CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 1900-1909 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900s/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900s/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 1900-1909"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.3babd99c.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-f9bf3b4a.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-bf662dfc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-environment-8e046ff8.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-d861d60c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-cec85dc3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-fe78e6e1.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-49553f4a.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-2955ad5f.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.4f130bd2.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.tp.scientificamerican.com/api/tinypass.min.js" as="script" fetchpriority="low"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cxense.com/cx.cce.js" as="script"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">1900-1909</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/12-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53967C03-168B-42F6-B50092E0D329EDB1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53967C03-168B-42F6-B50092E0D329EDB1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53967C03-168B-42F6-B50092E0D329EDB1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-25">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/12-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D4B1828-36DD-4D7F-ACC6D13393E56AF9_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1772supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D4B1828-36DD-4D7F-ACC6D13393E56AF9_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D4B1828-36DD-4D7F-ACC6D13393E56AF9_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-18">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/12-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83266D47-958A-4AF1-A4F87CFBDD41A212_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83266D47-958A-4AF1-A4F87CFBDD41A212_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83266D47-958A-4AF1-A4F87CFBDD41A212_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-18">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/12-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C68DF6F-CF1D-4E2B-91387A0DCD5CFB8B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1771supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C68DF6F-CF1D-4E2B-91387A0DCD5CFB8B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C68DF6F-CF1D-4E2B-91387A0DCD5CFB8B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-11">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/12-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7932D9CE-8F66-4AA9-A79BD060C9B793B7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7932D9CE-8F66-4AA9-A79BD060C9B793B7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7932D9CE-8F66-4AA9-A79BD060C9B793B7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-11">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/12-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/892EDD97-3C75-4E4B-BE0132E4E653A3F2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1770supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/892EDD97-3C75-4E4B-BE0132E4E653A3F2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/892EDD97-3C75-4E4B-BE0132E4E653A3F2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-04">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/12-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EC2E564-A761-45B7-BD0B055937F4E24B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EC2E564-A761-45B7-BD0B055937F4E24B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EC2E564-A761-45B7-BD0B055937F4E24B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-12-04">December 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/11-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A360DFB3-E85E-4760-AD00E58876DB4E85_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1769supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A360DFB3-E85E-4760-AD00E58876DB4E85_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A360DFB3-E85E-4760-AD00E58876DB4E85_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-27">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/11-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E66ABC7-BBE3-4727-9FBF3DFBA5B47B75_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E66ABC7-BBE3-4727-9FBF3DFBA5B47B75_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E66ABC7-BBE3-4727-9FBF3DFBA5B47B75_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-27">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/11-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D22FF45-CF56-4D03-8D410F4BA207EF01_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1768supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D22FF45-CF56-4D03-8D410F4BA207EF01_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D22FF45-CF56-4D03-8D410F4BA207EF01_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-20">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/11-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20339B43-9BE6-4D2D-BFDDBD70000840AA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20339B43-9BE6-4D2D-BFDDBD70000840AA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20339B43-9BE6-4D2D-BFDDBD70000840AA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-20">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/11-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD0AEEE1-3B07-4730-BE8D13740FA18E13_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1767supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD0AEEE1-3B07-4730-BE8D13740FA18E13_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD0AEEE1-3B07-4730-BE8D13740FA18E13_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-13">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/11-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D88C1608-92FE-4063-9F82DEE8B92F6991_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D88C1608-92FE-4063-9F82DEE8B92F6991_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D88C1608-92FE-4063-9F82DEE8B92F6991_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-13">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/11-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F9F9248-8F6A-46AD-A997FACD14322811_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1766supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F9F9248-8F6A-46AD-A997FACD14322811_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F9F9248-8F6A-46AD-A997FACD14322811_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-06">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/11-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDB8AE86-C470-4F70-A684FB7D0DE60B2D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDB8AE86-C470-4F70-A684FB7D0DE60B2D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDB8AE86-C470-4F70-A684FB7D0DE60B2D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-11-06">November 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/10-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2756E0C4-33B5-4041-B3FBF305A1208FAC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1765supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2756E0C4-33B5-4041-B3FBF305A1208FAC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2756E0C4-33B5-4041-B3FBF305A1208FAC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-30">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/10-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/15040F2E-2352-4432-96F7CFEBD07EDB46_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/15040F2E-2352-4432-96F7CFEBD07EDB46_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/15040F2E-2352-4432-96F7CFEBD07EDB46_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-30">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/10-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9D49229-C7D3-4799-99F546B26458DDB7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1764supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9D49229-C7D3-4799-99F546B26458DDB7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9D49229-C7D3-4799-99F546B26458DDB7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-23">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/10-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BBD2B0D-FD2C-4010-9D7FC353501D0F12_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BBD2B0D-FD2C-4010-9D7FC353501D0F12_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BBD2B0D-FD2C-4010-9D7FC353501D0F12_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-23">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/10-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7F42EC5D-7895-4804-AB3E409C06F2B94C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1763supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7F42EC5D-7895-4804-AB3E409C06F2B94C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7F42EC5D-7895-4804-AB3E409C06F2B94C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-16">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/10-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A480DE10-5344-4489-BCF47269DAE2806A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A480DE10-5344-4489-BCF47269DAE2806A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A480DE10-5344-4489-BCF47269DAE2806A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-16">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/10-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99718EE-9DFF-4F40-A7C42BC898A9AF02_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1762supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99718EE-9DFF-4F40-A7C42BC898A9AF02_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99718EE-9DFF-4F40-A7C42BC898A9AF02_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-09">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/10-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8E99A9B-7D01-49CB-9F4CDC8A963BFAFB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8E99A9B-7D01-49CB-9F4CDC8A963BFAFB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8E99A9B-7D01-49CB-9F4CDC8A963BFAFB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-09">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/10-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/90BA11F5-B36E-4EEF-94287DA55051B9FB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1761supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/90BA11F5-B36E-4EEF-94287DA55051B9FB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/90BA11F5-B36E-4EEF-94287DA55051B9FB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-02">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/10-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5E65F8A-F419-4155-A3ABAF2924DD2C31_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5E65F8A-F419-4155-A3ABAF2924DD2C31_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5E65F8A-F419-4155-A3ABAF2924DD2C31_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-10-02">October 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/09-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67215B6E-3904-4607-AA8BB4D03EB67A61_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1760supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67215B6E-3904-4607-AA8BB4D03EB67A61_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67215B6E-3904-4607-AA8BB4D03EB67A61_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-25">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/09-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD39FB2-E596-4FE0-96953EEB7EE9B469_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD39FB2-E596-4FE0-96953EEB7EE9B469_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD39FB2-E596-4FE0-96953EEB7EE9B469_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-25">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/09-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/17E73086-1671-4779-A8269275A9F11C29_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1759supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/17E73086-1671-4779-A8269275A9F11C29_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/17E73086-1671-4779-A8269275A9F11C29_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-18">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/09-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/291FCDD3-53B6-43DA-96925F4DEE3A5E92_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/291FCDD3-53B6-43DA-96925F4DEE3A5E92_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/291FCDD3-53B6-43DA-96925F4DEE3A5E92_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-18">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/09-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CFD14AE-2FED-4A29-8A2B35E2F983DD88_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1758supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CFD14AE-2FED-4A29-8A2B35E2F983DD88_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CFD14AE-2FED-4A29-8A2B35E2F983DD88_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-11">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/09-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/325CA6B3-75B0-4EE5-BEB1BD03A4D6B54B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/325CA6B3-75B0-4EE5-BEB1BD03A4D6B54B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/325CA6B3-75B0-4EE5-BEB1BD03A4D6B54B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-11">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/09-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1E7A6B8-2B66-4840-950358ADDA04FB07_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1757supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1E7A6B8-2B66-4840-950358ADDA04FB07_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1E7A6B8-2B66-4840-950358ADDA04FB07_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-04">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/09-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/14E4CF38-AC2E-43AC-A40FC191659A9EDC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/14E4CF38-AC2E-43AC-A40FC191659A9EDC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/14E4CF38-AC2E-43AC-A40FC191659A9EDC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-09-04">September 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/08-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81E298B1-404D-4EE9-939340B136E0A36B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1756supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81E298B1-404D-4EE9-939340B136E0A36B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81E298B1-404D-4EE9-939340B136E0A36B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-28">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/08-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C40D3E7-DBC7-41F6-9CB7BCD5E6CA808E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C40D3E7-DBC7-41F6-9CB7BCD5E6CA808E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C40D3E7-DBC7-41F6-9CB7BCD5E6CA808E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-28">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/08-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1B1C770-068F-489D-BFEC5ACDC01B8319_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1755supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1B1C770-068F-489D-BFEC5ACDC01B8319_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1B1C770-068F-489D-BFEC5ACDC01B8319_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-21">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/08-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5971D968-1748-451B-A1D67D9D265E1637_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5971D968-1748-451B-A1D67D9D265E1637_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5971D968-1748-451B-A1D67D9D265E1637_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-21">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/08-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CB34CB3-91E5-40AD-AC2648DD53E128D2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1754supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CB34CB3-91E5-40AD-AC2648DD53E128D2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CB34CB3-91E5-40AD-AC2648DD53E128D2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-14">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/08-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA1AF118-C606-4236-B9AFDA8B2D2B5891_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA1AF118-C606-4236-B9AFDA8B2D2B5891_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA1AF118-C606-4236-B9AFDA8B2D2B5891_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-14">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/08-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66A118D3-7ABA-4C92-9884AC779F4734A6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1753supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66A118D3-7ABA-4C92-9884AC779F4734A6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66A118D3-7ABA-4C92-9884AC779F4734A6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-07">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/08-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FFD08-4F62-4507-9353FEE9EFCD511F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FFD08-4F62-4507-9353FEE9EFCD511F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FFD08-4F62-4507-9353FEE9EFCD511F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-08-07">August 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/07-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD60F51-3E62-48FA-946E8C13592A1E6B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1752supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD60F51-3E62-48FA-946E8C13592A1E6B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD60F51-3E62-48FA-946E8C13592A1E6B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-31">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/07-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B7042A31-E48F-426E-98062047E6C74685_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B7042A31-E48F-426E-98062047E6C74685_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B7042A31-E48F-426E-98062047E6C74685_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-31">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/07-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA95CF3-62F3-4B31-B93249D4EC05A650_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1751supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA95CF3-62F3-4B31-B93249D4EC05A650_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA95CF3-62F3-4B31-B93249D4EC05A650_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-24">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/07-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C00A9045-EA73-4118-93210FB7D302FB4B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C00A9045-EA73-4118-93210FB7D302FB4B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C00A9045-EA73-4118-93210FB7D302FB4B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-24">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/07-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAC8F7D1-96BE-460C-9993E7A9B31A83EF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1750supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAC8F7D1-96BE-460C-9993E7A9B31A83EF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAC8F7D1-96BE-460C-9993E7A9B31A83EF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-17">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/07-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4362EE7-59CB-4499-94D41D7587F3FDCE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4362EE7-59CB-4499-94D41D7587F3FDCE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4362EE7-59CB-4499-94D41D7587F3FDCE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-17">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/07-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D892A9FB-CF38-4121-BAD2D7EA69918D09_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1749supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D892A9FB-CF38-4121-BAD2D7EA69918D09_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D892A9FB-CF38-4121-BAD2D7EA69918D09_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-10">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/07-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34054A89-61B8-4C03-8B51608244FD163D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34054A89-61B8-4C03-8B51608244FD163D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34054A89-61B8-4C03-8B51608244FD163D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-10">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/07-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3932D204-E3F9-4C3F-A1C4074707CC12A6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 68 Issue 1748supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3932D204-E3F9-4C3F-A1C4074707CC12A6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3932D204-E3F9-4C3F-A1C4074707CC12A6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-03">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/07-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4925D91E-9C40-4F65-A17F5A6E3EA33EE4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 101 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4925D91E-9C40-4F65-A17F5A6E3EA33EE4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4925D91E-9C40-4F65-A17F5A6E3EA33EE4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-07-03">July 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/06-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B80F29C-8C21-4645-95E6094C6F967EE8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1747supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B80F29C-8C21-4645-95E6094C6F967EE8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B80F29C-8C21-4645-95E6094C6F967EE8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-26">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/06-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B44C078D-0D97-4D8E-A26B3F301707B3B6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B44C078D-0D97-4D8E-A26B3F301707B3B6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B44C078D-0D97-4D8E-A26B3F301707B3B6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-26">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/06-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC94952B-4E4D-475B-978163405BC6B7FA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1746supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC94952B-4E4D-475B-978163405BC6B7FA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC94952B-4E4D-475B-978163405BC6B7FA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-19">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/06-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B249717-6E60-4BA3-809179456AE7516D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B249717-6E60-4BA3-809179456AE7516D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B249717-6E60-4BA3-809179456AE7516D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-19">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/06-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/045833E6-EB8D-4D05-8DC060923245E78B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1745supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/045833E6-EB8D-4D05-8DC060923245E78B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/045833E6-EB8D-4D05-8DC060923245E78B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-12">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/06-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D5B5265-614E-40CB-9165C3B4B095D2A3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D5B5265-614E-40CB-9165C3B4B095D2A3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D5B5265-614E-40CB-9165C3B4B095D2A3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-12">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/06-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0747B21A-FB21-45F8-BB4B1A967A5CFB70_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1744supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0747B21A-FB21-45F8-BB4B1A967A5CFB70_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0747B21A-FB21-45F8-BB4B1A967A5CFB70_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-05">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/06-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E384FF0F-C0F1-4B4E-8061822AC7E36BD6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E384FF0F-C0F1-4B4E-8061822AC7E36BD6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E384FF0F-C0F1-4B4E-8061822AC7E36BD6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-06-05">June 