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</button> <ul id="toc-Pre–Columbian_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polynesian_seafarers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_seafarers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Polynesian seafarers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_seafarers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_Chile_(1520–1810)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_Chile_(1520–1810)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Colonial Chile (1520–1810)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Colonial_Chile_(1520–1810)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Colonial Chile (1520–1810) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_Chile_(1520–1810)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_maritime_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_maritime_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spanish maritime policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_maritime_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipyards_in_Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipyards_in_Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shipyards in Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipyards_in_Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_republic_(1810–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_republic_(1810–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independence and republic (1810–present)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence_and_republic_(1810–present)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independence and republic (1810–present) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_republic_(1810–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chilean_Navy_put_to_test_at_war_(1836–1883)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilean_Navy_put_to_test_at_war_(1836–1883)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chilean Navy put to test at war (1836–1883)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilean_Navy_put_to_test_at_war_(1836–1883)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Confederation_(1836–39)" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_arms_race_(1890–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Naval arms race (1890–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_arms_race_(1890–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_mutiny_of_1931" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_mutiny_of_1931"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Naval mutiny of 1931</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_mutiny_of_1931-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960_tsunami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_tsunami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1960 tsunami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_tsunami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Valpo1830.jpg/220px-Valpo1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Valpo1830.jpg/330px-Valpo1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Valpo1830.jpg/440px-Valpo1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a> Bay in 1830 before it became a major commercial hub in the South Pacific</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Maritime history of Chile</b> started when Chile gained independence, but traces it origin in the colonial era and has ultimately origin in the seafaring tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> as well as from indigenous peoples of Chile. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre–Columbian_times"><span id="Pre.E2.80.93Columbian_times"></span>Pre–Columbian times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pre–Columbian times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalca_(reconstrucci%C3%B3n).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/220px-Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/330px-Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG/440px-Dalca_%28reconstrucci%C3%B3n%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a <i>dalca</i> a type of <a href="/wiki/Pirogue" title="Pirogue">pirogue</a> that were used in <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>, by both Spaniads and Huilliches who adopted it from the <a href="/wiki/Chono_people" title="Chono people">Chono</a> people</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche history</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> a watercraft called "<a href="/wiki/Dalca" title="Dalca">dalca</a>" was of common use in Pre–Columbian times. Dalcas were made of planks and were mainly used for seafaring while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wampu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wampu (page does not exist)">wampus</a> were used for navigating rivers and lakes. It is not known what kind of oars early Mapuches presumably used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBengoa200372–74_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBengoa200372–74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesian_seafarers">Polynesian seafarers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polynesian seafarers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact</a></div> <p>In 2007, evidence appeared to have been found that suggested pre-Columbian contact between <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> from the western Pacific and the Mapuche people. Chicken bones found at the site <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Arenal,_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Arenal, Chile (page does not exist)">El Arenal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Araucan%C3%ADa_(historic_region)" title="Araucanía (historic region)">Arauco Peninsula</a>, an area inhabited by Mapuche, support a pre-Columbian introduction of <a href="/wiki/Araucana_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Araucana chicken">chicken</a> to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Storey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones found in Chile were radiocarbon-dated to between 1304 and 1424, before the arrival of the Spanish. Chicken <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequences taken were matched to those of chickens in present-day <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>; they did not match the DNA of European chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-Storey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, a later report in the same journal, assessing the same mtDNA, concluded that the Chilean chicken specimen clusters with the European/Indian subcontinental/Southeast Asian sequences. Thus it does not support a Polynesian introduction of chickens to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2007, several human skulls with Polynesian features, such as a pentagonal shape when viewed from behind, were found lying on a shelf in a museum in <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a>. These skulls turned out to have come from people of <a href="/wiki/Mocha_Island" title="Mocha Island">Mocha Island</a>, an island just off the coast of Chile in the Pacific Ocean, today inhabited by Mapuche. Professor Lisa Matisoo-Smith of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Ram%C3%ADrez_Aliaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Miguel