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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Surviving aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Kawanishi_H8K2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Kawanishi_H8K2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications (Kawanishi H8K2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Kawanishi_H8K2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawani%C5%A1i_H8K" title="Kawaniši H8K – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kawaniši H8K" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99_H8K" title="קאוואנישי H8K – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאוואנישי H8K" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%89%87" title="二式飛行艇 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="二式飛行艇" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="Kawanishi H8K – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kawanishi H8K" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%BC%8F%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E8%89%87" title="二式飛行艇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="二式飛行艇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q696220#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K" title="View 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">H8K</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K2_(Emily)_flying_boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg/300px-Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg/450px-Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg/600px-Kawanishi_H8K2_%28Emily%29_flying_boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4154" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">Kawanishi H8K2 at Kanoya Museum, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_Aircraft_Company" title="Kawanishi Aircraft Company">Kawanishi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><div> Shizuo Kikuhara</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary user</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">167</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">February 1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kawanishi H8K</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boat</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> for <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol</a> duties. The <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">Allied reporting name</a> for the type was "<b>Emily</b>". </p><p>The Kawanishi H8K was a large, four-<a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">engine</a> aircraft designed for long <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a> and extended endurance on patrols or bombing missions typically flown alone over the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> first flew in January 1941, and H8K1s made their first combat <a href="/wiki/Sortie" title="Sortie">sortie</a> in March 1942. The robust H8K2 "Emily" flying boat was also fitted with powerful defensive armament, for which <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> pilots had substantial respect wherever this aircraft was encountered in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific theater</a>. Aircraft historian René Francillon called the H8K "the most outstanding water-based combat aircraft of the Second World War."<sup id="cite_ref-Francillon_1979_312_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon_1979_312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg/220px-Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg/330px-Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg/440px-Kawanishi_H8K2_-tail_gunner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Tail gunner position (without gun)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the same time the type's predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Kawanishi H6K</a>, was entering service in 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a> ordered the development of a larger, longer-ranged patrol aircraft under the designation Navy Experimental 13-<i>Shi</i> Large-size Flying Boat.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a large, shoulder-winged design that is widely regarded as the best flying boat of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Francillon_1979_312_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon_1979_312-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, initial development was troublesome, with the prototype displaying terrible handling on the water. Deepening of the <a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">hull</a>, redesigning of the planing bottom and the addition of spray strips under the nose rectified the water handling problems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two further <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototypes</a> — actually pre-production aircraft — joined the development program in December 1941. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">IJNAS</a> accepted the first production version as the H8K1, Navy Type 2 Flying Boat, Model 11, of which 14 would be built. </p><p>The improved H8K2 variant soon appeared, and its extremely heavy defensive armament earned it deep respect among <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircrew#Military" title="Aircrew">aircrews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The H8K2 was an upgrade over the H8K1 with more powerful engines, slightly revised armament, and an increase in fuel capacity. This was to be the definitive variant, with 112 produced. </p><p>36 examples of a dedicated transport version, the H8K2-L, were also built, capable of carrying 62 troops. This aircraft was also known as <i>Seikū</i> (晴空, "Clear Sky"). The side defensive blisters, ventral defensive hatch, and dorsal <a href="/wiki/Gun_turret#Aircraft" title="Gun turret">turret</a> were discarded. To increase the available space within the aircraft its hull tanks were removed, thus reducing its <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/220px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/330px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png/440px-Kawanishi_H8K_Emily_take_off.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>H8K1 supplementary prototype number 2 taking off in February 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>The H8K entered production in 1941 and first saw operational use on the night of 4 March 1942 in a <a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">second raid on Pearl Harbor</a>. Since the target lay out of <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a> for the flying boats, this audacious plan involved a refuelling by <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> at <a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a>, some 900 km (560 mi) north-west of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <i>en route</i>. Two planes from the <a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Air_Group" title="Yokohama Air Group">Yokohama Kōkūtai</a> (Naval Air Corps)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempted to bomb Pearl Harbor but, due to poor visibility, did not accomplish any significant damage.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six days after the second Pearl Harbor raid, one of the Emilys was sent on a daylight photo-reconnaissance mission of <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a>. It was intercepted by radar-directed <a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">Brewster F2A Buffalo</a> fighters of Marine Fighting Squadron 221 (<a href="/wiki/VMF-221" title="VMF-221">VMF-221</a>) and shot down. All aboard were killed, including Lt. Hashizume Hisao, the lead pilot of the second Pearl Harbor raid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>H8K2s were used on a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">patrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">transport</a> missions throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. The H8K2 was given the Allied code name "Emily". </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg/220px-Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg/330px-Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg/440px-Kawanishi_H8K_Flying_Boat_Emily_h8k-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>A Kawanishi H8K2 Type 2 Flying Boat ashore.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg/220px-Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg/330px-Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg/440px-Kawanishi_H8K_in_flight_July_1944.