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/05-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF6CAC39-07F4-458B-92D1F06700FCA545_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1743supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF6CAC39-07F4-458B-92D1F06700FCA545_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF6CAC39-07F4-458B-92D1F06700FCA545_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-29">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/05-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D41C7BE8-C8C9-4318-BA283FE32A2805C2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D41C7BE8-C8C9-4318-BA283FE32A2805C2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D41C7BE8-C8C9-4318-BA283FE32A2805C2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-29">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/05-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B0802F4-D92C-4799-BE603F6E0F09969E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1742supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B0802F4-D92C-4799-BE603F6E0F09969E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B0802F4-D92C-4799-BE603F6E0F09969E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-22">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/05-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A7DB28C-ABFA-4F9F-97302942690FCB48_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A7DB28C-ABFA-4F9F-97302942690FCB48_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A7DB28C-ABFA-4F9F-97302942690FCB48_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-22">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/05-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1561F8CE-D90E-49DA-B57DA2F955F4DED0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1741supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1561F8CE-D90E-49DA-B57DA2F955F4DED0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1561F8CE-D90E-49DA-B57DA2F955F4DED0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-15">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/05-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D92091B-5EE8-4748-A290B70886483475_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D92091B-5EE8-4748-A290B70886483475_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D92091B-5EE8-4748-A290B70886483475_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-15">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/05-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C7FD77AF-2C2E-435B-98B0B54FB63F8451_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1740supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C7FD77AF-2C2E-435B-98B0B54FB63F8451_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C7FD77AF-2C2E-435B-98B0B54FB63F8451_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-08">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/05-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D5FC422-A33E-4592-9BA23C275E0F9AB0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D5FC422-A33E-4592-9BA23C275E0F9AB0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D5FC422-A33E-4592-9BA23C275E0F9AB0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-08">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58606F8C-AAC2-42D2-B866C16F25D565AC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1739supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58606F8C-AAC2-42D2-B866C16F25D565AC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58606F8C-AAC2-42D2-B866C16F25D565AC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-01">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06CD8F1-8410-40B6-8C19F9DB6F4B7248_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06CD8F1-8410-40B6-8C19F9DB6F4B7248_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06CD8F1-8410-40B6-8C19F9DB6F4B7248_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-05-01">May 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/04-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5620DD5-B216-4318-8C203B46E9042C36_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1738supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5620DD5-B216-4318-8C203B46E9042C36_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5620DD5-B216-4318-8C203B46E9042C36_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-24">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/04-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/710478A5-78FD-47C0-A8DD0B110A424C60_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/710478A5-78FD-47C0-A8DD0B110A424C60_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/710478A5-78FD-47C0-A8DD0B110A424C60_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-24">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/04-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/081C4A7B-C55E-4CFA-A49C53F79795D44C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1737supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/081C4A7B-C55E-4CFA-A49C53F79795D44C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/081C4A7B-C55E-4CFA-A49C53F79795D44C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-17">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/04-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA37970F-75D6-4120-8236DFAA4591D69C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA37970F-75D6-4120-8236DFAA4591D69C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA37970F-75D6-4120-8236DFAA4591D69C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-17">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/04-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B55C54E-55BA-4C92-887DA4448C9511F4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1736supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B55C54E-55BA-4C92-887DA4448C9511F4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B55C54E-55BA-4C92-887DA4448C9511F4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-10">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/04-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00A84450-20F2-434B-87F1BE9A980F35D8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00A84450-20F2-434B-87F1BE9A980F35D8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00A84450-20F2-434B-87F1BE9A980F35D8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-10">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/04-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C26E3D6-1F1D-45B0-BACE05FED0833611_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1735supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C26E3D6-1F1D-45B0-BACE05FED0833611_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C26E3D6-1F1D-45B0-BACE05FED0833611_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-03">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/04-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6526CEA7-660F-4E47-A1217A79372C53DA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6526CEA7-660F-4E47-A1217A79372C53DA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6526CEA7-660F-4E47-A1217A79372C53DA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-04-03">April 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/03-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/668B640B-8776-4F5D-9998AF89BC3D21B0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1734supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/668B640B-8776-4F5D-9998AF89BC3D21B0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/668B640B-8776-4F5D-9998AF89BC3D21B0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-27">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/03-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92F361DF-89D8-4F2B-A9A9080AE0A7D128_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92F361DF-89D8-4F2B-A9A9080AE0A7D128_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92F361DF-89D8-4F2B-A9A9080AE0A7D128_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-27">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/03-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3842CCE3-DF50-4ED1-820D9287DD818D66_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1733supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3842CCE3-DF50-4ED1-820D9287DD818D66_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3842CCE3-DF50-4ED1-820D9287DD818D66_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-20">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/03-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A51D96E4-8D7A-46C8-BD290708A8FCD73B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A51D96E4-8D7A-46C8-BD290708A8FCD73B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A51D96E4-8D7A-46C8-BD290708A8FCD73B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-20">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/03-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA063B34-D840-41FF-8CF50EE490E0DF20_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1732supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA063B34-D840-41FF-8CF50EE490E0DF20_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA063B34-D840-41FF-8CF50EE490E0DF20_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-13">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/03-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04237518-0F15-489C-A66250DC988E80AB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04237518-0F15-489C-A66250DC988E80AB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04237518-0F15-489C-A66250DC988E80AB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-13">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/03-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D922848-AC95-4183-AEBC5AD378E2C5DD_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1731supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D922848-AC95-4183-AEBC5AD378E2C5DD_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D922848-AC95-4183-AEBC5AD378E2C5DD_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-06">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/03-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F80221-C4E9-465C-AD3059768A2714F9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F80221-C4E9-465C-AD3059768A2714F9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F80221-C4E9-465C-AD3059768A2714F9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-03-06">March 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/02-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4C73508-BB49-4FB0-96B4EDEB41FEABA6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1730supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4C73508-BB49-4FB0-96B4EDEB41FEABA6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4C73508-BB49-4FB0-96B4EDEB41FEABA6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-27">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/02-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31A0709C-945B-4D9C-8A654B4F136B7E45_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31A0709C-945B-4D9C-8A654B4F136B7E45_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31A0709C-945B-4D9C-8A654B4F136B7E45_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-27">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/02-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D288171-4285-4570-B5D0BA5F62F078BC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1729supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D288171-4285-4570-B5D0BA5F62F078BC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D288171-4285-4570-B5D0BA5F62F078BC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-20">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/02-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/112DCE3E-C9E1-4706-AC246F7DE7D71BFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/112DCE3E-C9E1-4706-AC246F7DE7D71BFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/112DCE3E-C9E1-4706-AC246F7DE7D71BFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-20">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/02-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99F623DB-EE92-422A-9116F553614BB0A1_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1728supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99F623DB-EE92-422A-9116F553614BB0A1_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99F623DB-EE92-422A-9116F553614BB0A1_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-13">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/02-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9675B629-38A0-4C56-A88889DF25335CD9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9675B629-38A0-4C56-A88889DF25335CD9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9675B629-38A0-4C56-A88889DF25335CD9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-13">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/02-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/87EBF49F-FC7F-4BF3-A3EA178CF309DE83_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1727supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/87EBF49F-FC7F-4BF3-A3EA178CF309DE83_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/87EBF49F-FC7F-4BF3-A3EA178CF309DE83_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-06">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/02-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C35980B7-22AB-4C6B-827762D4F1BA0A2A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C35980B7-22AB-4C6B-827762D4F1BA0A2A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C35980B7-22AB-4C6B-827762D4F1BA0A2A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-02-06">February 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/01-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D40478D0-8072-4D7E-95AEE98D2586DEFE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1726supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D40478D0-8072-4D7E-95AEE98D2586DEFE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D40478D0-8072-4D7E-95AEE98D2586DEFE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-30">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/01-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77694BDF-E115-4ED2-BBDBF6D6572CE213_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77694BDF-E115-4ED2-BBDBF6D6572CE213_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77694BDF-E115-4ED2-BBDBF6D6572CE213_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-30">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/01-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBF04C49-C438-4F86-BA7A7BD2523DDAD4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1725supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBF04C49-C438-4F86-BA7A7BD2523DDAD4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBF04C49-C438-4F86-BA7A7BD2523DDAD4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-23">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/01-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA6BFCC9-5442-41FB-89B51B9810974F37_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA6BFCC9-5442-41FB-89B51B9810974F37_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA6BFCC9-5442-41FB-89B51B9810974F37_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-23">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/01-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F79CA93-386F-4743-BF55A506CF661C73_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1724supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F79CA93-386F-4743-BF55A506CF661C73_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F79CA93-386F-4743-BF55A506CF661C73_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-16">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/01-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/169F97F2-EEBA-42A3-A34D506591F17C0A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/169F97F2-EEBA-42A3-A34D506591F17C0A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/169F97F2-EEBA-42A3-A34D506591F17C0A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-16">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/01-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A0B69B15-0A6D-4B43-975CD4F7154A6401_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1723supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A0B69B15-0A6D-4B43-975CD4F7154A6401_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A0B69B15-0A6D-4B43-975CD4F7154A6401_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-09">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/01-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3925564-C681-449F-A4CDA745F52490F3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3925564-C681-449F-A4CDA745F52490F3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3925564-C681-449F-A4CDA745F52490F3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-09">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1909/01-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E938F5AA-29B1-4B74-964E0B1E2C3D2F1E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 67 Issue 1722supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E938F5AA-29B1-4B74-964E0B1E2C3D2F1E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E938F5AA-29B1-4B74-964E0B1E2C3D2F1E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-02">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1909/01-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6295C044-BB6A-4A4E-BF785F5D70FE7A18_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 100 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6295C044-BB6A-4A4E-BF785F5D70FE7A18_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6295C044-BB6A-4A4E-BF785F5D70FE7A18_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1909-01-02">January 1909</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/12-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C5D623C-B9FE-43FB-8950B5D2D89A22A7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C5D623C-B9FE-43FB-8950B5D2D89A22A7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C5D623C-B9FE-43FB-8950B5D2D89A22A7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-26">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/12-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CB36981-1361-47CD-826E895850A7DC16_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1720supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CB36981-1361-47CD-826E895850A7DC16_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CB36981-1361-47CD-826E895850A7DC16_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-19">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/12-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80F7BB7E-E746-408B-9577340484213F8F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80F7BB7E-E746-408B-9577340484213F8F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80F7BB7E-E746-408B-9577340484213F8F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-19">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/12-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4F3135A-AECC-4625-B5DE13F171870D4C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1719supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4F3135A-AECC-4625-B5DE13F171870D4C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4F3135A-AECC-4625-B5DE13F171870D4C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-12">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/12-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A2783A0-70DE-45BB-B7B3F3176DA31337_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A2783A0-70DE-45BB-B7B3F3176DA31337_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A2783A0-70DE-45BB-B7B3F3176DA31337_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-12">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/12-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E386E850-03F7-486B-9723DF4F076C1B91_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1718supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E386E850-03F7-486B-9723DF4F076C1B91_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E386E850-03F7-486B-9723DF4F076C1B91_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-05">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/12-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A6B65D5-3946-47F8-8A87CCF00C6DED72_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A6B65D5-3946-47F8-8A87CCF00C6DED72_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A6B65D5-3946-47F8-8A87CCF00C6DED72_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-12-05">December 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/11-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D225273-8928-4811-AEE3E5BD439C70D2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1717supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D225273-8928-4811-AEE3E5BD439C70D2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D225273-8928-4811-AEE3E5BD439C70D2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-28">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/11-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D3655EA-5716-4F39-8C1E03F4E677B8DA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D3655EA-5716-4F39-8C1E03F4E677B8DA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D3655EA-5716-4F39-8C1E03F4E677B8DA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-28">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/11-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/932DE883-9A26-4508-8DA3E5B76030E391_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1716supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/932DE883-9A26-4508-8DA3E5B76030E391_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/932DE883-9A26-4508-8DA3E5B76030E391_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-21">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/11-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43441AF5-3161-4DD8-87A1481AD029D997_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43441AF5-3161-4DD8-87A1481AD029D997_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43441AF5-3161-4DD8-87A1481AD029D997_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-21">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/11-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C9CE79E9-73C7-4819-BB950CBBBAB778D3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1715supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C9CE79E9-73C7-4819-BB950CBBBAB778D3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C9CE79E9-73C7-4819-BB950CBBBAB778D3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-14">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/11-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D222023-9D13-4D70-A97ED4B135C84C9A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D222023-9D13-4D70-A97ED4B135C84C9A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D222023-9D13-4D70-A97ED4B135C84C9A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-14">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/11-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB1933BB-A460-427A-919DDDE7B644A486_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1714supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB1933BB-A460-427A-919DDDE7B644A486_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB1933BB-A460-427A-919DDDE7B644A486_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-07">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/11-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33313C4E-3C4D-4990-B8A9A18108973AC8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33313C4E-3C4D-4990-B8A9A18108973AC8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33313C4E-3C4D-4990-B8A9A18108973AC8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-11-07">November 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/10-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C227BFB-410B-4E2D-BBB8E6CAFD6B0625_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1713supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C227BFB-410B-4E2D-BBB8E6CAFD6B0625_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C227BFB-410B-4E2D-BBB8E6CAFD6B0625_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-31">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/10-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E240915-ED0B-4019-B8B19F3D404A1B28_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E240915-ED0B-4019-B8B19F3D404A1B28_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E240915-ED0B-4019-B8B19F3D404A1B28_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-31">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/10-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A56A1214-29E6-4225-89F4FAFA930E902C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1712supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A56A1214-29E6-4225-89F4FAFA930E902C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A56A1214-29E6-4225-89F4FAFA930E902C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-24">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/10-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1BF20C6E-FBCA-433F-B6C455BAAA245F71_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1BF20C6E-FBCA-433F-B6C455BAAA245F71_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1BF20C6E-FBCA-433F-B6C455BAAA245F71_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-24">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/10-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9ABDA06A-9F0D-41C6-8582E1611A58F2B3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1711supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9ABDA06A-9F0D-41C6-8582E1611A58F2B3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9ABDA06A-9F0D-41C6-8582E1611A58F2B3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-17">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/10-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ABB6A9B-A707-42C3-BD80C65C4254C7FA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ABB6A9B-A707-42C3-BD80C65C4254C7FA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ABB6A9B-A707-42C3-BD80C65C4254C7FA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-17">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/10-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04B3631C-347D-4FC4-B7E8D276C6E04B5E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1710supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04B3631C-347D-4FC4-B7E8D276C6E04B5E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04B3631C-347D-4FC4-B7E8D276C6E04B5E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-10">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/10-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1851B48-C899-4DCB-8D9FA0259F1A26FE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1851B48-C899-4DCB-8D9FA0259F1A26FE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1851B48-C899-4DCB-8D9FA0259F1A26FE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-10">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/10-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/044AE6C7-262E-46FF-B5744D7B627B0B7E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1709supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/044AE6C7-262E-46FF-B5744D7B627B0B7E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/044AE6C7-262E-46FF-B5744D7B627B0B7E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-03">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/10-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40BFFDE0-EB75-4003-BD48BC5CE4F6F5D8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40BFFDE0-EB75-4003-BD48BC5CE4F6F5D8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40BFFDE0-EB75-4003-BD48BC5CE4F6F5D8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-10-03">October 