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Operation Perch - Wikipedia

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Overlord" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Overlord"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Operation Overlord</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Overlord-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Perch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Perch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Operation Perch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Perch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Wild_Oats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Wild_Oats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Operation Wild Oats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Wild_Oats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_preparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_preparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>German preparations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_preparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-XXX_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XXX_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>XXX Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XXX_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>I Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caumont_Gap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caumont_Gap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Caumont Gap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caumont_Gap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Villers-Bocage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Villers-Bocage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Villers-Bocage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14_June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14_June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>14 June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14_June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Battle of the Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Aniseed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Aniseed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Operation Aniseed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Aniseed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Subsequent operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Perch" title="Operation Perch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Perch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Perch" title="Operación Perch – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Operación Perch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Perch" title="Opération Perch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Perch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Perch" title="Operazione Perch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Perch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operacja_Perch" title="Operacja Perch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Operacja Perch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%C2%BB" title="Операция «Перч» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Перч»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="பெர்ச் நடவடிக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்ச் நடவடிக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ปฏิบัติการเพิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปฏิบัติการเพิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Perch&amp;params=49.08_N_0.66_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°40′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.08°N 0.66°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">49.08; -0.66</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British offensive of the Second World War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Perch</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TillyCromwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/TillyCromwell.jpg/300px-TillyCromwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/TillyCromwell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="281" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank#Variants" title="Cromwell tank">Centaur IV</a> tank of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Armoured_Support_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marines Armoured Support Group">Royal Marines Armoured Support Group</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tilly-sur-Seulles" title="Tilly-sur-Seulles">Tilly-sur-Seulles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7–14 June 1944</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Perch&amp;params=49.08_N_0.66_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">0°40′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.08°N 0.66°W</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">49.08; -0.66</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> German victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles C. Dempsey</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Gerard Bucknall</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leo_Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" title="Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg">Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 armoured division<br />2 infantry divisions<br />2 armoured brigades</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3 panzer divisions<br />1 infantry division<br />1 heavy tank battalion</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od 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href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Villers-Bocage is located in France"><img alt="Villers-Bocage is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/200px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/300px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/400px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.048%;left:32.532%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Villers-Bocage"><img alt="Villers-Bocage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Villers-Bocage,_Calvados" title="Villers-Bocage, Calvados">Villers-Bocage</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" title="File:France location map-Regions and departements-2016.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Villers-Bocage, a commune in the Calvados department of the Normandy region of Northern France.</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Overlord(Battle_of_Normandy)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><span class="wrap">Operation Overlord</span></a><br />(Battle of Normandy)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Prelude</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard"><i>Bodyguard</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude"><i>Fortitude</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zeppelin_(deception_plan)" title="Operation Zeppelin (deception plan)"><i>Zeppelin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">Taxable, Glimmer &amp; Big Drum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postage_Able" title="Operation Postage Able"><i>Postage Able</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tarbrush" title="Operation Tarbrush"><i>Tarbrush</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Fabius" title="Exercise Fabius">Fabius</a></li></ul> <p><b>Airborne assault</b><br />British Sector </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga"><i>Tonga</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Caen canal and Orne river bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard"><i>Mallard</i></a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American Sector</a></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Albany" title="Mission Albany">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Boston" title="Mission Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Chicago" title="Mission Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Detroit" title="Mission Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Elmira" title="Mission Elmira">Elmira</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></b><br />American Sector </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a></li></ul> <p>Anglo-Canadian Sector </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gambit" title="Operation Gambit"><i>Gambit</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-en-Bessin" title="Battle of Port-en-Bessin">Port-en-Bessin</a></li></ul> <p><b>Logistics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Ground campaign</b><br />American Sector </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9court_Manor_Assault" title="Brécourt Manor Assault">Brécourt Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graignes" title="Battle of Graignes">Graignes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Haye-du-Puits" title="Battle of La Haye-du-Puits">La Haye-du-Puits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Gulch" title="Battle of Bloody Gulch">Hill 30</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Naval</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Anglo-Canadian Sector </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Perch</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_massacres" title="Normandy massacres">Normandy massacres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardenne_Abbey_massacre" title="Ardenne Abbey massacre">Ardenne Abbey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Douvres_Radar_Station" title="Battle of Douvres Radar Station">Douvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet"><i>Martlet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom"><i>Epsom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor"><i>Windsor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood"><i>Charnwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)"><i>Jupiter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">2nd Odon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic"><i>Atlantic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood"><i>Goodwood</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a></li></ul> <p><b>Breakout</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra"><i>Cobra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring"><i>Spring</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat"><i>Bluecoat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize"><i>Totalize</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Hill_140" title="Battle for Hill 140">Hill 140</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich"><i>Lüttich</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable"><i>Tractable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Falaise Pocket">Falaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_River_Crossing_at_Mantes-Gassicourt" title="Seine River Crossing at Mantes-Gassicourt">Mantes-Gassicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li></ul> <p><b>Air and Sea operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Ushant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF raid on La Caine HQ">La Caine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg" title="Bombardment of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pierres_Noires" title="Battle of Pierres Noires">Pierres Noires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Audierne_Bay" title="Battle of Audierne Bay">Audierne Bay</a></li></ul> <p><b>Supporting operations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh"><i>Jedburgh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dingson" title="Operation Dingson"><i>Dingson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Samwest" title="Operation Samwest"><i>Samwest</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic"><i>Titanic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cooney" title="Operation Cooney"><i>Cooney</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket" title="Operation Bulbasket"><i>Bulbasket</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Houndsworth" title="Operation Houndsworth"><i>Houndsworth</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Loyton" title="Operation Loyton"><i>Loyton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kipling" title="Operation Kipling"><i>Kipling</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_Wallace_and_Hardy" title="Operations Wallace and Hardy"><i>Wallace</i> &amp; <i>Hardy</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Aftermath</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Cemeteries</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><b>Operation Perch</b> was a British offensive of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> which took place from 7 to 14 June 1944, during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a>. The operation was intended to encircle and seize the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupied city of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a> objective for the British <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Division (United Kingdom)">3rd Infantry Division</a> in the early phases of Operation Overlord. Operation Perch was to begin immediately after the British beach landings with an advance to the south-east of Caen by <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>. Three days after the invasion the city was still in German hands and the operation was amended. The operation was expanded to include <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">I Corps</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer attack</a> on Caen. </p><p>On the next day, XXX Corps in the west pushed south to <a href="/wiki/Tilly-sur-Seulles" title="Tilly-sur-Seulles">Tilly-sur-Seulles</a>, which was occupied by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Lehr_Division" title="Panzer Lehr Division">Panzer-Lehr Division</a></i></span>; the village was captured and re-captured several times. I Corps began the eastern thrust two days later from the <a href="/wiki/Orne_(river)" title="Orne (river)">Orne</a> bridgehead, which had been secured in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Operation Tonga</a> on D-Day. I Corps was also delayed by constant counter-attacks of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a>. With mounting casualties and no sign of a German collapse, the offensive east of Caen was suspended on 13 June. </p><p>Further west in the US <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">First Army</a> area, American attacks forced a gap in the German defences. Part of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a> was diverted from Tilly-sur-Seulles, to advance through the gap in a <a href="/wiki/Flanking_manoeuvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanking manoeuvre">flanking manoeuvre</a> and force the <i>Panzer Lehr Division</i> to fall back, to avoid encirclement. On 14 June, after two days of battle including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Battle of Villers-Bocage</a>, the 7th Armoured Division was ordered to withdraw towards Caumont. Plans were made to resume the offensive once the 7th Armoured Division had been reinforced but the plans came to nothing when a storm in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> seriously delayed the landing of supplies and reinforcements. </p><p>The battle is controversial because many historians and writers have concluded that it was failures by British divisional and corps commanders that squandered an opportunity to capture Caen, rather than the Germans achieving a defensive success. To resist the offensive, the Germans had committed their most powerful armoured reserves, which deprived them of the fighting power for a counter-offensive and forfeited the initiative to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Overlord">Operation Overlord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Operation Overlord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">Invasion of Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50th_division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/50th_division.jpg/220px-50th_division.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/50th_division.jpg/330px-50th_division.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/50th_division.jpg/440px-50th_division.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Infantry of the <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a> run ashore near La Riviere on 6 June.