE-4225-A23CAAC403E243B6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4237F5B3-3CFE-4225-A23CAAC403E243B6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4237F5B3-3CFE-4225-A23CAAC403E243B6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-22">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/11-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22C41FEB-8D8D-42CA-8655821A09B5FCEE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1402supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22C41FEB-8D8D-42CA-8655821A09B5FCEE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22C41FEB-8D8D-42CA-8655821A09B5FCEE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-15">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/11-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1C1EF7B-8D89-49D5-B814EE2D9276BF0C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1C1EF7B-8D89-49D5-B814EE2D9276BF0C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1C1EF7B-8D89-49D5-B814EE2D9276BF0C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-15">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/11-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE3EAEE2-1BD6-4586-93534EFE7E72F37C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1401supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE3EAEE2-1BD6-4586-93534EFE7E72F37C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE3EAEE2-1BD6-4586-93534EFE7E72F37C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-08">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/11-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9285BFD-8D4A-4F99-BC4E729E0B921523_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9285BFD-8D4A-4F99-BC4E729E0B921523_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9285BFD-8D4A-4F99-BC4E729E0B921523_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-08">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8184C310-D50F-4401-A501BD1A99F504DC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1400supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8184C310-D50F-4401-A501BD1A99F504DC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8184C310-D50F-4401-A501BD1A99F504DC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-01">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAEA8675-5F8E-4C15-A587133E49F46F3C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAEA8675-5F8E-4C15-A587133E49F46F3C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAEA8675-5F8E-4C15-A587133E49F46F3C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-01">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3773F74B-8734-493A-AEB90833CF2779A9_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3773F74B-8734-493A-AEB90833CF2779A9_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3773F74B-8734-493A-AEB90833CF2779A9_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-11-01">November 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/10-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDC9FD68-B49A-48BD-BCDE0EA232380703_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1399supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDC9FD68-B49A-48BD-BCDE0EA232380703_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDC9FD68-B49A-48BD-BCDE0EA232380703_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-25">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/10-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4296F82E-8867-4DEC-96DF7A0872ABE870_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4296F82E-8867-4DEC-96DF7A0872ABE870_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4296F82E-8867-4DEC-96DF7A0872ABE870_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-25">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/10-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C6A1516-370C-435D-BF8D5B05C3E7896C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1398supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C6A1516-370C-435D-BF8D5B05C3E7896C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C6A1516-370C-435D-BF8D5B05C3E7896C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-18">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/10-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43BD9535-F585-4314-8EF9FC9E79C33336_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43BD9535-F585-4314-8EF9FC9E79C33336_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43BD9535-F585-4314-8EF9FC9E79C33336_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-18">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/10-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FED6B9DC-4685-43A7-BDC5D400FFE970BB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1397supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FED6B9DC-4685-43A7-BDC5D400FFE970BB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FED6B9DC-4685-43A7-BDC5D400FFE970BB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-11">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/10-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B0D153C-A49A-4D61-99A54D0BF8987C5C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B0D153C-A49A-4D61-99A54D0BF8987C5C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B0D153C-A49A-4D61-99A54D0BF8987C5C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-11">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/10-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E02AEA5-7878-4D8C-AE9F897AE76BAE45_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1396supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E02AEA5-7878-4D8C-AE9F897AE76BAE45_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E02AEA5-7878-4D8C-AE9F897AE76BAE45_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-04">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/10-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F33C83F-CA99-48EF-AA031F1138804D92_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F33C83F-CA99-48EF-AA031F1138804D92_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F33C83F-CA99-48EF-AA031F1138804D92_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-04">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F6C8965-8523-48F6-B218776F743354C0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F6C8965-8523-48F6-B218776F743354C0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F6C8965-8523-48F6-B218776F743354C0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-10-01">October 