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/09-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5A26FBD-9AD0-42A0-8D08493164053D2C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1708supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5A26FBD-9AD0-42A0-8D08493164053D2C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5A26FBD-9AD0-42A0-8D08493164053D2C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-26">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/09-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/751A7A26-BE12-4C65-ADD8D9CBF7792CAA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/751A7A26-BE12-4C65-ADD8D9CBF7792CAA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/751A7A26-BE12-4C65-ADD8D9CBF7792CAA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-26">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/09-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B3E44B3-6CB4-4C0D-A844FA7AA410AC24_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1707supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B3E44B3-6CB4-4C0D-A844FA7AA410AC24_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B3E44B3-6CB4-4C0D-A844FA7AA410AC24_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-19">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/09-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED496BC-E46D-44CA-A07D0C2768BEE2D7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED496BC-E46D-44CA-A07D0C2768BEE2D7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED496BC-E46D-44CA-A07D0C2768BEE2D7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-19">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/09-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF103592-7FB1-4068-8FF543EEA7A5322A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1706supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF103592-7FB1-4068-8FF543EEA7A5322A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF103592-7FB1-4068-8FF543EEA7A5322A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-12">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/09-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB574AA2-6C3E-4314-B72E2C355DFDECB2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB574AA2-6C3E-4314-B72E2C355DFDECB2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB574AA2-6C3E-4314-B72E2C355DFDECB2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-12">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/09-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B1BC005-9834-4190-B21CC4BAF67C86C7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1705supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B1BC005-9834-4190-B21CC4BAF67C86C7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B1BC005-9834-4190-B21CC4BAF67C86C7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-05">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/09-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7617CF8D-E802-4E21-91B6591CB9B1CFFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7617CF8D-E802-4E21-91B6591CB9B1CFFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7617CF8D-E802-4E21-91B6591CB9B1CFFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-09-05">September 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/08-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C2E3877-B8B2-4E58-A571D8794214D44C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1704supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C2E3877-B8B2-4E58-A571D8794214D44C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C2E3877-B8B2-4E58-A571D8794214D44C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-29">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/08-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FE6E8-498F-4DB6-BAA28BDC2052E0BF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FE6E8-498F-4DB6-BAA28BDC2052E0BF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FE6E8-498F-4DB6-BAA28BDC2052E0BF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-29">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/08-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7938110F-DE58-48EF-AA2DD0E690CDBDDB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1703supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7938110F-DE58-48EF-AA2DD0E690CDBDDB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7938110F-DE58-48EF-AA2DD0E690CDBDDB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-22">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/08-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D86E1D6-4DF1-44DD-8141176010FFAE91_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D86E1D6-4DF1-44DD-8141176010FFAE91_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D86E1D6-4DF1-44DD-8141176010FFAE91_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-22">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/08-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2946CEFD-9DC8-4B69-872FF41A313B25B3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1702supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2946CEFD-9DC8-4B69-872FF41A313B25B3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2946CEFD-9DC8-4B69-872FF41A313B25B3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-15">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/08-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D17C680C-5DB2-44DD-85C551F39445C822_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D17C680C-5DB2-44DD-85C551F39445C822_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D17C680C-5DB2-44DD-85C551F39445C822_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-15">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/08-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/382AB414-E213-4795-8E21B9E0D0A3A1F5_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1701supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/382AB414-E213-4795-8E21B9E0D0A3A1F5_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/382AB414-E213-4795-8E21B9E0D0A3A1F5_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-08">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/08-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/914D14DD-C2CF-4BAC-A1CFA62A18DC6AFD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/914D14DD-C2CF-4BAC-A1CFA62A18DC6AFD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/914D14DD-C2CF-4BAC-A1CFA62A18DC6AFD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-08">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60133BB6-97F4-42B3-AF2DEA37F29A41C9_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1700supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60133BB6-97F4-42B3-AF2DEA37F29A41C9_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60133BB6-97F4-42B3-AF2DEA37F29A41C9_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-01">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/891A4C46-5AB5-4287-AA82BBFBCDDC213A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/891A4C46-5AB5-4287-AA82BBFBCDDC213A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/891A4C46-5AB5-4287-AA82BBFBCDDC213A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-08-01">August 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/07-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F5E111C-A230-40D0-AD1B4A02E27B9615_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1699supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F5E111C-A230-40D0-AD1B4A02E27B9615_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F5E111C-A230-40D0-AD1B4A02E27B9615_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-25">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/07-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547FFE63-4EC7-4334-8E95E41817989915_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547FFE63-4EC7-4334-8E95E41817989915_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547FFE63-4EC7-4334-8E95E41817989915_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-25">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/07-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E54EFDD-A152-474A-B156397016D945FF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1698supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E54EFDD-A152-474A-B156397016D945FF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E54EFDD-A152-474A-B156397016D945FF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-18">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/07-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3368CE2F-2AA6-4DFC-B8FDFB07EF6ED1B7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3368CE2F-2AA6-4DFC-B8FDFB07EF6ED1B7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3368CE2F-2AA6-4DFC-B8FDFB07EF6ED1B7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-18">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/07-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D121E70F-D646-4500-8ADE5C6E56E55DAA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1697supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D121E70F-D646-4500-8ADE5C6E56E55DAA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D121E70F-D646-4500-8ADE5C6E56E55DAA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-11">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/07-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A9E2F17-4C69-4527-8FD935C4EF6CA1E1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A9E2F17-4C69-4527-8FD935C4EF6CA1E1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A9E2F17-4C69-4527-8FD935C4EF6CA1E1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-11">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/07-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4A4DD35-F39D-40BF-8400F517BAFB08DE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 66 Issue 1696supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4A4DD35-F39D-40BF-8400F517BAFB08DE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4A4DD35-F39D-40BF-8400F517BAFB08DE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-04">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/07-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED859637-2054-4FBC-9EF3A5E2DC895055_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 99 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED859637-2054-4FBC-9EF3A5E2DC895055_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED859637-2054-4FBC-9EF3A5E2DC895055_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-07-04">July 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/06-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F092AF36-524C-41DA-A488ADF6DA48A978_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1695supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F092AF36-524C-41DA-A488ADF6DA48A978_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F092AF36-524C-41DA-A488ADF6DA48A978_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-27">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/06-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/138C50F0-54CD-49B0-A2F468A4CBC25D85_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/138C50F0-54CD-49B0-A2F468A4CBC25D85_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/138C50F0-54CD-49B0-A2F468A4CBC25D85_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-27">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/06-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C632A2E-036A-4625-BC92BCB77327F4CF_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1694supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C632A2E-036A-4625-BC92BCB77327F4CF_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C632A2E-036A-4625-BC92BCB77327F4CF_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-20">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/06-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0746F704-EE16-4006-A49B7F6A22D443CB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0746F704-EE16-4006-A49B7F6A22D443CB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0746F704-EE16-4006-A49B7F6A22D443CB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-20">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/06-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/23734138-94EC-42AE-961586A4974DCDDE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1693supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/23734138-94EC-42AE-961586A4974DCDDE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/23734138-94EC-42AE-961586A4974DCDDE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-13">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/06-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4206770E-33D2-4DE9-B6A15B66E617F74D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4206770E-33D2-4DE9-B6A15B66E617F74D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4206770E-33D2-4DE9-B6A15B66E617F74D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-13">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/06-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AC522867-1776-4A14-8001399B6FDF8556_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1692supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AC522867-1776-4A14-8001399B6FDF8556_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AC522867-1776-4A14-8001399B6FDF8556_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-06">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/06-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35351425-DDED-4D1B-A1B8B32E44328B65_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35351425-DDED-4D1B-A1B8B32E44328B65_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35351425-DDED-4D1B-A1B8B32E44328B65_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-06-06">June 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/05-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/495E4F0B-BDFE-46D1-BCE63AB9C9D77A12_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1691supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/495E4F0B-BDFE-46D1-BCE63AB9C9D77A12_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/495E4F0B-BDFE-46D1-BCE63AB9C9D77A12_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-30">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/05-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE6FEFBF-6A07-417A-9EF9CE2D46A9466B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE6FEFBF-6A07-417A-9EF9CE2D46A9466B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE6FEFBF-6A07-417A-9EF9CE2D46A9466B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-30">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/05-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D10DEBDC-B9FC-4FBF-829D617311C5A0EA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1690supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D10DEBDC-B9FC-4FBF-829D617311C5A0EA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D10DEBDC-B9FC-4FBF-829D617311C5A0EA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-23">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/05-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354D37-71FC-448D-8FE01B14DC0F6518_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354D37-71FC-448D-8FE01B14DC0F6518_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354D37-71FC-448D-8FE01B14DC0F6518_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-23">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/05-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A11D3A41-129F-4EB0-838CF58F02654BC4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1689supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A11D3A41-129F-4EB0-838CF58F02654BC4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A11D3A41-129F-4EB0-838CF58F02654BC4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-16">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/05-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A77A8A6-0EFE-4A75-89C152B02DA66814_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A77A8A6-0EFE-4A75-89C152B02DA66814_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A77A8A6-0EFE-4A75-89C152B02DA66814_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-16">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/05-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E81AC9A-BAE7-4688-AF438F4ABFA58139_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1688supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E81AC9A-BAE7-4688-AF438F4ABFA58139_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E81AC9A-BAE7-4688-AF438F4ABFA58139_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-09">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/05-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/631A9CB0-056A-4EC5-9769300586D82470_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/631A9CB0-056A-4EC5-9769300586D82470_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/631A9CB0-056A-4EC5-9769300586D82470_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-09">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/05-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE049B-BD9C-41A8-82F651ABDFCDC2FB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1687supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE049B-BD9C-41A8-82F651ABDFCDC2FB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE049B-BD9C-41A8-82F651ABDFCDC2FB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-02">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/05-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE22CC82-E627-49E0-9C75488154A11FEE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE22CC82-E627-49E0-9C75488154A11FEE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE22CC82-E627-49E0-9C75488154A11FEE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-05-02">May 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/04-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B67FF2B0-5EE7-4599-A73A3BBF781EE648_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1686supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B67FF2B0-5EE7-4599-A73A3BBF781EE648_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B67FF2B0-5EE7-4599-A73A3BBF781EE648_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-25">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/04-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA603AB5-B526-4922-A2AC1011BB5851A1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA603AB5-B526-4922-A2AC1011BB5851A1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA603AB5-B526-4922-A2AC1011BB5851A1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-25">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/04-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B70CA1C8-946B-45F4-8DF4FA2AC98D0BAA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1685supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B70CA1C8-946B-45F4-8DF4FA2AC98D0BAA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B70CA1C8-946B-45F4-8DF4FA2AC98D0BAA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-18">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/04-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2046D9E-ED00-4348-8D726FD8D867FFAF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2046D9E-ED00-4348-8D726FD8D867FFAF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2046D9E-ED00-4348-8D726FD8D867FFAF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-18">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/04-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07D07F7-E789-47F2-A20731E203716DFB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1684supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07D07F7-E789-47F2-A20731E203716DFB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07D07F7-E789-47F2-A20731E203716DFB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-11">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/04-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC4F3E89-BC26-4233-B563E30F92DFF4F7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC4F3E89-BC26-4233-B563E30F92DFF4F7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC4F3E89-BC26-4233-B563E30F92DFF4F7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-11">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/04-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4AD5FFB-3FC8-4359-B691F0F511E1E711_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1683supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4AD5FFB-3FC8-4359-B691F0F511E1E711_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4AD5FFB-3FC8-4359-B691F0F511E1E711_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-04">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/04-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97A4CED-3570-4994-82162A55D268533C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97A4CED-3570-4994-82162A55D268533C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97A4CED-3570-4994-82162A55D268533C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-04-04">April 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/03-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4B3DA55-32DE-4F0D-A0439F48048D4686_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1682supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4B3DA55-32DE-4F0D-A0439F48048D4686_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4B3DA55-32DE-4F0D-A0439F48048D4686_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-28">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/03-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A605569-450C-4575-A55FC294693C175E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A605569-450C-4575-A55FC294693C175E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A605569-450C-4575-A55FC294693C175E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-28">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/03-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FB0BEDD-8C5E-4C38-853C0906C2164B43_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1681supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FB0BEDD-8C5E-4C38-853C0906C2164B43_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FB0BEDD-8C5E-4C38-853C0906C2164B43_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-21">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/03-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B6A6DA8-DB9B-40D7-AEB2AD23DA7DA7F7_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B6A6DA8-DB9B-40D7-AEB2AD23DA7DA7F7_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B6A6DA8-DB9B-40D7-AEB2AD23DA7DA7F7_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-21">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/03-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4BFEF6C-1CD7-4C7B-BD126969CA957D0E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1680supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4BFEF6C-1CD7-4C7B-BD126969CA957D0E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4BFEF6C-1CD7-4C7B-BD126969CA957D0E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-14">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/03-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1819E709-4129-445D-A4E499602058CD06_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1819E709-4129-445D-A4E499602058CD06_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1819E709-4129-445D-A4E499602058CD06_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-14">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/03-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA91CF64-145A-412C-922B2E4E9EC1E823_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1679supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA91CF64-145A-412C-922B2E4E9EC1E823_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA91CF64-145A-412C-922B2E4E9EC1E823_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-07">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/03-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/127F7470-914F-4D3C-96656BD901ECB795_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/127F7470-914F-4D3C-96656BD901ECB795_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/127F7470-914F-4D3C-96656BD901ECB795_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-03-07">March 