Ramírez Aliaga (page does not exist)">José Miguel Ramírez Aliaga</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="University of Valparaíso">University of Valparaíso</a> hope to win agreement soon with the locals of Mocha Island to begin an excavation to search for Polynesian remains on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_Chile_(1520–1810)"><span id="Colonial_Chile_.281520.E2.80.931810.29"></span>Colonial Chile (1520–1810)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial Chile (1520–1810)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_of_colonial_Chile" title="Coastal defence of colonial Chile">Coastal defence of colonial Chile</a></div> <p>In connection to the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Conquest of Chile</a> a sequence of maritime expeditions were launched, the first three where; <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Pastene" title="Juan Bautista Pastene">Juan Bautista Pastene</a> (September 1544), <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a> (November 1553 – 1554) and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ladrillero" title="Juan Ladrillero">Juan Ladrillero</a> (1557–1558).<sup id="cite_ref-analesladri_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analesladri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these were exploratory expeditions aiming to reach the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> from the Pacific ports of Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-analesladri_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analesladri-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_maritime_policy">Spanish maritime policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish maritime policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> a <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_clausum" title="Mare clausum">Mare clausum</a></i> – a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from the Atlantic the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lytle_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lytle-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipyards_in_Chile">Shipyards in Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shipyards in Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century the shipbuilding industry in <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>, one of the city's main economic activities, reached its peak building numerous ships including <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuarda197345–47_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuarda197345–47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other shipyards of Chile included those of <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Concepción, Chile">Concepción</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chiloé shipyards constructed he bulk of the ships in Chile until the mid-18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Leon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794 a new shipyards was established the mouth of <a href="/wiki/Maule_River" title="Maule River">Maule River</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n,_Chile" title="Constitución, Chile">Constitución</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Leon_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some navigators expressing that Valdivia had better conditions than <a href="/wiki/Guayaquil" title="Guayaquil">Guayaquil</a> in Ecuador, this last port was the chief Spanish shipyard in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuarda197345–47_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuarda197345–47-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leon_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence_and_republic_(1810–present)"><span id="Independence_and_republic_.281810.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Independence and republic (1810–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence and republic (1810–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Chilean_Navy_Squadron" title="First Chilean Navy Squadron">First Chilean Navy Squadron</a></div> <p>During the later stages of Chile's independence war it was conceived that the country needed a navy to bring under Chilean control areas that could not be reached by land like <a href="/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdivia,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivia, Chile">Valdivia</a>. The newly formed Chilean navy was put under command of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Lord Cochrane</a>, who introduced British customs. The Chilean navy succeeded in capturing Valdivia and landing a Chilean-Argentine army in Peru for further fight against the royalists. </p><p>Later on the Chilean navy saw action in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1891_Chilean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1891 Chilean Civil War">1891 Chilean Civil War</a>. The navy was also instrumental into bringing the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> under Chilean control in 1843 and 1888 respectively. </p><p>During the second half of the 19th century the Chilean navy begun a series of explorations towards the <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> archipelagoes. These explorations where fueled by several factors including the establishment of Chilean rule in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Magellan" title="Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a>, the increased trade with Europe and border disputes with Argentina in Patagonia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chilean_Navy_put_to_test_at_war_(1836–1883)"><span id="Chilean_Navy_put_to_test_at_war_.281836.E2.80.931883.29"></span>Chilean Navy put to test at war (1836–1883)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chilean Navy put to test at war (1836–1883)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_the_Confederation_(1836–39)"><span id="War_of_the_Confederation_.281836.E2.80.9339.29"></span>War of the Confederation (1836–39)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War of the Confederation (1836–39)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War of the Confederation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chincha_Islands_War_(1864–66)"><span id="Chincha_Islands_War_.281864.E2.80.9366.29"></span>Chincha Islands War (1864–66)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chincha Islands War (1864–66)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_of_the_Pacific_(1879–1883)"><span id="War_of_the_Pacific_.281879.E2.80.931883.29"></span>War of the Pacific (1879–1883)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War of the Pacific (1879–1883)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/220px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/330px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg/440px-Combate_Naval_Iquique-Thomas_Somerscales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>The Naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Battle of Iquique</a> of 1879 shown in the picture is remembered a public holiday each May 21 in Chile, and authorities call May the <i>month of the sea</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> between Chile and the Bolivia-Peru alliance broke out the few roads and railroad lines, the disputed and nearly waterless and largely unpopulated <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a> turned out to be difficult to occupy. From the beginning naval superiority was critical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarcau200065_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarcau200065-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early on Chile <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Iquique" title="Blockade of Iquique">blockaded</a> the Peruvian port of <a href="/wiki/Iquique" title="Iquique">Iquique</a>, on April 5.