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Norman town of Caen was a D-Day objective for the 3rd Infantry Division, which landed on <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a> on 6 June 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200424_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200424-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The capture of Caen was the most ambitious objective of I Corps (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)" title="Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker" title="John Crocker">John Crocker</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Overlord plan called for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a> (Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Miles_Dempsey" title="Miles Dempsey">Miles Dempsey</a>) to secure the city and then form a front line from <a href="/wiki/Caumont-l%27%C3%89vent%C3%A9" title="Caumont-l&#39;Éventé">Caumont-l'Éventé</a> to the south-east of Caen, acquiring airfields and protecting the left flank of the US First Army while it moved on <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200478_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200478-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give the Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture <a href="/wiki/Falaise,_Calvados" title="Falaise, Calvados">Falaise</a>, which could be used as the pivot for a swing left of the Allied front to advance on <a href="/wiki/Argentan" title="Argentan">Argentan</a> and then towards the <a href="/wiki/Touques_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Touques River">Touques River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200481_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200481-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The terrain between Caen and <a href="/wiki/Vimont,_Calvados" title="Vimont, Calvados">Vimont</a> was especially promising, being open, dry and conducive to swift offensive operations. The Allies greatly outnumbered the Germans in tanks and mobile units and a battle of manoeuvre would be to their advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVat2003146_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVat2003146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Perch">Operation Perch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Operation Perch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Perch_order_of_battle" title="Operation Perch order of battle">Operation Perch order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg/220px-Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg/330px-Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg/440px-Moving_towards_inland_from_Gold_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Tanks from the <a href="/wiki/4th_County_of_London_Yeomanry" class="mw-redirect" title="4th County of London Yeomanry">4th County of London Yeomanry</a>, <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a>, move inland from <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a>, 7 June 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>Operation Perch was intended to create the threat of a British break-out to the south-east of Caen by XXX Corps. The <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a> landed on <a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a> on 6 June and was to rapidly move inland and capture <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> and the road to Tilly-sur-Seulles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200436-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 7th Armoured Division and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="8th Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">8th Armoured Brigade</a> would then take over from the 50th Northumbrian Division and advance from Tilly-sur-Seulles to <a href="/wiki/Mont_Pin%C3%A7on" title="Mont Pinçon">Mont Pinçon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19999_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> XXX Corps landed on Gold Beach at 07:30 on 6 June, cleared seven exits off the beach and advanced 5&#160;mi (8.0&#160;km) inland. German resistance at Le Hamel delayed the division and prevented the achievement of all of the D-Day objectives before dark.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Patrols had reached Bayeux and made contact with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a>, which had landed on <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950247_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950247-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/No._47_(Royal_Marine)_Commando" title="No. 47 (Royal Marine) Commando">47 Royal Marine Commando</a> advanced westwards along the coast, to link up with the American forces moving inland from <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> but fell short of <a href="/wiki/Port-en-Bessin-Huppain" title="Port-en-Bessin-Huppain">Port-en-Bessin-Huppain</a> by 3&#160;mi (4.8&#160;km).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the afternoon, the German <a href="/wiki/LXXXIV_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="LXXXIV Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">LXXXIV Corps</a> ordered its reserve, <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division_Hitlerjugend" title="12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend">12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Meyer">Kampfgruppe Meyer</a></i>), to strike into the flank of the 50th Division north of Bayeux. While advancing to the attack, a battalion was ordered towards Omaha beach, weakening the counter-attack which was a costly failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200758–59_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200758–59-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 7 June, the bulk of the 7th Armoured Division landed on schedule and XXX Corps secured its remaining D-Day objectives, including Bayeux and Port-en-Bessin-Huppain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200436-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel200611_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel200611-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The German LXXXIV Corps sent its last reserve unit, Mobile Brigade 30, towards Gold Beach to repeat the counter-attack, which also failed and the brigade was destroyed north of Bayeux. The survivors of the two counter-attacks were driven into a pocket north of the city by the Anglo-American advance, although the Americans did not discover that this had happened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From Sword Beach, the 3rd Infantry Division of I Corps had advanced towards Caen but diverted units to capture German positions along the 9.3&#160;mi (15.0&#160;km) route, which reduced the strength of the infantry attack and the accompanying <a href="/wiki/27th_Armoured_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Armoured Brigade">27th Armoured Brigade</a> was delayed by congestion in the beachhead. The division was stopped short of Caen by the <a href="/wiki/21st_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">21st Panzer Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997284–286_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997284–286-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Wild_Oats">Operation Wild Oats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Operation Wild Oats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg/220px-Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg/330px-Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg/440px-Second_Battle_of_Odon_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Area west of Caen</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 June the Allied ground forces commander, General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a>, met Dempsey and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> (US First Army commander) and it was decided that Caen would be taken by a pincer movement, Operation Wild Oats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960142_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960142-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> From the east the <a href="/wiki/51st_(Highland)_Division" title="51st (Highland) Division">51st (Highland) Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Brigade_and_Headquarters_North_East" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East">4th Armoured Brigade</a> of I Corps, would cross east into the <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">6th Airborne Division</a> bridgehead over the Orne and attack towards <a href="/wiki/Cagny,_Calvados" title="Cagny, Calvados">Cagny</a>, 6&#160;mi (9.7&#160;km) to the south-east of Caen. XXX Corps to the west would send the 7th Armoured Division across the <a href="/wiki/Odon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Odon River">Odon River</a> to take <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vrecy" title="Évrecy">Évrecy</a> and Hill 112.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewBadsey200422_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewBadsey200422-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">1st Airborne Division</a> would then drop between the pincers but <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a>, the Allied air commander exercised a veto of the airborne plan as too risky for the transport aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200436-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_preparations">German preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: German preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late on 7 June, the <a href="/wiki/I_SS_Panzer_Corps" title="I SS Panzer Corps">I SS-Panzer Corps</a> was transferred from the command of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="7th Army (Wehrmacht)">7th Army</a> to <a href="/wiki/5th_Panzer_Army" title="5th Panzer Army"><i>Panzergruppe West</i></a> (Armoured Group West, General <a href="/wiki/Geyr_von_Schweppenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Geyr von Schweppenburg">Geyr von Schweppenburg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200171_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200171-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>, the supreme commander in the west (<a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">OB West</a>), ordered <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Panzergruppe West</i></span> to plan a counter-attack for 10 June. This attack was cancelled by Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> the commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>, due to lack of troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> German units were rushed to Normandy to contain the invasion. The I SS-Panzer Corps consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Panzer-Lehr-Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer-Lehr-Division">Panzer-Lehr-Division</a>, one of the strongest divisions in the German army, the 12th SS-Panzer Division <i>Hitlerjugend</i> and the 21st Panzer Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200438–39_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200438–39-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The leading elements of the Panzer-Lehr Division arrived during the night of 9 June at Tilly-sur-Seulles, having lost up to 200 vehicles to aerial attacks during its 90&#160;mi (140&#160;km) drive from <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, having been diverted from facing the British I Corps north of Caen due to the success of the 50th Northumbrian Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200439Reynolds200173Buckley200760_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200439Reynolds200173Buckley200760-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Parts of the 12th SS-Panzer Division, the 21st Panzer Division and the remains of the <a href="/wiki/716th_Static_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="716th Static Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">716th Static Infantry Division</a> were moved to Caen, facing I Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200429-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several attacks were launched against the Anglo-Canadian beachhead north of Caen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429Reynolds200163–71_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200429Reynolds200163–71-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the early hours of 9 June, the survivors of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kampfgruppe Meyer</i></span> and Mobile Brigade 30 broke out of the pocket north of Bayeux.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Later in the day, XXX Corps linked with the Americans while the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division reached the north-east outskirts of Tilly-sur-Seulles and encountered the tanks of the Panzer-Lehr Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the evening, Panzer-Lehr and the 12th SS-Panzer Division counter-attacked and overran a British infantry company, before being forced back the next morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950254_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950254-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XXX_Corps">XXX Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: XXX Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 June, the 7th Armoured Division took over parts of the 50th Northumbrian Division front with the <a href="/wiki/56th_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="56th Infantry Brigade">56th Infantry Brigade</a> under command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950256_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950256-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By nightfall, the 7th Armoured Division had reached the north-western fringe of Tilly-sur-Seulles and next day penetrated the village, capturing the central crossroads. The Panzer-Lehr Division made several counter-attacks, which forced the British out and attacks by the 50th (Northumbrian) Division bogged down in the <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200437_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200437-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Army Group B planned to relieve the armoured divisions facing the Second Army from 11 June and replace them with infantry divisions, to concentrate the tanks in the Carentan area and avert the danger to Cherbourg. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> over-ruled Rommel and the next day ordered him not to retreat and instead to roll up the Allied beachhead from east to west, starting with the Orne bridgehead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_Corps">I Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: I Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry">Battle of Le Mesnil-Patry</a></div> <p>While XXX Corps attacked Tilly-sur-Seulles, an attack by I Corps was postponed until 12 June, because of weather delays, which slowed the landing of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 10 June, German tanks and infantry made several attacks on the 6th Airborne Division in the Orne bridgehead, which forestalled the British attack. The Germans were repulsed with the help of naval gunfire and then counter-attacked; a captured German officer remarked that his "battalion had been virtually wiped out" during twelve hours of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the evening, a German attack on <a href="/wiki/Ranville" title="Ranville">Ranville</a> was repulsed with many German casualties. The vanguard of the 51st Highland Division arrived during the evening and attacked <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breville" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Breville">Bréville</a> at dawn, which was also a costly failure; other elements of the division quickly secured <a href="/wiki/Touffr%C3%A9ville" title="Touffréville">Touffréville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248,_250_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248,_250-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the afternoon of 11 June, <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Own_Rifles_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen&#39;s Own Rifles of Canada">The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/1st_Hussars" title="1st Hussars">1st Hussars</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Le_Mesnil-Patry" title="Le Mesnil-Patry">Le Mesnil-Patry</a> to assist the advance of the <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="69th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">69th Brigade</a> of the 50th Northumbrian Division but the attack was another costly failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960140_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960140-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 12 June, German attacks were launched from the Bréville area against the Orne bridgehead. Fighting lasted all day and casualties were severe on both sides but during the evening the Germans pulled back. To close the gap in the British perimeter, the decision was made to secure Bréville and the 12th Battalion the Parachute Regiment captured the village by midnight but had 141 casualties among 160 men in the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004249_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004249-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 51st Highland Division was opposed by the 21st Panzer Division in its efforts to push south to Saint Honorine and with the Highlanders contained, the offensive east of Caen was called off on 13 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004250_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004250-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caumont_Gap">Caumont