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>An H8K2 <i>51-085</i> of the 851st Kōkutai in flight, immediately before being shot down by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator#PB4Y-1" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">PB4Y-1</a> from which the photograph was taken, 2 July 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FAW_P1922_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAW_P1922-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TMM_P71_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMM_P71-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MA_P61_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA_P61-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>H8K1 <i>Experimental Type 13 Large-sized Flying boat</i> (13試大型飛行艇 <i>13-Shi Ōgata Hikōtei</i>)</dt> <dd>One prototype and four supplementary prototypes. Prototype was mounted Mitsubishi Mk4A Kasei 11 engines, supplementary prototype was mounted Mitsubishi MK4B Kasei 12 engines. Supplementary prototypes were renamed <i>Type 2 Flying Boat Model 11</i> on 5 February 1942. Prototype was rebuilt to H8K1-L in November 1943.</dd> <dt>H8K1 <i>Type 2 Flying boat, Model 11</i> (二式飛行艇11型 <i>Nishiki Hikōtei 11-gata</i>)</dt> <dd>Developed on 5 February 1942. First operative model of series, 12 produced. Mounted Mitsubishi MK4B Kasei 12 engines.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>H8K1-L <i>Type 2 Transport Flying Boat</i> (二式輸送艇 <i>Nishiki Yusōtei</i>)</dt></dl> </dt><dd>Rebuilt from H8K1 prototype. Fitted augment exhausts. Up to 41 passengers.</dd> <dt>H8K2 <i>Type 2 Flying boat, Model 12</i> (二式飛行艇12型 <i>Nishiki Hikōtei 12-gata</i>)</dt> <dd>Developed on 26 June 1943. Mounted Mitsubishi MK4Q Kasei 22 engines and improved tail gun turret. Latter batch was equipped with <a href="/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II#Air-Surface_Vessel" title="Radar in World War II">Air-Surface Vessel (ASV)</a> search radar, and removed side gun blisters. 112 produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards1972p262_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1972p262-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>H8K2-L <i>Seikū</i> ("Clear Sky")<i>, Model 32</i> (晴空32型 <i>Seikū 32-gata</i>)</dt></dl> </dt><dd>Transport version of H8K2. Initial named <i>Type 2 Transport Flying Boat, Model 32</i>. Armaments were 1 × forward-firing 20 mm cannon and 1 × rearward-firing 13 mm machine gun. Up to 64 passengers.</dd> <dt>H8K3 <i>Provisional name Type 2 Flying Boat, Model 22</i> (仮称二式飛行艇22型 <i>Kashō Nishiki Hikōtei 22-gata</i>)</dt> <dd>Experimental version, H8K2 modified. Equipped with retractable <a href="/wiki/Float_(nautical)" title="Float (nautical)">floats</a> in wingtips, Fowler flaps, sliding hatch side gun locations in place of the blisters and a retractable dorsal turret, all in an effort to increase speed; two prototypes only (work number 596 and 597).</dd> <dt>H8K4 <i>Provisional name Type 2 Flying Boat, Model 23</i> (仮称二式飛行艇23型 <i>Kashō Nishiki Hikōtei 23-gata</i>)</dt> <dd>H8K3 re-engined with 1,825 hp MK4T <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Kasei" title="Mitsubishi Kasei">Mitsubishi Kasei</a> 25b engines, two converted from H8K3.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>H8K4-L <i>Provisional name Seikū, Model 33</i> (仮称晴空33型 <i>Kashō Seikū 33-gata</i>)</dt></dl> </dt><dd>Transport version of H8K4. Only a project, because all H8K4s were lost in March 1945. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (December 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>G9K</dt> <dd>Proposed land-based attack bomber variant, only a project.</dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-TMM_P71_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMM_P71-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAW_P1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAW_P1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saeki_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saeki Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">Saeki <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasebo_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sasebo Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">Sasebo <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takuma_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takuma Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">Takuma <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Air_Group" title="Yokohama Air Group">Yokohama <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">Yokosuka <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">14th <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=801st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="801st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">801st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=802nd_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="802nd Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">802nd <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=851st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="851st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">851st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=901st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="901st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">901st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=902nd_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="902nd Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">902nd <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=951st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="951st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">951st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1001st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1001st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">1001st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1021st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1021st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">1021st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1081st_Naval_Air_Group_IJNAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1081st Naval Air Group IJNAS (page does not exist)">1081st <i>Kōkutai</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_District" title="Yokosuka Naval District">Yokosuka Naval District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_Naval_Arsenal" title="Hiro Naval Arsenal">11th Naval Air Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Air_Fleets_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Navy#11th_Air_Fleet" title="List of Air Fleets of the Imperial Japanese Navy">11th Air Fleet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a> <ul><li>Azusa group (picked from 801st <i>Kōkutai</i>, guidance only)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg/300px-H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg/450px-H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg/600px-H8K_take_off_NAN8-47.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>A captured Japanese Kawanishi H8K Emily taking off at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Patuxent_River" title="Naval Air Station Patuxent River">U.S. Navy Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in 1946–47.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four aircraft survived until the end of the war. One of these, an H8K2 (work number 426), was captured by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> forces at the end of the war and was evaluated before being eventually returned to Japan in 1979. It was on display at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Maritime_Science" title="Museum of Maritime Science">Museum of Maritime Science</a> until 2004, when it was moved to <a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Base_Museum" title="Kanoya Air Base Museum">Kanoya Air Base Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Field" title="Kanoya Air Field">Kanoya Air Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>. </p><p>The submerged remains of an H8K can be found off the west coast of <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, where it is a popular <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> attraction known erroneously as the "B-29", or the "Emily". Another wrecked H8K lies in Chuuk Lagoon, <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, in Micronesia. This aircraft is located off the south-western end of Dublon Island. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Kawanishi_H8K2)"><span id="Specifications_.28Kawanishi_H8K2.29"></span>Specifications (Kawanishi H8K2)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specifications (Kawanishi H8K2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawanishi_H8K3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/300px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/450px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kawanishi_H8K3.svg/600px-Kawanishi_H8K3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>Kawanishi H8K3</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Francillon_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francillon-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> 10</li> <li><b>Length:</b> 28.13 m (92 ft 3 in)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 38 m (124 ft 8 in)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> 9.15 m (30 ft 0 in)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 160 m<sup>2</sup> (1,700 sq ft)</li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 18,380 kg (40,521 lb)</li> <li><b>Gross weight:</b> 24,500 kg (54,013 lb)</li> <li><b>Max takeoff weight:</b> 32,500 kg (71,650 lb)</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 4 × <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_MK4Q_Kasei_22" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi MK4Q Kasei 22">Mitsubishi MK4Q Kasei 22</a> 14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,380 kW (1,850 hp) each for take-off</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>1,253 kW (1,680 hp) at 2,100 m (6,900 ft)</dd> <dd>1,148 kW (1,540 hp) at 5,500 m (18,000 ft)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Propellers:</b> 4-bladed constant-speed propellers</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 467 km/h (290 mph, 252 kn) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft)</li> <li><b>Cruise speed:</b> 296 km/h (184 mph, 160 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)</li> <li><b>Ferry range:</b> 7,152 km (4,444 mi, 3,862 nmi)</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 8,850 m (29,040 ft)</li> <li><b>Time to altitude:</b> 5,000 m (16,000 ft) in 10 minutes 12 seconds</li> <li><b>Wing loading:</b> 153.1 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (31.4 lb/sq ft)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power/mass</a>:</b> 0.225 kW/kg (0.137 hp/lb)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> <br /> <ul><li>5× 20 mm (0.787 in) <a href="/wiki/Type_99_Mark_1_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 99 Mark 1 machine gun">Type 99 Mark 1 machine gun</a> (one each in bow, dorsal, and tail turrets, plus one each in two waist blisters)</li> <li>5× 7.7 mm (0.303 in) <a href="/wiki/Type_92_machine_gun" title="Type 92 machine gun">Type 92 machine guns</a> in fuselage hatches</li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> 2× 800 kg (1,800 lb) <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a> <i>or</i> 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">bombs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charges</a></li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Avionics</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_World_War_II_radars#Navy_Radar" title="List of Japanese World War II radars">Mark VI</a> Model 1 <a href="/wiki/Radar_in_World_War_II#Air-Surface_Vessel" title="Radar in World War II">ASV radar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p> <b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_BV_222" class="mw-redirect" title="Blohm & Voss BV 222">Blohm & Voss BV 222</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_314_Clipper" title="Boeing 314 Clipper">Boeing 314 Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PB2Y_Coronado" title="Consolidated PB2Y Coronado">Consolidated PB2Y Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_PBM_Mariner" title="Martin PBM Mariner">Martin PBM Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Seaford" title="Short Seaford">Short Seaford</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Japan" title="List of military aircraft of Japan">List of military aircraft of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flying_boats_and_floatplanes" title="List of flying boats and floatplanes">List of flying boats and floatplanes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kawanishi_H8K" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kawanishi H8K">Kawanishi H8K</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki Hikōtei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二式飛行艇</span></span>)</span>, 'Type 2 <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">Flying Boat</a>'. Commonly called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki Ōgata Hikōtei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二式大型飛行艇</span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nishiki Daitei</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">二式大艇</span></span>)</span>, 'Type 2 Large-sized Flying Boat'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Francillon_1979_312-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon_1979_312_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Francillon_1979_312_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1979">Francillon 1979</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1979">Francillon 1979</a>, pp. 307, 547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1962">Green 1962</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Klaauw1977">Van der Klaauw 1977</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrancillon1979">Francillon 1979</a>, p. 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, pp. 250–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaymer1996">Raymer 1996</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAW_P1922-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAW_P1922_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Famous Airplanes of the World (1994), pp. 19–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TMM_P71-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TMM_P71_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TMM_P71_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Maru Mechanic (1979), pp. 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA_P61-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MA_P61_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Model Art (1999), pp. 61–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1972p262-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1972p262_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAW_P1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAW_P1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Famous Airplanes of the World (1994), each pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francillon-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francillon_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrancillon1979" class="citation book cs1">Francillon, René J. (1979). <i>Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War</i>. London: Putnam & Company Limited. pp. 307–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30251-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-370-30251-6"><bdi>0-370-30251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Aircraft+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=307-313&rft.pub=Putnam+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-370-30251-6&rft.aulast=Francillon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H8K&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Francillon, René J. <i>Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War</i>. London: Putnam & Company, 1970 (2nd edition 1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30251-5">978-0-370-30251-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1962" class="citation book cs1">Green, William (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/655865554"><i>Warplanes of the Second World War: Volume Five, Flying Boats</i></a>. Macdonald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-01449-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-01449-5"><bdi>0-356-01449-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655865554">655865554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warplanes+of+the+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+Five%2C+Flying+Boats&rft.pub=Macdonald&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655865554&rft.isbn=0-356-01449-5&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F655865554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillot1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millot, Bernard (May 1976). "Kawanishi H8K "Emily", avec toilettes modernes local de repos et cuisine, le meilleur hydravion de la seconde guerre mondiale était japonais..." [The Kawanishi H8K Emily: With modern restroom and kitchen, the best seaplane of WWII was Japanese]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (78): 14–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Kawanishi+H8K+%22Emily%22%2C+avec+toilettes+modernes+local+de+repos+et+cuisine%2C+le+meilleur+hydravion+de+la+seconde+guerre+mondiale+%C3%A9tait+japonais...