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a first naval encounter between Chile and Peru in the indecisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipana" title="Battle of Chipana">Battle of Chipana</a> (April 12, 1879) the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iquique" title="Battle of Iquique">Battle of Iquique</a> (May 21, 1879) proved one of the war's most memorable battles of the war as <i><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1scar_(ironclad)" title="Huáscar (ironclad)">Huáscar</a></i> engaged and sank the <i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_(1855)" class="mw-redirect" title="Esmeralda (1855)">Esmeralda</a></i>; during the battle, Chilean commander <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Prat_Chac%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arturo Prat Chacón">Arturo Prat</a> was fatally shot while attempting to board the <i>Huáscar</i>. In the aftermath, Grau ordered the rescue of the remaining Chilean sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarcau200074_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarcau200074-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <i><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_ironclad_Independencia" title="Peruvian ironclad Independencia">Independencia</a></i> chased the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_schooner_Virgen_de_Covadonga" title="Spanish schooner Virgen de Covadonga">schooner <i>Covadonga</i></a> until the heavier <i>Independencia</i> collided with a submerged rock and sank in the shallow waters near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Punta_Gruesa" title="Battle of Punta Gruesa">Punta Gruesa</a>. This naval battle gave a tactical victory to Peru as it stopped the blockade of Iquique. Nevertheless, it was a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a>; the loss of the <i>Independencia</i>, one of Peru's most important ships, was a fatal blow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Angamos" title="Battle of Angamos">Battle of Angamos</a>, on October 8, 1879 proved decisive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this battle, the Chilean Navy managed to capture the <i>Huáscar</i> after several hours of fierce battle, despite her remaining crew's attempts to scuttle her.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miguel Grau died during the fighting, but his deeds made him a Peruvian national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the loss of the <i>Huáscar</i>, the Peruvian navy still had some successful actions, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Arica" title="Naval Battle of Arica">Naval Battle of Arica</a> (February 27, 1880) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Naval_Battle_of_Arica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Naval Battle of Arica (page does not exist)">Second Naval Battle of Arica</a> (March 17, 1880),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but its remaining units were locked in its main port during the long <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Callao" title="Blockade of Callao">Blockade of Callao</a>. When the Peruvian capital of Lima fell after the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, the Peruvian naval officers <a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_Peruvian_fleet_in_El_Callao" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuttling of the Peruvian fleet in El Callao">scuttled the entire fleet</a> to prevent its capture by the Chilean forces.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_hegemony_(1883–90)"><span id="Pacific_hegemony_.281883.E2.80.9390.29"></span>Pacific hegemony (1883–90)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pacific hegemony (1883–90)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panama_crisis_of_1885" title="Panama crisis of 1885">Panama crisis of 1885</a></div> <p>In March 1885 Colombia thinned its military presence in Panama by sending troops stationed there to fight rebels in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tromben_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tromben-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These favourable conditions prompted an insurgency in Panama.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> was sent there to keep order, in light of invoking its obligations according to the treaty being signed in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Wicks_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wicks-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> > </p><p>In response to the American intervention, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> sent the <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_cruiser_Esmeralda_(1883)" title="Chilean cruiser Esmeralda (1883)"><i>Esmeralda</i></a> to <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, arriving on April 28.<sup id="cite_ref-Tromben_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tromben-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Esmeralda</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain was ordered to stop by any means an eventual annexation of Panama by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199052_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESater199052-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a U.S. publication in August 1885, right after the Panama events, "[The <i>Esmeralda</i>] could destroy our whole navy, ship by ship and never be touched once."<sup id="cite_ref-Tromben_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tromben-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After navy visits to <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer <a href="/wiki/Policarpo_Toro" title="Policarpo Toro">Policarpo Toro</a> managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native <a href="/wiki/Rapanui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui">Rapanui</a> in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199053_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESater199053-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900 nearly all Pacific islands were in control of Britain, France, United States, Germany, Japan, and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiapacific-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polynesian_trade_and_annexation_of_Easter_Island">Polynesian trade and annexation of Easter Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polynesian trade and annexation of Easter Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Oceania, France gained a leading position as imperial power after making <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiapacific-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chile's interest in expanding into the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">islands of the Pacific Ocean</a> dates to