Gap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Caumont Gap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Perch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Operation_Perch.svg/220px-Operation_Perch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Operation_Perch.svg/330px-Operation_Perch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Operation_Perch.svg/440px-Operation_Perch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Allied and Axis dispositions on 12 June 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the attempt to envelop Caen had been repulsed, on the right flank of XXX Corps (the junction of the British Second and First US armies) the possibility for a flanking manoeuvre had developed. Since D-Day, the British and Americans had destroyed five German <a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe" title="Kampfgruppe">battle groups</a> in this area, including the reserves of LXXXIV Corps, leaving only remnants of the <a href="/wiki/352nd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="352nd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">352nd Infantry Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9vi%C3%A8res" title="Trévières">Trévières</a>–<a href="/wiki/Agy" title="Agy">Agy</a> sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 352nd Division had been in action since its defence of Omaha, on 6 June, and had received few replacements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19999_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19999-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._1st_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 1st Infantry Division">1st US Infantry Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._2nd_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 2nd Infantry Division">2nd US Infantry Division</a> had forced the collapse of the left flank of the 352nd Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the night of 9/10 June, the 352nd Division received permission to retire to Saint-Lô, which created a 7.5&#160;mi (12.1&#160;km) gap in the German lines near Caumont-l'Éventé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951369_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951369-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigley1981109–110_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigley1981109–110-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Only the reconnaissance battalion of the <a href="/wiki/17th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen">17th SS-Panzergrenadier Division</a>, which had been detached when the division was moved west ready for a counter-offensive at <a href="/wiki/Carentan" title="Carentan">Carentan</a>, remained in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans planned to use the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="2nd Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">2nd Panzer Division</a> to plug the gap but on 10 June, the bulk of the 2nd Panzer Division was strung out between <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alen%C3%A7on" title="Alençon">Alençon</a> and was not expected to arrive in strength for another three days.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freiherr_von_Funck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Freiherr von Funck">Hans Freiherr von Funck</a> of <a href="/wiki/XLVII_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XLVII Panzer Corps (Germany)">XLVII Panzer Corps</a> rushed the divisional reconnaissance battalion to Caumont, with orders to hold the high ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The I SS-Panzer Corps commander, <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich" title="Sepp Dietrich">Sepp Dietrich</a>, ordered his only reserve <i><a href="/wiki/Schwere_SS-Panzerabteilung_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101">Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101</a></i>, to move behind the Panzer-Lehr and 12th SS-Panzer divisions to cover the open left flank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200199–100_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200199–100-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 2nd Company, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schwere SS-Panzer Battalion 101</i></span>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wittmann" title="Michael Wittmann">Michael Wittmann</a> and with five operational <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger tanks</a>, was ordered to a position south of Point 213 on the <a href="/wiki/Villers-Bocage,_Calvados" title="Villers-Bocage, Calvados">Villers-Bocage</a> ridge and arrived on 12 June, after a five-day drive from <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200457_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200457-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200180,_99–100_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200180,_99–100-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caumont_Gap.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of the Caumont Gap and the advances made by the Anglo-American forces, as described in the text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caumont_Gap.svg/220px-Caumont_Gap.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caumont_Gap.svg/330px-Caumont_Gap.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caumont_Gap.svg/440px-Caumont_Gap.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">During the night of 9/10 June, the German 352nd Infantry Division retired towards Saint-Lô creating a wide gap in the German lines covered only by light forces. On 12 June, the British 7th Armoured Division passed through the gap, heading for Villers-Bocage and the ridge beyond, while the 1st and 2nd US Infantry Divisions attacked in support.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 June, Dempsey met with Lieutenant-General Gerard Bucknall (XXX Corps) and <a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Major-General</a> George Erskine (7th Armoured Division) and ordered Erskine to disengage the division from the fighting around Tilly-sur-Seulles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007134_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007134-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 7th Armoured Division was to exploit the gap to seize Villers-Bocage and advance behind the left flank of the Panzer-Lehr Division, to a ridge about 1.6&#160;mi (2.6&#160;km) east of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200624_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200624-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200447_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200447-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It was believed that the appearance of British tanks behind the Panzer-Lehr Division on high ground astride German supply-lines would compel the Panzer-Lehr Division to withdraw or be trapped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950257_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950257-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199910_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199910-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To support the flanking move of the 7th Armoured Division, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was to continue its attack against the Panzer-Lehr Division around Tilly-sur-Seulles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp200476_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp200476-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">US V Corps</a> would push forward at the same time, the 1st US Infantry Division to capture Caumont and the high ground nearby and the 2nd US Infantry Division to advance towards Saint-Lô.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 7th Armoured Division was slow to redeploy and spent the morning of 12 June continuing the attack on Tilly-sur-Seulles, according to its original orders. At 12:00, Erskine ordered Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hinde_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Hinde (British Army officer)">Robert "Looney" Hinde</a> (commander of the <a href="/wiki/22nd_Armoured_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="22nd Armoured Brigade">22nd Armoured Brigade</a>) to move through the gap at once.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199910_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199910-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/131st_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="131st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">131st Infantry Brigade</a> ready for action, the 56th Infantry Brigade was returned to the control of the 50th Northumbrian Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200450-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 7th Armoured Division armoured reconnaissance regiment, the <a href="/wiki/8th_King%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars" title="8th King&#39;s Royal Irish Hussars">8th King's Royal Irish Hussars</a>, began to reconnoitre the route and the rest of the division departed from <a href="/wiki/Trungy" title="Trungy">Trungy</a> at around 16:00.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200450-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200413_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin200413-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Four hours later, the main body approached <a href="/wiki/Livry,_Calvados" title="Livry, Calvados">Livry</a> after an unopposed advance of 12&#160;mi (19&#160;km), the last 6&#160;mi (9.7&#160;km) of which were through German-held territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199911-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>North of Livry, the leading 8th Hussar <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_tank" title="Cromwell tank">Cromwell tanks</a> were knocked out by an anti-tank gun of the Panzer-Lehr Division Escort Company; infantry and tanks were brought forward and cleared the position after two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200450-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199911-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie200453_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie200453-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On reaching the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9rou-la-Muloti%C3%A8re" title="Bérou-la-Mulotière">La Mulotiere</a>, Hinde halted for the night, to disguise the objective of the advance. The Cromwells of the 8th Hussar and the <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussar</a> (the XXX Corps <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured car</a> regiment) reconnoitred the flanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200413_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin200413-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199912_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199912-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 11th Hussars found no resistance on the right, linking with the 1st US Infantry Division near Caumont; on the left flank, the 8th Hussars located elements of the Panzer-Lehr Division just under 2&#160;mi (3.2&#160;km) away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199912_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199912-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Villers-Bocage">Battle of Villers-Bocage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Villers-Bocage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Battle of Villers-Bocage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A,_Villers-Bocage,_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-738-0267-21A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rte_Milit%C3%A4rfahrzeuge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 6-pounder">6 pdr anti-tank gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loyd_Carrier" title="Loyd Carrier">Loyd Carriers</a> knocked out by Michael Wittmann</figcaption></figure> <p>The British advance resumed at 05:30, and at about 08:30 the vanguard of the 22nd Armoured <a href="/wiki/Brigade_group" title="Brigade group">Brigade group</a> entered the west end of Villers-Bocage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200450-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199916_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199916-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A squadron of the <a href="/wiki/4th_County_of_London_Yeomanry_(Sharpshooters)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)">4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)</a>, moved through the town and occupied Point 213, an area of high ground to the east on the Caen road. The regimental headquarters and a company of infantry occupied the eastern end of the town along the main road.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199916_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199916-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At about 09:00, the foremost British tanks were engaged by <span class="nowrap">3–5 Tiger</span> tanks of the 2nd Company, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199919_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199919-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200457–58,_66_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200457–58,_66-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200625_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200625-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001103_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001103-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A Tiger under the command of Michael Wittmann, entered Villers-Bocage and destroyed several tanks of the 4th County of London Yeomanry regimental headquarters and reconnaissance troop, then attacked British tanks entering the town from the west, before attempting to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199923–33_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199923–33-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200463–64_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200463–64-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The Tiger was immobilised by British return fire and was abandoned by the crew who fled towards Château Orbois to report to the Panzer-Lehr Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200465_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200465-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199933_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199933-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In fewer than 15 minutes, <span class="nowrap">13–14 tanks,</span> two anti-tank guns and <span class="nowrap">13–15 transport</span> vehicles had been destroyed, many by Wittmann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199933_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199933-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200466_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200466-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the rest of the morning, an infantry battalion from the 22nd Armoured Brigade group took up defensive positions in the town; the troops at Point 213 had been cut off and a force was assembled to extricate them. The relief force was unable to advance on the ridge and when more German forces arrived between 11:00 and 13:00, the trapped squadron surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199943,_56_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199943,_56-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200473–74_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200473–74-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001104_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001104-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> More German troops had arrived, and engaged the 22nd Armoured Brigade group along the road back to Livry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199943_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199943-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A,_Villers-Bocage,_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-494-3376-14A%2C_Villers-Bocage%2C_zerst%C3%B6rter_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>One of the Tiger tanks knocked out in Villers-Bocage.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tanks of the Panzer-Lehr Division arrived to seal off the north and west exits from Villers-Bocage but were ambushed by British anti-tank guns and several were disabled before the British position was silenced. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101</i></span> was ambushed in the town centre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200474_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200474-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199959_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199959-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Several Tigers and a <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> were knocked out by anti-tank guns, a <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Firefly" title="Sherman Firefly">Sherman Firefly</a> and British infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199965,_67_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199965,_67-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The disabled tanks were later set on fire and British and German infantry fought throughout the afternoon. The British positions were bombarded by heavy artillery and several German attacks were repulsed by British field artillery firing over open sights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199969,_76_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199969,_76-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A British company was overrun, a platoon taken prisoner and the battalion headquarters came under fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200476_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200476-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hinde decided that the brigade group should withdraw until morning to Point 174, an area of high ground to the west of Villers-Bocage near <a href="/wiki/Amay%C3%A9-sur-Seulles" title="Amayé-sur-Seulles">Amayé-sur-Seulles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200476_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200476-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At 20:00, the withdrawal began under cover of an artillery bombardment and was accomplished largely unmolested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199976_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199976-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14_June">14 June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: 14 June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division"><span id="50th_.28Northumbrian.29_Infantry_Division"></span>50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarrisPanther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HarrisPanther.jpg/220px-HarrisPanther.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/HarrisPanther.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="187" /></a><figcaption>Two of the five Panther tanks knocked out by Sergeant Wilfred "Spit" Harris (commanding a Sherman Firefly) and Trooper Ian Mackillop (the tank gunner) are visible at the west end of Lingèvres, where the second attack was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_174–175_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_174–175-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On the morning of 14 June, Montgomery abandoned the pincer attack on Caen, because he lacked "sufficient strength to act offensively on both flanks". XXX Corps was ordered to continue in a "concentrated single blow" while in the I Corps area, the attack by the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was "piped down".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960143_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960143-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division continued the attack southwards, to pin down German forces. On 14 June, supported by the divisional artillery and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, the division attacked with two brigades towards la Senaudière, la Belle Epine, <a href="/wiki/Ling%C3%A8vres" title="Lingèvres">Lingèvres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res,_Orne" title="Verrières, Orne">Verrières</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp200476_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp200476-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200490_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200490-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If the attack succeeded, it was to be exploited to capture <a href="/wiki/Hottot-les-Bagues" title="Hottot-les-Bagues">Hottot-les-Bagues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200490_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200490-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To prepare the route of the attack, a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance#Reconnaissance-in-force" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance-in-force</a> was conducted the evening before but the <i><a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">panzergrenadiers</a></i> of the Panzer-Lehr Division inflicted many casualties on the British troops; German casualties are unknown, although one tank was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004163–164_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004163–164-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main attack began at 10:15 the next morning, when the <a href="/wiki/151st_Infantry_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="151st Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)">151st (Durham) Infantry Brigade</a> and tanks of the <a href="/wiki/4th/7th_Royal_Dragoon_Guards" title="4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards">4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards</a>, advanced towards Lingèvres and Verrières.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200491–92_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200491–92-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The German defenders held their fire until the British were less than 150&#160;yd (140&#160;m) from their position. The fighting culminated with an assault by the 6th <a href="/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantry" title="Durham Light Infantry">Durham Light Infantry</a> (DLI), with much artillery support, that captured the German positions. Two companies advanced to Verrières, which was found to be unoccupied but further advances were checked by German infantry and tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950261–262_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950261–262-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 9th DLI was also held up by German machine-gun fire and needed their reserve companies, to break through the German positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200491_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200491-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> At about 13:30, the battalion captured Lingèvres and moved anti-tank guns into the village, although most of these were put out of action by the first German counter-attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200492,_168_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200492,_168-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panthers</a> were spotted approaching Lingèvres by Sergeant Wilfred Harris, commander of a Sherman Firefly, who engaged at 400&#160;yd (370&#160;m), destroying the first and disabling the second.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_172_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_172-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While Harris moved, an infantry tank-hunting party, led by Major John Mogg (acting battalion commander of the 9th DLI) finished off the damaged Panther.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004172_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004172-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other tank-hunting parties drove off another Panther, a British <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">M4 Sherman</a> was destroyed and a third Panther was knocked out by a Sherman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004172–173_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004172–173-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Three more Panthers moved towards the village and Harris destroyed the lead vehicle outside the village and the other two inside, including one in the centre of Lingèvres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004174–176_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004174–176-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/231st_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="231st Infantry Brigade">231st Infantry Brigade</a> reached its objectives by nightfall and linked with the 151st Infantry Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A 6th DLI officer said that the attack was the best one launched by the battalion during the campaign. Nine German tanks were knocked out during the day but the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division had been unable to break through the Panzer-Lehr defences and the DLI suffered <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;">&#8201;353 casualties.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200494_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200494-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Island">Battle of the Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of the Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe,_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg/220px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg/330px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg/440px-The_Allied_Campaign_in_North-west_Europe%2C_6_June_1944_-_7_May_1945_B5452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/BL_4.5_inch_Medium_Field_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 4.5 inch Medium Field Gun">4.5 Inch Medium gun</a> of the 64th Medium Regiment, RA, 5th AGRA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199978_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199978-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/M114_155_mm_howitzer" title="M114 155 mm howitzer">155 mm howitzers</a> of <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)" title="V Corps (United States)">US V Corps</a> also fired in support during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200483_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200483-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The 22nd Armoured Brigade group had completed their withdrawal by 14 June and formed a brigade box for all-round defence [with an area of fewer than 0.77&#160;sq&#160;mi (2&#160;km<sup>2</sup>)] near Hill 174.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004159_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004159-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The fighting became known as the <b>Battle of the Island</b> or Island Position as named in the 22nd Armoured Brigade group after action report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200540_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200540-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaforce200339_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce200339-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200477_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200477-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other names given to the action are the <b>Battle of the Brigade Box</b> and the <b>Battle of Amayé-sur-Seulles</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie2004120_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie2004120-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Panzer-Lehr Division had defended against the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division attack and to counter-attack the 7th Armoured Division penetration, with the support of the 1st Company <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 2nd Panzer Division reconnaissance battalion and other small infantry units also faced the brigade box but the tanks of the 2nd Panzer Division were en route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The British 131st Infantry Brigade (one infantry battalion and an armoured regiment) had moved up to Livry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> During the morning, the 131st Infantry Brigade kept the road from the brigade box to the Livry–Briquessard area open and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Typhoon</a> fighter bombers attacked German positions near the box.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200482_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200482-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>German infantry spotted advancing towards the brigade box were bombarded by heavy artillery and repulsed. Around 09:00, more infantry attacked the box and came too close for artillery fire. Hand-to-hand fighting began and a British platoon was overrun; a British counter-attack by infantry and tanks repulsed the German infantry and restored the position. The Germans resorted to <a href="/wiki/Harassing_fire" title="Harassing fire">harassing fire</a>, sniping, mortar bombardments and heavy artillery fire. After a long artillery bombardment, simultaneous attacks from the north and south by tanks and infantry were made at 19:00, which broke into the box and closed on the brigade headquarters, before being driven back around 22:30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200484–85_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200484–85-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Aniseed">Operation Aniseed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Operation Aniseed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 7th Armoured Division commander was confident that the box was secure but the failure of the 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division to break through the Panzer-Lehr Division and reach the 7th Armoured Division, led to orders for the brigade group to retire to straighten the front line. The retirement, codenamed Operation Aniseed, began just after midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Decoy raids by <a href="/wiki/Bomber_Command" title="Bomber Command">Bomber Command</a> on <a href="/wiki/Aunay-sur-Odon" title="Aunay-sur-Odon">Aunay-sur-Odon</a> and Evrecy, caused 29 casualties, destroyed a Tiger tank and damaged three more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004160,_86–87_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004160,_86–87-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Artillery harassing fire was maintained north and south of the withdrawal route but the Germans did little to intervene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200486–87_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200486–87-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Germans losses included <span class="nowrap">700–800 casualties</span> and <span class="nowrap">8–20 tanks,</span> including several Tigers; British casualties were light and only three tanks were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199978_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199978-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200485,_87_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200485,_87-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Reynolds called the German casualty figures "exaggerated" and in his report, Hinde wrote "It is questionable whether the expenditure of artillery and small arms ammunition was justified by the scale of the enemy's efforts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The failure of the operation led Dempsey to write that there was "no chance now of a snap operation with airborne troops either to seize Caen or to deepen the bridgehead on XXX Corps front. It is clear now that Caen can be taken only by set-piece assault and we do not have the men or ammunition for that at this time".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> After the war he wrote that the attack by the 7th Armoured Division should have succeeded and that his doubts about the suitability of <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Bucknall" title="Gerard Bucknall">Bucknall</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Erskine" title="George Erskine">Erskine</a> increased. Dempsey called the handling of the battle a disgrace and said that the decision to withdraw from Villers-Bocage was made by the corps commander and Erskine. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D&#39;Este">Carlo D'Este</a> called Dempsey's comments "excessively harsh" but historians generally support them, suggesting that a great opportunity swiftly to capture Caen had been squandered by Bucknall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004196–198_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004196–198-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997310–311_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997310–311-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">John Buckley</a> wrote in 2006 that Bucknall was not ready to support the attack once problems developed and that Erskine was not capable of mastering the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The British official historian, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Ellis" title="Lionel Ellis">Lionel Ellis</a>, wrote that the result was "disappointing" but that the fighting power of the Panzer-Lehr Division and with the <i>unexpected</i> arrival of the 2nd Panzer Division, the 7th Armoured Division "could hardly have achieved full success".