CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Southern Rhodesia in World War II - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"57d0b6b0-f1a1-405f-898b-4f48a3fcef82","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II","wgTitle":"Southern Rhodesia in World War II","wgCurRevisionId":1276606720,"wgRevisionId":1276606720,"wgArticleId":40902864,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from September 2014","Commons category link is on Wikidata","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Southern Rhodesia in World War II","1940s in Southern Rhodesia","African theatres of World War II","British Empire in World War II","East African campaign (World War II)","Wars involving Rhodesia","World War II military history by country"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II","wgRelevantArticleId":40902864,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18087073", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="822"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg/800px-Sherman_SSB.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg/640px-Sherman_SSB.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="438"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Southern Rhodesia in World War II - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II rootpage-Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Southern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Southern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Southern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Southern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Outbreak of war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_the_Mediterranean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_the_Mediterranean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Africa and the Mediterranean </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa_and_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Africa and the Mediterranean subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_the_Mediterranean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Early deployments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 East Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 North Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Alamein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Alamein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 El Alamein </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Alamein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Tunisia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dodecanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dodecanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Dodecanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dodecanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans_and_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans_and_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Balkans and Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans_and_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Spring 1945 offensive in Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain,_Norway_and_western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain,_Norway_and_western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Britain, Norway and western Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain,_Norway_and_western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Burma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Rhodesians_in_other_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Rhodesians_in_other_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Southern Rhodesians in other theatres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Rhodesians_in_other_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Home front </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Home front subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhodesian_Air_Training_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodesian_Air_Training_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Rhodesian Air Training Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodesian_Air_Training_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Home service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Domestic politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impact;_conscripted_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impact;_conscripted_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Economic impact; conscripted labour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impact;_conscripted_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internment_camps_and_Polish_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment_camps_and_Polish_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Internment camps and Polish refugees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment_camps_and_Polish_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 End of the war </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle End of the war subsection </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Southern Rhodesia in World War II</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" > 2 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رودسيا الجنوبية في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رودسيا الجنوبية في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Rhod%C3%A9sie_du_Sud_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire de la Rhodésie du Sud pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Rhodésie du Sud pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18087073#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&oldid=1276606720" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&id=1276606720&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouthern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSouthern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18087073" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Category:History of Zimbabwe">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">History of Zimbabwe</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zimbabwe Bird"><img alt="Zimbabwe Bird" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/100px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/150px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg/200px-Zimbabwe_Bird_on_Star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe#Ancient_civilization" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Ancient history</a><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Leopard%27s_Kopje" title="Leopard's Kopje">Leopard's Kopje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 650 – c. 1075</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Mapungubwe Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220 – c. 1300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – c. 1450</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Mutapa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430–1760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butua" title="Kingdom of Butua">Butua Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1450–1683</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/White_settlement_in_Zimbabwe_before_1923" title="White settlement in Zimbabwe before 1923">White settlement pre-1923</a><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rozvi_Empire" title="Rozvi Empire">Rozvi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1660–1866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mthwakazi" title="Mthwakazi">Mthwakazi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1840–1893</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">BSA Company rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1890–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1893–1894</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">World War I involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">Colony of Southern Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1923–1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1953–1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.15em;padding:0"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI)</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%9379)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–79)">Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1965–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe-Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwe-Rhodesia">Zimbabwe-Rhodesia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> June–December 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> December 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">British Dependency</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1979–1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zimbabwe" title="History of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1982–1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/2017_Zimbabwean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2017 Zimbabwean coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2017</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Template talk:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Zimbabwe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Zimbabwe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_SSB.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg/300px-Sherman_SSB.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg/450px-Sherman_SSB.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sherman_SSB.jpeg/600px-Sherman_SSB.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>A Southern Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> tank of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Battalion" title="Special Service Battalion">Special Service Battalion</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, then a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> of the United Kingdom that was located in the now-independent <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> along with Britain shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939. By the war's end, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians of all races had served in the armed forces, 8,390 of them overseas, operating in the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a> and elsewhere. The territory's most important contribution to the war is commonly held to be its contribution to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">Empire Air Training Scheme</a> (EATS), under which 8,235 British, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> airmen were trained in Southern Rhodesian flying schools. The colony's operational casualties numbered 916 killed and 483 wounded of all races. Southern Rhodesia had no diplomatic powers, but largely oversaw its own contributions of manpower and materiel to the war effort, being responsible for its own defence. Rhodesian officers and soldiers were distributed in small groups throughout the British and South African forces in an attempt to prevent high losses. Most of the colony's men served in Britain, East Africa and the Mediterranean, particularly at first; a more broad dispersal occurred from late 1942. Rhodesian servicemen in operational areas were mostly from the country's <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white</a> minority, with the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a>—made up of black troops and white officers—providing the main exception in Burma from late 1944. Other non-white soldiers and white servicewomen served in East Africa and on the home front within Southern Rhodesia. Tens of thousands of black men were <a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">conscripted</a> from rural communities for work, first on the aerodromes and later on white-owned farms. World War II prompted major changes in Southern Rhodesia's financial and military policy, and accelerated the process of industrialisation. The territory's participation in the EATS brought about major economic and infrastructural developments and led to the post-war immigration of many former airmen, contributing to the growth of the white population to over double its pre-war size by 1951. The war remained prominent in the national consciousness for decades afterwards. Since the country's reconstitution as Zimbabwe in 1980, the modern government has removed many references to the World Wars, such as memorial monuments and plaques, from public view, regarding them as unwelcome vestiges of white minority rule and colonialism. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png/220px-Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png/330px-Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Southern_Rhodesia_in_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> in red; other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> territories in pink</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in 1939, the southern African territory of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> had been a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> of the United Kingdom for 16 years, having gained <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> in 1923. It was unique in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> in that it held extensive autonomous powers (including defence, but not foreign affairs) while lacking <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status. In practice, it acted as a quasi-dominion, and was treated as such in many ways by the rest of the Commonwealth. Southern Rhodesia's <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="White people in Zimbabwe">white</a> population in 1939 was 67,000, a minority of about 5%;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947vii-3">[2]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> population was a little over a million, and there were about 10,000 residents of <a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">coloured</a> (mixed) or <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indian</a> ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrich197315-4">[3]</a> The franchise was non-racial and in theory open to all, contingent on meeting financial and educational qualifications, but in practice very few black citizens were on the electoral roll.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowlland-Debbas199048–53-5">[4]</a> The colony's <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a> was <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Huggins,_1st_Viscount_Malvern" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern">Godfrey Huggins</a>, a physician and veteran of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–18) who had emigrated to Rhodesia from England in 1911 and held office since 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947vii-3">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">territory's contribution</a> to the British cause during World War I had been very large in proportion to its white population, though troops had been mostly raised from scratch as there had been no professional standing army beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1965-6">[5]</a> Since the start of self-government in 1923, the colony had organised the all-white <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Regiment" title="Rhodesia Regiment">Rhodesia Regiment</a> into a permanent defence force, complemented locally by the partly paramilitary <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a> (BSAP). The Rhodesia Regiment comprised about 3,000 men, including reserves, in 1938. The country had fielded black troops during World War I, but since then had retained them only within the BSAP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1965-6">[5]</a> A nucleus of airmen existed in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Air_Force" title="Rhodesian Air Force">Southern Rhodesian Air Force</a> (SRAF), which in August 1939 comprised one squadron of 10 pilots and eight <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart#Hardy" title="Hawker Hart">Hawker Hardy</a> aircraft, based at Belvedere Airport near <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Salisbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in March 1939 convinced Huggins that war was imminent. Seeking to renew his government's mandate to pass emergency measures, he called an early <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_general_election,_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Rhodesian general election, 1939">election</a> in which his <a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Party</a> won an increased majority. Huggins rearranged his Cabinet on a war footing, making the Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clarkson_Tredgold" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Clarkson Tredgold">Robert Tredgold</a> Minister of Defence as well.