the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Prieto" class="mw-redirect" title="José Joaquín Prieto">José Joaquín Prieto</a> (1831–1841) and the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Diego_Portales" title="Diego Portales">Diego Portales</a>, who considered that Chile's expansion into Polynesia was a natural consequence of its maritime destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the first stage of the country's expansionism into the Pacific began only a decade later, in 1851, when—in response to an American incursion into the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>—Chile's government formally organized the islands into a subdelegation of <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213–214_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213–214-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, Chile's economic interest in the Pacific were renewed after its <a href="/wiki/Merchant_navy" title="Merchant navy">merchant fleet</a> briefly succeeded in creating an agricultural goods exchange market that connected the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">Californian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> with <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1861, Chile had established a lucrative enterprise across the Pacific, its <a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">national currency</a> abundantly circulating throughout Polynesia and its merchants trading in the markets of <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>; negotiations were also made with the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>, and altercations reportedly occurred between Chilean and American whalers in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>.This period ended as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Bombardment of Valparaíso">Chilean merchant fleet's destruction</a> by Spanish forces in 1866, during the <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970214_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970214-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chile's Polynesian aspirations would again be awakened in the aftermath of the country's decisive victory against Peru in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, which left the Chilean fleet as the dominant maritime force in the Pacific coast of the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valparaíso had also become the most important port in the Pacific coast of South America, providing Chilean merchants with the capacity to find markets in the Pacific for its new mineral wealth acquired from the Atacama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelsing201256_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing201256-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Chilean intellectual and politician <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Vicu%C3%B1a_Mackenna" title="Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna">Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna</a> (who served as senator in the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress</a> from 1876 to 1885) was an influential voice in favor of Chilean expansionism into the Pacific—he considered that Spain's discoveries in the Pacific had been stolen by the British, and envisioned that Chile's duty was to create an empire in the Pacific that would reach <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of this imperialist fervor is that, in 1886, Captain <a href="/wiki/Policarpo_Toro" title="Policarpo Toro">Policarpo Toro</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Chilean Navy</a> proposed to his superiors the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>; a proposal which was supported by President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Balmaceda" title="José Manuel Balmaceda">José Manuel Balmaceda</a> because of the island's apparent strategic location and economic value. After Toro transferred the rights to the island's sheep ranching operations from Tahiti-based businesses to the Chilean-based <a href="/wiki/Williamson-Balfour_Company" title="Williamson-Balfour Company">Williamson-Balfour Company</a> in 1887, Easter Island's annexation process was culminated with the signing of the "Agreement of Wills" between Rapa Nui chieftains and Toro, in name of the Chilean government, in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199053_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESater199053-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1900 nearly all <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> islands were in control of Britain, France, United States, Germany, Japan, Mexico, Ecuador and Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiapacific-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_arms_race_(1890–1914)"><span id="Naval_arms_race_.281890.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Naval arms race (1890–1914)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Naval arms race (1890–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Argentine%E2%80%93Chilean_naval_arms_race" title="Argentine–Chilean naval arms race">Argentine–Chilean naval arms race</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">South American dreadnought race</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_mutiny_of_1931">Naval mutiny of 1931</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Naval mutiny of 1931"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chilean_naval_mutiny_of_1931" title="Chilean naval mutiny of 1931">Chilean naval mutiny of 1931</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960_tsunami">1960 tsunami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1960 tsunami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 22, 1960 the Chilean coast from <a href="/wiki/Mocha_Island" title="Mocha Island">Mocha Island</a> (38° S)and to <a href="/wiki/Ays%C3%A9n_Region" title="Aysén Region">Aysén Region</a> (45° S) was devastated by a tsunami triggered by the <a href="/wiki/1960_Valdivia_earthquake" title="1960 Valdivia earthquake">1960 Valdivia earthquake</a>. Further north the port of <a href="/wiki/Talcahuano" title="Talcahuano">Talcahuano</a> did not suffered any mayor damages, only some flooding. Some tugboats and small sailboats stranded on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocuant_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocuant Island (page does not exist)">Rocuant Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Saez2000_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saez2000-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The small port of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Mansa" title="Bahía Mansa">Bahía Mansa</a> had all of its new infrastructure destroyed by the tsunami that reached heights of up to 10 <a href="/wiki/M.a.s.l." class="mw-redirect" title="M.a.s.l.">m.a.s.l.</a> in that place. The boat <i>Isabella</i> that at was at time in the port lost its anchors.