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/02-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88D94D7F-1948-45E5-BAFFACB7E8301ED0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1678supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88D94D7F-1948-45E5-BAFFACB7E8301ED0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88D94D7F-1948-45E5-BAFFACB7E8301ED0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-29">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/02-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D774967-FEB2-4069-AA037B0068BB7052_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D774967-FEB2-4069-AA037B0068BB7052_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D774967-FEB2-4069-AA037B0068BB7052_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-29">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/02-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502B212E-2563-45DC-80828C8164AEFC4A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1677supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502B212E-2563-45DC-80828C8164AEFC4A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502B212E-2563-45DC-80828C8164AEFC4A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-22">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/02-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B486BB1-CC77-44E5-909F780D8A6C9634_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B486BB1-CC77-44E5-909F780D8A6C9634_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B486BB1-CC77-44E5-909F780D8A6C9634_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-22">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/02-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFB6993A-EE40-4FD9-A707981A20C93681_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1676supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFB6993A-EE40-4FD9-A707981A20C93681_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFB6993A-EE40-4FD9-A707981A20C93681_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-15">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/02-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCC5E2C-843D-4FE4-8EB416A9861F2E02_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCC5E2C-843D-4FE4-8EB416A9861F2E02_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCC5E2C-843D-4FE4-8EB416A9861F2E02_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-15">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/02-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5AFD459-3954-487C-877BA3AD2000BCE6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1675supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5AFD459-3954-487C-877BA3AD2000BCE6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5AFD459-3954-487C-877BA3AD2000BCE6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-08">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/02-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/73EA992C-73B9-40A8-BB1802890346E02B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/73EA992C-73B9-40A8-BB1802890346E02B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/73EA992C-73B9-40A8-BB1802890346E02B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-08">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E12D9228-3439-4309-89C2E8A94248442C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1674supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E12D9228-3439-4309-89C2E8A94248442C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E12D9228-3439-4309-89C2E8A94248442C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-01">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28514216-2620-48C6-87B75445319A62BF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28514216-2620-48C6-87B75445319A62BF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28514216-2620-48C6-87B75445319A62BF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-02-01">February 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/01-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20674348-A424-47AA-A8B8C2953BA1E572_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1673supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20674348-A424-47AA-A8B8C2953BA1E572_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20674348-A424-47AA-A8B8C2953BA1E572_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-25">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/01-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/859F4E73-3C6E-42A5-82A823628C744BBE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/859F4E73-3C6E-42A5-82A823628C744BBE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/859F4E73-3C6E-42A5-82A823628C744BBE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-25">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/01-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7FC4BCA-6D42-489E-A8E7974D722F2AA5_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1672supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7FC4BCA-6D42-489E-A8E7974D722F2AA5_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7FC4BCA-6D42-489E-A8E7974D722F2AA5_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-18">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/01-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9831731A-2DE9-432E-8316EC61E5D4C302_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9831731A-2DE9-432E-8316EC61E5D4C302_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9831731A-2DE9-432E-8316EC61E5D4C302_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-18">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/01-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B14C1DC-25CF-46A6-B4B2589379CF07FE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1671supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B14C1DC-25CF-46A6-B4B2589379CF07FE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B14C1DC-25CF-46A6-B4B2589379CF07FE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-11">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/01-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/456144A9-2AC5-489D-9A8C2E72382BE5BB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/456144A9-2AC5-489D-9A8C2E72382BE5BB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/456144A9-2AC5-489D-9A8C2E72382BE5BB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-11">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1908/01-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA1ECAC0-09BC-4825-A74FE3E9430741F3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 65 Issue 1670supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA1ECAC0-09BC-4825-A74FE3E9430741F3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA1ECAC0-09BC-4825-A74FE3E9430741F3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-04">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1908/01-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38694DA6-EBAF-4F5D-A8642AD57B383EB4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 98 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38694DA6-EBAF-4F5D-A8642AD57B383EB4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38694DA6-EBAF-4F5D-A8642AD57B383EB4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1908-01-04">January 1908</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/12-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16F48F26-32CF-4F1D-9D8CC2143808E64F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16F48F26-32CF-4F1D-9D8CC2143808E64F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16F48F26-32CF-4F1D-9D8CC2143808E64F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-28">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/12-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6A4E7FF-153D-4086-B1C9ED8DBA71CDB6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1668supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6A4E7FF-153D-4086-B1C9ED8DBA71CDB6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6A4E7FF-153D-4086-B1C9ED8DBA71CDB6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-21">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/12-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59D5A4F9-6958-47D5-8FA2560E47E9E537_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59D5A4F9-6958-47D5-8FA2560E47E9E537_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59D5A4F9-6958-47D5-8FA2560E47E9E537_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-21">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/12-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBB29507-5396-4F9C-97948D7E8208E335_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1667supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBB29507-5396-4F9C-97948D7E8208E335_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBB29507-5396-4F9C-97948D7E8208E335_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-14">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/12-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBC82DCC-3B16-416D-AD893D46E8D79E31_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBC82DCC-3B16-416D-AD893D46E8D79E31_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBC82DCC-3B16-416D-AD893D46E8D79E31_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-14">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/12-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022AB50F-B050-4BF6-BE06E651FBF3751E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1666supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022AB50F-B050-4BF6-BE06E651FBF3751E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022AB50F-B050-4BF6-BE06E651FBF3751E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-07">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/12-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF0E5F4A-9DD7-4701-9A13DAC8D8B3D91A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF0E5F4A-9DD7-4701-9A13DAC8D8B3D91A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF0E5F4A-9DD7-4701-9A13DAC8D8B3D91A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-12-07">December 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/11-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10475F2B-C333-4EBD-8E0DCB73A22AD44E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1665supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10475F2B-C333-4EBD-8E0DCB73A22AD44E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10475F2B-C333-4EBD-8E0DCB73A22AD44E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-30">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/11-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ADBB4866-C9E6-4090-854E99A2CBD6E3D8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ADBB4866-C9E6-4090-854E99A2CBD6E3D8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ADBB4866-C9E6-4090-854E99A2CBD6E3D8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-30">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/11-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA3FA0AC-BB49-46EA-82B42E396C590BED_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1664supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA3FA0AC-BB49-46EA-82B42E396C590BED_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA3FA0AC-BB49-46EA-82B42E396C590BED_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-23">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/11-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CAEE8AD7-9001-401C-AAA2EB8737F1D747_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CAEE8AD7-9001-401C-AAA2EB8737F1D747_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CAEE8AD7-9001-401C-AAA2EB8737F1D747_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-23">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/11-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE1FF7-02EE-42A1-A22C44450B683807_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1663supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE1FF7-02EE-42A1-A22C44450B683807_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE1FF7-02EE-42A1-A22C44450B683807_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-16">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/11-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F4D2082-D663-4807-B13CCD77B2D69A13_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F4D2082-D663-4807-B13CCD77B2D69A13_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F4D2082-D663-4807-B13CCD77B2D69A13_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-16">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/11-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDF41491-5153-4F15-8172BA89DA709B6E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1662supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDF41491-5153-4F15-8172BA89DA709B6E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDF41491-5153-4F15-8172BA89DA709B6E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-09">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/11-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACE5527-85B5-4A59-8633B429D5474760_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACE5527-85B5-4A59-8633B429D5474760_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACE5527-85B5-4A59-8633B429D5474760_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-09">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/11-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8798F277-AFA1-4EEF-A2CC5D4879E36737_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1661supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8798F277-AFA1-4EEF-A2CC5D4879E36737_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8798F277-AFA1-4EEF-A2CC5D4879E36737_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-02">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/11-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDC66AA9-2FD4-4AB8-BD4EADAAB737A1AE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDC66AA9-2FD4-4AB8-BD4EADAAB737A1AE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDC66AA9-2FD4-4AB8-BD4EADAAB737A1AE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-11-02">November 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/10-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACB0C67-BE5F-4D38-A7CFF3D5F7B6ABD8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1660supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACB0C67-BE5F-4D38-A7CFF3D5F7B6ABD8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACB0C67-BE5F-4D38-A7CFF3D5F7B6ABD8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-26">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/10-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F9A0542-C6F8-478A-949283C0788F5248_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1659supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F9A0542-C6F8-478A-949283C0788F5248_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F9A0542-C6F8-478A-949283C0788F5248_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-19">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/10-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/785BCAB5-AE41-4B6A-BB700B388390AFAA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/785BCAB5-AE41-4B6A-BB700B388390AFAA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/785BCAB5-AE41-4B6A-BB700B388390AFAA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-19">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/10-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40E5FB43-BFD8-4578-8D904B837832AAD2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1658supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40E5FB43-BFD8-4578-8D904B837832AAD2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40E5FB43-BFD8-4578-8D904B837832AAD2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-12">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/10-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D524C7F4-977E-48C4-A3CB92F05B3FB213_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D524C7F4-977E-48C4-A3CB92F05B3FB213_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D524C7F4-977E-48C4-A3CB92F05B3FB213_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-12">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/10-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D9CD2AE-D481-4055-9768CFE8322BE0B0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1657supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D9CD2AE-D481-4055-9768CFE8322BE0B0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D9CD2AE-D481-4055-9768CFE8322BE0B0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-05">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/10-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC6AFA21-604D-489B-960A29717F46BAFF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC6AFA21-604D-489B-960A29717F46BAFF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC6AFA21-604D-489B-960A29717F46BAFF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-10-05">October 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/09-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28294F58-558A-4895-B02F46A0C8D6225A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1656supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28294F58-558A-4895-B02F46A0C8D6225A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28294F58-558A-4895-B02F46A0C8D6225A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-28">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/09-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84D71BF8-2869-4D08-990ED5A2832CEA62_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84D71BF8-2869-4D08-990ED5A2832CEA62_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84D71BF8-2869-4D08-990ED5A2832CEA62_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-28">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/09-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22BBB3ED-7B7F-4277-8E12710BEE98E48D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1655supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22BBB3ED-7B7F-4277-8E12710BEE98E48D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22BBB3ED-7B7F-4277-8E12710BEE98E48D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-21">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/09-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94ABCD72-9B0C-4342-8DCB467DCBC3B2E0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94ABCD72-9B0C-4342-8DCB467DCBC3B2E0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94ABCD72-9B0C-4342-8DCB467DCBC3B2E0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-21">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/09-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84130781-2768-4EBA-BCE634D140CC7E1C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1654supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84130781-2768-4EBA-BCE634D140CC7E1C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84130781-2768-4EBA-BCE634D140CC7E1C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-14">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/09-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547F7C1F-470E-4FF3-ACF509E5121E17B9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547F7C1F-470E-4FF3-ACF509E5121E17B9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547F7C1F-470E-4FF3-ACF509E5121E17B9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-14">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/09-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77279225-7FFB-475A-A3CB6C750AE18AB7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1653supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77279225-7FFB-475A-A3CB6C750AE18AB7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77279225-7FFB-475A-A3CB6C750AE18AB7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-07">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/09-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6E7025-FCB3-4455-96944CCCF08DE84E_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6E7025-FCB3-4455-96944CCCF08DE84E_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6E7025-FCB3-4455-96944CCCF08DE84E_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-09-07">September 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/08-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FCCBF01A-A02D-4602-BB72546A931C7606_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1652supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FCCBF01A-A02D-4602-BB72546A931C7606_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FCCBF01A-A02D-4602-BB72546A931C7606_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-31">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/08-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/975FBB14-2555-48C4-B5F321CD2FD02710_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/975FBB14-2555-48C4-B5F321CD2FD02710_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/975FBB14-2555-48C4-B5F321CD2FD02710_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-31">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/08-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9B798B94-FFB8-4711-928B44077D1CD1E4_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1651supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9B798B94-FFB8-4711-928B44077D1CD1E4_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9B798B94-FFB8-4711-928B44077D1CD1E4_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-24">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/08-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CB82E2B-1B17-4EAC-ADBA83A352E661B2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CB82E2B-1B17-4EAC-ADBA83A352E661B2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CB82E2B-1B17-4EAC-ADBA83A352E661B2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-24">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/08-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/527D5C86-F17A-4F1B-AC5F40217E1AF68B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1650supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/527D5C86-F17A-4F1B-AC5F40217E1AF68B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/527D5C86-F17A-4F1B-AC5F40217E1AF68B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-17">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/08-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A68B2C76-862E-4869-A53B53234BEA44E3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A68B2C76-862E-4869-A53B53234BEA44E3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A68B2C76-862E-4869-A53B53234BEA44E3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-17">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/08-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3997F1E-7F1E-4630-BE447C025BDF5132_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1649supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3997F1E-7F1E-4630-BE447C025BDF5132_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3997F1E-7F1E-4630-BE447C025BDF5132_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-10">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/08-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C54B083-1AE1-4F6B-A7E082238B3B2A39_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C54B083-1AE1-4F6B-A7E082238B3B2A39_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C54B083-1AE1-4F6B-A7E082238B3B2A39_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-10">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/08-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92DBA77A-1276-49A5-842D332A32F5A9B8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1648supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92DBA77A-1276-49A5-842D332A32F5A9B8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92DBA77A-1276-49A5-842D332A32F5A9B8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-03">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/08-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA67340E-1439-4EF1-B43DEE18D471A77A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA67340E-1439-4EF1-B43DEE18D471A77A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA67340E-1439-4EF1-B43DEE18D471A77A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-08-03">August 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1907/07-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE2787CA-E806-45BF-9036214B837C040E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 64 Issue 1647supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE2787CA-E806-45BF-9036214B837C040E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE2787CA-E806-45BF-9036214B837C040E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-07-27">July 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1907/07-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A158DBDB-C4DF-4B87-B08318482E6043CE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 97 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A158DBDB-C4DF-4B87-B08318482E6043CE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A158DBDB-C4DF-4B87-B08318482E6043CE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1907-07-27">July 1907</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/newsletter-signup/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"4UqnKsMmARzzwu40aheUit","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/12-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 26","volume":101,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1909-12-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/078BA9D4-C167-48E2-A0BF76AC8ABA6389.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/53967C03-168B-42F6-B50092E0D329EDB1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6VDqNJh9vQd40d95YoYzrq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/12-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1772supp","volume":68,"issue":"1772supp","issue_date":"1909-12-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11B4BF17-D460-49EC-B05FC43AB6A620FB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D4B1828-36DD-4D7F-ACC6D13393E56AF9_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1nOjbBuLtvEEGhZ8qoyViu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/12-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 25","volume":101,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1909-12-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16D980C5-B709-4687-ABB5E15A10842DA3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83266D47-958A-4AF1-A4F87CFBDD41A212_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2atGVG7fRyCrADOfWA0OPq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/12-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1771supp","volume":68,"issue":"1771supp","issue_date":"1909-12-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6F0709DF-DA35-4063-AA82B24B66C79921.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5C68DF6F-CF1D-4E2B-91387A0DCD5CFB8B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3APawELQ5sUxITgzffwKEP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/12-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 24","volume":101,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1909-12-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83C16222-2F68-46B2-B9A9BEAD030AF82B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7932D9CE-8F66-4AA9-A79BD060C9B793B7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3FTwZ719ut9So5xVxu1j3Y","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/12-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1770supp","volume":68,"issue":"1770supp","issue_date":"1909-12-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C5DC6474-070E-45BF-A364A64A0D63A68E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/892EDD97-3C75-4E4B-BE0132E4E653A3F2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5DoHaf6S93pQ65DCsZQXuJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/12-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 23","volume":101,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1909-12-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4DEC3D0-47C2-4080-AD8063B57CAA5707.