&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=14-19&rft.date=1976-05&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Millot&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillot1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millot, Bernard (June 1976). "Kawanishi H8K "Emily", en vols solitaire de plus de 24 heures, ils patrouillaient le vaste Pacifique... (2)" [The Kawanishi H8K Emily: The Only Aircraft Capable of Flying for More than 24 Hours, Patrolling the Vast Pacific, Part 2]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (79): 14–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Kawanishi+H8K+%22Emily%22%2C+en+vols+solitaire+de+plus+de+24+heures%2C+ils+patrouillaient+le+vaste+Pacifique...+%282%29&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=14-19&rft.date=1976-06&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Millot&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillot1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millot, Bernard (July 1976). "Kawanishi H8K "Emily", le seul bombardier stratégique capable d'aller jusqu'à Pearl Harbor (3)" [The Kawanishi H8K Emily: The Only Strategic Bomber Capable of Reaching Pearl Harbor, Part 3]. <i>Le Fana de l'Aviation</i> (in French) (80): 16–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0757-4169">0757-4169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Fana+de+l%27Aviation&rft.atitle=Kawanishi+H8K+%22Emily%22%2C+le+seul+bombardier+strat%C3%A9gique+capable+d%27aller+jusqu%27%C3%A0+Pearl+Harbor+%283%29&rft.issue=80&rft.pages=16-19&rft.date=1976-07&rft.issn=0757-4169&rft.aulast=Millot&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1996" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Edward C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34244509"><i>Descent into darkness : Pearl Harbor, 1941: a Navy diver's memoir</i></a>. Novato, CA: Presidio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89141-589-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89141-589-0"><bdi>0-89141-589-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34244509">34244509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descent+into+darkness+%3A+Pearl+Harbor%2C+1941%3A+a+Navy+diver%27s+memoir&rft.place=Novato%2C+CA&rft.pub=Presidio&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34244509&rft.isbn=0-89141-589-0&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F34244509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1972" class="citation book cs1">Richards, M. C. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMDktgAACAAJ"><i>Kawanishi 4-motor Flying-boats (H6K 'Mavis" and H8K 'Emily')</i></a>. Profile Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kawanishi+4-motor+Flying-boats+%28H6K+%27Mavis%22+and+H8K+%27Emily%27%29&rft.pub=Profile+Publications&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMDktgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Klaauw1977" class="citation book cs1">Van der Klaauw, B. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63363268"><i>Water- en transportvliegtuigen wereldoorlog II</i></a>. Alkmaar: De Alk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6013-677-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-6013-677-2"><bdi>90-6013-677-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63363268">63363268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water-+en+transportvliegtuigen+wereldoorlog+II&rft.place=Alkmaar&rft.pub=De+Alk&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63363268&rft.isbn=90-6013-677-2&rft.aulast=Van+der+Klaauw&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F63363268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKawanishi+H8K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Famous Airplanes of the World, No. 49 <i>Type 2 Flying Boat</i>, Bunrindō (Japan), November 1994.</li> <li>The Maru Mechanic, No. 19 <i>Feature, Type 2 Flying Boat</i>, Ushio Shobō (Japan), November 1979.</li> <li>Model Art No. 541, Special issue <i>Type 2 Flying Boat and Imperial Japanese Navy Flying Boats</i>, Model Art Co. Ltd., July 1999.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kawanishi_and_Shin_Meiwa/ShinMaywa_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kawanishi_aircraft" title="Template:Kawanishi aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kawanishi_aircraft" title="Template talk:Kawanishi aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kawanishi_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kawanishi aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kawanishi_and_Shin_Meiwa/ShinMaywa_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_Aircraft_Company" title="Kawanishi Aircraft Company">Kawanishi</a> and <a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa" title="ShinMaywa">Shin Meiwa/ShinMaywa</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-11" title="Kawanishi K-11">K-11</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_J3K" title="Kawanishi J3K">J3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_J6K" title="Kawanishi J6K">J6K <i>Jinpu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">N1K <i>Kyofu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">N1K-J <i>Shiden</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying boats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H3K" title="Kawanishi H3K">H3K</a> (Navy Type 90-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">H6K</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H8K</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_K-60&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi K-60 (page does not exist)">K-60</a></li> <li>K-200</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance seaplanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E5K" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawanishi E5K">E5K</a> (Navy Type 90-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K" title="Kawanishi E7K">E7K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_E8K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi E8K (page does not exist)">E8K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E10K" title="Kawanishi E10K">E10K</a> (Navy Type 94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E11K" title="Kawanishi E11K">E11K</a> (Type 96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E13K" title="Kawanishi E13K">E13K</a> (AM19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K">E15K <i>Shiun</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K6K" title="Kawanishi K6K">K6K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K8K" title="Kawanishi K8K">K8K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suicide attack aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_Baika" title="Kawanishi Baika">Baika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-1" title="Kawanishi K-1">K-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-2" title="Kawanishi K-2">K-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-3" title="Kawanishi K-3">K-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_K-5_Mail-carrying_Seaplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi K-5 Mail-carrying Seaplane (page does not exist)">K-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-6" title="Kawanishi K-6">K-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-7_Transport_Seaplane" title="Kawanishi K-7 Transport Seaplane">K-7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-8_Transport_Seaplane" title="Kawanishi K-8 Transport Seaplane">K-8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_K-9_Transport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi K-9 Transport (page does not exist)">K-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-10_Transport" title="Kawanishi K-10 Transport">K-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K-12_Sakura" title="Kawanishi K-12 Sakura">K-12 <i>Sakura</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">WWII Allied reporting names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K" title="Kawanishi E7K">Alf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H3K" title="Kawanishi H3K">Belle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Mavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">Rex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa" title="ShinMaywa">Shin Meiwa/ShinMaywa</a> aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Meiwa_US-1A" title="Shin Meiwa US-1A">PS-1/US-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShinMaywa_US-2" title="ShinMaywa US-2">US-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_Navy_aircraft_designations_(short_system)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Navy_short_aircraft_designations" title="Template:Japanese Navy