<sup id="cite_ref-Saez2000_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saez2000-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_River" title="Valdivia River">Valdivia River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corral_Bay" title="Corral Bay">Corral Bay</a> several vessels wrecked due to the earthquake among them <i>Argentina</i>, <i>Canelos</i>, <i>Carlos Haverbeck</i>, <i>Melita</i> and the salvaged remnants of <i>Penco</i>. <i>Canelos</i> was anchored at <a href="/wiki/Corral,_Chile" title="Corral, Chile">Corral</a> and filling a cargo of wood and other products destined to northern Chile when the quake struck. <i>Canelos</i> engine was warmed up in view of this events. After hours of drifting around in <a href="/wiki/Corral_Bay" title="Corral Bay">Corral Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_River" title="Valdivia River">Valdivia River</a> the ship wrecked and was abandoned by its crew at 18.00 PM. Two men on board of <i>Canelos</i> died. As of 2000 the remnants of <i>Canelos</i> are still visible. <i>Santiago</i>, another ship anchored at Corral by the time of the quake, managed to leave Corral in a bad state but wrecked off the coast of Mocha Island on May 24.<sup id="cite_ref-Saez2000_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saez2000-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipyards_in_Chile" title="List of shipyards in Chile">List of shipyards in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Chile">Fishing in Chile</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to economist Neantro Saavedra-Rivano: "Of all Latin American countries, Chile has been the most explicit and consistent throughout its history in expressing its vocation as a Pacific nation and acting in accordance with this conception."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaavedra-Rivano1993193_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaavedra-Rivano1993193-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBengoa200372–74-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBengoa200372–74_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBengoa2003">Bengoa 2003</a>, pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Storey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Storey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStoreyRamirezQuirozBurley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Storey, A. A.; Ramirez, J. M.; Quiroz, D.; Burley, D. V.; Addison, D. J.; Walter, R.; Anderson, A. J.; Hunt, T. L.; Athens, J. S.; Huynen, L.; Matisoo-Smith, E. A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marinos+peruanos+en+Arica&rft.place=Peru&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Hist%C3%B3rico-Maritimos+del+Per%C3%BA&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=El%C3%ADas+Murgu%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Julio+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2KIKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz_Soldán1919" class="citation journal cs1">Paz Soldán, Juan Pedro (July 1919). <a class="external text" href="https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/El_hundimiento_de_la_Escuadra_Peruana">"El hundimiento de la Escuadra Peruana – 16 de enero de 1881"</a>. <i>El Mercurio Peruano — Revista Mensual de Ciencias Sociales y Letras</i>. <b>III</b> (13). Lima, Perú: 44–47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mercurio+Peruano+%E2%80%94+Revista+Mensual+de+Ciencias+Sociales+y+Letras&rft.atitle=El+hundimiento+de+la+Escuadra+Peruana+%E2%80%93+16+de+enero+de+1881&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=44-47&rft.date=1919-07&rft.aulast=Paz+Sold%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Juan+Pedro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fes.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FEl_hundimiento_de_la_Escuadra_Peruana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wicks-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wicks_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicks_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wicks_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWicks1980" class="citation journal cs1">Wicks, Daniel H. (1980). "Dress Rehearsal: United States Intervention on The Isthmus of Panama, 1885". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>49</b> (4): 581–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638968">10.2307/3638968</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638968">3638968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Dress+Rehearsal%3A+United+States+Intervention+on+The+Isthmus+of+Panama%2C+1885&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-605&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wicks&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tromben-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tromben_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tromben_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tromben_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTromben2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tromben, Captain Carlos (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727035003/http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_tromben_english.pdf">"Naval Presence: The Cruiser Esmeralda in Panama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Naval_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Naval History (page does not exist)">International Journal of Naval History</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_tromben_english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Naval+History&rft.atitle=Naval+Presence%3A+The+Cruiser+Esmeralda+in+Panama&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Tromben&rft.aufirst=Captain+Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijnhonline.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F01%2Fpdf_tromben_english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESater199052-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199052_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSater1990">Sater 1990</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESater199053-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199053_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESater199053_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSater1990">Sater 1990</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asiapacific-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Asiapacific_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Eccleston, Michael Dawson. 1998. <i>The Asia-Pacific Profile</i>. Routledge. p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970497_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarros1970">Barros 1970</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaavedra-Rivano1993193-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaavedra-Rivano1993193_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaavedra-Rivano1993">Saavedra-Rivano 1993</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213–214-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213–214_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarros1970">Barros 1970</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970213_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarros1970">Barros 1970</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarros1970214-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarros1970214_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarros1970">Barros 1970</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelsing201256-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelsing201256_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelsing2012">Delsing 2012</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFDelsing2012">Delsing 2012</a>, p. 56</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSaavedra-Rivano1993">Saavedra-Rivano 1993</a>, p. 