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004256_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004256-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2001, Michael Reynolds wrote that the 2nd Panzer Division tanks were nowhere near Villers-Bocage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Meyer" title="Hubert Meyer">Hubert Meyer</a> wrote that Operation Perch failed because the 50th Northumbrian Division and its armoured brigade could not overcome the Panzer-Lehr-Division, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division attack in the east end of the bridgehead failed and because of the rapid counter-attack by advanced elements of the 2nd Panzer Division.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005236–237_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005236–237-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The allocation of insufficient infantry to the attack has been criticised, because there were two infantry battalions and most of the 1st Battalion the Rifle Brigade available to the 7th Armoured Division on 13 June and three fresh infantry brigades in the bridgehead. Reynolds wrote that Bucknall was at fault for failing to concentrate his forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001108_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001108-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> D'Este concurred but Bucknall defended his decision claiming the "49 [Division] ... [had] no recent battle experience and it was important to launch them nicely into their first fighting in a properly coordinated battle, and not bundle them helter-skelter into hot armoured scrapping like that around V[illers]-B[ocage] and Amaye".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004191_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004191-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Buckley wrote that the operation was a failure of command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Terry Copp</a> wrote that Dempsey continued to underestimate the German strength and commitment to defending the ground they held. <a href="/wiki/Mungo_Melvin" title="Mungo Melvin">Mungo Melvin</a> wrote that Dempsey and the Second Army handled subordinate formations poorly, by not giving subordinates definite tasks, clear intentions and allowing discretion in the implementation of orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200629_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200629-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Chester Wilmot</a> called Operation Perch a strategic success, "By the premature commitment of his armour, Rommel had delayed the British advance, but in the process he had played into Montgomery's hands for, once the panzer divisions were locked into battle with Second Army, they could not be used for their proper offensive task".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stephen Badsey wrote that Montgomery's message to Bradley, "Caen is the key to Cherbourg" was true. The risk of a break-out past Caen immobilised the German armoured divisions at the east end of front, unable mount a counter-offensive against the First US Army. Hitler's interference saved Rommel's military reputation because the unsuitability of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a> for armoured operations, the difficulties involved in movement and supply in the area and the strength of the Anglo-Canadian force, would have led to a more rapid and complete defeat of the German army in Normandy. By his order of 12 June, Hitler made the rest of the campaign a battle of attrition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TillyBUC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TillyBUC.jpg/220px-TillyBUC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TillyBUC.jpg/330px-TillyBUC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/TillyBUC.jpg/440px-TillyBUC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The remains of a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Carrier" title="Universal Carrier">Universal Carrier</a> blown up by a mine in Tilly-sur-Seulles, 19 June 1944. The town "was one of the first of the many towns and villages which were well-nigh obliterated in the process of liberation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950263_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950263-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>During Operation Perch, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101</i></span> suffered 27 casualties, had nine tanks destroyed and a further 21 damaged; leaving the battalion with only 15 operational tanks by 16 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005237Zetterling2019346,_150_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005237Zetterling2019346,_150-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For most of the formations involved in the fighting, casualty data are unavailable. By the end of June, the Panzer-Lehr Division had suffered 2,972 casualties and reported the loss of 51 tanks and assault guns, 82 half tracks and 294 other vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By 16 June, the 12th SS-Panzer Division had reported 1,417 casualties and by 26 June the division had lost 41 tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By 16 June, the 21st Panzer Division had suffered 1,864 casualties; before the invasion, the division had 112 tanks and by 16 June the division reported 85 tanks operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019334–335_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019334–335-143"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the end of June, the 7th Armoured Division had suffered 1,149 casualties and lost at least 38 tanks during Operation Perch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200532–34Marie200453Forty200478,_100_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200532–34Marie200453Forty200478,_100-144"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> By the end of the month, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division had suffered 4,476 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004100_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004100-145"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_honours">Battle honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Battle honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British and Commonwealth system of <a href="/wiki/Battle_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle honours">battle honours</a> recognised participation in the expansion of the bridgehead during the period of Operation Perch in 1956, 1957 and in 1958. One unit was awarded the honour <i>Port En Bessin</i>, one formation the honour <i>Sully</i>, four units the honour <i>Breville</i>, and 11 regiments the honour <i>Villers-Bocage</i>. Additionally, for participating in the expansion of the bridgehead between 14 and 19 June, ten units were awarded the honour <i>Tilly Sur Seulles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2003241–242_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2003241–242-146"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle between the 50th (Northumbrian) Division and the Panzer-Lehr Division continued for several days and by 15 June, XXX Corps claimed to have destroyed at least 70 German tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200627_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200627-148"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On 18 June, the British re-entered Tilly-sur-Seulles and consolidated the village next day against light opposition; it had changed hands 23 times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263-147"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004182_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004182-149"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The British attacked towards Hottot-les-Bagues against the Panzer-Lehr Division and gained a foothold in the village, until forced out by German counter-attacks by tanks and infantry. The British retook the village and then withdrew during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950264_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950264-150"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to be reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Armoured_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" title="33rd Armoured Brigade (United Kingdom)">33rd Armoured Brigade</a>, which was landing in the beachhead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200469_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin200469-151"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The reinforced division was intended to attack again but on 19 June a storm began in the English Channel, which delayed the landing of supplies and British attacks were postponed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004114_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004114-152"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Caen north of the Orne was captured during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a> (8–9 July) and the north bank suburbs were taken during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Operation Atlantic</a> (18–20 July).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley201488–95_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley201488–95-153"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The quick capture of that key city [Caen] and the neighbourhood of Carpiquet was the most ambitious, the most difficult and the most important task of Crocker's I Corps".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004171_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004171-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Chester Wilmot</a> wrote that "The objectives given to Crocker's seaborne divisions were decidedly ambitious, since his troops were to land last, on the most exposed beaches, with the farthest to go, against what was potentially the greatest opposition.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997273_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997273-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dempsey always considered the possibility that the immediate seizure of Caen might fail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Panzer-Lehr-Division contained 237 tanks and assault guns as well as 658 half-tracks, double the number of other panzer divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200429-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Max Hastings</a>, quoting a post-war interview of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bayerlein" title="Fritz Bayerlein">Fritz Bayerlein</a>, the Panzer-Lehr-Division commander, gives losses of 130 trucks, five tanks and 84 self-propelled guns and other vehicles from an establishment of over 3,000 vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999151_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999151-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Niklas Zetterling called these losses an exaggeration, Panzer-Lehr records show the loss of 23 <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panthers</a>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Pz IV</a> and 2 <a href="/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz" title="Sturmgeschütz">StuG</a> to 26 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Frederick Steinhardt wrote that Bayerlein's numbers were "probably in excess of reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinhardt200863_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhardt200863-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Reynolds wrote that the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parachute_Division_(Germany)" title="3rd Parachute Division (Germany)">3rd Parachute Division</a> was sent to close the gap but Gordon Harrison wrote that the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parachute_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Parachute Corps (Germany)">2nd Parachute Corps</a> was diverted to the Carentan sector.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200196_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200196-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951371_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951371-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor wrote that the lead tank was destroyed and Forty wrote that two tanks were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199911-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004126_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004126-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caumont was occupied by two companies of the 2nd Panzer Division reconnaissance battalion. The 1st US Infantry Division took part of the town on 12 June and the remainder the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Brigade group consisted of the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/The_Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rifle Brigade">The Rifle Brigade</a>, 1/5th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)" title="Queen&#39;s Royal Regiment (West Surrey)">Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)</a>, 1/7th Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Royal_Regiment_(West_Surrey)" title="Queen&#39;s Royal Regiment (West Surrey)">Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey)</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_County_of_London_Yeomanry_(Sharpshooters)" class="mw-redirect" title="4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)">4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="5th Royal Tank Regiment">5th Royal Tank Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_King%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars" title="8th King&#39;s Royal Irish Hussars">8th King's Royal Irish Hussars</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a> (Prince Albert's Own) and the 260th Anti-Tank Battery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200451_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200451-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Taylor wrote that four Tigers engaged the British in the ambush, three tanks to the south of the road and one to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199919_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199919-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D&#39;Este">Carlo D'Este</a> wrote that the box was between Amayé-sur-Seulles and <a href="/wiki/Tracy-Bocage" title="Tracy-Bocage">Tracy-Bocage</a>, around Hill 174.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004184_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004184-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Taylor put the brigade tactical headquarters on Hill 174 and included a map showing the brigade mostly to the south of Amayé-sur-Seulles as did Henri Marie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199976–77_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199976–77-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie2004121_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie2004121-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Forty" title="George Forty">George Forty</a> put the box north of Tracy-Bocage, near St-Germain, based on a report by the 22nd Armoured Brigade group commanding officer, that put the position east of Amayé-sur-Seulles and including St-Germain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200478_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200478-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Panzer-Lehr casualties comprised 490 killed in action, 1,809 wounded and 673 missing. Tank losses included 19 Panzer IV, 23 Panthers and 2 StuG knocked out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">12th SS-Panzer Division casualties comprised 405 killed in action, 847 wounded and 165 missing. Tank losses consisted of 26 Panzer IV and 15 Panthers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200424-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200424_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004">Williams 2004</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004171-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004171_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997273-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997273_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997">Wilmot &amp; McDevitt 1997</a>, p.&#160;273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200623_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200478-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200478_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200481-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb200481_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVat2003146-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVat2003146_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVat2003">Vat 2003</a>, p.&#160;146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200436-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200436_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor19999-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19999_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor19999_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200622_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill &amp; Groves 2006</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950247-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950247_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960114-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960114_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey &amp; Bond 1960</a>, p.