short aircraft designations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Navy_short_aircraft_designations" title="Template talk:Japanese Navy short aircraft designations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Navy_short_aircraft_designations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Navy short aircraft designations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_Navy_aircraft_designations_(short_system)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="Japanese military aircraft designation systems">Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft designations (short system)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters (A)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A1N" title="Nakajima A1N">A1N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A2N" title="Nakajima A2N">A2N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A2N" title="Nakajima A2N">A3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A4N" title="Nakajima A4N">A4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">A5M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">A6M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_112" title="Heinkel He 112">A7He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A7M" title="Mitsubishi A7M">A7M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_A8V" title="Seversky A8V">A8V</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_P-12" title="Boeing P-12">AXB</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewoitine_D.500" title="Dewoitine D.500">AXD</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_FF" title="Grumman FF">AXG</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Nimrod" title="Hawker Nimrod">AXH</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_100" title="Heinkel He 100">AXHe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_V-141" title="Vought V-141">AXV</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torpedo bombers (B)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B1M" title="Mitsubishi B1M">B1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B2M" title="Mitsubishi B2M">B2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B3N" title="Nakajima B3N">B3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugisho_B3Y" title="Kugisho B3Y">B3Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B4M" title="Mitsubishi B4M">B4M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_B4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima B4N (page does not exist)">B4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y" title="Yokosuka B4Y">B4Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M" title="Mitsubishi B5M">B5M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">B5N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B6N" title="Nakajima B6N">B6N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_B7A" title="Aichi B7A">B7A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Gamma" title="Northrop Gamma">BXN</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N">C6N1-B</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipboard reconnaissance (C)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_2MR" title="Mitsubishi 2MR">C1M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-6" title="Nakajima Ki-6">C2N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C3N" title="Nakajima C3N">C3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_C4A" title="Aichi C4A">C4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15">C5M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N">C6N</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potez_540" title="Potez 540">CXP</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">D4Y1-C</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E4N" title="Nakajima E4N">E4N2-C</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dive bombers (D)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">D1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">D2A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_D2N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima D2N (page does not exist)">D2N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_D2Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka D2Y (page does not exist)">D2Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">D3A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_D3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi D3M (page does not exist)">D3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_D3N" title="Nakajima D3N">D3N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D3Y" title="Yokosuka D3Y">D3Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">D4Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D3Y" title="Yokosuka D3Y">D5Y</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_BT" title="Northrop BT">DXD</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_118" title="Heinkel He 118">DXHe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance seaplanes (E)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E1Y" title="Yokosuka E1Y">E1Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E2N" title="Nakajima E2N">E2N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E3A" title="Aichi E3A">E3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E4N" title="Nakajima E4N">E4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E5K" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawanishi E5K">E5K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E5Y" title="Yokosuka E5Y">E5Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E6Y" title="Yokosuka E6Y">E6Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K" title="Kawanishi E7K">E7K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E8A" title="Aichi E8A">E8A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_E8K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi E8K (page does not exist)">E8K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E8N" title="Nakajima E8N">E8N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watanabe_E9W" title="Watanabe E9W">E9W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E10A" title="Aichi E10A">E10A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E10K" title="Kawanishi E10K">E10K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E11A" title="Aichi E11A">E11A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E11K" title="Kawanishi E11K">E11K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E12A" class="mw-redirect" title="Aichi E12A">E12A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_E12K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi E12K (page does not exist)">E12K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakajima_E12N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakajima E12N (page does not exist)">E12N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">E13A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E13K" title="Kawanishi E13K">E13K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watanabe_E14W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watanabe E14W (page does not exist)">E14W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y" title="Yokosuka E14Y">E14Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K">E15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E16A" title="Aichi E16A">E16A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observation seaplanes (F)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_F1A" title="Aichi F1A">F1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">F1M</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">J1N1-F</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based bombers (G)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_3MT5" title="Mitsubishi 3MT5">G1M (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G1M" title="Mitsubishi G1M">G1M (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_G2H" title="Hiro G2H">G2H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">G3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">G4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">G5N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">G6M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G7M" title="Mitsubishi G7M">G7M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G8N" title="Nakajima G8N">G8N</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_G9K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi G9K (page does not exist)">G9K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G10N" title="Nakajima G10N">G10N</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying Boats (H)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_H1H" title="Hiro H1H">H1H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_H2H" title="Hiro H2H">H2H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_H3H1" title="Hiro