193</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Saez2000-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saez2000_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saez2000_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saez2000_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas_Sáez2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vargas Sáez, Juan Francisco (2000). <i>Historial del Mar de Chile: Algunos Siniestros Marítimos Acaecidos en el Siglo XX</i> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, Chile. pp. 391–398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-288-739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-288-739-7"><bdi>978-956-288-739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historial+del+Mar+de+Chile%3A+Algunos+Siniestros+Mar%C3%ADtimos+Acaecidos+en+el+Siglo+XX&rft.pages=391-398&rft.pub=Valpara%C3%ADso%2C+Chile&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-956-288-739-7&rft.aulast=Vargas+S%C3%A1ez&rft.aufirst=Juan+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Chile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarros1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barros, Mario (1970). <i>Historia Diplomática de Chile</i> (in Spanish) (2 ed.). Santiago: Editorial Andres Bello. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/956-13-0776-6" title="Special:BookSources/956-13-0776-6"><bdi>956-13-0776-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Diplom%C3%A1tica+de+Chile&rft.place=Santiago&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Editorial+Andres+Bello&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=956-13-0776-6&rft.aulast=Barros&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengoa2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">Bengoa, José</a> (2003). <i>Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur</i> (in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-8303-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-8303-02-0"><bdi>978-956-8303-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+los+antiguos+mapuches+del+sur&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pub=Catalonia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-956-8303-02-0&rft.aulast=Bengoa&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelsing2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Delsing, Riet (2012). "Issues of Land and Sovereignty: The Uneasy Relationship Between Chile and Rapa Nui". In Mallon, Florencia (ed.). <i>Decolonizing Native Histories</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822351528" title="Special:BookSources/9780822351528"><bdi>9780822351528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Issues+of+Land+and+Sovereignty%3A+The+Uneasy+Relationship+Between+Chile+and+Rapa+Nui&rft.btitle=Decolonizing+Native+Histories&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780822351528&rft.aulast=Delsing&rft.aufirst=Riet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarcau2000" class="citation book cs1">Farcau, Bruce W. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BsxISMTwsSUC"><i>The Ten Cents War, Chile, Peru and Bolivia in the War of the Pacific, 1879–1884</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut, London: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96925-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96925-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96925-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 17,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ten+Cents+War%2C+Chile%2C+Peru+and+Bolivia+in+the+War+of+the+Pacific%2C+1879%E2%80%931884&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut%2C+London&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96925-7&rft.aulast=Farcau&rft.aufirst=Bruce+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBsxISMTwsSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarda1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Guarda" title="Gabriel Guarda">Guarda, Gabriel</a> (1973). <i>La economía de Chile Austral antes de la colonización alemana</i>. <a href="/wiki/Valdivia" title="Valdivia">Valdivia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Austral_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Austral de Chile">Universidad Austral de Chile</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+econom%C3%ADa+de+Chile+Austral+antes+de+la+colonizaci%C3%B3n+alemana&rft.place=Valdivia&rft.pub=Universidad+Austral+de+Chile&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Guarda&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilla_Batres1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Milla Batres, Carlos (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7sd-AAAAMAAJ"><i>Enciclopedia biográfica e histórica del Perú: Crónica del Perú republicano : 1800-año 2000</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Milla Batres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-9413-11-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-9413-11-1"><bdi>978-958-9413-11-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+biogr%C3%A1fica+e+hist%C3%B3rica+del+Per%C3%BA%3A+Cr%C3%B3nica+del+Per%C3%BA+republicano+%3A+1800-a%C3%B1o+2000&rft.pub=Editorial+Milla+Batres&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-958-9413-11-1&rft.aulast=Milla+Batres&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7sd-AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaavedra-Rivano1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saavedra-Rivano, Neantro (1993). "Chile and Japan: Opening Doors through Trade". In Stallings, Barbara; Szekely, Gabriel (eds.). <i>Japan, the United States, and Latin America</i>. London: The Macmillan Press Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13130-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13130-3"><bdi>978-1-349-13130-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chile+and+Japan%3A+Opening+Doors+through+Trade&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+the+United+States%2C+and+Latin+America&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-349-13130-3&rft.aulast=Saavedra-Rivano&rft.aufirst=Neantro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSater1990" class="citation book cs1">Sater, William (1990). <i>Chile and the United States: Empires in Conflict</i>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-1249-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-1249-5"><bdi>0-8203-1249-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chile+and+the+United+States%3A+Empires+in+Conflict&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8203-1249-5&rft.aulast=Sater&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaritime+history+of+Chile" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chile_topics" title="Template:Chile topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chile_topics" title="Template talk:Chile topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chile_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chile topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chile_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Chile-related_articles" title="Index of Chile-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chilean_history" title="Timeline of Chilean history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Prehispanic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ante_Christum_natum" title="Ante Christum natum">ACN</a>–1536 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Chile" title="Discovery