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EC2E564-A761-45B7-BD0B055937F4E24B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4zUGBklDsda5csypX6AsMd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/11-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1769supp","volume":68,"issue":"1769supp","issue_date":"1909-11-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D361D96B-BC1C-4890-B495224A754DFE1F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A360DFB3-E85E-4760-AD00E58876DB4E85_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2h4v3TP7XKcgNnT79ZqxcC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/11-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 22","volume":101,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1909-11-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E4B59E47-F499-4F5A-8AAED22CAF90E65C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E66ABC7-BBE3-4727-9FBF3DFBA5B47B75_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5hZiP1f2QZtiZcsZ7ZNZ1U","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/11-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1768supp","volume":68,"issue":"1768supp","issue_date":"1909-11-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EFE9D51B-CE9A-4605-890DDDBE8777F6CA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D22FF45-CF56-4D03-8D410F4BA207EF01_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4KwrexKVuwAj1Iv3OT7Gaf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/11-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 21","volume":101,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1909-11-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/828E81AE-7637-4ED1-AAA9C98106046480.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20339B43-9BE6-4D2D-BFDDBD70000840AA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"nkPyboD1LetwBQNKmM4Gn","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/11-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1767supp","volume":68,"issue":"1767supp","issue_date":"1909-11-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D47167F-B8E5-4AAA-A1D5047DEF32F519.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CD0AEEE1-3B07-4730-BE8D13740FA18E13_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"72HFwruoLtkF94yEugXCB1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/11-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 20","volume":101,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1909-11-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6987466-B991-4526-A4E7E1DDAAA312E6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D88C1608-92FE-4063-9F82DEE8B92F6991_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1durDk5sqb8PfOyyntsvx8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/11-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1766supp","volume":68,"issue":"1766supp","issue_date":"1909-11-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8072A982-AEAC-4A16-821D2F6A1FC52BB8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F9F9248-8F6A-46AD-A997FACD14322811_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Qs40E7JCY8IWFy0OyRiyv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/11-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 19","volume":101,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1909-11-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3ABFE24C-BD67-46A1-B37CD767DB13DA6C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDB8AE86-C470-4F70-A684FB7D0DE60B2D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4GVKhlrZfz0uxqZuF3Of8x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/10-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1765supp","volume":68,"issue":"1765supp","issue_date":"1909-10-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78D36AA9-5F03-4FDE-8D9F82D5F4896B55.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2756E0C4-33B5-4041-B3FBF305A1208FAC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"sexll9rtuJRIUj5YI9EFJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/10-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 18","volume":101,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1909-10-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E84F3FA-82B9-45A3-BDC90877FE8E8921.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/15040F2E-2352-4432-96F7CFEBD07EDB46_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7cQsZ41xZc3QvnuO6vh4oN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/10-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1764supp","volume":68,"issue":"1764supp","issue_date":"1909-10-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/632CB739-DCA4-4023-81174345B233285A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9D49229-C7D3-4799-99F546B26458DDB7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3vx50av8dBiPiTDbTaJMNc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/10-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 17","volume":101,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1909-10-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/78C23DB3-FE9A-4313-AA30A934574CEC5B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BBD2B0D-FD2C-4010-9D7FC353501D0F12_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4j8WCgE6KJOknAOA3mYM6k","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/10-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1763supp","volume":68,"issue":"1763supp","issue_date":"1909-10-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF6BF2CB-FA32-4ADA-B8F26D55576C5704.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7F42EC5D-7895-4804-AB3E409C06F2B94C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7DLSu142J9q9yg4cuWbNFy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/10-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 16","volume":101,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1909-10-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE95B394-863E-4412-921688158568460C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A480DE10-5344-4489-BCF47269DAE2806A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6UkscVdZdaDCGJ9doIbO5X","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/10-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1762supp","volume":68,"issue":"1762supp","issue_date":"1909-10-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5EC0880D-97E2-451F-A2F85FCAEC9039B7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B99718EE-9DFF-4F40-A7C42BC898A9AF02_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6lhpYgJmLDkmlWkf6bkQcS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/10-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 15","volume":101,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1909-10-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5FB23F64-A190-4E87-B5AF2062AC223CB9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8E99A9B-7D01-49CB-9F4CDC8A963BFAFB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"60HIeN0yEsROj9sSoqxpQj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/10-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1761supp","volume":68,"issue":"1761supp","issue_date":"1909-10-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E84A1105-D866-4D67-8BF7C9CDB8F2ADB0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/90BA11F5-B36E-4EEF-94287DA55051B9FB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6QQhwID6pqANBeCxXXVbpl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/10-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 14","volume":101,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1909-10-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68B41491-D2E8-4E73-A5FF8E8003F1C2F0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5E65F8A-F419-4155-A3ABAF2924DD2C31_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Q67xZ2C9xal3EDPKUr3II","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/09-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1760supp","volume":68,"issue":"1760supp","issue_date":"1909-09-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/222E7E20-B36E-4DF8-8035275653F133BC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67215B6E-3904-4607-AA8BB4D03EB67A61_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2e2fbBnyZOHYKfWQ71i3ET","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/09-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 13","volume":101,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1909-09-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB49C22-5E18-463B-818AEB881998AA2D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DD39FB2-E596-4FE0-96953EEB7EE9B469_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"574ZVq56m25uz8UiCIMuHt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/09-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1759supp","volume":68,"issue":"1759supp","issue_date":"1909-09-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FE87F2E-787C-4A0C-B7306523650956C2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/17E73086-1671-4779-A8269275A9F11C29_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4VSfQB0MV0bQ4yogfE8A22","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/09-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 12","volume":101,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1909-09-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E79E1F76-F78B-4DA9-97B37CD10D4B107E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/291FCDD3-53B6-43DA-96925F4DEE3A5E92_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Fv68VnjOpa9kYwmJNpYje","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/09-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1758supp","volume":68,"issue":"1758supp","issue_date":"1909-09-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE624CCD-97C1-41BC-BDBA58CD1C3EBDF4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CFD14AE-2FED-4A29-8A2B35E2F983DD88_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4SLED5C2R4CawFKXMahcBz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/09-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 11","volume":101,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1909-09-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3EB26780-1EA2-4D86-84C68353D7E4FB7A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/325CA6B3-75B0-4EE5-BEB1BD03A4D6B54B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5seJHGCnAcyW5SpILJOMGD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/09-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1757supp","volume":68,"issue":"1757supp","issue_date":"1909-09-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8FB55049-C144-4728-AB5015E8F2464E26.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1E7A6B8-2B66-4840-950358ADDA04FB07_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2yZIPxYIP0wdKbwYoneUja","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/09-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 10","volume":101,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1909-09-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D9D9405-1371-4E27-B63EF8BD16C0F2A5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/14E4CF38-AC2E-43AC-A40FC191659A9EDC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6hpg0lC7GVRtjUnT5GPZlY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/08-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1756supp","volume":68,"issue":"1756supp","issue_date":"1909-08-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/468A1801-D303-4A3A-B70C3C287F600B6D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81E298B1-404D-4EE9-939340B136E0A36B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5LjzRwrWlLkED0lZHuW9U7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/08-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 9","volume":101,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1909-08-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/748204C7-5050-4FE4-976D08A9601775EA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C40D3E7-DBC7-41F6-9CB7BCD5E6CA808E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7bUChWQ1q6axRQUENP1C3J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/08-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1755supp","volume":68,"issue":"1755supp","issue_date":"1909-08-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B73D809-B3FE-43F2-85B4749661D1030B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1B1C770-068F-489D-BFEC5ACDC01B8319_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"62TyulpFpULgtUBOtKAAC4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/08-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 8","volume":101,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1909-08-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/37A632FF-57CA-416A-A18C9779F0783665.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5971D968-1748-451B-A1D67D9D265E1637_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"LAjM4BqF0gUcXtfinylbM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/08-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1754supp","volume":68,"issue":"1754supp","issue_date":"1909-08-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AB66C75D-24CF-46C7-86B189B67DDCC5AE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CB34CB3-91E5-40AD-AC2648DD53E128D2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"C2zL9LGCANd4q2x6pVULP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/08-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 7","volume":101,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1909-08-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2EF26B57-0C72-44D4-8F8F7DDC025B21B3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA1AF118-C606-4236-B9AFDA8B2D2B5891_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4yD0cq11b9GrGDjTx9ZlXo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/08-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1753supp","volume":68,"issue":"1753supp","issue_date":"1909-08-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA8EC2B8-DDB4-4BB4-BD0B6B56E253ADB7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/66A118D3-7ABA-4C92-9884AC779F4734A6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4akFj3anyrH0FkEpQWjrgF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/08-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 6","volume":101,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1909-08-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA7C351A-166E-4BC6-8E0441BCD535B85D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FFD08-4F62-4507-9353FEE9EFCD511F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"WQijUkGBzyt9f9IzjN8fs","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/07-31/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1752supp","volume":68,"issue":"1752supp","issue_date":"1909-07-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B070D9D8-DFA9-4B00-9830311C5A635531.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AD60F51-3E62-48FA-946E8C13592A1E6B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ZFlrc1pLIAR8LpvCZHjdk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/07-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 5","volume":101,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1909-07-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4C178F9-92B9-41E9-96D992BF4B3F45B1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B7042A31-E48F-426E-98062047E6C74685_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"46VQBNCvxkK3sumSJTODkJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/07-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1751supp","volume":68,"issue":"1751supp","issue_date":"1909-07-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F7EE0F1B-6C26-4843-BAD4AF19104B4F5E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EA95CF3-62F3-4B31-B93249D4EC05A650_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6GocZB8MllL5ToIG92ZAiy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/07-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 4","volume":101,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1909-07-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59F69FC7-82A5-4853-AD681CFD8DB3AE63.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C00A9045-EA73-4118-93210FB7D302FB4B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"37TYI2T22UCjJGz8fWxwU7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/07-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1750supp","volume":68,"issue":"1750supp","issue_date":"1909-07-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3835045D-038A-454E-B62815806D0624F0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAC8F7D1-96BE-460C-9993E7A9B31A83EF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Kb65QjweZNTXrBlQSilKM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/07-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 3","volume":101,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1909-07-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B209792A-8735-45AA-A1EBD54917BA12BF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4362EE7-59CB-4499-94D41D7587F3FDCE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"IPG6W8SNkJxHSHEl5UZVO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/07-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1749supp","volume":68,"issue":"1749supp","issue_date":"1909-07-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FCBE874-EE60-46ED-A36036923731D3EE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D892A9FB-CF38-4121-BAD2D7EA69918D09_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"63h7tNV1HAL9PhPNnovCiD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/07-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 2","volume":101,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1909-07-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/323F69A4-C46C-48D5-80300EC99ACBFC86.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34054A89-61B8-4C03-8B51608244FD163D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4f8zc0k8Sazbnl7yESFin3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/07-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 68, Issue 1748supp","volume":68,"issue":"1748supp","issue_date":"1909-07-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4D38DF1-9A3A-45DC-B31B433549EFDF74.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3932D204-E3F9-4C3F-A1C4074707CC12A6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4OLH3q1bmJxwRg9QzG9TRx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/07-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 101, Issue 1","volume":101,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1909-07-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0014ACE-3EC3-4FE6-881466972D17DAE6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4925D91E-9C40-4F65-A17F5A6E3EA33EE4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"19NQZvQtKcRukvGt4mC2dR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/06-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1747supp","volume":67,"issue":"1747supp","issue_date":"1909-06-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63497A2D-C6A7-4002-AAF6FEE62928CEC9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5B80F29C-8C21-4645-95E6094C6F967EE8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2thumqQSPZc5o440EjW8XY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/06-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 26","volume":100,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1909-06-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CBB6B67-F144-444C-B29BB0046B9228D7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B44C078D-0D97-4D8E-A26B3F301707B3B6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"nCpssXfiMY72Xb7IG6pXz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/06-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1746supp","volume":67,"issue":"1746supp","issue_date":"1909-06-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9A99FC98-3452-4FE4-9DDDC9334D02BDB5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC94952B-4E4D-475B-978163405BC6B7FA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1fAfn0a4WCWZapq2ZFb8tT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/06-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 25","volume":100,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1909-06-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F89E61EE-C272-48D9-83B012E3384D149F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6B249717-6E60-4BA3-809179456AE7516D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2zI1C2LBJkS9oBNBl0Dtrs","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/06-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1745supp","volume":67,"issue":"1745supp","issue_date":"1909-06-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/520F6EA8-02B7-4AF3-B10B55E6A220C651.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/045833E6-EB8D-4D05-8DC060923245E78B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1onr1fgBWO6ciGsXnnYwjX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/06-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 24","volume":100,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1909-06-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C178DCF-BCA9-4D3A-B6DF2F22CFF33276.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D5B5265-614E-40CB-9165C3B4B095D2A3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7LmtrLUNomn8AfN2tVSC07","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/06-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1744supp","volume":67,"issue":"1744supp","issue_date":"1909-06-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FE53A883-2C23-428F-82E47ABA24D4E3EF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0747B21A-FB21-45F8-BB4B1A967A5CFB70_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1e03BIgQ3ZCiFKOR0GpNZH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/06-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 23","volume":100,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1909-06-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0DB802BF-A8EF-457F-9660681F4B247BAE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E384FF0F-C0F1-4B4E-8061822AC7E36BD6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1WNBfojO8KY2PyyjMOeFrC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/05-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1743supp","volume":67,"issue":"1743supp","issue_date":"1909-05-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDADDF49-94FC-4224-B76AEF2C8ABD05D8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF6CAC39-07F4-458B-92D1F06700FCA545_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6Ji3UgM4EGXR2IlUDVZajb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/05-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 22","volume":100,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1909-05-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2088120-4EF8-4C88-B99FC9FE1E4AA846.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D41C7BE8-C8C9-4318-BA283FE32A2805C2_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1mcpigR3rUxf77vRtodwXO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/05-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1742supp","volume":67,"issue":"1742supp","issue_date":"1909-05-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BC49D42-9F6E-4552-8158262B99A6A647.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B0802F4-D92C-4799-BE603F6E0F09969E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2DRQaqEZ1T1g6suBqxOAfa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/05-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 21","volume":100,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1909-05-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E4B617E-D9E2-4361-9A9AD7AD227A0403.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A7DB28C-ABFA-4F9F-97302942690FCB48_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3nhzpPWzW9XGx1E7yliYKU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/05-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1741supp","volume":67,"issue":"1741supp","issue_date":"1909-05-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A8E3034-B39F-4394-AF91D9FC1D8C5E8B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1561F8CE-D90E-49DA-B57DA2F955F4DED0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3gV4xMQ0jJtG9dJ61eJgAG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/05-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 20","volume":100,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1909-05-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/21E6B8EB-942B-4FCE-84B3BFFFEDBEC20B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D92091B-5EE8-4748-A290B70886483475_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"HFB5UpmITtnUVvro0SoSY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/05-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1740supp","volume":67,"issue":"1740supp","issue_date":"1909-05-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/75E9D3C1-DDD4-4238-9FFD175B8EC94526.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C7FD77AF-2C2E-435B-98B0B54FB63F8451_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5DjWOtcieqfLEX0yFrbQXj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/05-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 19","volume":100,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1909-05-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36DAAA5A-70B7-464D-8840E4D9C06C1E96.