<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> The territory proposed forces not only for internal security but also for the defence of British interests overseas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194710–11-11">[8]</a> Self-contained Rhodesian formations were planned, including a mechanised reconnaissance unit, but Tredgold opposed this. Remembering the catastrophic casualties suffered by units such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Brigade_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Infantry Brigade (South Africa)">1st South African Infantry Brigade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in World War I, he argued that one or two heavy defeats for a white Southern Rhodesian brigade might cause crippling losses and have irrevocable effects on the country as a whole. He proposed to instead concentrate on training white Rhodesians for leadership roles and specialist units, and to disperse the colony's men across the forces in small groups. These ideas met with approval in both Salisbury and London and were adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977233-12">[9]</a> Southern Rhodesia would be automatically included in any British declaration of war due to its lack of diplomatic powers, but that did not stop the colonial government from attempting to demonstrate its loyalty and legislative independence through supportive parliamentary motions and gestures. The Southern Rhodesian parliament unanimously moved to support Britain in the event of war during a special sitting on 28 August 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20059-13">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_war">Outbreak of war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war">edit</a>]</div> When Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, Southern Rhodesia issued its own declaration of war almost immediately, before any of the dominions did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20059-13">[10]</a> Huggins backed full military mobilisation and "a war to the finish", telling parliament that the conflict was one of national survival for Southern Rhodesia as well as for Britain; the mother country's defeat would leave little hope for the colony in the post-war world, he said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannGelfand1964149-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> This stand was almost unanimously supported by the white populace, as well as most of the coloured community, though with World War I a recent memory this was more out of a sense of patriotic duty than enthusiasm for war in itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194514-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266–67-18">[14]</a> The majority of the black population paid little attention to the outbreak of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427-19">[15]</a> The British had expected <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922-1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922-1943)">Fascist Italy</a>—with its African possessions—to join the war on Germany's side as soon as it began, but fortunately for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> this did not immediately occur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194721–22-20">[16]</a> No. 1 Squadron SRAF was already in northern <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a>, having been posted to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East African</a> frontier at Britain's request in late August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194716-21">[17]</a> The first Southern Rhodesian ground forces to be deployed abroad during World War II were 50 <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial troops</a> under Captain T G Standing, who were posted to <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> in September at the request of the colonial authorities there to guard against a possible uprising by German expatriates. They returned home after a month, having seen little action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194517–19-22">[18]</a> White Rhodesian officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> left the colony in September and October 1939 to command units of black Africans in the west and east of the continent, with most joining the <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force" title="Royal West African Frontier Force">Royal West African Frontier Force</a> (RWAFF) in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_and_Protectorate_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria">Colony of Nigeria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> and neighbouring colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194517–19-22">[18]</a> The deployment of white Rhodesian officers and NCOs to command black troops from elsewhere in Africa met with favour from the military leadership and became very prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201247-23">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "All I wish to say to you is this: we know that you will carry on the traditions that this young colony established in the last war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194584-24">[20]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Huggins to a draft of 700 Rhodesians bound for the Middle East, 14 April 1940</cite></div> </div> As in World War I, white Rhodesians volunteered for the forces readily and in large numbers. Over 2,700 had come forward before the war was three weeks old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194720-25">[21]</a> Somewhat ironically, the Southern Rhodesian recruiters' main problem was not sourcing manpower but rather persuading men in strategically important occupations such as mining to stay home. Manpower controls were introduced to keep certain men in their civilian jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1965-6">[5]</a> The SRAF accepted 500 recruits in the days following the outbreak of war, prompting its commander Group Captain <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warburton_Meredith" title="Charles Warburton Meredith">Charles Meredith</a> to contact the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> in London with an offer to run a flying school and train three squadrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194720-25">[21]</a> This was accepted. In January 1940 the Southern Rhodesian government announced the establishment of an independent Air Ministry to oversee the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Air_Training_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian Air Training Group">Rhodesian Air Training Group</a>, Southern Rhodesia's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">Empire Air Training Scheme</a> (EATS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733-26">[22]</a> Huggins set up a Defence Committee within the Cabinet to co-ordinate the colony's war effort in early 1940. This body comprised the Prime Minister, Tredgold and Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lucas_Guest" title="Ernest Lucas Guest">Ernest Lucas Guest</a>, the Minister of Mines and Public Works, who was put in charge of the new Air Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-27">[e]</a> About 1,600 of the colony's whites were serving overseas by May 1940 when, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>, Salisbury passed legislation allowing the authorities to call up any male <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a> of European ancestry aged between 19 and a half and 25 who had lived in the colony for at least six months. The minimum age was reduced to 18 in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1965-6">[5]</a> Part-time training was compulsory for all white males between 18 and 55, with a small number of exceptions for those in reserved occupations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194749-28">[23]</a> On 25 May 1940 Southern Rhodesia, the last country to join the EATS, became the first to start operating an air school under it, beating Canada by a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194747-29">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950608-30">[25]</a> The SRAF was absorbed into the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> in April 1940, with No. 1 Squadron becoming <a href="/wiki/No._237_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 237 Squadron RAF">No. 237 Squadron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetter-Bowyer200515–16-7">[6]</a> The RAF subsequently designated two more Rhodesian squadrons, namely <a href="/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 266 Squadron RAF">No. 266 Squadron</a> in 1940 and <a href="/wiki/No._44_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 44 Squadron RAF">No. 44 Squadron</a> in 1941, in a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons" title="Article XV squadrons">Article XV squadrons</a> from Australia, Canada and New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19479-31">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa_and_the_Mediterranean">Africa and the Mediterranean</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa and the Mediterranean">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_deployments">Early deployments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early deployments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury,_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soldiers in colonial-era military uniform march with rifles shouldered." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg/220px-Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg/330px-Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg/440px-Coloured_Mechanical_Transport_Coy_in_Salisbury%2C_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured">Coloured</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indian-Rhodesian</a> drivers parading in Salisbury before going to East Africa, 1940</figcaption></figure> No. 237 Squadron, based in Kenya since before the start of the war, had expanded to 28 officers and 209 other ranks by March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733–35-32">[27]</a> By mid-1940, most of the officers and men Southern Rhodesia had sent overseas were in Kenya, attached to various East African formations, the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR), the RWAFF, or to the colony's own Medical Corps or Survey Unit. The Southern Rhodesian surveyors charted the previously unmapped area bordering Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland between March and June 1940, and the Medical Corps operated No. 2 General Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a> from July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194787–91-33">[28]</a> A company of coloured and Indian-Rhodesian transport drivers was also in the country, having arrived in January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733–35-32">[27]</a> The first Southern Rhodesian contingent despatched to North Africa and the Middle East was a draft of 700 from the Rhodesia Regiment who left in April 1940. No white Rhodesian force of this size had ever left the territory before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194751-34">[29]</a> They were posted to a variety of British units across Egypt and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194752–54-35">[30]</a> The largest concentration of Rhodesian soldiers in North Africa belonged to the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">King's Royal Rifle Corps</a> (KRRC), whose connections with the colony dated back to World War I. Several Rhodesian platoons were formed in the KRRC's 1st Battalion in the Western Desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947278–282-36">[31]</a> A company of men from the Southern Rhodesian Signal Corps was also present, operating in tandem with the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Signals" title="Royal Corps of Signals">Royal Corps of Signals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947117–120-37">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: East Africa">edit</a>]</div> Italy joined the war on Germany's side on 10 June 1940, opening the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Desert War</a> in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947102–103-38">[33]</a> A Rhodesian-led force of irregulars from the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a>—based in <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>'s north coast—took part in one of the first clashes between British and Italian forces when it exchanged fire with an Italian <a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">banda</a> (irregular company) around dawn on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194775-39">[34]</a> Two days later three <a href="/wiki/Caproni" title="Caproni">Caproni</a> bombers of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Wajir" title="Wajir">Wajir</a>, one of No. 237 Squadron's forward airstrips, damaging two Rhodesian aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947102–103-38">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_East_Africa_(1938%E2%80%931941).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/290px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/435px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg/580px-Italian_East_Africa_%281938%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> to the north-east, and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> to the west</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian forces entered British Somaliland</a> from Abyssinia on 4 August 1940, overcame the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>, and advanced north-east towards the capital <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>. The British force, including a platoon of 43 Rhodesians in the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch" title="Black Watch">Black Watch</a>, took up positions on six hills overlooking the only road towards Berbera and engaged the Italians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tug_Argan" title="Battle of Tug Argan">Battle of Tug Argan</a>. Amid heavy fighting, the Italians gradually made gains and by 14 August had almost pocketed the Commonwealth forces. The British retreated to Berbera between 15 and 17 August, the Rhodesians making up the left flank of the <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a>, and by 18 August had evacuated by sea. The Italians took the city and completed their conquest of British Somaliland a day later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194774–87-40">[35]</a> No. 237 Squadron embarked on reconnaissance flights and supported ground assaults on Italian desert outposts during July and August 1940. Two British brigades from West Africa arrived to reinforce Kenya's northern frontier in early July—the partly Rhodesian-officered <a href="/wiki/Nigeria_Regiment" title="Nigeria Regiment">Nigeria Regiment</a> joined the front at <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garissa" title="Garissa">Garissa</a>, while a battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Coast Regiment">Gold Coast Regiment</a>, also with Rhodesian commanders attached, relieved the KAR at Wajir. The British forces in East Africa adopted the doctrine of "mobile defence" that was already being used in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(North_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (North Africa)">Western Desert</a> in North Africa—units embarked on long, constant patrols to guard wells and deny water supplies to the Italians. The British evacuated their north forward position at Buna in September 1940, and expected an attack on Wajir soon after, but the Italians never attempted an assault. Boosted considerably by the arrival of three South African brigades during the last months of 1940, the Commonwealth forces in Kenya had expanded to three divisions by the end of the year. No. 237 Squadron was relieved by South African airmen and redeployed to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> in September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947101–115-41">[36]</a> Rebasing at <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, No. 237 Squadron undertook regular reconnaissance, dive-bombing and <a href="/wiki/Strafing" title="Strafing">strafing</a> sorties during October and November 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947115-42">[37]</a> Meanwhile, the Southern Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery arrived in Kenya in October and, following a period of training, received <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 2-pounder">2-pounder guns</a> and joined the front at Garissa around the turn of the new year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157-43">[38]</a> No. 237 Squadron was partially re-equipped during January 1941, receiving some <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lysander" title="Westland Lysander">Westland Lysander</a> Mk IIs, but most of the squadron continued operating Hardys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947144–148-44">[39]</a> The British forces in Kenya under General <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">Alan Cunningham</a>, including Rhodesian officers and NCOs in the King's African Rifles and the Nigeria and Gold Coast Regiments, as well as the South African <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Infantry Division (South Africa)">1st South African Infantry Division</a>, advanced into Abyssinia and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> during late January and February 1941, starting with the occupation of the ports of <a href="/wiki/Kismayo" title="Kismayo">Kismayo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu" title="Mogadishu">Mogadishu</a>. The Italians retreated to the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157–163-45">[40]</a> No. 237 Squadron meanwhile provided air support to the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="5th Infantry Division (India)">5th Indian Infantry Division</a> during Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/William_Platt" title="William Platt">William Platt</a>'s offensive into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> from the Sudan, attacking ground targets and engaging Italian fighters. One of the Rhodesian Hardys was shot down near <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren</a> on 7 February with the loss of both occupants. Two days later, five Italian fighters attacked a group of grounded Rhodesian aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Agordat" title="Agordat">Agordat</a> in western Eritrea, and wrecked two Hardys and two Lysanders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947144–148-44">[39]</a> Platt's advance into Eritrea was checked during the seven-week <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keren" title="Battle of Keren">Battle of Keren</a> (February–April 1941), during which No. 237 Squadron observed Italian positions and took part in bombing raids. After the Italians retreated and surrendered, the Rhodesian squadron moved forward to <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> on 6 April, whence it embarked on bombing sorties on the port of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947178–182-46">[41]</a> The same day, the Italian garrison in the Abyssinian capital <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/11th_(East_Africa)_Division" title="11th (East Africa) Division">11th (East Africa) Division</a>, including many Rhodesians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947199-47">[42]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Alagi_(1941)" title="Battle of Amba Alagi (1941)">Battle of Amba Alagi</a>, Platt and Cunningham's forces converged and surrounded the remainder of the Italians, who were commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta">Duke of Aosta</a> at the mountainous stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Amba_Alagi" title="Amba Alagi">Amba Alagi</a>. The viceroy surrendered on 18 May 1941, effectively ending the war in East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947184-48">[43]</a> No. 237 Squadron and the Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery thereupon moved up to Egypt to join the war in the Western Desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947216-49">[44]</a> Some Italian garrisons continued to fight—the last surrendered only following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gondar" title="Battle of Gondar">Battle of Gondar</a> in November 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947253-50">[45]</a> Until this time the partly Rhodesian-commanded Nigeria and Gold Coast Regiments remained in Abyssinia, patrolling and rounding up scattered Italian units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947246–255-51">[46]</a> Around 250 officers and 1,000 other ranks from Southern Rhodesia remained in Kenya until mid-1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947252-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: North Africa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricaMap1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/400px-AfricaMap1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/600px-AfricaMap1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/800px-AfricaMap1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>The progress of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a> and strategic locations. <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> is to the north-west, <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> is on the coast near the map's centre, and <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a> is to the east.</figcaption></figure> In North Africa, Rhodesians in the <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Leicestershire_Regiment" title="Royal Leicestershire Regiment">2nd Leicesters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Regiment" title="Cheshire Regiment">1st Cheshires</a> and other regiments contributed to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a> between December 1940 and February 1941 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a> under Major-General <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>, fighting at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">Bardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beda_Fomm" title="Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947125–128,_148–155-53">[48]</a> This offensive was extremely successful, with the Allies suffering very few casualties—around 700 killed and 2,300 wounded and missing—while capturing the strategic port <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a>, over 100,000 Italian soldiers and most of <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947152-54">[49]</a> The Germans reacted by despatching the <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a> under <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rommel" title="Erwin Rommel">Erwin Rommel</a> to shore up the Italian forces. Rommel led a strong counter-offensive in March–April 1941 that forced a general Allied withdrawal towards Egypt. German and Italian forces surrounded Tobruk but failed to take the largely Australian-garrisoned city, leading to the lengthy <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947215–216,_273-55">[50]</a> The Rhodesian contingents in the 11th Hussars, Leicesters, <a href="/wiki/Buffs_(Royal_East_Kent_Regiment)" title="Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)">Buffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders" title="Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders">Argylls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Northumberland_Fusiliers" title="Royal Northumberland Fusiliers">Royal Northumberland Fusiliers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_Light_Infantry" title="Durham Light Infantry">Durham Light Infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Foresters" title="Sherwood Foresters">Sherwood Foresters</a> were transferred en masse to Kenya in February 1941 to join the new <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Armoured_Corps" title="Rhodesian Armoured Corps">Southern Rhodesian Reconnaissance Regiment</a>, which served in East Africa over the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947155,_253–254-56">[51]</a> The Rhodesians in the 1st Cheshires moved with that regiment to Malta the same month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947224–225-57">[52]</a> The Rhodesian Signallers were withdrawn to Cairo to form a section handling high-speed communications between Middle East Command and General Headquarters in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947153–154-58">[53]</a> The 2nd Black Watch, with its Rhodesian contingent, took part in the unsuccessful Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">defence of Crete</a> in May–June 1941, then joined the garrison at Tobruk in August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947217–223,_274–275-59">[54]</a> No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron was re-equipped with <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricanes</a> the following month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947273-60">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A military vehicle in the desert with five soldiers aboard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Southern Rhodesians with the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">King's Royal Rifle Corps</a> in North Africa, 1942</figcaption></figure> Rhodesians made up an integral component of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Desert_Group" title="Long Range Desert Group">Long Range Desert Group</a> (LRDG), a mechanised reconnaissance and raiding unit formed in North Africa in 1940 to operate behind enemy lines. Initially made up of New Zealanders, the unit's first British and Rhodesian members joined in November 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200716–17-61">[56]</a> It was reorganised several times over the next year as it expanded and by the end of 1941 there were two Rhodesian patrols: S1 and S2 Patrols, B Squadron. Each vehicle bore a Rhodesian place-name starting with "S" on the bonnet, such as "Salisbury" or "<a href="/wiki/Save_River_(Africa)" title="Save River (Africa)">Sabi</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267-62">[57]</a> From April 1941 the LRDG was based at <a href="/wiki/Kufra" title="Kufra">Kufra</a> in south-eastern Libya. The Rhodesians were posted to Bir Harash, about 160 kilometres (99 mi) to the north-east of Kufra, to patrol, hold the Zighen Gap and guard against a possible Axis attack from the north. For the next four months they lived in near-total isolation from the outside world, an exception coming in July 1941 when they and a group of airmen from No. 237 Squadron celebrated <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Day">Rhodes Day</a> together in the middle of the Cyrenaican desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270-63">[58]</a> In November 1941 the British <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a>, commanded by General Cunningham, launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Operation Crusader</a> in an attempt to relieve Tobruk. The British <a href="/wiki/XXX_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XXX Corps (United Kingdom)">XXX Corps</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a> ("the Desert Rats") with its Rhodesian platoons, would form the main body of attack, advancing west from <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a>, then sweeping around in a north-westerly direction towards Tobruk. The <a href="/wiki/XIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="XIII Corps (United Kingdom)">XIII Corps</a> would concurrently advance north-west and cut off Axis forces on the coast at <a href="/wiki/Sollum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sollum">Sollum</a> and Bardia. When signalled the Tobruk garrison would <a href="/wiki/Breakout_(military)" title="Breakout (military)">break out</a> and move south-east towards the advancing Allied forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947277-64">[59]</a> The operation was largely successful for the Allies, and the siege was broken. The Rhodesians of the LRDG took part in raids on Axis rear areas during the operation, ambushing Axis convoys, destroying Axis aircraft and pulling down telegraph poles and wires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270-63">[58]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> My bloody Rhodesians were often scruffy—but clean—and they were sometimes late for briefings, but they were always swift into action and their gunnery was without equal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201273-65">[60]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Brigadier C.E. Lucas-Phillips, reflecting on Rhodesians he commanded in the Western Desert</cite></div> </div> From late 1941 the LRDG co-operated closely with the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> (SAS), which also included some Rhodesians. The Rhodesian LRDG patrols transported and supported SAS troops during operations behind Axis lines. The LRDG also maintained a constant "Road Watch" along the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Coastal_Highway" title="Libyan Coastal Highway">Via Balbia</a> on the north coast of Libya, along which almost all Axis road traffic from <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, the main Libyan port, had to travel east. The LRDG set up a watch post about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) east of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch_(Libya)" title="Marble Arch (Libya)">Marble Arch</a> monument, and teams of two men each recorded Axis vehicle and troop movements in shifts throughout the day and night. This information was relayed back to the British commanders in Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270-63">[58]</a> Rommel advanced east from January 1942, and won a major victory over the Eighth Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Neil_Ritchie" title="Neil Ritchie">Neil Ritchie</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a> in May–June 1942. The Axis soon thereafter captured Tobruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947326–331,_334–343-66">[61]</a> During the Axis victory at the "Retma Box"—part of the British-devised system whereby isolated, strongly fortified "boxes", each manned by a brigade group, formed the front line—and the subsequent Allied retreat, the Southern Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery lost five men killed, nine wounded and two missing; 37 were captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201279-67">[62]</a> Rommel's advance was stalled in July by the Eighth Army, now headed by General <a href="/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck" title="Claude Auchinleck">Claude Auchinleck</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a> in western Egypt. Two months later the Rhodesians of the LRDG took part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy">Operation Bigamy</a> (aka Operation Snowdrop), an unsuccessful attempt by the SAS and LRDG to raid <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950356–357-68">[63]</a> The SAS raiding force, headed by Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Stirling" title="David Stirling">David Stirling</a>, was discovered by an Italian reconnaissance unit, prompting Stirling to turn back to Kufra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200770–71-69">[64]</a> The Rhodesians, meanwhile, were led into impassable country by a local guide, and swiftly retreated after being attacked by German bombers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950356–357-68">[63]</a> Southern Rhodesian pilots played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">siege of Malta</a> during 1942. <a href="/wiki/John_Plagis" title="John Plagis">John Plagis</a>, a Rhodesian airman of <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greek ancestry</a>, joined the multinational group of Allied airmen defending the strategically important island in late March and on 1 April achieved four aerial victories in an afternoon, thereby becoming the siege's first <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfire</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a>. By the time of his withdrawal in July he had been awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols200892-70">[65]</a> The British finally delivered vital supplies to Malta on 15 August with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatimer200287-71">[66]</a> Back