H3H1">H3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H3K" title="Kawanishi H3K">H3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiro_H4H" title="Hiro H4H">H4H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H5Y" title="Yokosuka H5Y">H5Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">H6K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H7Y" title="Yokosuka H7Y">H7K</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H8K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_H9A" title="Aichi H9A">H9A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiro_H10H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiro H10H (page does not exist)">H10H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H11K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi H11K (page does not exist)">H11K</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_P2Y" title="Consolidated P2Y">HXC</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DF" title="Douglas DF">HXD</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potez_452" title="Potez 452">HXP</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based Fighters (J)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">J1N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M" title="Mitsubishi J2M">J2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_J3K" title="Kawanishi J3K">J3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J4M" title="Mitsubishi J4M">J4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J5N" title="Nakajima J5N">J5M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_J6K" title="Kawanishi J6K">J6K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_J7W_Shinden" title="Kyushu J7W Shinden">J7W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M">J8M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Kikka" title="Nakajima Kikka">J9N</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">N1K1-J/N1K2-J</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers (K)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_K1Y" title="Yokosuka K1Y">K1Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">K2Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M" title="Mitsubishi K3M">K3M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_K4Y" title="Yokosuka K4Y">K4Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_K5Y" title="Yokosuka K5Y">K5Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K6K" title="Kawanishi K6K">K6K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_K6M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi K6M (page does not exist)">K6M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watanabe_K6W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watanabe K6W (page does not exist)">K6W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K7M" title="Mitsubishi K7M">K7M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_K8K" title="Kawanishi K8K">K8K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippi_K8Ni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippi K8Ni (page does not exist)">K8Ni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihon_K8P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihon K8P (page does not exist)">N8P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watanabe_K8W" title="Watanabe K8W">K8W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">K9W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K10W" title="Kyushu K10W">K10W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K11W" title="Kyushu K11W">K11W</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">KXA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">KXBu</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudron_C.600_Aiglon" title="Caudron C.600 Aiglon">KXC</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_A50" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers A50">KXJ</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_72" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinkel He 72">KXHe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 10 Electra">KXL</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">A5M4-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">A6M2-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">B5N1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D3Y" title="Yokosuka D3Y">D3Y1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">E13A1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">F1M2-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G6M" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi G6M">G6M1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_M6A" title="Aichi M6A">M6A1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W">Q1W1-K</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports (L)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-34" title="Nakajima Ki-34">L1N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa/Nakajima_L2D" title="Showa/Nakajima L2D">L2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">L3Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-57" title="Mitsubishi Ki-57">L4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_L7P" title="Nihon L7P">L7P</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_CA-1" title="Curtiss-Wright CA-1">LXC</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4E" title="Douglas DC-4E">LXD</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_91_Baby_Clipper" title="Fairchild 91 Baby Clipper">LXF</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasuden_KR-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasuden KR-2">LXG (KR-2)</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose" title="Grumman G-21 Goose">LXG (G-21)</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_70_Blitz" title="Heinkel He 70 Blitz">LXHe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_60" title="Junkers Ju 60">LXJ (Ju 60)</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">LXJ (Ju 86)</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinner_Envoy" title="Kinner Envoy">LXK</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Envoy" title="Airspeed Envoy">LXM</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">G5N2-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">G6M1-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">H6K2-L/H6K4-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H8K1-L/H8K2-L/H8K4-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H11K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi H11K (page does not exist)">H11K1-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M" title="Mitsubishi K3M">K3M3-L</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special-purpose (M)<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_M6A" title="Aichi M6A">M6A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihon_MXJ1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihon MXJ1 (page does not exist)">MXJ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY1" title="Yokosuka MXY1">MXY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY1" title="Yokosuka MXY1">MXY2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_MXY3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka MXY3 (page does not exist)">MXY2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_MXY4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka MXY4 (page does not exist)">MXY4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY5" title="Yokosuka MXY5">MXY5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_J7W_Shinden" title="Kyushu J7W Shinden">MXY6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7_Ohka" title="Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka">MXY7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY8" title="Yokosuka MXY8">MXY8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY9" title="Yokosuka MXY9">MXY9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y">MXY10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">MXY11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizuno_MXZ1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizuno MXZ1 (page does not exist)">MXZ1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Floatplane fighters (N)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">N1K</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A6M2-N" title="Nakajima A6M2-N">A6M2-N</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based bombers (P)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y">P1Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">P2M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol (Q)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W">Q1W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Q2M" title="Mitsubishi Q2M">Q2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K11W" title="Kyushu