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D5FC422-A33E-4592-9BA23C275E0F9AB0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4OJahJbjikvGh7ElNVYwiN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/05-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1739supp","volume":67,"issue":"1739supp","issue_date":"1909-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4BE3A82C-A33E-41F3-A9FBE71D0F6B6539.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58606F8C-AAC2-42D2-B866C16F25D565AC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"37qIBRMnjchatv9n96l2ZB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 18","volume":100,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1909-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D852A651-CC5D-4847-A3D6076809F9ED5C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06CD8F1-8410-40B6-8C19F9DB6F4B7248_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5lTM7O72sS4mnUTrMqJUjk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/04-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1738supp","volume":67,"issue":"1738supp","issue_date":"1909-04-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD0AA4DA-91EA-4484-9A5D582A9DBA3230.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B5620DD5-B216-4318-8C203B46E9042C36_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"EV9tRBd59kczNjVTlxMcS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/04-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 17","volume":100,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1909-04-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/795472B7-03A2-43AE-9BDBD2B2DFB1810F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/710478A5-78FD-47C0-A8DD0B110A424C60_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3KROg11SC6QuAb905nYnND","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/04-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1737supp","volume":67,"issue":"1737supp","issue_date":"1909-04-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C8244A7-6E3F-4797-9416FCCD0C2004E4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/081C4A7B-C55E-4CFA-A49C53F79795D44C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3pjMXiTjW3Jkd3ihWH2Ryk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/04-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 16","volume":100,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1909-04-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5383B25D-4996-40D9-83EC01CC07C267E9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA37970F-75D6-4120-8236DFAA4591D69C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"lrMc9XntPOEDjPFESPLHy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/04-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1736supp","volume":67,"issue":"1736supp","issue_date":"1909-04-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD479693-82D5-4223-998A681EE13ED1B2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B55C54E-55BA-4C92-887DA4448C9511F4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6cQMwHz1kl8xyy2BO2rqlB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/04-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 15","volume":100,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1909-04-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38781DC2-B7E4-474C-9DE85A9B3B13D304.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00A84450-20F2-434B-87F1BE9A980F35D8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Utx5qI99IDe6YlZ18V2nN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/04-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1735supp","volume":67,"issue":"1735supp","issue_date":"1909-04-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/93802CDB-0765-45BC-9386B218C49D0C3A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C26E3D6-1F1D-45B0-BACE05FED0833611_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"16KBHCDLRk42QrMiIW2Id7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/04-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 14","volume":100,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1909-04-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D1DB2AFE-2B31-4190-9098EB14DCAADF12.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6526CEA7-660F-4E47-A1217A79372C53DA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6xcjZOXfsBUbSeDA558w9J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/03-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1734supp","volume":67,"issue":"1734supp","issue_date":"1909-03-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/852C6B13-AA22-4571-BBED87E621C71FF0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/668B640B-8776-4F5D-9998AF89BC3D21B0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"rZACBztDODDFvodf9ctIv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/03-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 13","volume":100,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1909-03-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA086826-97E4-4013-A9C9289911B07326.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92F361DF-89D8-4F2B-A9A9080AE0A7D128_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5lIq17EXnKTvlupMkQb4ok","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/03-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1733supp","volume":67,"issue":"1733supp","issue_date":"1909-03-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/45003A64-0173-4980-8322443FEA03B54E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3842CCE3-DF50-4ED1-820D9287DD818D66_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ecFf6VdQ8y5wEKfPtxZQB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/03-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 12","volume":100,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1909-03-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB540219-5F46-4197-9851DAFF2C104A04.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A51D96E4-8D7A-46C8-BD290708A8FCD73B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"390QBUS3Cy9TeFouSTfONA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/03-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1732supp","volume":67,"issue":"1732supp","issue_date":"1909-03-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2BAB9C04-CB5F-4B0B-AE37CC4919274474.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA063B34-D840-41FF-8CF50EE490E0DF20_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"75pGyws5XowetqS3lddplR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/03-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 11","volume":100,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1909-03-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/556CFCF1-64D4-47C2-82DECC723372D9DA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04237518-0F15-489C-A66250DC988E80AB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6HK98mYPPAVejzBpjupcoF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/03-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1731supp","volume":67,"issue":"1731supp","issue_date":"1909-03-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4C225869-49C2-42AD-96383D767C4E44F3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2D922848-AC95-4183-AEBC5AD378E2C5DD_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2JXbL15HJyYhmHnvgPWy8K","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/03-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 10","volume":100,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1909-03-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F8217317-8353-4599-871B79248C4764E4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F80221-C4E9-465C-AD3059768A2714F9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ulVb7qmoRSTclEMYmO6AD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/02-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1730supp","volume":67,"issue":"1730supp","issue_date":"1909-02-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E493C72-B676-4863-9760FFF28A709C09.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4C73508-BB49-4FB0-96B4EDEB41FEABA6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4RzNQkUmKM2asgkeiyd5K3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/02-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 9","volume":100,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1909-02-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AB14BF31-80BD-4803-BB0C6C195C2A03D6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/31A0709C-945B-4D9C-8A654B4F136B7E45_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3BBvVY8jgtOvA7bJ5AvgZJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/02-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1729supp","volume":67,"issue":"1729supp","issue_date":"1909-02-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4CEA461F-BEC4-463A-98606240E36218A2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9D288171-4285-4570-B5D0BA5F62F078BC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"74hgRvmAEAx6EMdb1MuHhD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/02-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 8","volume":100,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1909-02-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3C90A96D-556D-44BD-932D4C365FE250F2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/112DCE3E-C9E1-4706-AC246F7DE7D71BFF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3VvvgWaXQS9ISsznrJsUqx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/02-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1728supp","volume":67,"issue":"1728supp","issue_date":"1909-02-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9B4E9C58-2A61-41B9-A0DCE80DB51E7535.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99F623DB-EE92-422A-9116F553614BB0A1_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6dMvhGUuEZP4pILyFyDID","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/02-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 7","volume":100,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1909-02-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08D91DB2-F525-48D3-B4AB77D8CAB8D228.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9675B629-38A0-4C56-A88889DF25335CD9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ZQAF378L3vQGZ2qvFH0rl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/02-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1727supp","volume":67,"issue":"1727supp","issue_date":"1909-02-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/39D0D8D6-8D27-460A-8028E3391D92F2F6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/87EBF49F-FC7F-4BF3-A3EA178CF309DE83_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4xK7tF2ZfPFTLztAt467YP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/02-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 6","volume":100,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1909-02-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/00F5B895-3791-4B7E-8B3CCC87F4689CAC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C35980B7-22AB-4C6B-827762D4F1BA0A2A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ivOw44Yi3MZ3jvi4xcAPc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/01-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1726supp","volume":67,"issue":"1726supp","issue_date":"1909-01-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A6D45FDF-9A77-4AB3-AFB17AD1257352A0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D40478D0-8072-4D7E-95AEE98D2586DEFE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3oGjjEtupeUTlT5wMjbV0w","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/01-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 5","volume":100,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1909-01-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/422ADDAC-DBFC-45D0-99D53289789CD53A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77694BDF-E115-4ED2-BBDBF6D6572CE213_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3VHFyZsr3wnyQLdsnwN2D8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/01-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1725supp","volume":67,"issue":"1725supp","issue_date":"1909-01-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/553BCEA0-9C5C-45B7-BCE976DB3B6CE849.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBF04C49-C438-4F86-BA7A7BD2523DDAD4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"52L5qVD9HwXB8OLsXqHMvZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/01-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 4","volume":100,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1909-01-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/76FB7FB4-A071-4F2A-86CABD8F22EF05E1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA6BFCC9-5442-41FB-89B51B9810974F37_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4PfsZLzr0RTXDC5kzzywtc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/01-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1724supp","volume":67,"issue":"1724supp","issue_date":"1909-01-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/137F77B8-C78F-441C-B2F2FAFD51166017.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0F79CA93-386F-4743-BF55A506CF661C73_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"310XWMQYzN59G6DGMcWOxL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/01-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 3","volume":100,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1909-01-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1D81A6F-03C6-4B28-B05D3CE69AC62ADF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/169F97F2-EEBA-42A3-A34D506591F17C0A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6PSJZwgdWMUaj8tfBS6aiu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/01-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1723supp","volume":67,"issue":"1723supp","issue_date":"1909-01-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E0AB76C-1332-411C-A099B00E9D33E646.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A0B69B15-0A6D-4B43-975CD4F7154A6401_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"yozIy6U5lY1RWjA762m0x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/01-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 2","volume":100,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1909-01-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7FC6C3F-14E1-4960-8734970878200FC2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E3925564-C681-449F-A4CDA745F52490F3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4S9hoHrfGtp0DYvUifQvjg","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1909/01-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 67, Issue 1722supp","volume":67,"issue":"1722supp","issue_date":"1909-01-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B21787F5-FDB1-4176-B6342444BCA8A039.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E938F5AA-29B1-4B74-964E0B1E2C3D2F1E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"23F0XM7UoSrqxWek1kiRmU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1909/01-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 100, Issue 1","volume":100,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1909-01-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C12F3E16-876E-4FAB-BA6021596F1BDD8F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6295C044-BB6A-4A4E-BF785F5D70FE7A18_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2F6dpr884NedUPODEE04Wa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/12-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 26","volume":99,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1908-12-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D16A17A-209C-450B-95391CEEB6499925.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8C5D623C-B9FE-43FB-8950B5D2D89A22A7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Ku84G5aGCNfOX4YPdh8nV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/12-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1720supp","volume":66,"issue":"1720supp","issue_date":"1908-12-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4566C5A9-7F93-4669-AAF79E159911B672.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CB36981-1361-47CD-826E895850A7DC16_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"wAeOkvpDX3WgXKQ6D4WdL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/12-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 25","volume":99,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1908-12-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C3FA8D3-B3B0-4368-A7AE94551B1E0CD5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80F7BB7E-E746-408B-9577340484213F8F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3vz5lOqavoJ22BhiWAycYk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/12-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1719supp","volume":66,"issue":"1719supp","issue_date":"1908-12-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AA9E04A-D4C8-47DA-AE7D877679018F34.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4F3135A-AECC-4625-B5DE13F171870D4C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"76TMlQc8GSdhvt4NbgndtJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/12-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 24","volume":99,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1908-12-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE43C38B-B1AF-4C27-9DAB1438A479CA38.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A2783A0-70DE-45BB-B7B3F3176DA31337_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1nTEO7QvemxldfwU8KeWdN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/12-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1718supp","volume":66,"issue":"1718supp","issue_date":"1908-12-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA18C68C-404E-4863-8685D602B8782345.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E386E850-03F7-486B-9723DF4F076C1B91_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3O55oBvKIXjzP2W3knfwwg","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/12-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 23","volume":99,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1908-12-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/021B3150-B7AE-4ED7-AC931FBE8AC00078.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6A6B65D5-3946-47F8-8A87CCF00C6DED72_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2gAJc3KnFD4YpRj1vdiVu2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/11-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1717supp","volume":66,"issue":"1717supp","issue_date":"1908-11-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C60251E-B5B7-4DCE-9EDA601196BBF53C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D225273-8928-4811-AEE3E5BD439C70D2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1DcqtILIgSABTsYs5i1P8j","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/11-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 22","volume":99,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1908-11-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4E3106AD-3172-453A-93BD2E65AD6CDDEA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D3655EA-5716-4F39-8C1E03F4E677B8DA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3JK2aKGqsl2v582huDmYFO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/11-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1716supp","volume":66,"issue":"1716supp","issue_date":"1908-11-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/636C04DD-9D57-4B74-8A037FA86CD6D6BB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/932DE883-9A26-4508-8DA3E5B76030E391_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4vO9mLQYIkGzIdUZVC9fqo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/11-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 21","volume":99,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1908-11-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D23FCD6-3E51-4A27-9892D582CCB8F7C9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/43441AF5-3161-4DD8-87A1481AD029D997_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2aQIouNMSBP9o7jnJIe5v9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/11-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1715supp","volume":66,"issue":"1715supp","issue_date":"1908-11-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/141F2BF2-5FF5-4338-AAED43A6255891BF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C9CE79E9-73C7-4819-BB950CBBBAB778D3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"50t4IL9IGS1qPypVF6bQ47","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/11-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 20","volume":99,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1908-11-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0E3DF842-0505-4902-87A61C6FA90AACC0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D222023-9D13-4D70-A97ED4B135C84C9A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3hl1CXMpqZrcdF9ZglffYQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/11-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1714supp","volume":66,"issue":"1714supp","issue_date":"1908-11-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/652CC84D-D8D6-4DF4-AC778EBA23364856.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB1933BB-A460-427A-919DDDE7B644A486_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"JOZoD89GOhwhbKBnMmG2r","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/11-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 19","volume":99,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1908-11-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5494E15E-8723-45D2-8B471C068DC59C48.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/33313C4E-3C4D-4990-B8A9A18108973AC8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3aNhpR9nItSfS4Gu2v6ySx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/10-31/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1713supp","volume":66,"issue":"1713supp","issue_date":"1908-10-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BDEA0DCC-9702-405D-83BC501ACA16881E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6C227BFB-410B-4E2D-BBB8E6CAFD6B0625_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"115W53sZpa9GMoTOAkV3hB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/10-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 18","volume":99,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1908-10-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/24BB6587-ECFC-49FD-A23570386750CBA0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E240915-ED0B-4019-B8B19F3D404A1B28_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Qb2TLQjT0JR6QBrtUizcZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/10-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1712supp","volume":66,"issue":"1712supp","issue_date":"1908-10-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF99615C-F47B-44EE-B3C163FD7A886960.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A56A1214-29E6-4225-89F4FAFA930E902C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"40ei0BPJXiyT4PXseArVt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/10-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 17","volume":99,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1908-10-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/36D112C1-2B58-4F6B-A5A8BF45A35208E9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1BF20C6E-FBCA-433F-B6C455BAAA245F71_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6P6QGrlgUqgBDcOLzjAOy9","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/10-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1711supp","volume":66,"issue":"1711supp","issue_date":"1908-10-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5911AFBD-0329-467B-A7A2C360D7D21852.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9ABDA06A-9F0D-41C6-8582E1611A58F2B3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5O6CJfXC62NjzkBBkr4Dya","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/10-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 16","volume":99,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1908-10-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AED0A8A-588E-4275-8467EDD28186F1E3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2ABB6A9B-A707-42C3-BD80C65C4254C7FA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Zv9bHcAgYe4U9FJs2GxHZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/10-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1710supp","volume":66,"issue":"1710supp","issue_date":"1908-10-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/82321546-C71A-4E57-B83AE38F6F9BBE2E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04B3631C-347D-4FC4-B7E8D276C6E04B5E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6iuWuPa3IUPT5Ulj8jffKV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/10-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 15","volume":99,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1908-10-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E8F337F4-1FBA-4DF1-8A7146EDD2D87DCD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A1851B48-C899-4DCB-8D9FA0259F1A26FE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Qq5h1sjKc5VqDTHwCiXvP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/10-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1709supp","volume":66,"issue":"1709supp","issue_date":"1908-10-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67F39FC2-7DF9-4040-A2662355E31FB4A0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/044AE6C7-262E-46FF-B5744D7B627B0B7E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"52zxPMPkDsH319PW6CVA8J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/10-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 14","volume":99,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1908-10-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D20B3389-C8E4-446E-B15E5025FD3192B6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40BFFDE0-EB75-4003-BD48BC5CE4F6F5D8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7jK9uK1afsnMAwTxF5U76s","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/09-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1708supp","volume":66,"issue":"1708supp","issue_date":"1908-09-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/85C60EFA-1F7C-4CAB-8477CBACD88849F5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5A26FBD-9AD0-42A0-8D08493164053D2C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4cCELsyTov0ke6NAGV9SXP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/09-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 13","volume":99,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1908-09-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECEB54E8-30D9-4111-A0A5E916ACA9C8BE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/751A7A26-BE12-4C65-ADD8D9CBF7792CAA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5ilO9kp1Qd9p4teeh3825O","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/09-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1707supp","volume":66,"issue":"1707supp","issue_date":"1908-09-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C33A10E-DE19-4BF3-B5345AD24DE9B166.