in Salisbury, the Southern Rhodesian government was coming under pressure from Britain to put its armed forces under the purview of a regional command. Huggins decided in late October 1942 to join a unified Southern African Command headed by South Africa's <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a>. This choice was motivated by a combination of strategic concerns and geopolitical manoeuvring. Apart from considering South Africa a more appropriate partner in geographical, logistical and cultural terms, Huggins feared that the alternative—joining the British <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Command" title="East Africa Command">East Africa Command</a>—might detract from the autonomous nature of Southern Rhodesia's war effort, with possible constitutional implications. A shift in the deployment of the colony's troops duly occurred. For the rest of the war the majority of Rhodesian servicemen went into the field integrated into South African formations, prominently the <a href="/wiki/6th_Armoured_Division_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Armoured Division (South Africa)">6th Armoured Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234–235-72">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Alamein">El Alamein</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: El Alamein">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg/260px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg/390px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg/520px-Rhodesians_of_60th_KRRC_in_North_Africa_fire_Bren_gun%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/Bren_light_machine_gun" title="Bren light machine gun">Bren light machine gun</a> team with the King's Royal Rifle Corps in the Western Desert, 1942</figcaption></figure> The decisive victory of Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery,_1st_Viscount_Montgomery_of_Alamein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein">Bernard Montgomery</a>'s Eighth Army over the Germans and Italians at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> in October–November 1942 turned the tide of the North African war strongly in favour of the Allies, and did much to revive Allied morale. The Rhodesians of the KRRC took part in the battle as part of the 7th Armoured Division under the XIII Corps, forming part of the initial thrust in the southern sector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950359–367-73">[68]</a> The Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery under Major Guy Savory also fought at El Alamein, supporting the Australian <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division</a> as part of the XXX Corps. The fighting around "Thompson's Post" between 1 and 3 November was some of the fiercest Rhodesians took part in during the war. Hoping to knock out the Allied anti-tank guns before counter-attacking, the Germans concentrated intense artillery fire on the Australian and Rhodesian guns before advancing 12 <a href="/wiki/Panzer_IV" title="Panzer IV">Panzer IV</a> tanks towards the weakest point of the Australian line. The Australian <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_6-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 6-pounder">six-pounders</a> had been largely disabled by the bombardment but most of the Rhodesian guns remained operational. The Rhodesian gunners disabled two Panzers and seriously damaged two more, compelling an Axis retreat, and held their position until being relieved on 3 November. One Rhodesian officer and seven other ranks were killed and more than double that number were wounded. For his actions at Thompson's Post, Sergeant J A Hotchin received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">Distinguished Conduct Medal</a>; Lieutenants R J Bawden and H R C Callon won the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> and Trooper P Vorster the <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950363–367-74">[69]</a> The KRRC Rhodesians were in the forefront of the Allied column pursuing the retreating Axis forces after El Alamein, advancing through Tobruk, Gazala and Benghazi before reaching <a href="/wiki/El_Agheila" title="El Agheila">El Agheila</a> on 24 November 1942. They patrolled around the Axis right flank until being withdrawn to <a href="/wiki/Timimi" title="Timimi">Timimi</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950366-75">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> fell to the Eighth Army on 23 January 1943, and six days later Allied forces reached Tunisia's south-eastern frontier, where Italian and German forces manned the <a href="/wiki/Mareth_Line" title="Mareth Line">Mareth Line</a>, a series of fortifications built by the French in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395-76">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tunisia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisia1942-1943.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/330px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/495px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tunisia1942-1943.svg/660px-Tunisia1942-1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Strategic locations in Tunisia and Algeria</figcaption></figure> The Mareth Line constituted one of two fronts in the <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a>, the second being to the north-west, where the British <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> and American <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(United_States)" title="II Corps (United States)">II Corps</a>, firmly established in formerly <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a>-held Morocco and Algeria following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> in November 1942, were gradually pushing the Axis forces under <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Arnim" title="Hans-Jürgen von Arnim">Hans-Jürgen von Arnim</a> back towards <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. After von Arnim won a decisive victory over the Americans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Zid" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Zid">Battle of Sidi Bou Zid</a> in mid-February 1943, destroying over 100 US tanks, the <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_Group" title="18th Army Group">Eighteenth Army Group</a> was formed under the British General <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Harold Alexander</a> to co-ordinate the actions of the Allied forces on both Tunisian fronts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395–396-77">[72]</a> The Eighth Army under Montgomery spent February at <a href="/wiki/Medinine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinine">Medinine</a> in south-eastern Tunisia. Expecting an imminent attack by the Axis, the Eighth Army mustered every anti-tank gun it could from Egypt and Libya. The <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Hussars" title="Northumberland Hussars">102nd (Northumberland Hussars) Anti-Tank Regiment</a>, including the Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery under Major Savory, duly advanced west from Benghazi and reached the front on 5 March 1943. The Germans and Italians <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medenine" title="Battle of Medenine">assaulted Medinine</a> the next day, but failed to make much progress and abandoned their attack by the evening. The Rhodesian gunners, held in reserve, did not take part in the engagement but were attacked from the air. The Rhodesians of the KRRC, now under the <a href="/wiki/7th_Motor_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Motor Brigade (United Kingdom)">7th Motor Brigade</a>, moved up from Libya during early March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950399–401-78">[73]</a> No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron, which had spent 1942 and the first months of 1943 in Iran and Iraq, returned to North Africa the same month, with the future Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Ian Smith</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_service_of_Ian_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Military service of Ian Smith">in its ranks</a> as a Hurricane pilot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlyn197850–54-79">[74]</a> Montgomery launched his major assault on the Mareth Line, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mareth_Line" title="Battle of the Mareth Line">Operation Pugilist</a>, on 16 March. The Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery, operating with the <a href="/wiki/50th_(Northumbrian)_Infantry_Division" title="50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division">50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division</a>, took part. The Allies advanced at first but the weather and terrain prevented the tanks and guns from moving forward, allowing the <a href="/wiki/15th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">15th Panzer Division</a> to counter-attack successfully. A flanking movement by the <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a> around the right of the German forces, through the <a href="/wiki/Tebaga_Gap" title="Tebaga Gap">Tebaga Gap</a>, compelled an Axis withdrawal on 27 March. The Rhodesian anti-tank gunners fought their last action in Africa at <a href="/wiki/Enfidha" title="Enfidha">Enfidaville</a>, 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Tunis, on 20 April. The KRRC Rhodesians meanwhile took part in a long outflanking march which brought them to El Arousse, 65 kilometres (40 mi) south-west of Tunis, the next day. British armour entered Tunis on 7 May 1943. The Axis forces in North Africa—over 220,000 Germans and Italians, including 26 generals—surrendered a week later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950401–405-80">[75]</a> By time Tunis had fallen, few Rhodesians remained with the First or Eighth Armies; most were transferring to the South African 6th Armoured Division, then in Egypt, or making their way home on leave. Out of the 300 Southern Rhodesians who had joined the KRRC in Egypt, only three officers and 109 other ranks remained at the end of the Tunisian Campaign. The Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery retraced many of the movements it had taken during the campaign as it returned to Egypt. "Left for Matruh at 0830 hours today," one Rhodesian gunner wrote. "Camped at night on the identical spot where we camped in June 1941. It gave me a queer feeling to look back and think how many of us are missing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950405–406-81">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dodecanese">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomos_Dodekanisou.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nomos_Dodekanisou.png/220px-Nomos_Dodekanisou.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nomos_Dodekanisou.png/330px-Nomos_Dodekanisou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nomos_Dodekanisou.png/440px-Nomos_Dodekanisou.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands in red</figcaption></figure> Southern Rhodesia was represented in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese Campaign</a> of September–November 1943 by the Long Range Desert Group, which was withdrawn from the North African front in March 1943. After retraining for mountain operations in Lebanon, the LRDG moved in late September to the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Kalymnos" title="Kalymnos">Kalymnos</a>, north-west of <a href="/wiki/Kos" title="Kos">Kos</a> and south-east of <a href="/wiki/Leros" title="Leros">Leros</a>, off the coast of south-west Turkey. In the fall-out from the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> between Italy and the Allies, which had been concluded in the first week of September, the Allies were attempting to capture the Dodecanese so the islands could be used as bases against the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Most of the Italian forces had changed sides; the LRDG found itself in an infantry role, acting as a mobile reserve for Italian troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950428–429-82">[77]</a> The Germans swiftly mobilised to expel the Allied forces and launched heavy air assaults on Kos and Leros. Without fighter support, the islands' defence was soon precarious; the LRDG and the rest of the troops on Kalymnos were withdrawn to Leros on 4 October after the Germans won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kos_(1943)" title="Battle of Kos (1943)">Battle of Kos</a>. German air assaults on Leros intensified during late October, and at dawn on 12 November 1943 the Germans attacked Leros by sea and air. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leros" title="Battle of Leros">Battle of Leros</a>, the LRDG Rhodesians at Point 320, commanded by Rhodesian Captain J R Olivey, <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">spiked</a> their position's guns and withdrew before counter-attacking and retaking the point the next day. They held that position for three more days, during which they learned that the Germans were winning the battle. On 16 November, Olivey decided that holding the point any longer was pointless and ordered his men to split up, escape by any means possible and re-assemble in Cairo. Over half of the unit reached Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950429–436-83">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome,_June_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg/170px-Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg/255px-Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg/340px-Rhodesian_Sherman_tank_in_Rome%2C_June_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> tank on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tiber" class="mw-redirect" title="River Tiber">River Tiber</a> in Rome, June 1944</figcaption></figure> The largest concentration of Southern Rhodesian troops in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a> of 1943–45 was the group of about 1,400, mainly from the Southern Rhodesian Reconnaissance Regiment, spread across the South African 6th Armoured Division. The 11th South African Armoured Brigade, one of the 6th Division's two main components, was made up of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred%27s_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alfred's Guard">Prince Alfred's Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pretoria Regiment">Pretoria Regiment (Princess Alice's Own)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Battalion" title="Special Service Battalion">Special Service Battalion</a>, each of which had a Rhodesian squadron of <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman</a> tanks. The other, the 12th South African Motorised Brigade, comprised infantry—the <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Rifles_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Witwatersrand Rifles Regiment">Witwatersrand Rifles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Carbineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Carbineers">Natal Carbineers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Highlanders_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town Highlanders Regiment">Cape Town Highlanders</a>, the last of which had a large Rhodesian contingent. There were also two Rhodesian artillery batteries—the original Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery and a newer unit of Rhodesian field gunners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950474–478-84">[79]</a> After a year's training in Egypt, the division sailed to Italy in April 1944, landing towards the end of the month at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950474–478-84">[79]</a> No. 237 Squadron, now flying Spitfires, rebased to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> the same month to operate over Italy and southern France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950471-85">[80]</a> The 6th Division moved north-west from Taranto to take its place as part of the Eighth Army alongside the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_North" title="United States Army North">US Fifth Army</a>. It took part in the fourth and final Allied <a href="/wiki/Operation_Diadem" title="Operation Diadem">assault</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a> in the second and third weeks of May 1944, helping to force the Germans out, and thereafter advanced north-west up the <a href="/wiki/Liri" title="Liri">Liri</a> valley to join the Allied <a