of Chile">Spanish Discovery</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1536–1540)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1540–1600)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">Colonial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600–1810)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_War_of_Independence" title="Chilean War of Independence">Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1810–1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_of_the_Chilean_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization of the Chilean Republic (page does not exist)">Republic Organization</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1823–1831)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Republic" title="Conservative Republic">Conservative Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831–1861)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republic" title="Liberal Republic">Liberal Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–1891)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile_during_the_Parliamentary_Era_(1891%E2%80%931925)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)">Parliamentary Era</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891–1925)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931973)" title="Presidential Republic (1925–1973)">Presidential Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">Pinochet Regime</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_transition_to_democracy" title="Chilean transition to democracy">Democracy Transition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–Present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banditry_in_Chile" title="Banditry in Chile">Banditry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Chile" title="History of mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Chile" title="List of wars involving Chile">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile" title="Coat of arms of Chile"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/110px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/165px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chile_%28c%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Chile" title="Geography of Chile">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Chile" title="List of cities in Chile">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Chile" title="Climate of Chile">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile" title="List of earthquakes in Chile">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Chile" title="Environmental issues in Chile">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Chile" title="List of extreme points of Chile">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords,_channels,_sounds_and_straits_of_Chile" title="List of fjords, channels, sounds and straits of Chile">Fjords, channels, sounds and straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Chile" title="Geology of Chile">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Chile" title="List of islands of Chile">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Chile" title="List of national parks of Chile">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_regions_of_Chile" title="Natural regions of Chile">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Chile" title="Provinces of Chile">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Chile" title="Regions of Chile">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Chile" title="List of rivers of Chile">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Chile" title="List of lakes of Chile">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Chile" title="List of volcanoes in Chile">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_and_lightvessels_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Chile">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Chile" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Chile">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Chile" title="Politics of Chile">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Chile" title="Foreign relations of Chile">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Chile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Chile" title="List of political parties in Chile">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Chile" title="Ministries of Chile">Ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Chile" title="Law of Chile">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Civil_Code" title="Chilean Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Chile" title="Constitutional history of Chile">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Chile" title="Human rights in Chile">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Chile">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Chile" title="Intersex rights in Chile">Intersex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Chile" title="Supreme Court of Chile">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Chile" title="Constitutional Court of Chile">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_Chile" title="Comptroller General of Chile">Comptroller General of Chile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carabineros_de_Chile" title="Carabineros de Chile">Carabineros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Gendarmerie" title="Chilean Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigations_Police_of_Chile" title="Investigations Police of Chile">Investigations Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Chile">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Air_Force" title="Chilean Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Army" title="Chilean Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Navy" title="Chilean Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Chile)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Chile)">Ministry of Defence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Chile" title="Agriculture in Chile">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Chile" title="Central Bank of Chile">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Chile" title="List of companies of Chile">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Chile" title="Energy in Chile">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Chile" title="Forestry in Chile">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_peso" title="Chilean peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Stock_Exchange" title="Santiago Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Chile" title="Mining in Chile">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Chile" title="Tourism in Chile">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Chile" title="Transport in Chile">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Chile" title="Category:Society of Chile">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Chile" title="Crime in Chile">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Chile" title="Demographics of Chile">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Chile" title="Healthcare in Chile">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Chile" title="Immigration to Chile">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chileans" title="Chileans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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