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B3E44B3-6CB4-4C0D-A844FA7AA410AC24_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"38ebcI4SQHYR47xxJg1Fic","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/09-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 12","volume":99,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1908-09-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/07BFBC48-036A-470A-9095BC83787706F2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8ED496BC-E46D-44CA-A07D0C2768BEE2D7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3spvwiytj59DPqr9nwC0W6","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/09-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1706supp","volume":66,"issue":"1706supp","issue_date":"1908-09-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A06FAA5E-12EB-4C0F-BD13FCD8FC45CC73.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF103592-7FB1-4068-8FF543EEA7A5322A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4SqkTFe3kuXWgsYutPIZUb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/09-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 11","volume":99,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1908-09-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20E20525-45BE-4258-8ADB6CC66A1508E1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB574AA2-6C3E-4314-B72E2C355DFDECB2_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"744ja0FA3keM6AQMw86DPL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/09-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1705supp","volume":66,"issue":"1705supp","issue_date":"1908-09-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5F18DBA-56D2-45E5-A1BB9736D30665EA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B1BC005-9834-4190-B21CC4BAF67C86C7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6v5DA0e0daKGYayJIc7n6M","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/09-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 10","volume":99,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1908-09-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/51B43EF1-603A-4307-943A76C6A2C9D185.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7617CF8D-E802-4E21-91B6591CB9B1CFFF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3W6gfq0W8TWFGHhSR0fkSt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/08-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1704supp","volume":66,"issue":"1704supp","issue_date":"1908-08-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5218D35E-5933-4570-91AAAB0C1C82D531.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C2E3877-B8B2-4E58-A571D8794214D44C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3LNwxiVHNZ4BsYW6Jf56Kp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/08-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 9","volume":99,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1908-08-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7979A197-5D56-4949-ACD043EE57D76D1D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A4FE6E8-498F-4DB6-BAA28BDC2052E0BF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4JZd6CFiFBxZkXb5qUiiFU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/08-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1703supp","volume":66,"issue":"1703supp","issue_date":"1908-08-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3D1AAEB5-20CD-4FE3-8B4E773D409EEB30.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7938110F-DE58-48EF-AA2DD0E690CDBDDB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2h1icMwIqElptJnLBSzWGy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/08-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 8","volume":99,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1908-08-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8796EB90-CFE4-4277-B79EC8C40D3346CC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0D86E1D6-4DF1-44DD-8141176010FFAE91_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"boFE2g7Qu7Li6T5zy9rZ2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/08-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1702supp","volume":66,"issue":"1702supp","issue_date":"1908-08-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/638B7275-DDCB-4EE8-8A393B5B61CC4E56.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2946CEFD-9DC8-4B69-872FF41A313B25B3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6fQEomIMwREFkOOBlUb21L","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/08-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 7","volume":99,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1908-08-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8CADE80-44E2-4FFA-8FB08146BBEBC034.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D17C680C-5DB2-44DD-85C551F39445C822_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4oUIeZpf8m4Mq08kJUVq5E","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/08-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1701supp","volume":66,"issue":"1701supp","issue_date":"1908-08-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAB2C18B-30F9-4FEE-BB52DC6DE9DBB9A2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/382AB414-E213-4795-8E21B9E0D0A3A1F5_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"9iKgETpDOSvETSp83NB09","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/08-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 6","volume":99,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1908-08-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8811D2AD-3C8C-419C-AC00B6FAB6664D29.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/914D14DD-C2CF-4BAC-A1CFA62A18DC6AFD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4VFBCpm1yXU8zGUCpYySQY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/08-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1700supp","volume":66,"issue":"1700supp","issue_date":"1908-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B1662BB4-8047-4B03-B5365C5D10F3377A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60133BB6-97F4-42B3-AF2DEA37F29A41C9_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2w6OEnOM5ltPZSL2sTY97z","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 5","volume":99,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1908-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA979A06-0C04-47D6-9DA7B4931E33461B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/891A4C46-5AB5-4287-AA82BBFBCDDC213A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"241uCRtnZPFjkvXUS1IzDN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/07-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1699supp","volume":66,"issue":"1699supp","issue_date":"1908-07-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B774E96C-5FFC-4D74-88E01FC0843372FB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1F5E111C-A230-40D0-AD1B4A02E27B9615_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Y7XOdvIs139lu5VZfpxG0","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/07-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 4","volume":99,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1908-07-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8EE6D2B-CE0A-461E-86F2E444DACD156E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547FFE63-4EC7-4334-8E95E41817989915_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4MaEAcDjA1Abcm45zUWBqQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/07-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1698supp","volume":66,"issue":"1698supp","issue_date":"1908-07-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/99D9076E-9F6D-4CB6-B64886C6578DE43B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2E54EFDD-A152-474A-B156397016D945FF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4ZaMSLtTVQ7GWXbf3K93wA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/07-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 3","volume":99,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1908-07-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/70B242A4-2A7B-43CA-8AA9D641E5AA6C3F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3368CE2F-2AA6-4DFC-B8FDFB07EF6ED1B7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"50XctYeXFi4F11iHJ7RWX2","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/07-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1697supp","volume":66,"issue":"1697supp","issue_date":"1908-07-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/98D6A8AA-7660-43E7-AD87BC8365FBD2BD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D121E70F-D646-4500-8ADE5C6E56E55DAA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1CPcnbuw9ash6yHMUXtyhK","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/07-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 2","volume":99,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1908-07-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3C8D68BB-70D4-4457-BE7744EA5F31D070.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A9E2F17-4C69-4527-8FD935C4EF6CA1E1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1nLpLRERD0d0MRK5U4bpPt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/07-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 66, Issue 1696supp","volume":66,"issue":"1696supp","issue_date":"1908-07-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/624B770C-D321-4BF0-856AD3999B6092B3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4A4DD35-F39D-40BF-8400F517BAFB08DE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"16nbcRuLgerMtJ0eiHdcnC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/07-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 99, Issue 1","volume":99,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1908-07-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1672B4FD-5976-480B-9D6D2B880325812E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED859637-2054-4FBC-9EF3A5E2DC895055_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"575UBpBIAEeJ77ns6F5bG6","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/06-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1695supp","volume":65,"issue":"1695supp","issue_date":"1908-06-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/42048952-8AA3-4C78-85DD1351360A3480.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F092AF36-524C-41DA-A488ADF6DA48A978_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Jz4hDY5uAsHK9vmcSrQDi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/06-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 26","volume":98,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1908-06-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/076730FA-CE83-4445-BD85CC0DC3D6D5A5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/138C50F0-54CD-49B0-A2F468A4CBC25D85_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"78AAKjsEJQKqPxPXIZerQa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/06-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1694supp","volume":65,"issue":"1694supp","issue_date":"1908-06-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDD2E8DD-5D8A-4D22-82ED8C94D1ABD7B1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C632A2E-036A-4625-BC92BCB77327F4CF_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"42z1zRhFHWb2ddFNzP0qZx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/06-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 25","volume":98,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1908-06-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44654116-9257-4852-8D7D233806FDD821.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0746F704-EE16-4006-A49B7F6A22D443CB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7j1GSRQ1LVdYcNjtiTquS7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/06-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1693supp","volume":65,"issue":"1693supp","issue_date":"1908-06-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/62554382-0485-4B71-A28F660FC4B548D8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/23734138-94EC-42AE-961586A4974DCDDE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Mxahm9krkqj7K4SOA9PbZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/06-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 24","volume":98,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1908-06-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F8486F3-5547-4031-9BE65E2CEBEDF674.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4206770E-33D2-4DE9-B6A15B66E617F74D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4qDYv8HLoq5qY2wCnz2CEs","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/06-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1692supp","volume":65,"issue":"1692supp","issue_date":"1908-06-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A4A60BC-C643-4203-B7109E8D1F545AEB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AC522867-1776-4A14-8001399B6FDF8556_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7cHXfWuHhSVJJ2zHg7t57h","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/06-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 23","volume":98,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1908-06-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC3FF80D-E912-489C-AC35EDC21C3A96F8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/35351425-DDED-4D1B-A1B8B32E44328B65_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"45ZoUD7ZuxWApkp7Gj3DHp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/05-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1691supp","volume":65,"issue":"1691supp","issue_date":"1908-05-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/004A0F08-90CB-4754-99121A1BAC654F1B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/495E4F0B-BDFE-46D1-BCE63AB9C9D77A12_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"GFBL2TpSMo74NPOAsywst","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/05-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 22","volume":98,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1908-05-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B54415-715F-4113-806A441502CC8589.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE6FEFBF-6A07-417A-9EF9CE2D46A9466B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3idFAuQPugk04oqiS547Ju","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/05-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1690supp","volume":65,"issue":"1690supp","issue_date":"1908-05-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A52ADD36-CF47-46CC-A6A879D8AC39FA5B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D10DEBDC-B9FC-4FBF-829D617311C5A0EA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4KfFPf4PEbY2WKYhSzqg1S","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/05-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 21","volume":98,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1908-05-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E2A191B8-0619-4524-B282607652C5E6ED.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EF354D37-71FC-448D-8FE01B14DC0F6518_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"51MnsB4RC5I2cKxrLfD6tx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/05-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1689supp","volume":65,"issue":"1689supp","issue_date":"1908-05-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/566E4BAE-AE70-43ED-A81AF38943AE1D0C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A11D3A41-129F-4EB0-838CF58F02654BC4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3FpfeNKBGmwV4SRdIWnJIR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/05-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 20","volume":98,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1908-05-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBA27767-FA21-4E4B-BA23CA08F932E780.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A77A8A6-0EFE-4A75-89C152B02DA66814_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"14sqIBY8QDNjCr9gYBTWKE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/05-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1688supp","volume":65,"issue":"1688supp","issue_date":"1908-05-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/979A6262-FB7F-488E-A548F2BB1AD3AEC9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8E81AC9A-BAE7-4688-AF438F4ABFA58139_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4iSi1Ur4feqWIJJQhI4sIF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/05-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 19","volume":98,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1908-05-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F28EBECD-413B-42D2-BEAE9223B5DF019F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/631A9CB0-056A-4EC5-9769300586D82470_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"28bngNis6TE6PSO11PWndV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/05-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1687supp","volume":65,"issue":"1687supp","issue_date":"1908-05-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0631EFCD-8978-45DE-B60304DDBC4BB0F1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE049B-BD9C-41A8-82F651ABDFCDC2FB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4yko9bL9BMGxGazINVF0sk","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/05-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 18","volume":98,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1908-05-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/05B12918-3055-43E1-BF2EB429F49CB8E7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE22CC82-E627-49E0-9C75488154A11FEE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4TUbCXI6r7J7BJVTM16nno","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/04-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1686supp","volume":65,"issue":"1686supp","issue_date":"1908-04-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8D7CA9AF-202B-4F62-BEDB2F764615C682.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B67FF2B0-5EE7-4599-A73A3BBF781EE648_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4bzydh7qVb6kLfuCcn5Zdu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/04-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 17","volume":98,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1908-04-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECF22C70-B358-457F-895C1A23CF91E656.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA603AB5-B526-4922-A2AC1011BB5851A1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"OsL18IUR8fDqYAsyciPMu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/04-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1685supp","volume":65,"issue":"1685supp","issue_date":"1908-04-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB0E0E89-34EE-44DC-A20EA2F94EACAFCB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B70CA1C8-946B-45F4-8DF4FA2AC98D0BAA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"78CEAiFyERipEzQg2fEnPA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/04-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 16","volume":98,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1908-04-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/005CC113-44DD-4F66-AA5D34A66EB47278.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B2046D9E-ED00-4348-8D726FD8D867FFAF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5S4X9WIHLX2bluiLGBmo2o","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/04-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1684supp","volume":65,"issue":"1684supp","issue_date":"1908-04-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C593A4F-BC79-43CF-9701D1221B3F78FA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B07D07F7-E789-47F2-A20731E203716DFB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4oPZvsc4Z0emMq35GMEODu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/04-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 15","volume":98,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1908-04-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/659C2D4F-B193-44ED-80AC877B8E4C7E0A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC4F3E89-BC26-4233-B563E30F92DFF4F7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"37MjpvFvOAlTvtsD1goEyQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/04-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1683supp","volume":65,"issue":"1683supp","issue_date":"1908-04-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4EF9BAF-1616-44CE-9B10C653240C4862.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4AD5FFB-3FC8-4359-B691F0F511E1E711_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5mlLemmbkrIWQsKxFqLYAE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/04-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 14","volume":98,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1908-04-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0BC4FEB3-ECAA-4DB7-9438681DA21E2491.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D97A4CED-3570-4994-82162A55D268533C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"70RI7bhJ9CrESauWMel6UX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/03-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1682supp","volume":65,"issue":"1682supp","issue_date":"1908-03-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/447E21E7-5E10-4D34-9C85901F8287E285.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B4B3DA55-32DE-4F0D-A0439F48048D4686_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"DX7vg4IPJAyQvXOcDy5ft","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/03-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 13","volume":98,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1908-03-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/81955C5E-C38A-4651-A7F3B016050680EC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A605569-450C-4575-A55FC294693C175E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3ndYSppmYr33aHHDw1Isgq","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/03-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1681supp","volume":65,"issue":"1681supp","issue_date":"1908-03-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/64CFB348-8314-4D67-B7ECA487FC1E7CD8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1FB0BEDD-8C5E-4C38-853C0906C2164B43_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4inQrEJ6lumsGP9lYqNP4Q","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/03-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 12","volume":98,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1908-03-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/881C9A66-26E4-4E2F-B353A6AF355FE9E1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B6A6DA8-DB9B-40D7-AEB2AD23DA7DA7F7_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Vm9SLUVmBVI98lBDm6gZX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/03-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1680supp","volume":65,"issue":"1680supp","issue_date":"1908-03-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A070AFB-BEE0-4B87-BCD857676B3EDE23.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D4BFEF6C-1CD7-4C7B-BD126969CA957D0E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"17m2S9qZgCoYY1BHHZb3CV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/03-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 11","volume":98,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1908-03-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EA77996C-1012-49ED-858788D3D4ECF7A5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1819E709-4129-445D-A4E499602058CD06_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6fvJGwKDO3b6oX5QYmn2lc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/03-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1679supp","volume":65,"issue":"1679supp","issue_date":"1908-03-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94CA2607-1733-42F6-9DC148F276905E9C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FA91CF64-145A-412C-922B2E4E9EC1E823_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"H8l2jmSdNOdTnCjCrAZOG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/03-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 10","volume":98,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1908-03-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38FBDFEB-47B2-4D8A-AF9A4BFEAD0EEDF7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/127F7470-914F-4D3C-96656BD901ECB795_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1yMlGTUKleI4iDmbbYY1PY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/02-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1678supp","volume":65,"issue":"1678supp","issue_date":"1908-02-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2159B7C6-4510-4B61-8BB99C7C1768AAE5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/88D94D7F-1948-45E5-BAFFACB7E8301ED0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7czfumeAiEEm3n8NkpaEbV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/02-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 9","volume":98,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1908-02-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DB654822-DAC8-4552-9198AA752CACA307.