href="/wiki/Operation_Shingle" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shingle">forces</a> at <a href="/wiki/Anzio" title="Anzio">Anzio</a> and advance onwards to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950478–489-86">[81]</a> After wiping out a small German force about 50 km (31 mi) east of the Italian capital on 3 June, the 6th Division advanced north and captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Paliano" title="Paliano">Paliano</a>, then doubled back to the south-west and moved on Rome, which was reached on the morning of 6 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950531–532-87">[82]</a> A Squadron, Pretoria Regiment—that unit's squadron of Rhodesian tanks—entered the city as part of the division's <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">vanguard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532-88">[83]</a> The German commander <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a> fought a stubborn delaying action, gradually withdrawing his armies north with three Allied columns in pursuit, the 6th Armoured Division leading the most westerly spearhead of the Eighth Army in the centre. The mountainous terrain and the effective use of anti-tank weapons by the retreating Germans made the Allies' superiority in armour less decisive and slowed the Allied advance north to the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> between June and August 1944, during which time the Rhodesian tank squadrons took part in Allied victories at <a href="/wiki/Civita_Castellana" title="Civita Castellana">Castellana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civita_di_Bagnoregio" title="Civita di Bagnoregio">Bagnoregio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiusi" title="Chiusi">Chiusi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532–561-89">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25pounderripoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/25pounderripoli.jpg/240px-25pounderripoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/25pounderripoli.jpg/360px-25pounderripoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/25pounderripoli.jpg/480px-25pounderripoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>A Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25-pounder gun</a> in action at <a href="/wiki/Bagno_a_Ripoli" title="Bagno a Ripoli">Ripoli</a>, late 1944</figcaption></figure> By the end of August 1944 the German forces in Italy had formed the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennine Mountains</a>, and the 6th Division had come under the command of the US Fifth Army. The difficulty of using tanks in the mountains led to the Rhodesians of Prince Alfred's Guard temporarily adopting an infantry role, using dismounted tank machine-guns to support the Natal Carabineers during the fighting for <a href="/wiki/Pistoia" title="Pistoia">Pistoia</a> during early September. The Southern Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery meanwhile converted partially from guns to <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_ML_4.2_inch_Mortar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance ML 4.2 inch Mortar">4.2-inch mortars</a>. The South Africans and Rhodesians met with fierce resistance from the <a href="/wiki/16th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="16th SS Panzergrenadier Division Reichsführer-SS">16th SS Panzer Grenadier Division</a>, but helped push the Germans northwards towards the <a href="/wiki/Reno_(river)" title="Reno (river)">Reno</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950587–592-90">[85]</a> Hoping to repel Allied advances towards <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, the Germans took up positions on Monte Stanco overlooking the main roads towards the city. Two Allied assaults on the mountain—one by an Indian battalion, the other by the Royal Natal Carabineers—were repulsed. A third, larger attack at dawn on 13 October provided the Rhodesian Company of the Cape Town Highlanders with some of the fiercest combat they encountered in Italy. Advancing up the slope on the Allied right flank while being fired on from two directions, they suffered heavy casualties but achieved their objective and held it. Both Rhodesian artillery batteries provided support during the assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950592–597-91">[86]</a> When the line stabilised in November 1944, the portion occupied by the 6th Armoured Division extended for 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) along the heights over the Reno River. The Rhodesians of the Cape Town Highlanders patrolled nightly around the village of Casigno for the next three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950601-92">[87]</a> Some of the tank crews, including the Rhodesians of the Special Service Battalion, were temporarily reassigned to infantry duties to assist in these patrols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950621-93">[88]</a> Many of the Rhodesians had never seen snow before, but on the whole they adapted well, taking up winter sports such as skiing during time off duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950622-94">[89]</a> The Rhodesians of the Special Service Battalion received new, more heavily armed tanks in November–December 1944. In February 1945 the 6th Division was relieved by the American <a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Armored Division (United States)">1st Armoured Division</a> and moved to <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>, 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, for rest and reorganisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950624–625-95">[90]</a> The Rhodesian Anti-Tank Battery was refitted with <a href="/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer" title="M10 tank destroyer">M10 tank destroyers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950636–637-96">[91]</a> The Spitfires of No. 237 Squadron, meanwhile, took part in assaults on German transport in the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> around <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950633–634-97">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans_and_Greece">Balkans and Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Balkans and Greece">edit</a>]</div> After the Battle of Leros, New Zealand withdrew its squadron from the Long Range Desert Group, compelling the LRDG to reorganise itself into two squadrons of eight patrols each. A Squadron was composed of Rhodesians and B Squadron comprised British troops and a squadron of signallers; around 80 of the officers and men were from Southern Rhodesia. The group was reassigned from the Middle East Command to the Central Mediterranean Force in early 1944, and deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Gargano" title="Gargano">Gargano</a> peninsula in south-eastern Italy, where a new LRDG headquarters was set up near the seaside town of <a href="/wiki/Rodi_Garganico" title="Rodi Garganico">Rodi</a>. Britain hoped to compel the Germans to commit as many divisions as possible to south-eastern Europe so they could not be used on the more important fronts closer to Germany. In June 1944 the LRDG was assigned to operate on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, with orders to set up observation posts, report the movements of German ships and undertake minor raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950526–527-98">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png/260px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png/390px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png/520px-Axis_occupation_of_Yugoslavia_1943-44.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> partitioned under Axis occupation, 1943–44</figcaption></figure> The successes of <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisans">Yugoslav partisans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> led the Allies to despatch small patrols into Yugoslavia and Albania to contact partisan leaders and arrange co-operation with the Allied air forces. Several Rhodesian patrols from the LRDG were selected to undertake such missions during August and September 1944. Yugoslav partisans subsequently indicated targets for Allied bombing missions, with some success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950527–531-99">[94]</a> From September, members of the LRDG's Rhodesian squadron under Captain Olivey undertook advanced reconnaissance in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> peninsula of southern Greece. Landing at <a href="/wiki/Katakolo" title="Katakolo">Katakolo</a>, they made their way inland to <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> and, along with the British <a href="/wiki/4th_Battalion,_Parachute_Regiment" title="4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment">4th Parachute Battalion</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> as the Germans departed in November. The Rhodesians of the LRDG spent November and December helping Greek forces to garrison an Athens orphanage against supporters of the communist <a href="/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek People's Liberation Army">Greek People's Liberation Army</a>. Four Rhodesians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627-100">[95]</a> The LRDG returned to Yugoslavia in February 1945, operating around <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> and Dalmatia, where Germany still held portions of the mainland and certain strategic islands. The Germans had heavily mined the southern Adriatic and were attempting to cover their shipping by moving only by night, close to shore, and heaving to during the day under camouflage nets. The LRDG was tasked to patrol the coast, find the ships and report their locations to the air force for bombing. This it did with success. It remained in Yugoslavia for the rest of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627–629-101">[96]</a> The heightened vigilance of the German garrison as the war entered its final phase made these operations especially hazardous, particularly as they were often attempted at extremely close quarters. On several occasions Rhodesian patrols only narrowly escaped discovery. During one action, two Rhodesian patrols catered for the possibility that Germans might be listening to their transmissions by communicating in <a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a>, an African language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950629–631-102">[97]</a> The LRDG's last actions of the war, in April and May 1945, were to help Tito's partisans capture German-held islands off Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950632-103">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy">Spring 1945 offensive in Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">edit</a>]</div> Kesselring's forces in Italy retained their formidable defensive positions in the northern Apennines in March 1945. The 6th Division rejoined the line in early April, shortly before the Allies launched their <a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">spring 1945 offensive</a>, Operation Grapeshot. The units including Rhodesians took up positions opposite Monte Sole, Monte Abelle and Monte Caprara. The Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder">25-pounder guns</a> were posted slightly forward of their former positions, and B (Rhodesia) Squadron, Prince Alfred's Guard, moved to <a href="/wiki/Grizzana_Morandi" title="Grizzana Morandi">Grizzana</a>. The Special Service Battalion provided armoured support to the 13th South African Motorised Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950636–637-96">[91]</a> The South Africans and Rhodesians launched a two-pronged assault on the German positions over the road to <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> at 22:30 on 15 April 1945. The Cape Town Highlanders' advance up the steep cliffs of Monte Sole was obstructed by a German minefield that guarded the peak. The Rhodesian officer commanding the leading platoon, Second Lieutenant G B Mollett, took a section of men and dashed through the minefield to the summit; for this he later received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a>. Hand-to-hand fighting on Monte Sole continued until dawn, when the Germans withdrew. The Witwatersrand Rifles meanwhile took Monte Caprara. The Cape Town Highlanders took Monte Abelle late on 16 April, advancing under heavy artillery fire to the summit before clearing it of Germans. The regiment lost 31 killed and 76 wounded during these actions, including three Rhodesians killed and three wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950638–640-104">[99]</a> This victory contributed to a general Allied breakthrough in the area, and by 19 April, the 6th Division's armour was moving towards <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetia</a> as part of the Fifth Army's vanguard. American and Polish troops entered Bologna on 21 April. The South Africans and Rhodesians advanced north-west towards the <a href="/wiki/Panaro_(river)" title="Panaro (river)">Panaro</a> river. The Special Service Battalion's Rhodesian squadron, moving forward alongside the Cape Town Highlanders, and the Rhodesians of Prince Alfred's Guard took part in numerous engagements with the retreating German <a href="/wiki/Rearguard" title="Rearguard">rearguard</a>, and suffered several fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950640–644-105">[100]</a> The 6th Division crossed the <a href="/wiki/Po_(river)" title="Po (river)">Po</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ostiglia" title="Ostiglia">Ostiglia</a> on 25 April and, after resupplying for a week, began a speedy advance towards <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, aiming to cut off the retreat of elements of the German <a href="/wiki/14th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="14th Army (Wehrmacht)">Fourteenth Army</a>. The South Africans and Rhodesians advanced through <a href="/wiki/Nogara" title="Nogara">Nogara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerea" title="Cerea">Cerea</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Adige" title="Adige">Adige</a> early on 29 April, and then made for <a href="/wiki/Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, 19 kilometres (12 mi) north of Venice. The retreating German forces were by this time in such disarray that, during its advance from the Po, the 11th South African Armoured Brigade took prisoners from eight German divisions. On 30 April, the 6th Division joined up with British and American forces south of Treviso, and cut off the Germans' last escape route from Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950643–645-106">[101]</a> The German forces in Italy surrendered unconditionally on 2 May 1945, while the 6th Division was moving north-west; at the time of the announcement it was near <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Twelve days later the 6th Division held a victory parade of its 1,200 guns, tanks and other vehicles at <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodromo Nazionale Monza">Monza racetrack</a>, 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north of Milan. The Rhodesians separated from their vehicles after the parade, then spent May and June 1945 as occupation troops in Lombardy before returning home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947643–645-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrpen1975309-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Britain,_Norway_and_western_Europe">Britain, Norway and western Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Britain, Norway and western Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain,_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg/290px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg/435px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg/580px-The_Royal_Air_Force_in_Britain%2C_29_September_1942_TR197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a> bombers of <a href="/wiki/No._44_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 44 Squadron RAF">No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron</a>, based on the east coast of England, September 1942</figcaption></figure> Southern Rhodesia's fighting contributions in Britain and western Europe were primarily in the air, as part of the much larger Allied forces. Rhodesian pilots and Allied airmen trained in the colony's flying schools participated in the defence of Britain throughout the war, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a> of Germany and other operations. Rhodesia provided the only RAF flying ace of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a> of April–June 1940, Squadron Leader <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Hull" title="Caesar Hull">Caesar Hull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200229,_32-109">[104]</a> Later that year "<a href="/wiki/The_Few" title="The Few">The Few</a>", the Allied airmen of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, included three pilots of Southern Rhodesian birth—Hull, Pilot Officer John Chomley and Flight Lieutenant John Holderness<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt2001187-110">[105]</a>—of whom two, Hull and Chomley, lost their lives.