K11W">Q3W</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based reconnaissance (R)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_R1Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka R1Y (page does not exist)">R1Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_R2Y" title="Yokosuka R2Y">R2Y</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">D4Y2-R</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">J1N1-R</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Night fighters (S)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_S1A" title="Aichi S1A">S1A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N">C6N1-S</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">D4Y2-S</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">E13A1a-S/E13A1b-S</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">J1N1-S</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y">P1Y1-S/P1Y2-S</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> X as second letter is for experimental aircraft or imported technology demonstrators not intended for service, <sup>2</sup> Hyphenated trailing letter (-J, -K, -L, -N or -S) denotes design modified for secondary role, <sup>3</sup> Possibly incorrect designation, but used in many sources</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_Navy_official_aircraft_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Navy_official_aircraft_names" title="Template:Imperial Japanese Navy official aircraft names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Imperial_Japanese_Navy_official_aircraft_names" title="Template talk:Imperial Japanese Navy official aircraft names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial_Japanese_Navy_official_aircraft_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Imperial Japanese Navy official aircraft names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_Navy_official_aircraft_names" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Imperial Japanese Navy <a href="/wiki/Japanese_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="Japanese military aircraft designation systems">official aircraft names</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval fighters<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_J6K" title="Kawanishi J6K"><i>Jinpu</i> (Squall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K"><i>Kyofu</i> (Gale)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero"><i>Reisen</i> (Zero fighter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A7M" title="Mitsubishi A7M"><i>Reppu</i> (Strong wind)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Land-based fighters<sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M" title="Mitsubishi J2M"><i>Raiden</i> (Lightning bolt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J4M" title="Mitsubishi J4M"><i>Senden</i> (Flashing lightning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K"><i>Shiden</i> (Violet lightning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_J7W_Shinden" title="Kyushu J7W Shinden"><i>Shinden</i> (Magnificent lightning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J5N" title="Nakajima J5N"><i>Tenrai</i> (Thunder)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nightfighters<sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_S1A" title="Aichi S1A"><i>Denko</i> (Lightning)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N"><i>Gekko</i> (Moonlight)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y"><i>Hakko</i> (Corona)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y"><i>Kyokko</i> (Aurora)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jet/rocket fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Kikka" title="Nakajima Kikka"><i>Kikka</i> (Tachibana orange blossom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuno_Shinryu" title="Mizuno Shinryu"><i>Shinryu</i> (Divine dragon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M"><i>Shusui</i> (Sharp sword)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy bombers<sup><small>4</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G10N" title="Nakajima G10N"><i>Fugaku</i> (Mount Fuji)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_M6A" title="Aichi M6A"><i>Nanzan</i> (South mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G8N" title="Nakajima G8N"><i>Renzan</i> (Mountain chain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N"><i>Shinzan</i> (Deep mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G7M" title="Mitsubishi G7M"><i>Taizan</i> (Great mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B6N" title="Nakajima B6N"><i>Tenzan</i> (Heavenly mountain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M"><i>Tozan</i> (Eastern mountain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers<sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_B7A" title="Aichi B7A"><i>Ryusei</i> (Shooting star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y"><i>Suisei</i> (Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D3Y" title="Yokosuka D3Y"><i>Myojo</i> (Venus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D5Y" class="mw-redirect" title="Yokosuka D5Y"><i>Myojo Kai</i> (Venus improved)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y"><i>Ginga</i> (Galaxy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_Tenga" title="Yokosuka Tenga"><i>Tenga</i> (Milky Way)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patrol<sup><small>6</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W"><i>Tokai</i> (Eastern sea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Q2M" title="Mitsubishi Q2M"><i>Taiyo</i> (Ocean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K11W" title="Kyushu K11W"><i>Nankai</i> (Southern sea)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance<sup><small>7</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K"><i>Shiun</i> (Purple/Violet cloud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N"><i>Saiun</i> (Iridescent cloud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E16A" title="Aichi E16A"><i>Zuiun</i> (Auspicious cloud)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yokosuka_R1Y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yokosuka R1Y (page does not exist)"><i>Seiun</i> (Dawn cloud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_R2Y" title="Yokosuka R2Y"><i>Keiun</i> (Cirrus cloud)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers<sup><small>8</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann"><i>Kouyou</i> (Red leaf)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K11W" title="Kyushu K11W"><i>Shiragiku</i> (White chrysanthemum)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports<sup><small>9</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Seiku</i> (Sunny sky)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawanishi_H11K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawanishi H11K (page does not exist)"><i>Soukuu</i> (Blue sky)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous<sup><small>10</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M"> <i>Akigusa</i> (Autumn grass)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J8M" title="Mitsubishi J8M"><i>Shuka</i> (Autumn fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nihon_MXJ1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nihon MXJ1 (page does not exist)"><i>Wakakusa</i> (Young grass)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special-purpose aircraft<sup><small>11</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_M6A" title="Aichi M6A"><i>Seiran</i> (Fine weather storm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7_Ohka" title="Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka"><i>Ohka</i> (Sakura cherry blossom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-115" title="Nakajima Ki-115"><i>Toka</i> (Wisteria flower)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>With some exceptions for rockets, jets and repurposed aircraft, names chosen were for: 1. Winds, 2. Lightning, 3. Nighttime lights, 4. Mountains, 5. Stars/constellations, 6. Seas, 7. Clouds, 8. Plants, 9. Skies, 10. Landscapes, and 11. Flowers. Published translations disagree, and many are simplified, especially for plants, where the Japanese referred to a specific variety and the common translations only to the broader type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II_Allied_reporting_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allied_reporting_names" title="Template:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allied_reporting_names" title="Template talk:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allied_reporting_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allied reporting names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II_Allied_reporting_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">World