&#160;114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200758–59-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200758–59_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2007">Buckley 2007</a>, pp.&#160;58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandel200611-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandel200611_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRandel2006">Randel 2006</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200659_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997284–286-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997284–286_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997">Wilmot &amp; McDevitt 1997</a>, pp.&#160;284–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960142-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960142_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey &amp; Bond 1960</a>, p.&#160;142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004247_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrewBadsey200422-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrewBadsey200422_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrewBadsey2004">Trew &amp; Badsey 2004</a>, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200171-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200171_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999154_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings1999">Hastings 1999</a>, p.&#160;154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200438–39-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200438–39_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200429-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200439Reynolds200173Buckley200760-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200439Reynolds200173Buckley200760_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;39; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;73; <a href="#CITEREFBuckley2007">Buckley 2007</a>, p.&#160;60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings1999151-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHastings1999151_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHastings1999">Hastings 1999</a>, p.&#160;151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019346_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZetterling2019">Zetterling 2019</a>, p.&#160;346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinhardt200863-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinhardt200863_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinhardt2008">Steinhardt 2008</a>, p.&#160;63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200429Reynolds200163–71-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200429Reynolds200163–71_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;29; <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp.&#160;63–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200624_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill &amp; Groves 2006</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950254-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950254_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950256-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950256_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200437-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200437_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200761_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2007">Buckley 2007</a>, p.&#160;61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248,_250-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004248,_250_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, pp.&#160;248, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960140-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960140_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey &amp; Bond 1960</a>, p.&#160;140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004249-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004249_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004250-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004250_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951370_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1951">Harrison 1951</a>, p.&#160;370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951369-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951369_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1951">Harrison 1951</a>, p.&#160;369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeigley1981109–110-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeigley1981109–110_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeigley1981">Weigley 1981</a>, pp.&#160;109–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951373_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1951">Harrison 1951</a>, p.&#160;373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200196-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200196_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951371-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951371_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1951">Harrison 1951</a>, p.&#160;371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200199–100-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200199–100_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp.&#160;99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200457-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200457_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds200180,_99–100-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds200180,_99–100_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, pp.&#160;80, 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2007134-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart2007134_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2007">Hart 2007</a>, p.&#160;134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200624-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200624_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997308_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997">Wilmot &amp; McDevitt 1997</a>, p.&#160;308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200447-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200447_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950257-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950257_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004254_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199910-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199910_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199910_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopp200476-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp200476_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopp200476_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopp2004">Copp 2004</a>, p.&#160;76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1951374_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrison1951">Harrison 1951</a>, p.&#160;374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200450-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200450_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin200413-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200413_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200413_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortin2004">Fortin 2004</a>, p.&#160;13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199911-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199911_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie200453-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie200453_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarie2004">Marie 2004</a>, p.&#160;53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004126-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004126_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199912-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199912_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199912_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199916-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199916_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199916_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200451-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200451_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199919-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199919_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199919_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200457–58,_66-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200457–58,_66_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;57–58, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200625-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200625_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001103-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001103_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199923–33-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199923–33_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;23–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200463–64-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200463–64_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200465-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200465_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199933-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199933_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199933_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200466-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200466_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199943,_56-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199943,_56_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;43, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200473–74-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200473–74_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001104-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001104_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199943-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199943_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200474-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200474_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199959-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199959_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199965,_67-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199965,_67_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;65, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199969,_76-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199969,_76_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;69, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200476-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200476_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200476_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199976-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199976_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_174–175-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_174–175_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;169, 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960143-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaceyBond1960143_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaceyBond1960">Stacey &amp; Bond 1960</a>, p.&#160;143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200490-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200490_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200490_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004255_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262_96-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004163–164-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004163–164_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200491–92-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200491–92_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950261–262-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950261–262_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, pp.&#160;261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200491-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200491_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200492,_168-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200492,_168_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;92, 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_172-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004169,_172_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;169, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004172-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004172_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004172–173-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004172–173_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004174–176-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004174–176_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;174–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200494-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200494_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199978-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199978_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199978_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200483-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200483_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004159-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004159_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004184-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004184_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD&#39;Este2004">D'Este 2004</a>, p.&#160;184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199976–77-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199976–77_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie2004121-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie2004121_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarie2004">Marie 2004</a>, p.&#160;121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200478-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200478_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200540-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200540_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsayJohnson2005">Lindsay &amp; Johnson 2005</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelaforce200339-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelaforce200339_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelaforce2003">Delaforce 2003</a>, p.&#160;39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200477-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200477_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarie2004120-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarie2004120_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarie2004">Marie 2004</a>, p.&#160;120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001110_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001109_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200482-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200482_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor199977–78_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1999">Taylor 1999</a>, pp.&#160;77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200484–85-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200484–85_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004160,_86–87-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004160,_86–87_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;160, 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001107_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200486–87-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200486–87_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty200485,_87-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty200485,_87_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;85, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997311_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997">Wilmot &amp; McDevitt 1997</a>, p.&#160;311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004196–198-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004196–198_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD&#39;Este2004">D'Este 2004</a>, pp.&#160;196–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997310–311-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmotMcDevitt1997310–311_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997">Wilmot &amp; McDevitt 1997</a>, pp.&#160;310–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200627_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004256-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004256_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004">Ellis et al. 2004</a>, p.