<a href="#cite_note-113">[f]</a> Two of the RAF's three Rhodesian squadrons, Nos. 44 and 266, operated from England during the war. No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron, a fighter squadron based in <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> for most of the duration, was initially only nominally Rhodesian, being manned by a mixture of British and Commonwealth personnel, but it received more airmen from the colony gradually and was virtually all Rhodesian by August 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947230–231-114">[108]</a> Initially flying Spitfires, it switched to <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Typhoons</a> in early 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947312-115">[109]</a> It took as its motto the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Sindebele</a> word Hlabezulu ("Stabber of Skies") and first went into action over <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> on 2 June 1940,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194760-116">[110]</a> after which it fought in the Battle of Britain. The squadron's duties thereafter included patrolling, protecting convoys, sweeping around northern France and the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and escorting bombing raids over France and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947312-115">[109]</a> No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron, based in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> on the east coast, was a heavy bomber unit, and part of No. 5 Group in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a>'s front line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200281-117">[111]</a> Unlike the other two squadrons designated as "Rhodesian", No. 44 Squadron never had a Rhodesian majority, despite efforts to so populate it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200282-118">[112]</a> Initially equipped with <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampdens</a>, it became the first RAF squadron to convert to <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancasters</a> at the end of 1941. It played a prominent part in the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">attack</a> on the <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> diesel factory at <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> in April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200282-118">[112]</a> In March 1943 No. 44 Squadron took part in the Allied bombing of cities in northern Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and Milan, as well as targets in Germany such as <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950386–391-119">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huggins_visits_No._266_(Rhodesia)_Squadron,_May_1944_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men stand next to a fighter aircraft and look at it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg/220px-Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg/330px-Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg/440px-Huggins_visits_No._266_%28Rhodesia%29_Squadron%2C_May_1944_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="987" /></a><figcaption>Huggins (right) inspecting a Typhoon of <a href="/wiki/No._266_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 266 Squadron RAF">No. 266 (Rhodesia) Squadron</a> in England, 1944</figcaption></figure> From early 1944, No. 266 Squadron took part in ground attack operations over the Channel and northern France, operating from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Harrowbeer" title="RAF Harrowbeer">RAF Harrowbeer</a> in Devon. The squadron also escorted Allied bombers embarking on or returning from raids, protecting them from German fighters. Larger petrol tanks were fitted to the Typhoons to increase their range. In May 1944 the squadron was visited by the Prime Minister, who had been knighted and was now Sir Godfrey Huggins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950453–459-120">[114]</a> Over the next month, in preparation for the imminent Allied <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a>, the Rhodesian aircraft took on a fighter-bomber role, flying sorties across the channel twice a day and participating in the bombing of bridges, roads, railways and the like.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950517–519-121">[115]</a> Apart from the Southern Rhodesian airmen serving with the RAF in Britain, the colony was sparsely represented in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> of 6 June 1944 ("D-Day"). Several men from the colony served aboard cruisers and destroyers that engaged the German shore batteries. A small number of Southern Rhodesians parachuted into Normandy with the <a href="/wiki/6th_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="6th Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">6th Airborne Division</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tonga" title="Operation Tonga">Operation Tonga</a>, and some took part in the amphibious landings. No. 266 Squadron was part of the Allied force that flew over the beaches during the first landings, supporting the infantry. Later that day it took part in sorties to assist the paratroopers holding the bridgeheads north of <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950519–521-122">[116]</a> No. 266 Squadron, which remained 95% Rhodesian at the start of 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950612-123">[117]</a> thereafter provided air support to the advancing Allied armies through France, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and finally Germany. Through most of the European winter months it was based in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. In late March 1945 the Rhodesian fighters formed part of the force tasked with protecting the descending Allied paratroopers during Field-Marshal Montgomery's crossing of the Rhine. During April the squadron operated over <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and the northern Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950611–614-124">[118]</a> No. 44 Squadron, meanwhile, embarked on bombing raids on targets as far away as <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, as well as towns and cities closer to Berlin such as <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Its last bombing operation was a raid on the <a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a>, Hitler's residence, near <a href="/wiki/Berchtesgaden" title="Berchtesgaden">Berchtesgaden</a> in Bavaria on 25 April 1945. After <a href="/wiki/German_instrument_of_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="German instrument of surrender">Germany surrendered</a> on 7 May, <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">ending the war in Europe</a>, No. 44 Squadron was one of many units selected to evacuate British prisoners of war home from the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950614–620-125">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burma">Burma</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Burma">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAR_Burma_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A raft on a river. A man with a rifle stands in the centre, surrounded by other men kneeling on one knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAR_Burma_1.jpg/330px-RAR_Burma_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAR_Burma_1.jpg/495px-RAR_Burma_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/RAR_Burma_1.jpg/660px-RAR_Burma_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a> river patrol in <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> Southern Rhodesia's main contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> in terms of manpower was made by the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_African_Rifles" title="Rhodesian African Rifles">Rhodesian African Rifles</a> (RAR), a regiment of black troops led by white officers that joined the front at the end of 1944. The colony also made a significant contribution to the Commonwealth forces' command element in Burma, providing white officers and NCOs to the <a href="/wiki/81st_(West_Africa)_Division" title="81st (West Africa) Division">81st (West Africa)</a>, <a href="/wiki/82nd_(West_Africa)_Division" title="82nd (West Africa) Division">82nd (West Africa)</a> and 11th (East Africa) Divisions, made up of units from Nigeria, the Gold Coast, the Gambia, Sierra Leone, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia and the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950570-126">[120]</a> Almost every African battalion in Burma had white Rhodesian officers and NCOs attached; some were over 70% Rhodesian-led.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201247-23">[19]</a> Modelled on the Rhodesia Native Regiment of World War I, the RAR was formed in May 1940 under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel F J Wane, who the black soldiers nicknamed msoro-we-gomo ("top of the mountain"). Most volunteers for the regiment came from <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a>, much to the surprise of the white recruiters, who had expected <a href="/wiki/Matabeleland" title="Matabeleland">Matabeleland</a>, with stronger martial traditions, to provide more men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200741–45-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[g]</a> Originally comprising one battalion, the RAR expanded to two battalions in late 1943 to accommodate a rush of new recruits following the news that the 1st Battalion was being deployed overseas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200748-130">[123]</a> Steps to organise two further battalions of black Southern Rhodesians were abandoned because of the conviction of the colony's overall military commander, Brigadier E R Day, that it was important "to preserve a fair balance" between black and white troops, and that raising the men would take too long in any case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950442–443-131">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[h]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAR_Burma_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men sit against a wall, clearly tired. Some are sleeping." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RAR_Burma_2.jpg/310px-RAR_Burma_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RAR_Burma_2.jpg/465px-RAR_Burma_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/RAR_Burma_2.jpg/620px-RAR_Burma_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3736" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>1RAR troops in Burma, resting in a dugout</figcaption></figure> 1RAR trained in Kenya from December 1943 to September 1944, when it transferred to <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and became part of the 22nd (East Africa) Infantry Brigade alongside the 1st KAR and the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Regiment" title="Northern Rhodesia Regiment">Northern Rhodesia Regiment</a>. In December 1944, after three months' training for jungle warfare, 1RAR and the other two components of the brigade joined the Burma Campaign at <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> under the command of the <a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(India)" title="XV Corps (India)">15th Indian Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200748–49,_59-134">[126]</a> The brigade spent about three months supporting the <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="25th Infantry Division (India)">25th Indian Division</a> in north-western Burma, advancing through the Mayu peninsula during January 1945 and taking part in the latter stages of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramree_Island" title="Battle of Ramree Island">Battle of Ramree Island</a>, landing on the island on 14 February. 1RAR fortified positions at Myinbin, Kyaukkale and Mayin but did not contact Japanese forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200759-135">[127]</a> A widespread belief developed among Japanese troops in Burma that the British Army's African soldiers were cannibals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200773-136">[128]</a> partly because of deliberate disinformation spread by the black troops themselves as they travelled around the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188-137">[129]</a> While entirely unfounded, the notion "that we Africans eat people", as one RAR soldier put it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188-137">[129]</a> had a fearsome psychological effect; men of 1RAR reported Japanese soldiers picking up their comrades' bodies in the midst of battle and running away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188-137">[129]</a> In March 1945 the 22nd Brigade was ordered south to Dalaba where it became part of the 82nd (West Africa) Division, which had been tasked with clearing the Taungup area of Japanese troops. The 22nd Brigade was deployed as a flank guard, sweeping down the Tanlwe Chaung before hooking around to the Taungup Chaung and ultimately the road to <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Prome</a>; this move was intended to cut Japanese units to the north off from the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_Delta" title="Irrawaddy Delta">Irrawaddy Delta</a> to the south, where most of the key battles were being fought. 1RAR patrolled the area during March and April 1945 and was involved in several contacts. On 20 April it assembled at a point overlooking Tanlwe Chaung, where it was shelled by Japanese artillery and mortars dug in atop two high features to the south.