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/09-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5DB715-3476-4840-B5C63C1D74A1F1BE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1395supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5DB715-3476-4840-B5C63C1D74A1F1BE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D5DB715-3476-4840-B5C63C1D74A1F1BE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-27">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/09-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10A61DB5-4A5F-4598-ACEB058814153853_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10A61DB5-4A5F-4598-ACEB058814153853_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10A61DB5-4A5F-4598-ACEB058814153853_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-27">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/09-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18C4A8D0-5E4A-402B-858F1144BDADCD16_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1394supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18C4A8D0-5E4A-402B-858F1144BDADCD16_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18C4A8D0-5E4A-402B-858F1144BDADCD16_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-20">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/09-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8606AF1F-24C7-487E-A7D3FD19DC8AAC87_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8606AF1F-24C7-487E-A7D3FD19DC8AAC87_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8606AF1F-24C7-487E-A7D3FD19DC8AAC87_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-20">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/09-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/323D4AE6-E130-427D-81CAF1F658441AC0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1393supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/323D4AE6-E130-427D-81CAF1F658441AC0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/323D4AE6-E130-427D-81CAF1F658441AC0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-13">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/09-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD523507-C5EE-4B07-9F5B0EB7A89E5EB8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD523507-C5EE-4B07-9F5B0EB7A89E5EB8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD523507-C5EE-4B07-9F5B0EB7A89E5EB8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-13">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/09-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/532E9AEB-FBC2-4ED3-8EC902906859EA54_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1392supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/532E9AEB-FBC2-4ED3-8EC902906859EA54_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/532E9AEB-FBC2-4ED3-8EC902906859EA54_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-06">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/09-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85EC96E2-C202-4800-9D39F5AF49A7428B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85EC96E2-C202-4800-9D39F5AF49A7428B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85EC96E2-C202-4800-9D39F5AF49A7428B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-06">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F5D902C5-D81E-448D-87BD0DDD7F323875_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F5D902C5-D81E-448D-87BD0DDD7F323875_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F5D902C5-D81E-448D-87BD0DDD7F323875_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-09-01">September 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/08-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/927C04B6-3FF0-46A5-AD3494C3AF529135_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1391supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/927C04B6-3FF0-46A5-AD3494C3AF529135_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/927C04B6-3FF0-46A5-AD3494C3AF529135_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-30">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/08-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56FE64-0071-4028-BCB4D2035A30E79A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56FE64-0071-4028-BCB4D2035A30E79A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F56FE64-0071-4028-BCB4D2035A30E79A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-30">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/08-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F8A410E-F96A-425D-80A2DE99C37AE0AE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1390supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F8A410E-F96A-425D-80A2DE99C37AE0AE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F8A410E-F96A-425D-80A2DE99C37AE0AE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-23">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/08-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02BF19CD-83C7-4805-B2CA5542D38343EC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02BF19CD-83C7-4805-B2CA5542D38343EC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/02BF19CD-83C7-4805-B2CA5542D38343EC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-23">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/08-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D72BD3B-E12E-4AA8-8C9F8120CED86ED5_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1389supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D72BD3B-E12E-4AA8-8C9F8120CED86ED5_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D72BD3B-E12E-4AA8-8C9F8120CED86ED5_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-16">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/08-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51B5CB3D-7FD1-4C2C-B95E2BBAA18757A4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51B5CB3D-7FD1-4C2C-B95E2BBAA18757A4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51B5CB3D-7FD1-4C2C-B95E2BBAA18757A4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-16">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/08-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47C7EBFB-55F9-40CD-B8B3A4016EDCBD6B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1388supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47C7EBFB-55F9-40CD-B8B3A4016EDCBD6B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/47C7EBFB-55F9-40CD-B8B3A4016EDCBD6B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-09">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/08-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8691048E-3EFE-4A47-9F7602F334A09F5D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8691048E-3EFE-4A47-9F7602F334A09F5D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8691048E-3EFE-4A47-9F7602F334A09F5D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-09">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/08-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCDC2B6-0109-4E18-8015C9267D56F025_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1387supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCDC2B6-0109-4E18-8015C9267D56F025_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCDC2B6-0109-4E18-8015C9267D56F025_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-02">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/08-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C34BC7C-B789-4F70-B71D7BE8FDD8C327_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C34BC7C-B789-4F70-B71D7BE8FDD8C327_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C34BC7C-B789-4F70-B71D7BE8FDD8C327_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-02">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26EBDA9D-09A5-424F-A164D205A90B66FF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26EBDA9D-09A5-424F-A164D205A90B66FF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26EBDA9D-09A5-424F-A164D205A90B66FF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-08-01">August 