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D774967-FEB2-4069-AA037B0068BB7052_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"d43pFHl4TojHOqeGrp8jM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/02-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1677supp","volume":65,"issue":"1677supp","issue_date":"1908-02-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4198AC26-9482-413A-B3446240F1734878.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/502B212E-2563-45DC-80828C8164AEFC4A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2WpjrS4YsSB14nYyN6ZcNa","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/02-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 8","volume":98,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1908-02-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC795B08-61D2-4413-868EA785D71F205D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0B486BB1-CC77-44E5-909F780D8A6C9634_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2POhxijKJ8M1Wac0GPIyk1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/02-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1676supp","volume":65,"issue":"1676supp","issue_date":"1908-02-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/625CD339-F809-4972-92538CDD537AD0B5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFB6993A-EE40-4FD9-A707981A20C93681_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6eygidosUET6r4RsPkle2W","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/02-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 7","volume":98,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1908-02-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/64A93B17-659F-4998-9FEC39021912AF5C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FFCC5E2C-843D-4FE4-8EB416A9861F2E02_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Eal2kOASwXg3w83SrKkEL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/02-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1675supp","volume":65,"issue":"1675supp","issue_date":"1908-02-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/040EAE37-8DA1-4B64-B63894EEEC8E2689.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E5AFD459-3954-487C-877BA3AD2000BCE6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2mM9UBDsZ1H5OeBZwl6vFG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/02-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 6","volume":98,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1908-02-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8AF425C2-F40A-4783-B53C575668CF1143.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/73EA992C-73B9-40A8-BB1802890346E02B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4H26Tkme3oVuuZ0NRSpY6p","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/02-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1674supp","volume":65,"issue":"1674supp","issue_date":"1908-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/05BC0FB2-D5D6-42F7-B6266998BCD01964.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E12D9228-3439-4309-89C2E8A94248442C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3hPQ0A6nxoKCyU5OXi2E8B","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 5","volume":98,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1908-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/65FB9C1C-560B-4B23-84B56028C7B1B1BD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28514216-2620-48C6-87B75445319A62BF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Jm2NUi11fPiLIbokXZFKL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/01-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1673supp","volume":65,"issue":"1673supp","issue_date":"1908-01-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D3FF2546-E222-45A7-88E974264E99D284.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/20674348-A424-47AA-A8B8C2953BA1E572_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"htANYEagl6enVSHDXI7OS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/01-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 4","volume":98,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1908-01-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E889E8D4-B7ED-4BB4-A19398B0000D4F0E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/859F4E73-3C6E-42A5-82A823628C744BBE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4xH9IZn3HPzfbY6gbEaZZm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/01-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1672supp","volume":65,"issue":"1672supp","issue_date":"1908-01-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/904AF295-C756-4BFD-87503F286854C3CC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7FC4BCA-6D42-489E-A8E7974D722F2AA5_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4CHYOo63LvtSwRPpCKUGpL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/01-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 3","volume":98,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1908-01-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5849D81E-C0D9-44D3-A2051193B3AD309A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9831731A-2DE9-432E-8316EC61E5D4C302_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6evgEj0nWd9KdU6tF68mnl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/01-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1671supp","volume":65,"issue":"1671supp","issue_date":"1908-01-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA6ED2AB-F90C-4E16-98596B4158EF4915.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B14C1DC-25CF-46A6-B4B2589379CF07FE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1G3AAoia1LWwBIqbY80DWC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/01-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 2","volume":98,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1908-01-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F221B334-E7FF-4A72-87B023B085ED0BF4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/456144A9-2AC5-489D-9A8C2E72382BE5BB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4oV4wJMDpatpfPmn9lyZYn","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1908/01-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 65, Issue 1670supp","volume":65,"issue":"1670supp","issue_date":"1908-01-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2CF99BA-4E6A-4359-857EBCE7BFF0B13E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA1ECAC0-09BC-4825-A74FE3E9430741F3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Jdgdl7QoqW6vFbX0cEooc","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1908/01-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 98, Issue 1","volume":98,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1908-01-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EAD3146A-8DEB-416A-8BF878275529D896.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38694DA6-EBAF-4F5D-A8642AD57B383EB4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4EBsGKP3IOxm3GL1pEPEX8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/12-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 26","volume":97,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1907-12-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AE45C37-C9FC-4517-AD9CBE0BB8821F0A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16F48F26-32CF-4F1D-9D8CC2143808E64F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6g854xBBdK81XBFcGBLOc3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/12-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1668supp","volume":64,"issue":"1668supp","issue_date":"1907-12-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/535C940B-1C3D-4AA0-8B07DFEE5CE1E58A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F6A4E7FF-153D-4086-B1C9ED8DBA71CDB6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3WW1OleKdk8fr6xEdrxZxl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/12-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 25","volume":97,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1907-12-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC02B6A2-3D98-4564-84AAB2DA7BE561F1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/59D5A4F9-6958-47D5-8FA2560E47E9E537_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"320tAHiN9W13StShVOT3Sp","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/12-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1667supp","volume":64,"issue":"1667supp","issue_date":"1907-12-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D9AC588A-5066-4C78-BB469004D039FDE5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBB29507-5396-4F9C-97948D7E8208E335_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4sOV6grp54zGlGsowi00FN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/12-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 24","volume":97,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1907-12-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94B3311E-C55F-445C-AFAB5EDF03782572.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBC82DCC-3B16-416D-AD893D46E8D79E31_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5eEmvogsrIwGtEQPF5OETd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/12-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1666supp","volume":64,"issue":"1666supp","issue_date":"1907-12-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAFAA9B2-B2B6-470E-9E26606A9EFC209A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022AB50F-B050-4BF6-BE06E651FBF3751E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ECvmkH8KnwS98Hr1H6ZXJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/12-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 23","volume":97,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1907-12-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA8A254B-BCE1-4CE0-9DE4D45B4A9D7B54.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AF0E5F4A-9DD7-4701-9A13DAC8D8B3D91A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2slsQzS2TuUbkIMtVuUte4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/11-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1665supp","volume":64,"issue":"1665supp","issue_date":"1907-11-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CC99634C-2755-45BB-892CDE43972DEF9A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/10475F2B-C333-4EBD-8E0DCB73A22AD44E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4fhYDL99uYkXGSyfz3w8NY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/11-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 22","volume":97,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1907-11-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E99A85FD-FE56-4B83-9FBD1B86DED35378.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ADBB4866-C9E6-4090-854E99A2CBD6E3D8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2ZDnfGCwFQU979HH56dgKi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/11-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1664supp","volume":64,"issue":"1664supp","issue_date":"1907-11-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3015AB45-FAE8-4320-A2EB940A850774F4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA3FA0AC-BB49-46EA-82B42E396C590BED_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"74l8nAhMyJL7Ggh3HrpHow","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/11-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 21","volume":97,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1907-11-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/451C3499-2B92-4D8B-8F7175D028FFD620.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CAEE8AD7-9001-401C-AAA2EB8737F1D747_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5OfYQL4xJ1fzpX3gq8Hazv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/11-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1663supp","volume":64,"issue":"1663supp","issue_date":"1907-11-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3A45F24-EF27-48D3-B68C519DF5FE4D01.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DBE1FF7-02EE-42A1-A22C44450B683807_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"75cQ8eIjyZ9TgygS1QO5GV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/11-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 20","volume":97,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1907-11-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F9A431D2-80F3-4E80-8879130998E91F74.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F4D2082-D663-4807-B13CCD77B2D69A13_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3Ld0nHwoAQo3Ol0H49DcUy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/11-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1662supp","volume":64,"issue":"1662supp","issue_date":"1907-11-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/399A24AD-526A-4B43-B2C5187CB612DEA5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDF41491-5153-4F15-8172BA89DA709B6E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1lo4y7xOay1HhLVTi1MVZf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/11-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 19","volume":97,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1907-11-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/08FF22DE-3A89-4A53-AEA14D77991BFE59.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACE5527-85B5-4A59-8633B429D5474760_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"20gzrdfbSctZBcYzqbybWQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/11-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1661supp","volume":64,"issue":"1661supp","issue_date":"1907-11-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A3787EEA-0CFD-4944-9A56ED39AB28BF64.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8798F277-AFA1-4EEF-A2CC5D4879E36737_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1bfdWsgSFeywVIddJBfa81","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/11-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 18","volume":97,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1907-11-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/50B80409-0087-44C8-A022D541208FA2C4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EDC66AA9-2FD4-4AB8-BD4EADAAB737A1AE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5m8LsOdQiDYXSi9XzKzKqE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/10-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1660supp","volume":64,"issue":"1660supp","issue_date":"1907-10-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C34EAA8-2AE5-4A9F-BAB345E428663F62.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0ACB0C67-BE5F-4D38-A7CFF3D5F7B6ABD8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"11wgxZ6Cvc9bpvb5StEGte","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/10-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1659supp","volume":64,"issue":"1659supp","issue_date":"1907-10-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/74DF5F13-35C5-4022-AE066FE865921760.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F9A0542-C6F8-478A-949283C0788F5248_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Aacemls4DIv5GNoDpm0WP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/10-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 16","volume":97,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1907-10-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2FA68D5-1C59-4C27-964EAAF285D953ED.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/785BCAB5-AE41-4B6A-BB700B388390AFAA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7FEEmm8Tn6bb6J2wlAkWys","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/10-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1658supp","volume":64,"issue":"1658supp","issue_date":"1907-10-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3BAE7471-F6A2-4345-A668CCA0CE9687AF.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40E5FB43-BFD8-4578-8D904B837832AAD2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3PtZlqEUUNqeY9gXA9TxQ7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/10-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 15","volume":97,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1907-10-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/18DCAA2B-D6F4-4C4A-B99A1630D1E499F4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D524C7F4-977E-48C4-A3CB92F05B3FB213_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1c0eGbDPz0ZKNFu2rMMLcl","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/10-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1657supp","volume":64,"issue":"1657supp","issue_date":"1907-10-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A99C1B1-429A-4C1B-9F84586E433F34A1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1D9CD2AE-D481-4055-9768CFE8322BE0B0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7E9vgnz4pDnbMrdMJxHD3W","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/10-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 14","volume":97,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1907-10-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5616C9DE-DFBD-46A3-AD53A79B6938B19E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EC6AFA21-604D-489B-960A29717F46BAFF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4id0vZi13BJJJcRVq1EboC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/09-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1656supp","volume":64,"issue":"1656supp","issue_date":"1907-09-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCB3C53D-0938-4F84-88FD271288D18C39.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28294F58-558A-4895-B02F46A0C8D6225A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5mQF8OmJK9tiSpTrPYfFqv","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/09-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 13","volume":97,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1907-09-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/56E8439A-DDCE-4789-A20769BCD22F629A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84D71BF8-2869-4D08-990ED5A2832CEA62_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Y82ObPFUC3gfNkX2yQAeK","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/09-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1655supp","volume":64,"issue":"1655supp","issue_date":"1907-09-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BB020B11-B156-4B5C-8FFAD7238FDAD01A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/22BBB3ED-7B7F-4277-8E12710BEE98E48D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1bXJLw9TJ3OyPe2MtaGdNs","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/09-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 12","volume":97,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1907-09-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE468BD8-100C-4C71-8A356BFE62C1E72E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94ABCD72-9B0C-4342-8DCB467DCBC3B2E0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"iMhsW7xt638UTRpSDUBW3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/09-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1654supp","volume":64,"issue":"1654supp","issue_date":"1907-09-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FE693B5-028C-47CD-95ACED3F5C20B69E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84130781-2768-4EBA-BCE634D140CC7E1C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4yvljV2Li4ORHFkKLw5ArA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/09-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 11","volume":97,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1907-09-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/58C32476-54FC-48F4-B473AADACE236168.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/547F7C1F-470E-4FF3-ACF509E5121E17B9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"25gYDM4ytguH2VwIJZPwTb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/09-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1653supp","volume":64,"issue":"1653supp","issue_date":"1907-09-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/974041A1-DB7C-4A81-A10A4FDA831F2E47.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/77279225-7FFB-475A-A3CB6C750AE18AB7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"68mcPdiT4tJMKTu4BVYxEH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/09-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 10","volume":97,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1907-09-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8DDC3E61-DE69-4E89-AE4CD0A34BD60BD3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB6E7025-FCB3-4455-96944CCCF08DE84E_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2rZPwQQQk2YLYo01lZ6VJ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/08-31/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1652supp","volume":64,"issue":"1652supp","issue_date":"1907-08-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83AE61CD-6921-445D-AA9EED744ABE34D8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FCCBF01A-A02D-4602-BB72546A931C7606_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"YLPbAfWvM978e9ftpgLFx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/08-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 9","volume":97,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1907-08-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BE18D932-8855-46C3-89F690ACBAB1CC91.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/975FBB14-2555-48C4-B5F321CD2FD02710_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3udI8YPOBNwzXnfFNQRkGU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/08-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1651supp","volume":64,"issue":"1651supp","issue_date":"1907-08-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/351EB3CF-EB03-45AD-AD89E75935A85C4C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9B798B94-FFB8-4711-928B44077D1CD1E4_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4RoDgLAWj6oitL4gBOe2lT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/08-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 8","volume":97,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1907-08-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38A3B868-8015-42C4-94C00FBA4D7BFB4F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2CB82E2B-1B17-4EAC-ADBA83A352E661B2_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ZTqnb8MbzEq16WR9YPmgj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/08-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1650supp","volume":64,"issue":"1650supp","issue_date":"1907-08-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F8401A70-8627-4A8D-A5C96580259C154A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/527D5C86-F17A-4F1B-AC5F40217E1AF68B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7sf58JXPJv409zpa9foe58","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/08-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 7","volume":97,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1907-08-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A75416A-E7D0-4F86-ABCA3ED2638CAE4C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A68B2C76-862E-4869-A53B53234BEA44E3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4RFPTPSKmYdjkRDrf35dMf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/08-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1649supp","volume":64,"issue":"1649supp","issue_date":"1907-08-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/84B9B0C0-1646-42D6-BFC8FAA4506B85F0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3997F1E-7F1E-4630-BE447C025BDF5132_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7sewmr1VDgbo77KOzAwWw0","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/08-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 6","volume":97,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1907-08-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F47CFF7-DAF2-4D8F-AB4DFCFF8F2D2CE3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9C54B083-1AE1-4F6B-A7E082238B3B2A39_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"70KSMiAOmDpwmvnhZymEnd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/08-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1648supp","volume":64,"issue":"1648supp","issue_date":"1907-08-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA4E5B1D-B69F-4985-89CC431E96193E17.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/92DBA77A-1276-49A5-842D332A32F5A9B8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3vZiYrTorCX9jUrjmp25mb","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/08-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 5","volume":97,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1907-08-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0245AC86-42BE-4592-965B985E812D1464.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AA67340E-1439-4EF1-B43DEE18D471A77A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3BOd3ceSvoBQ4XRqsNsAFA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1907/07-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 64, Issue 1647supp","volume":64,"issue":"1647supp","issue_date":"1907-07-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3E2AA39-15A5-4DFC-97166022ADF4EA5E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE2787CA-E806-45BF-9036214B837C040E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4DbNaUx2IAjnKm7365gjjG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1907/07-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 97, Issue 4","volume":97,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1907-07-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A60F2133-4BD7-4DB2-B944198F0B48273C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A158DBDB-C4DF-4B87-B08318482E6043CE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":1900,"endYear":1909,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 1900-1909","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900s/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 1900-1909","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900s/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 1900-1909","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"5"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>