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200760–65-138">[130]</a> On the morning of 26 April, after a few days of patrols, 1RAR took the lead in what became the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanlwe_Chaung" title="Battle of Tanlwe Chaung">Battle of Tanlwe Chaung</a>; after about half an hour of bombing, strafing and artillery bombardment of the Japanese positions, elements of A and D Companies, 1RAR charged up the slopes and routed much of the Japanese garrison before taking both hills. Seven RAR men were killed in the action and 22 were wounded, mostly from D Company; an officer was also injured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200765–68-139">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[i]</a> An officer of the RAR recalled the battles of April 1945 around Taungup and Tanlwe Chaung as extremely intense: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The way our fellows charged their way along these paths, yelling, makes a lump come into my throat when I think of it even now. It was sheer suicide for the leading group and the whole force faced machine guns up the sides of the slopes above them, on the sides of the features behind them, and even up the trees above them, with snipers behind who let them pass before opening fire. For sheer cold-blooded bravery, I can't believe it has ever been beaten in any other theatre of war; and this went on for three weeks solid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011190-142">[133]</a></blockquote> 1RAR spent most of May 1945 building quarters and training before marching the 110 km (68 mi) to Prome in late June; from here they went another 25 km (16 mi) by truck to <a href="/wiki/Gyobingauk" title="Gyobingauk">Gyobingauk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> conditions took a dreadful toll on operations, making logistics particularly difficult and slow—men found themselves either found themselves knee-deep in mud or slipping around on the surface. From early July 1945 1RAR patrolled around Gyobingauk, repeatedly engaging parties of Japanese and forcing them into the hills. Even after the Japanese commanders in Burma surrendered unconditionally, the Allied troops had to continue patrolling to handle Japanese stragglers who either did know of this or did not believe it. After the Japanese forces in South-East Asia formally surrendered at Singapore on 12 September 1945, active Allied operations in the region were greatly diminished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200771–73-143">[134]</a> 1RAR spent about half a year guarding Japanese prisoners in Burma before leaving for home in March 1946. They arrived back in Salisbury on 10 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200773–77-144">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Southern_Rhodesians_in_other_theatres">Southern Rhodesians in other theatres</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Southern Rhodesians in other theatres">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the main deployments, Southern Rhodesian servicemen served in other theatres of the war. Rhodesian sailors in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Navy" title="South African Navy">South African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">Merchant Navies</a> crewed ships in many parts of the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947289–297-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950391–395-146">[137]</a> No. 237 (Rhodesia) Squadron operated in Iran and Iraq in 1942–43, guarding oil wells and pipelines and supporting the British <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Tenth Army (United Kingdom)">Tenth Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlyn197850–54-79">[74]</a> Closer to home, Southern Rhodesian military surveyors contributed to the preliminary planning work for the Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invasion of Madagascar</a> in May 1942, and landed at <a href="/wiki/Antsiranana" title="Antsiranana">Diego Suarez</a> with the invading forces. They remained there long after the Vichy French garrison agreed to an armistice at <a href="/wiki/Ambalavao" title="Ambalavao">Ambalavao</a> on 6 November 1942—the last Rhodesian left the island in October 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947298–299-147">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_front">Home front</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Home front">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodesian_Air_Training_Group">Rhodesian Air Training Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rhodesian Air Training Group">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan,_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School,_Cranborne,_Near_Salisbury,_Rhodesia,_January_1943_TR1265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg/220px-Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg/330px-Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg/440px-Commonwealth_Joint_Air_Training_Plan%2C_No_20_Service_Flying_Training_School%2C_Cranborne%2C_Near_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia%2C_January_1943_TR1265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3145" /></a><figcaption>A trainee pilot climbing into a <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Harvard</a> at No. 20 Service Flying Training School near Salisbury, 1943</figcaption></figure> The colony's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme is described in J F MacDonald's War History of Southern Rhodesia as "undoubtedly Southern Rhodesia's greatest single contribution to the Allied victory",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950607-148">[139]</a> an assertion corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Robert Blake</a> in his 1977 History of Rhodesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234-149">[140]</a> The Rhodesian Air Training Group (RATG) under Air Vice-Marshal Sir C W Meredith eventually operated <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan_facilities_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Southern Rhodesia">11 aerodromes</a>, requiring a huge national effort to build, maintain and staff—at the scheme's peak more than a fifth of the white population was involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234-149">[140]</a> This judicious management of skills and resources allowed the territory to make a much larger contribution to the Allied war effort than if it had simply sent all its manpower into the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947172-150">[141]</a> Southern Rhodesia was regarded as an ideal location for air training for a number of reasons. It was far from the hostilities, firmly pro-British and had excellent weather throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234-149">[140]</a> The British Air Ministry resolved to outsource training to the colony amid some urgency in late 1939 after EATS took a long time to get going in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> The RATG was the last EATS group to be formed, but the first to start training airmen; it also turned out fully qualified pilots before any of the others, doing so for the first time in November 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947172-150">[141]</a> The programme originally called only for an initial training wing and six schools, but this was expanded to eight flying schools and a school for bomb aimers, navigators and air gunners. There were two air firing and bombing ranges. Six reserve landing grounds were constructed for landing and take-off instruction to prevent congestion on the main airstrips. Later in the war, a dedicated air station was designated for the training of instructors. Small administrative units were established in South Africa at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a> to handle incoming equipment and arrivals and departures of personnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> The complete pilot's course initially lasted six months, split into two months each of elementary, intermediate and advanced instruction. Ground subjects were also taught and each trainee had to fly at least 150 hours to qualify. By the end of the war each period had been shortened by a week to speed up the output of trained pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194792–93-152">[143]</a> The trainees were mostly British, but came from all over the world. "The diversity of nationalities under training was surprising and impressive," reported one officer. "British, South African, New Zealand, Australian, Canadian, American, men from Yugoslavia, Greece, Free France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Fiji Isles, Malta."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947173-153">[144]</a> "[Southern Rhodesia's] part in the Commonwealth Air Training Scheme has been outstandingly fine," Sir James Ross of the British Air Ministry reported in 1942. "I say this from knowledge and without qualification. ... I know how gratefully the Air Staff in London reckon on the unfailingly regular flow of well-trained pilots and observers, course after course, month after month."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950367-154">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_service">Home service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Home service">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg/350px-Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg/525px-Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg/700px-Rhodesian_African_Rifles_Salisbury_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>The 1st Battalion, RAR parades in Salisbury for <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> The Rhodesian African Rifles were based at <a href="/wiki/Borrowdale,_Harare" title="Borrowdale, Harare">Borrowdale</a> in north-east Salisbury between 1940 and 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton201196–97-155">[146]</a> Apart from a contingent sent south to Durban to guard Italian prisoners on their way to Rhodesia, the regiment's main role was garrison duties within the colony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266-128">[122]</a> The Rhodesian Air Askari Corps, a unit of black volunteer troops under white command, guarded the air bases and also provided manpower for non-armed labour.<a href="#cite_note-157">[j]</a> The perceived possibility that Japan might attempt an invasion of southern Africa via Madagascar led to the consolidation of a few hundred rural whites into the Southern Rhodesia Commando, a part-time cadre intended as the basis for a guerrilla-style resistance movement, from 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadford199482-158">[148]</a> The mobilisation of white British South Africa Police officers for military service led to black male and white female constables taking on higher responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-160">[k]</a> The BSAP recruited more black patrolmen to accommodate the growth of the urban black population during the war, going from 1,067 black and 547 white personnel in 1937 to 1,572 blacks and 401 whites in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20115,_39-161">[150]</a> This "<a href="/wiki/Africanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Africanisation">Africanisation</a>" led to higher appreciation for black constables among senior policemen and the public. The police remained rigidly segregated, but black constables received uniforms more similar to those of their white counterparts,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011156-162">[151]</a> and the nominal distinction between the BSAP "proper" and the British South Africa Native Police—the "force within the force" black personnel were traditionally regarded as members of—was abolished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20116-163">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> White Southern Rhodesian women served in the war with auxiliary female units, in far greater numbers than in World War I. The Southern Rhodesian government set up three women's services: the Women's Auxilitary Volunteers (WAV), the Women's Auxiliary Air Service (WAAS), the Women's Auxiliary Military Service (WAMS) and the Women's Auxiliary Police Service (WAPS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–242-164">[153]</a> Most Southern Rhodesian servicewomen served domestically within these organisations, while some went to East Africa with the <a href="/wiki/First_Aid_Nursing_Yeomanry" title="First Aid Nursing Yeomanry">First Aid Nursing Yeomanry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947135-165">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service,_folding_parachute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg/220px-Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg/330px-Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg/440px-Rhodesian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Service%2C_folding_parachute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>A Rhodesian servicewoman folding and packing a parachute</figcaption></figure> The WAV, run by the Ministry of Defence, recruited and trained female personnel for the WAAS and the WAMS, which respectively came under the Air and Defence Ministries. According to the official statement announcing their formation, the services' purpose was "to substitute women for men wherever necessary and practicable throughout the military and air forces within Southern Rhodesia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–242-164">[153]</a> Recruitment for the women's services began in June 1941. Most volunteers were married women, many of them the wives of military men. The air and military services both offered a wide variety of positions. In addition to jobs as typists, clerks, caterers and the like, women served as drivers and in the stores and workshops. Many of the women in the air service did skilled work, checking flying instruments, testing parts and doing minor repairs. The women of the Auxiliary Police Service served as BSAP officers both in stations and on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–241-166">[155]</a> Members of Southern Rhodesia's white female population who did not join the forces still contributed to the war in various ways. Women worked in munitions factories and engineering workshops in Salisbury and <a href="/wiki/Bulawayo" title="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947242-167">[156]</a> The Women's National Service League, which thousands of women joined before the war even started, revived the role white Rhodesian women had played in World War I, sending the colony's servicemen overseas parcels containing warm clothes, newspapers, razor blades, soap, food and minor luxuries such as sweets, tobacco and novels. Efforts such as these did much to keep the troops' morale up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947100-168">[157]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_politics">Domestic politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Domestic politics">edit</a>]</div> On the outbreak of war, Huggins invited the leader of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesian Labour Party">Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Davies_(politician)" title="Harry Davies (politician)">Harry Davies</a>, to join a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>. Davies accepted without consulting his party caucus, much to the indignation of many of his contemporaries; Labour promptly split. The two Labour factions reconciled in 1943 and briefly threatened Huggins's premiership until a heated dispute over whether Labour should become multiracial led to the party's disintegration in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977235–237-169">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact;_conscripted_labour">Economic impact; conscripted labour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic impact; conscripted labour">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The enemy wants you to slacken off ... You have a responsibility ... Southern Rhodesia's war effort may be small in comparison with that of Russia, Britain, the United States and the big dominions, but its value is none the less real.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950447–448-170">[159]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Extract from an Office of Information newsletter, late 1943</cite></div> </div> The Southern Rhodesian economy grew considerably during the war despite the concurrent rise of war expenditure to pay for the expansion of the military and the air training scheme. Expenditure on the war grew from £1,793,367 in the financial year 1940–41 to £5,334,701 in 1943–44<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379-171">[160]</a>—total Southern Rhodesian expenditure on the air training scheme was £11,215,522.<a href="#cite_note-172">[l]</a> These sums, while tiny compared to those incurred by larger nations, were enormous when scaled against the white population of less than 70,000 that accounted for most of the colony's economic output.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379-171">[160]</a> Annual costs for the air training scheme alone far exceeded the pre-war national budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> Southern Rhodesia was then the second largest gold producer in the world, after South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399-173">[161]</a> The colony's gold output had expanded greatly during the 1930s, and it remained the territory's main source of income during the war, though many extracting operations were diverted towards strategic minerals, most prominently <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>. Southern Rhodesia became one of the two main sources of chrome for the Allies (South Africa was the other) and the world's third largest producer of asbestos after Canada and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399-173">[161]</a> By the end of the war the mines at <a href="/wiki/Zvishavane" title="Zvishavane">Shabani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashava" title="Mashava">Mashaba</a> were turning out 1.5 million tonnes of asbestos a year, in addition to 600,000 tonnes of chrome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379–380,_604–605-174">[162]</a> Gold output reached peak levels in 1941–42 and thereafter subsided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399-173">[161]</a> Southern Rhodesia also exported <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and provided coal for the copper mines of Northern Rhodesia and the Congo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379–380,_604–605-174">[162]</a> The Southern Rhodesian government encouraged private enterprise to form <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary industries</a> to exploit the colony's natural resources and increase production, but also set up some state industries in an attempt to spark growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950382-175">[163]</a> The establishment of the RATG prompted a minor economic boom, and also caused the primary direct demand placed on Southern Rhodesia's black population during the early stages of the war—a programme of <a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">conscripted labour</a> to build the aerodromes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425-176">[164]</a> The government assigned labour quotas for each district to native commissioners across the territory who in turn called on local chiefs and headmen to provide workers. The tribal leaders decided who was required at the <a href="/wiki/Kraal" title="Kraal">kraal</a> and who would report to the district native commissioner for work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425–426-177">[165]</a> This system, known locally as the chibaro, cibbalo, isibalo or chipara—according to <a href="/wiki/Charles_van_Onselen" title="Charles van Onselen">Charles van Onselen</a>, synonymous etymologically with concepts ranging from contract labour to slavery—had been relatively widespread during <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> (1890–1923), but had fallen out of use by the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989424-178">[166]</a> Some tribal communities were resettled to make room for the airstrips.