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/07-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E7D57F62-659D-441F-B82DA2BAFEB5362B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1386supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E7D57F62-659D-441F-B82DA2BAFEB5362B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E7D57F62-659D-441F-B82DA2BAFEB5362B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-26">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/07-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90D0D18-69C5-4B80-9B15A0C4EDDF64CE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90D0D18-69C5-4B80-9B15A0C4EDDF64CE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90D0D18-69C5-4B80-9B15A0C4EDDF64CE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-26">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/07-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F76A80CA-6A21-478B-A223A0E8D92CDF1E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1385supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F76A80CA-6A21-478B-A223A0E8D92CDF1E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F76A80CA-6A21-478B-A223A0E8D92CDF1E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-19">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/07-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3F908460-DF3F-4FCF-A4AFA49C6EB5EE52_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3F908460-DF3F-4FCF-A4AFA49C6EB5EE52_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3F908460-DF3F-4FCF-A4AFA49C6EB5EE52_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-19">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/07-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB5FFAD9-F164-4DED-BD51237C2DB72C67_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1384supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB5FFAD9-F164-4DED-BD51237C2DB72C67_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EB5FFAD9-F164-4DED-BD51237C2DB72C67_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-12">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/07-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97DC4D0-A67A-4A2F-8C15391587E810CF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97DC4D0-A67A-4A2F-8C15391587E810CF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97DC4D0-A67A-4A2F-8C15391587E810CF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-12">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/07-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00150B70-D87B-4812-99B487928279119D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 54 Issue 1383supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00150B70-D87B-4812-99B487928279119D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00150B70-D87B-4812-99B487928279119D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-05">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/07-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D623B8E5-DA29-46FE-AA332A22AF0593D3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 87 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D623B8E5-DA29-46FE-AA332A22AF0593D3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D623B8E5-DA29-46FE-AA332A22AF0593D3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-05">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/709219D4-4266-44C7-91E27BB1FA347D22_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 34 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/709219D4-4266-44C7-91E27BB1FA347D22_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/709219D4-4266-44C7-91E27BB1FA347D22_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-07-01">July 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/06-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99A1B631-0EEE-46B7-8A342B9A502D55B8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1382supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99A1B631-0EEE-46B7-8A342B9A502D55B8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99A1B631-0EEE-46B7-8A342B9A502D55B8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-28">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/06-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EF6305C-E70D-4F66-90A5371392734F4E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EF6305C-E70D-4F66-90A5371392734F4E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EF6305C-E70D-4F66-90A5371392734F4E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-28">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/06-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D76B9D0-8B82-445F-905541D8F2DC6BD8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D76B9D0-8B82-445F-905541D8F2DC6BD8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D76B9D0-8B82-445F-905541D8F2DC6BD8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-21">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/06-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60E54F41-7076-4B1D-98E3855C8D9ACD4F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1381supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60E54F41-7076-4B1D-98E3855C8D9ACD4F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60E54F41-7076-4B1D-98E3855C8D9ACD4F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-21">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/06-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA42A225-5957-4EC9-8F408BAAF85A744A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1380supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA42A225-5957-4EC9-8F408BAAF85A744A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA42A225-5957-4EC9-8F408BAAF85A744A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-14">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/06-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE1181A6-DB91-494D-8A5F0711E6F8E7C6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE1181A6-DB91-494D-8A5F0711E6F8E7C6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE1181A6-DB91-494D-8A5F0711E6F8E7C6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-14">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/06-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EC9B5DD-F182-4B67-9C6DBB80159A6D5B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1379supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EC9B5DD-F182-4B67-9C6DBB80159A6D5B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7EC9B5DD-F182-4B67-9C6DBB80159A6D5B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-07">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/06-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83DB31EB-8AEC-44B5-8732E40301B7D07A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83DB31EB-8AEC-44B5-8732E40301B7D07A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83DB31EB-8AEC-44B5-8732E40301B7D07A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-07">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/736CCD81-E3D1-4605-97BDE3A5647AA12B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 