&#160;256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005236–237-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005236–237_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer2005">Meyer 2005</a>, pp.&#160;236–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001108-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2001108_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2001">Reynolds 2001</a>, p.&#160;108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004191-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED&#39;Este2004191_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD&#39;Este2004">D'Este 2004</a>, p.&#160;191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley200629-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley200629_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2006">Buckley 2006</a>, p.&#160;29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950263-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950263_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005237Zetterling2019346,_150-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer2005237Zetterling2019346,_150_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeyer2005">Meyer 2005</a>, p.&#160;237; <a href="#CITEREFZetterling2019">Zetterling 2019</a>, pp.&#160;346, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019314,_316_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZetterling2019">Zetterling 2019</a>, pp.&#160;314, 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019334–335-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZetterling2019334–335_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZetterling2019">Zetterling 2019</a>, pp.&#160;334–335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200532–34Marie200453Forty200478,_100-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindsayJohnson200532–34Marie200453Forty200478,_100_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLindsayJohnson2005">Lindsay &amp; Johnson 2005</a>, pp.&#160;32–34; <a href="#CITEREFMarie2004">Marie 2004</a>, p.&#160;53; <a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, pp.&#160;78, 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004100-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004100_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodger2003241–242-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodger2003241–242_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodger2003">Rodger 2003</a>, pp.&#160;241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950262–263_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, pp.&#160;262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200627-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillGroves200627_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillGroves2006">Gill &amp; Groves 2006</a>, p.&#160;27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForty2004182-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForty2004182_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForty2004">Forty 2004</a>, p.&#160;182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay1950264-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay1950264_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay1950">Clay 1950</a>, p.&#160;264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFortin200469-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFortin200469_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFortin2004">Fortin 2004</a>, p.&#160;69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004114-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2004114_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004">Williams 2004</a>, p.&#160;114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley201488–95-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley201488–95_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuckley2014">Buckley 2014</a>, pp.&#160;88–95.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, J.</a> (2006) [2004]. <i>British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944</i>. Abingdon: Taylor &amp; Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40773-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40773-1"><bdi>978-0-415-40773-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/154699922">154699922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=British+Armour+in+the+Normandy+Campaign+1944&amp;rft.place=Abingdon&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F154699922&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-40773-1&amp;rft.aulast=Buckley&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2007" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, John, ed. (2007) [2006]. <i>The Normandy Campaign 1944: Sixty Years On</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44942-7"><bdi>978-0-415-44942-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Normandy+Campaign+1944%3A+Sixty+Years+On&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-44942-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(historian)" title="John Buckley (historian)">Buckley, J.</a> (2014) [2013]. <i>Monty's Men: The British Army and the Liberation of Europe</i> (pbk.&#160;ed.). London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20534-3"><bdi>978-0-300-20534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Men%3A+The+British+Army+and+the+Liberation+of+Europe&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=pbk.&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-20534-3&amp;rft.aulast=Buckley&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay1950" class="citation book cs1">Clay, Major E. W. (1950). <i>The path of the 50th: The story of the 50th (Northumbrian) Division in the Second World War</i>. Aldershot: <a href="/wiki/Gale_and_Polden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale and Polden">Gale and Polden</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12049041">12049041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+path+of+the+50th%3A+The+story+of+the+50th+%28Northumbrian%29+Division+in+the+Second+World+War&amp;rft.place=Aldershot&amp;rft.pub=Gale+and+Polden&amp;rft.date=1950&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12049041&amp;rft.aulast=Clay&amp;rft.aufirst=Major+E.+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopp2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Copp" title="Terry Copp">Copp, T.</a> (2004) [2003]. <i>Fields of Fire: The Canadians in Normandy</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3780-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3780-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-3780-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56329119">56329119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fields+of+Fire%3A+The+Canadians+in+Normandy&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56329119&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3780-0&amp;rft.aulast=Copp&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaforce2003" class="citation book cs1">Delaforce, P. (2003) [1999]. <i>Churchill's Desert Rats: From Normandy to Berlin with the 7th Armoured Division</i>. Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3198-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-3198-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Churchill%27s+Desert+Rats%3A+From+Normandy+to+Berlin+with+the+7th+Armoured+Division&amp;rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3198-4&amp;rft.aulast=Delaforce&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD&#39;Este2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_D%27Este" title="Carlo D&#39;Este">D'Este, C.</a> (2004) [1983]. <i>Decision in Normandy: The Real Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101761-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101761-7"><bdi>978-0-14-101761-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44772546">44772546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Decision+in+Normandy%3A+The+Real+Story+of+Montgomery+and+the+Allied+Campaign&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Penguin&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44772546&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-14-101761-7&amp;rft.aulast=D%27Este&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisAllenWarhurstRobb2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Ellis" title="Lionel Ellis">Ellis, Major L. F.</a>; Allen, Captain G. R. G.; Warhurst, Lieutenant-Colonel A. E. &amp; Robb, Air Chief-Marshal Sir James (2004) [1st. pub. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>, 1962]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>Victory in the West: The Battle of Normandy</i>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War</a> United Kingdom Military Series. Vol.&#160;I. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval &amp; Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-058-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-058-0"><bdi>978-1-84574-058-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/276814706">276814706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+West%3A+The+Battle+of+Normandy&amp;rft.place=Uckfield%2C+East+Sussex&amp;rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&amp;rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F276814706&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84574-058-0&amp;rft.aulast=Ellis&amp;rft.aufirst=Major+L.+F.&amp;rft.au=Allen%2C+Captain+G.+R.+G.&amp;rft.au=Warhurst%2C+Lieutenant-Colonel+A.+E.&amp;rft.au=Robb%2C+Air+Chief-Marshal+Sir+James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortin2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortin, L. (2004). <i>British Tanks In Normandy</i>. Histoire &amp; Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-33-1"><bdi>978-2-915239-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=British+Tanks+In+Normandy&amp;rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-915239-33-1&amp;rft.aulast=Fortin&amp;rft.aufirst=L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForty2004" class="citation book cs1">Forty, G. (2004). <i>Villers Bocage</i>. Battle Zone Normandy. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915239-33-1"><bdi>978-2-915239-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Villers+Bocage&amp;rft.series=Battle+Zone+Normandy&amp;rft.pub=Sutton&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-915239-33-1&amp;rft.aulast=Forty&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillGroves2006" class="citation book cs1">Gill, R.; Groves, J. (2006) [1946]. <i>Club Route in Europe: The History of 30 Corps from D-Day to May 1945</i>. MLRS Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905696-24-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905696-24-6"><bdi>978-1-905696-24-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Club+Route+in+Europe%3A+The+History+of+30+Corps+from+D-Day+to+May+1945&amp;rft.pub=MLRS+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-905696-24-6&amp;rft.aulast=Gill&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Groves%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2007" class="citation book cs1">Hart, S. A. (2007) [2000]. <i>Colossal Cracks: Montgomery's 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944–45</i>. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3383-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3383-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70698935">70698935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Colossal+Cracks%3A+Montgomery%27s+21st+Army+Group+in+Northwest+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&amp;rft.place=Mechanicsburg&amp;rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70698935&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3383-0&amp;rft.aulast=Hart&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1951" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, G. A. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/007/7-4-1/CMH_Pub_7-4-1.pdf"><i>Cross-Channel Attack</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Army in World War II: The European Theater of Operations. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606012173">606012173</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cross-Channel+Attack&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&amp;rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+European+Theater+of+Operations&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+Chief+of+Military+History%2C+Department+of+the+Army&amp;rft.date=1951&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606012173&amp;rft.aulast=Harrison&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F007%2F7-4-1%2FCMH_Pub_7-4-1.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings, M.</a> (1999) [1984]. <i>Overlord: D-Day and the Battle for Normandy 1944</i>. Pan Grand Strategy. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39012-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-39012-5"><bdi>978-0-330-39012-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Overlord%3A+D-Day+and+the+Battle+for+Normandy+1944&amp;rft.series=Pan+Grand+Strategy&amp;rft.pub=Pan+Books&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-330-39012-5&amp;rft.aulast=Hastings&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsayJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Captain M.; Johnson, Captain M. E. (2005) [1945]. <i>History of 7th Armoured Division: June 1943 – July 1945</i>. MLRS Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84791-219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84791-219-0"><bdi>978-1-84791-219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+7th+Armoured+Division%3A+June+1943+%E2%80%93+July+1945&amp;rft.pub=MLRS+Books&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84791-219-0&amp;rft.aulast=Lindsay&amp;rft.aufirst=Captain+M.&amp;rft.au=Johnson%2C+Captain+M.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarie2004" class="citation book cs1">Marie, H. (2004) [1993]. <i>Villers-Bocage: Normandy 1944</i>. Bayeux: Editions Heimdal; Bilingual edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-173-7"><bdi>978-2-84048-173-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Villers-Bocage%3A+Normandy+1944&amp;rft.place=Bayeux&amp;rft.pub=Editions+Heimdal%3B+Bilingual+edition&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84048-173-7&amp;rft.aulast=Marie&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Meyer" title="Hubert Meyer">Meyer, H.</a> (2005) [1994]. <i>The 12th SS: The History of the Hitler Youth Panzer Division</i>. Vol.&#160;I. Mechanicsburg: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3198-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-3198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+12th+SS%3A+The+History+of+the+Hitler+Youth+Panzer+Division&amp;rft.place=Mechanicsburg&amp;rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3198-0&amp;rft.aulast=Meyer&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2006" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Major P. B. (2006) [1945]. <i>A short history of 30 Corps in the European Campaign 1944–1945</i>. Crawford, W. H. (illustrator); Wilson, Major D. B. (editor). MLRS Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905973-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905973-69-9"><bdi>978-1-905973-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+30+Corps+in+the+European+Campaign+1944%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.pub=MLRS+Books&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-905973-69-9&amp;rft.aulast=Randel&amp;rft.aufirst=Major+P.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, M. (2001) [1997]. <i>Steel Inferno: I SS Panzer Corps in Normandy</i>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-44-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885119-44-5"><bdi>978-1-885119-44-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Steel+Inferno%3A+I+SS+Panzer+Corps+in+Normandy&amp;rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-885119-44-5&amp;rft.aulast=Reynolds&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodger2003" class="citation book cs1">Rodger, A. (2003). <i>Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces</i>. Marlborough: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-637-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-637-8"><bdi>978-1-86126-637-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Battle+Honours+of+the+British+Empire+and+Commonwealth+Land+Forces&amp;rft.place=Marlborough&amp;rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-86126-637-8&amp;rft.aulast=Rodger&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaceyBond1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perry_Stacey" title="Charles Perry Stacey">Stacey, Colonel C. P.</a>; Bond, Major C. C. J. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912012732/http://www.dnd.ca/dhh/collections/books/files/books/Victory_e.pdf"><i>The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe 1944–1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Vol.