War II Allied reporting names for Japanese aircraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft in Japanese service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Abdul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E7K" title="Kawanishi E7K">Alf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-30" title="Mitsubishi Ki-30">Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15">Babs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_MXY-7_Ohka" title="Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H3K" title="Kawanishi H3K">Belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-28" title="Kawasaki Ki-28">Bob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-7" title="Kokusai Ku-7">Buzzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-17" title="Tachikawa Ki-17">Cedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H5Y" title="Yokosuka H5Y">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-70" title="Tachikawa Ki-70">Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_E8N" title="Nakajima E8N">Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_A8V" title="Seversky A8V">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-46" title="Mitsubishi Ki-46">Dinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Edna</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Emily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ohtori" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Ohtori">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ohtori" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Ohtori">Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_P1Y" title="Yokosuka P1Y">Frances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-84" title="Nakajima Ki-84">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8" title="Kokusai Ku-8">Gander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y" title="Yokosuka E14Y">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8" title="Kokusai Ku-8">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_B7A" title="Aichi B7A">Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Gwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Hamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E10A" title="Aichi E10A">Hank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Hap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-49" title="Nakajima Ki-49">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-54" title="Tachikawa Ki-54">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-36" title="Tachikawa Ki-36">Ida</a> (Ki-36)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-55" title="Tachikawa Ki-55">Ida</a> (Ki-55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_J1N" title="Nakajima J1N">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J2M" title="Mitsubishi J2M">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">Jake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_B4Y" title="Yokosuka B4Y">Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_112" title="Heinkel He 112">Jerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B6N" title="Nakajima B6N">Jill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Jim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_D4Y" title="Yokosuka D4Y">Judy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_B5N" title="Nakajima B5N">Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M" title="Mitsubishi B5M">Kate 61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E11A" title="Aichi E11A">Laura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G5N" title="Nakajima G5N">Liz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_Q1W" title="Kyushu Q1W">Lorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-2" title="Mitsubishi Ki-2">Loise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-2" title="Mitsubishi Ki-2">Louise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_J4M" title="Mitsubishi J4M">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_B5M" title="Mitsubishi B5M">Mabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-32" title="Kawasaki Ki-32">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K" title="Kawanishi H6K">Mavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_C6N" title="Nakajima C6N">Myrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Nate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Nell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-45" title="Kawasaki Ki-45">Nick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_E15K" title="Kawanishi E15K">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu_K10W" title="Kyushu K10W">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-43" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakajima Ki-43">Oscar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-74" title="Tachikawa Ki-74">Pat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-74" title="Tachikawa Ki-74">Patsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_E16A" title="Aichi E16A">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-67" title="Mitsubishi Ki-67">Peggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-10" title="Kawasaki Ki-10">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">Pete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_K3M" title="Mitsubishi K3M">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawanishi_N1K" title="Kawanishi N1K">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_G8N" title="Nakajima G8N">Rita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-64" title="Kawasaki Ki-64">Rob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_A6M2-N" title="Nakajima A6M2-N">Rufe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_BR.20_Cicogna" title="Fiat BR.20 Cicogna">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Sally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Sally III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A7M" title="Mitsubishi A7M">Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A5M" title="Mitsubishi A5M">Sandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watanabe_E9W" title="Watanabe E9W">Slim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Sonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-9" title="Tachikawa Ki-9">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-76" title="Kokusai Ki-76">Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitsubishi_Ki-73&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitsubishi Ki-73 (page does not exist)">Steve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D1A" title="Aichi D1A">Susie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showa/Nakajima_L2D" title="Showa/Nakajima L2D">Tabby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">Tess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-56" title="Kawasaki Ki-56">Thalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Thelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ki-59" title="Kokusai Ki-59">Theresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-34" title="Nakajima Ki-34">Thora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Tina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_H7Y" title="Yokosuka H7Y">Tillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_14_Super_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra">Toby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-44" title="Nakajima Ki-44">Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-61" title="Kawasaki Ki-61">Tony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-57" title="Mitsubishi Ki-57">Topsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aichi_D3A" title="Aichi D3A">Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokosuka_K5Y" title="Yokosuka K5Y">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">Zeke 32</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign aircraft<br />thought to be in Japanese service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">Bess</a> (Heinkel He 111)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Doc</a> (Messerschmitt Bf 110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Fred</a> (Focke Wulf Fw 190)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Irene</a> (Junkers Ju 87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Janice</a> (Junkers Ju 88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Mike</a> (Messerschmitt Bf 109)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_A-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Vultee A-19">Millie</a> (Vultee V-11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Trixie</a> (Junkers Ju 52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200">Trudy</a> (Focke-Wulf Fw 200)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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