33 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/736CCD81-E3D1-4605-97BDE3A5647AA12B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/736CCD81-E3D1-4605-97BDE3A5647AA12B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-06-01">June 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/05-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD229AF-E02E-4D12-889F84D54C78C608_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1378supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD229AF-E02E-4D12-889F84D54C78C608_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD229AF-E02E-4D12-889F84D54C78C608_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-31">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/05-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F93FB169-093C-46FB-A5562DDB0B192626_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F93FB169-093C-46FB-A5562DDB0B192626_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F93FB169-093C-46FB-A5562DDB0B192626_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-31">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/05-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B58064B-2FE7-4CB0-981DDB74E3CC7DDA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1377supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B58064B-2FE7-4CB0-981DDB74E3CC7DDA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B58064B-2FE7-4CB0-981DDB74E3CC7DDA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-24">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/05-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8776FFA1-5774-45CF-8D336AD24BBAA130_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8776FFA1-5774-45CF-8D336AD24BBAA130_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8776FFA1-5774-45CF-8D336AD24BBAA130_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-24">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/05-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B173D74-0544-4ECC-93BCCD152DD350BD_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1376supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B173D74-0544-4ECC-93BCCD152DD350BD_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B173D74-0544-4ECC-93BCCD152DD350BD_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-17">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/05-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/068D4DCD-0FD3-4CCE-B295D941B819BE13_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/068D4DCD-0FD3-4CCE-B295D941B819BE13_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/068D4DCD-0FD3-4CCE-B295D941B819BE13_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-17">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/05-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD08DE7F-405C-4996-9B98B8D4AA13B4BC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1375supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD08DE7F-405C-4996-9B98B8D4AA13B4BC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD08DE7F-405C-4996-9B98B8D4AA13B4BC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-10">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/05-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C29FB150-B389-4208-8666445F2CF736E2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C29FB150-B389-4208-8666445F2CF736E2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C29FB150-B389-4208-8666445F2CF736E2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-10">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/05-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3126B51C-71D8-470C-A1B5BD57A5AEA97E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1374supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3126B51C-71D8-470C-A1B5BD57A5AEA97E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3126B51C-71D8-470C-A1B5BD57A5AEA97E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-03">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/05-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1CFAADDC-7B42-4CB3-B6A2073EE876F188_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1CFAADDC-7B42-4CB3-B6A2073EE876F188_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1CFAADDC-7B42-4CB3-B6A2073EE876F188_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-03">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0CA65604-5DE8-4446-8CD620F10D54A1BB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 33 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0CA65604-5DE8-4446-8CD620F10D54A1BB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0CA65604-5DE8-4446-8CD620F10D54A1BB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-05-01">May 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/04-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2DB30A73-5522-4A1D-A00B84C5CE175267_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1373supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2DB30A73-5522-4A1D-A00B84C5CE175267_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2DB30A73-5522-4A1D-A00B84C5CE175267_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-26">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/04-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7430F4-2D8F-4E98-AE118E4A176F1C1C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7430F4-2D8F-4E98-AE118E4A176F1C1C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D7430F4-2D8F-4E98-AE118E4A176F1C1C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-26">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/04-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/551E2A08-E791-496E-ADCB1720DB42FA19_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1372supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/551E2A08-E791-496E-ADCB1720DB42FA19_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/551E2A08-E791-496E-ADCB1720DB42FA19_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-19">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/04-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94C714EA-6AC0-492A-8BE153E6E82AD907_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94C714EA-6AC0-492A-8BE153E6E82AD907_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94C714EA-6AC0-492A-8BE153E6E82AD907_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-19">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/04-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF8ABC2B-28DA-4AEE-91E77DF9DB0B1C4A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1371supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF8ABC2B-28DA-4AEE-91E77DF9DB0B1C4A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF8ABC2B-28DA-4AEE-91E77DF9DB0B1C4A