&#160;III (online&#160;ed.). Ottawa: The Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/606015967">606015967</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnd.ca/dhh/collections/books/files/books/Victory_e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Victory+Campaign%3A+The+Operations+in+North-West+Europe+1944%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.place=Ottawa&amp;rft.series=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+Second+World+War&amp;rft.edition=online&amp;rft.pub=The+Queen%27s+Printer+and+Controller+of+Stationery&amp;rft.date=1960&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F606015967&amp;rft.aulast=Stacey&amp;rft.aufirst=Colonel+C.+P.&amp;rft.au=Bond%2C+Major+C.+C.+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnd.ca%2Fdhh%2Fcollections%2Fbooks%2Ffiles%2Fbooks%2FVictory_e.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhardt2008" class="citation book cs1">Steinhardt, F. P., ed. (2008). <i>Panzer Lehr Division 1944–45</i>. Helion WWII German Military Studies. Vol.&#160;I. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874622-28-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874622-28-4"><bdi>978-1-874622-28-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60514050">60514050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Panzer+Lehr+Division+1944%E2%80%9345&amp;rft.place=Solihull%2C+West+Midlands&amp;rft.series=Helion+WWII+German+Military+Studies&amp;rft.pub=Helion&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60514050&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-874622-28-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, D. (1999). <i>Villers-Bocage Through the Lens</i>. Old Harlow: Battle of Britain International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870067-07-2"><bdi>978-1-870067-07-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43719285">43719285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Villers-Bocage+Through+the+Lens&amp;rft.place=Old+Harlow&amp;rft.pub=Battle+of+Britain+International&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43719285&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-870067-07-2&amp;rft.aulast=Taylor&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrewBadsey2004" class="citation book cs1">Trew, S.; Badsey, S. (2004). <i>Battle for Caen</i>. Battle Zone Normandy. Stroud: Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3010-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3010-9"><bdi>978-0-7509-3010-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56759608">56759608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Battle+for+Caen&amp;rft.place=Stroud&amp;rft.series=Battle+Zone+Normandy&amp;rft.pub=Sutton&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56759608&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3010-9&amp;rft.aulast=Trew&amp;rft.aufirst=S.&amp;rft.au=Badsey%2C+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVat2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" title="Dan van der Vat">Vat, D. van der</a> (2003). <i>D-Day; The Greatest Invasion, A People's History</i>. Toronto: Madison Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55192-586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55192-586-8"><bdi>978-1-55192-586-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51290297">51290297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=D-Day%3B+The+Greatest+Invasion%2C+A+People%27s+History&amp;rft.place=Toronto&amp;rft.pub=Madison+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51290297&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55192-586-8&amp;rft.aulast=Vat&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+van+der&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, A. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ddaytoberlin0000will"><i>D-Day to Berlin</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder &amp; Stoughton">Hodder &amp; Stoughton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-83397-1"><bdi>978-0-340-83397-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60416729">60416729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=D-Day+to+Berlin&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60416729&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-340-83397-1&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fddaytoberlin0000will&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1981" class="citation book cs1">Weigley, R. F. (1981). <i>Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaigns of France and Germany, 1944–1945</i>. Sidgwick &amp; Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98801-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-283-98801-1"><bdi>978-0-283-98801-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Eisenhower%27s+Lieutenants%3A+The+Campaigns+of+France+and+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.pub=Sidgwick+%26+Jackson&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-283-98801-1&amp;rft.aulast=Weigley&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmotMcDevitt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chester_Wilmot" title="Chester Wilmot">Wilmot, C.</a>; McDevitt, C. D. (1997) [1952]. <i>The Struggle For Europe</i> (Wordsworth Editions, Ware&#160;ed.). London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-677-5"><bdi>978-1-85326-677-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39697844">39697844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Struggle+For+Europe&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=Wordsworth+Editions%2C+Ware&amp;rft.pub=Collins&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39697844&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-85326-677-5&amp;rft.aulast=Wilmot&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=McDevitt%2C+C.+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZetterling2019" class="citation book cs1">Zetterling, N. (2019) [2010]. <i>Normandy 1944, German Military Organization, Combat Power and Organizational Effectiveness</i> (2nd rev. Casemate, Oxford&#160;ed.). Winnipeg: J. J. Fedorowicz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-816-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61200-816-5"><bdi>978-1-61200-816-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Normandy+1944%2C+German+Military+Organization%2C+Combat+Power+and+Organizational+Effectiveness&amp;rft.place=Winnipeg&amp;rft.edition=2nd+rev.+Casemate%2C+Oxford&amp;rft.pub=J.+J.+Fedorowicz&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-61200-816-5&amp;rft.aulast=Zetterling&amp;rft.aufirst=N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorvé" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corvé, Philippe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420033652/http://www.normandie44lamemoire.com/fichesvilles/tillysseulles.html">"Déluge de feu sur Tilly-sur-Seulles"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandie44lamemoire.com/fichesvilles/tillysseulles.html">the original</a> on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=D%C3%A9luge+de+feu+sur+Tilly-sur-Seulles&amp;rft.aulast=Corv%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Philippe&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.normandie44lamemoire.com%2Ffichesvilles%2Ftillysseulles.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span> Tilly-sur-Seulles, museum and the British cemetery</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson" class="citation web cs1">Paterson, Ian A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621175054/http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1944.htm#Normandy">"History of the British 7th Armoured Division"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1944.htm#Normandy">the original</a> on 21 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+7th+Armoured+Division&amp;rft.aulast=Paterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Ian+A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btinternet.com%2F~ian.a.paterson%2Fbattles1944.htm%23Normandy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarlinks" class="citation web cs1">Warlinks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warlinks.com/armour/8th_armoured/chapter_4.php">"A Short History of the 8th Armoured Brigade: D-Day to 'The Island'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+8th+Armoured+Brigade%3A+D-Day+to+%27The+Island%27&amp;rft.au=Warlinks&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warlinks.com%2Farmour%2F8th_armoured%2Fchapter_4.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1956" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, J. C. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AirborneOperationsInWorldWarIIEuropeanTheater">"Airborne Operations in World War II, European Theater"</a>. <i>USAF Historical Studies</i> (97). Maxwell AFB, Alabama: USAF Historical Division, Research Studies Institute Air University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89126-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89126-015-3"><bdi>0-89126-015-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USAF+Historical+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Airborne+Operations+in+World+War+II%2C+European+Theater&amp;rft.issue=97&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft.isbn=0-89126-015-3&amp;rft.aulast=Warren&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAirborneOperationsInWorldWarIIEuropeanTheater&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Perch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Perch&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veterans-uk.info/pdfs/publications/comm_booklets/drive_on_caen.pdf">Attack on Caen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" 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title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People&#39;s Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a> &#160;/&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> &#160;/&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a> &#160;/&#32; <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d&#39;état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d&#39;état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples&#39; Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d&#39;état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World&#32;portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Template talk:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Battle_of_Normandy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Battle of Normandy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_articles_on_the_Battle_of_Normandy,_Western_Front,_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Primary articles on the Battle of Normandy, <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> (overall plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a> (assault plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_airborne_landings_in_Normandy" title="American airborne landings in Normandy">American airborne landings in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlantic" title="Operation Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bluecoat" title="Operation Bluecoat">Bluecoat</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Charnwood</a> (UK and Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Cobra</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Caen_canal_and_Orne_river_bridges" title="Capture of the Caen canal and Orne river bridges">Capture of Caen and Orne bridges</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Epsom" title="Operation Epsom">Epsom</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Fortitude</a> (Deception plan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goodwood" title="Operation Goodwood">Goodwood</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Odon" title="Second Battle of the Odon">Greenline, Pomegranate and Express</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jupiter_(1944)" title="Operation Jupiter (1944)">Jupiter</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_L%C3%BCttich" title="Operation Lüttich"><i>Lüttich</i></a> (German)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mallard" title="Operation Mallard">Mallard</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martlet" title="Operation Martlet">Martlet</a> (UK)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perch</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring" title="Operation Spring">Spring</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Titanic" title="Operation Titanic">Titanic</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Tonga</a> (UK 6th Airborne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Totalize</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Tractable</a> (Canada, Poland, UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Windsor</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Brest</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Br%C3%A9ville" title="Battle of Bréville">Bréville</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Caen</a> (UK, Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Carentan</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chambois" title="Battle of Chambois">Chambois</a> (Canada, Poland, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Battle of Merville Gun Battery">Merville Battery</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" title="Battle of Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-Bocage" title="Battle of Villers-Bocage">Villers-Bocage</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Landing points (<abbr title="West">W</abbr>→<abbr title="East">E</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha</a> (US) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc" title="Pointe du Hoc">Pointe du Hoc</a> (US)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="American logistics in the Normandy campaign">American logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> (Pipe-Line Under The Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Operation Chastity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gun batteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfreville_battery" title="Amfreville battery">Amfreville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeville_battery" title="Azeville battery">Azeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisbecq_Battery" title="Crisbecq Battery">Crisbecq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houlgate_battery" title="Houlgate battery">Houlgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longues-sur-Mer_battery" title="Longues-sur-Mer battery">Longues-sur-Mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisy_battery" title="Maisy battery">Maisy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merville_Gun_Battery" title="Merville Gun Battery">Merville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Canisy_battery" title="Mont Canisy battery">Mont Canisy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falaise_pocket" title="Falaise pocket">Falaise pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_262" title="Hill 262">Hill 262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillman_Fortress" title="Hillman Fortress">Hillman Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_Bridge" title="Pegasus Bridge">Pegasus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_cemeteries_in_Normandy" title="List of military cemeteries in Normandy">Military cemeteries in Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Wall" title="Atlantic Wall">Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions" title="D-Day naval deceptions">D-Day naval deceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobart%27s_Funnies" title="Hobart&#39;s Funnies">Hobart's Funnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_tank" title="Rhino tank">Rhino tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_forces_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="List of Allied forces in the Normandy campaign">Allied forces in Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodyguard" title="Operation Bodyguard">Operation Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Operation Dragoon</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jedburgh" title="Operation Jedburgh">Operation Jedburgh</a> (France, UK, US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6,_1944,_order_of_the_day" title="June 6, 1944, order of the day">June 6, 1944, order of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Western_Europe_speech" title="People of Western Europe speech">People of Western Europe speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rommel%27s_asparagus" title="Rommel&#39;s asparagus">Rommel's asparagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting_for_Operation_Overlord" title="Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord">Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐57488d5c7d‐xwpqb Cached time: 20241128022439 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.264 seconds Real time usage: 1.510 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 16493/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 329136/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 25871/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 194903/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.760/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 21109911/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1248.319 1 -total 35.93% 448.535 191 Template:Sfn 18.76% 234.245 29 Template:Cite_book 12.82% 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