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-12">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/04-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06EF1F-E174-4428-83C4A43F1FBF04B2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06EF1F-E174-4428-83C4A43F1FBF04B2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D06EF1F-E174-4428-83C4A43F1FBF04B2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-12">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/04-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CD414C7-2507-45A8-B75014680C8DD7DC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1370supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CD414C7-2507-45A8-B75014680C8DD7DC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8CD414C7-2507-45A8-B75014680C8DD7DC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-05">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/04-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50AFD44D-4264-46DE-859038C246AF227E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50AFD44D-4264-46DE-859038C246AF227E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50AFD44D-4264-46DE-859038C246AF227E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-05">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D44E0C0-664D-4EF7-A27429651EAB5A36_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 33 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D44E0C0-664D-4EF7-A27429651EAB5A36_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D44E0C0-664D-4EF7-A27429651EAB5A36_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-04-01">April 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/03-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24CC1383-3087-4332-8FE90706F290B15F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1369supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24CC1383-3087-4332-8FE90706F290B15F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24CC1383-3087-4332-8FE90706F290B15F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-29">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/03-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8C12B83-6ED8-46C1-A910B1FB25473C05_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8C12B83-6ED8-46C1-A910B1FB25473C05_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8C12B83-6ED8-46C1-A910B1FB25473C05_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-29">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/03-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A361538C-DDD3-41C0-BBB4B6796218BB8F_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1368supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A361538C-DDD3-41C0-BBB4B6796218BB8F_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A361538C-DDD3-41C0-BBB4B6796218BB8F_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-22">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/03-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38FA0DA3-9611-439F-9211142414540AB8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38FA0DA3-9611-439F-9211142414540AB8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38FA0DA3-9611-439F-9211142414540AB8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-22">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/03-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7D6118-8596-4D5E-82A5A81511B55641_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1367supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7D6118-8596-4D5E-82A5A81511B55641_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7D6118-8596-4D5E-82A5A81511B55641_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-15">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/03-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38E99F7B-4B76-4F60-A7F2406D890AA789_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38E99F7B-4B76-4F60-A7F2406D890AA789_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38E99F7B-4B76-4F60-A7F2406D890AA789_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-15">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/03-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6865568E-254B-42D7-8CA5832DABA54746_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1366supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6865568E-254B-42D7-8CA5832DABA54746_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6865568E-254B-42D7-8CA5832DABA54746_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-08">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/03-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4B0F335-62A5-4D8F-A59BEEDFD5E941C5_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4B0F335-62A5-4D8F-A59BEEDFD5E941C5_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4B0F335-62A5-4D8F-A59BEEDFD5E941C5_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-08">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C3595C29-BE5C-4E83-98B361DF376D6AB7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1365supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C3595C29-BE5C-4E83-98B361DF376D6AB7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C3595C29-BE5C-4E83-98B361DF376D6AB7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-01">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1902/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A7FFB6AB-B44F-4B02-86AF749B0096D50D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 86 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A7FFB6AB-B44F-4B02-86AF749B0096D50D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A7FFB6AB-B44F-4B02-86AF749B0096D50D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-01">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1902/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E172EB87-08A8-4A3F-B2A449A9C793D151_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 33 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E172EB87-08A8-4A3F-B2A449A9C793D151_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E172EB87-08A8-4A3F-B2A449A9C793D151_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-03-01">March 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/02-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09F5B86C-35C1-431C-9D2ED60F303E07AE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1364supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/09F5B86C-35C1-431C-9D2ED60F303E07AE_source.gif?w=300 300w, 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loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1902-02-22">February 1902</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1902/02-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18FECD24-CAC4-4ECC-A9CB3326663C7A34_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 53 Issue 1363supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18FECD24-CAC4-4ECC-A9CB3326663C7A34_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18FECD24-CAC4-4ECC-A9CB3326663C7A34_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div 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