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427-19">[15]</a> The chibaro workers received pay and provisions, but the salary of 15<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">s</a>/- per month compared unfavourably with the 17s/6<a href="/wiki/Penny_(British_pre-decimal_coin)" title="Penny (British pre-decimal coin)">d</a> generally received on white-owned farms. It met with widespread opposition, with many men electing to run away rather than join the work parties. "Hundreds if not thousands", according to Kenneth Vickery, crossed into <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> or South Africa to avoid the call-up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427-19">[15]</a> Some suspected that after finishing the conscripted aerodrome work, they might be drafted to fight overseas. Rumours to this effect abounded enough that the chief native commissioner, H H D Simmonds, distributed a circular in November 1940 instructing the commissioners to make clear that the drafted men were required for labour only.<a href="#cite_note-180">[m]</a> Voluntary employment increased sharply during 1940 and 1941, both among indigenous blacks and migrant labourers, but many white farmers still complained about a lack of manpower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427–428-181">[168]</a> A severe drought during the 1941–42 season led to a food shortage in the colony, prompting the passing in June 1942 of the Compulsory Native Labour Act, under which unemployed black males between 18 and 45 years of age could be conscripted for work on white-owned farms. Announcing the act, Tredgold—by now Minister of Native Affairs in addition to Defence and Justice—commented that its "principle ... would be intolerable under ordinary circumstances", but that the war made it necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428-182">[169]</a> The act required each draftee to work at least three months at 15s/- per month; the pay rose to 17s/6 if he agreed to stay a further three months.<a href="#cite_note-183">[n]</a> This conscription of labour contributed to the rise in the country's overall agricultural yield, but had a negative impact on the localised production of many kraals, either because too many men had been drafted for work elsewhere or because they had fled to avoid it. The scheme continued until the act's repeal in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428–431-184">[170]</a> A central Food Production Committee, set up in early 1942, organised the conscripted labourers and attempted to help the white farmers to grow all the crops they could.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428–431-184">[170]</a> Maize production grew by 40% between 1942 and 1944, the potato harvest doubled and the onion crop grew sixfold by the end of the war. Production of the colony's most important cash crop, tobacco, was high throughout the war, averaging about 40 million pounds (18 million kg) annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–381,_604–605-185">[171]</a> The number of cattle slaughtered by the beef industry increased by 134%, from 71,000 head in 1937 to 160,000 head in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamasuwo2003494-186">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drying_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drying (food)">Vegetable dehydration</a>, one of the Food Production Committee's main initiatives, proved a great success, allowing Rhodesia to export many products to the UK that would previously have spoiled in transit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–381,_604–605-185">[171]</a> Southern Rhodesia also provided goods to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Group_Supply_Council" title="Eastern Group Supply Council">Eastern Group Supply Council</a>, a body set up in 1940 to co-ordinate the build-up of war materiel in India and other British colonies and dominions east of Suez, with the goal of reducing the amount of supplies shipped from the UK. A Rhodesian officer, Brigadier E G Cook, was the group's deputy controller general. Between 1941 and 1945 Southern Rhodesia contributed large quantities of timber, leather goods, soap and building materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950605–606-187">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internment_camps_and_Polish_refugees">Internment camps and Polish refugees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Internment camps and Polish refugees">edit</a>]</div> Thousands of Axis POWs and people described as "enemy aliens" were held in Southern Rhodesia during the conflict. These were mainly Italians and Germans, but there were also a handful from Iraq and the Levant; the colony furthermore hosted nearly 7,000 refugees from Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–383-188">[174]</a> Britain delegated responsibility for co-ordinating investigation into enemy aliens in central Africa to the Southern Rhodesian government, which set up a system whereby the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) identified potential detainees while a body called the Internment Camps Corps oversaw the camps. Many of those held in Southern Rhodesia were sent there by Britain or authorities elsewhere in the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> Five internment camps were set up in two waves. No. 1 (General) Internment Camp opened to the north-east of Salisbury in October 1939 and No. 2 (Tanganyika) Internment Camp, just south of the city, opened the following year, mostly housing Germans formerly resident in Tanganyika.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> The first two camps together had less than 800 inmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–383-188">[174]</a> The third, fourth and fifth camps were set up near <a href="/wiki/Kadoma,_Zimbabwe" title="Kadoma, Zimbabwe">Gatooma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mvuma" title="Mvuma">Umvuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Fort Victoria</a> in 1941–42 to accommodate roughly 5,000 Italians from Somaliland and Abyssinia. The Internment Camps Corps' reliance on the elderly, the infirm and so-called "friendly aliens" to staff the three new camps led to indiscipline, poor living conditions and dozens of escapes. A 1943 government commission into the quality of the internment camps reported the second wave camps to be of far worse quality than those of the first wave.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> Polish refugees were housed at dedicated <a href="/wiki/Polish_civilian_camps_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish civilian camps in World War II">settlements</a> set up at <a href="/wiki/Marondera" title="Marondera">Marandellas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rusape" title="Rusape">Rusape</a>, two towns about 40 km (25 mi) apart to the south-east of Salisbury, from 1943.<a href="#cite_note-190">[o]</a> There were similar camps in Kenya, Nyasaland, Tanganyika, Northern Rhodesia and South Africa. The Polish settlements in Southern Rhodesia were run jointly by local authorities and the Polish consulate in Salisbury; the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> in London provided funding. Transport back to Europe picked up sharply as the war came to a close, and by October 1945 less than 2,000 Polish refugees remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> Colonial officials were reluctant to let the Poles stay indefinitely, asserting that they were not culturally British enough and might have communist connections or sympathies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012-191">[176]</a> but most of those who remained showed little inclination to leave. Southern Rhodesia ultimately allowed around 726 Polish refugees to settle permanently after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: End of the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London,_1946_H42784.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg/290px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg/435px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg/580px-Allied_Victory_Parade_in_London%2C_1946_H42784.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>South African and Southern Rhodesian contingents marching in the London <a href="/wiki/London_Victory_Celebrations_of_1946" title="London Victory Celebrations of 1946">Victory Parade of 1946</a></figcaption></figure> Along with most of the Commonwealth and Allied nations, Southern Rhodesia sent a delegation of soldiers, airmen and seamen to London to take part in the grand <a href="/wiki/London_Victory_Celebrations_of_1946" title="London Victory Celebrations of 1946">Victory Parade</a> of 8 June 1946. The colony's contingent, led by Colonel R E B Long,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200781-192">[177]</a> marched after South Africa and before Newfoundland. The Southern Rhodesian <a href="/wiki/Color_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Color guard">colour guard</a> comprised a white officer and two black sergeants of the Rhodesian African Rifles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200789-193">[178]</a> During the royal visit to Southern Rhodesia in April 1947, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a> accorded the prefix "Royal" to the Rhodesia Regiment in recognition of its contributions to the two World Wars, and agreed to be its <a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-in-Chief">Colonel-in-Chief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda2012119-194">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> Southern Rhodesia had contributed more manpower to the Allied cause in World War II, proportional to white population, than any other British dominion or colony, and more than the UK itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorcraft1990-195">[180]</a> According to figures compiled by MacDonald for his War History of Southern Rhodesia, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians served in the armed forces during the conflict, of whom 2,758 were commissioned officers. Broken down by race and gender, there were 15,153 black men, 9,187 white men, 1,510 white women and 271 coloured and Indian men. Of the 8,390 who served outside the territory, 1,505 were black men, 6,520 were white men, 137 were white women and 228 were coloured or Indian men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i-196">[181]</a> According to official figures, 33,145 black Southern Rhodesians were conscripted for labour between 1943 and 1945; Vickery estimates that between 15,000 and 60,000 more may have worked on the aerodromes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989431-197">[182]</a> According to Ashley Jackson's work The British Empire and the Second World War, the Rhodesian Air Training Group instructed 8,235 Allied pilots, navigators, gunners, ground crew and others—about 5% of overall EATS output.<a href="#cite_note-199">[p]</a> A total of 2,409 Southern Rhodesians (977 officers and 1,432 other ranks) served in the RAF during the war, 373 (86 officers and 287 ratings) joined the Royal Navy, and 13 officers and 36 ratings from Southern Rhodesia mustered into the South African Navy. The vast majority of the rest served in either the Southern Rhodesian territorial forces or the British or <a href="/wiki/South_African_Army" title="South African Army">South African Army</a>. The colony's men and women received 698 decorations during the war; whites received 689 while black troops won nine. No coloured or Indian serviceman was decorated. Army officers won 269 decorations while the other ranks received 158; the air force officers and other ranks respectively won 184 and 72 decorations. All eight decorated Southern Rhodesian naval personnel were officers. Of the seven decorated women, all but one held commissioned rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i-196">[181]</a> Two hundred and fifty-three Southern Rhodesians were <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentioned in despatches">mentioned in despatches</a> during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._viii-200">[184]</a> MacDonald records 916 Southern Rhodesian fatalities from enemy action during World War II—498 airmen, 407 ground troops, eight seamen and three female personnel—and 483 wounded, of whom 434 were soldiers, 47 were airmen and two were sailors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i-196">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> The Rhodesian Air Training Group, widely accepted as the colony's main contribution to World War II, proved to be "one of the most important happenings in Rhodesian history", in the words of its commander Air Vice-Marshal Sir C W Meredith, as it led to great economic development and a large wave of immigration after the war by former instructors, trainees and other staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> This contributed to the swelling of Southern Rhodesia's white population to 135,596, over double its pre-war size, by 1951.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrich197315-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> RAF training operations in the country were stepped down considerably after the war, and the project formally ended in March 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt2001309-201">[185]</a> The strengthening of ties with South Africa continued following the war as both countries underwent considerable industrialisation. Between 1948 and 1953 Southern Rhodesia and South Africa operated a customs agreement under which most export and import duties were waived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430–440-202">[186]</a> The decade immediately following 1945 has been called "the moment when Southern Rhodesia's economy 'took off'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430-203">[187]</a> Huggins, secure in office at the end of the war, remained Prime Minister for another decade afterwards, and oversaw the colony's <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation with Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland</a> in 1953. He retired in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977269,_294-204">[188]</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">contributed</a> to several Commonwealth counter-insurgency operations during the 1950s and early 1960s, including the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda2007127–140,_404-205">[189]</a> similar actions in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a> and Cyprus, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vantage" title="Operation Vantage">Operation Vantage</a> in Kuwait.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008172-206">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg/310px-Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg/465px-Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg/620px-Montgomery_inspects_Royal_Rhodesia_Regiment_guard_of_honour%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> inspects a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Regiment" title="Rhodesia Regiment">Royal Rhodesia Regiment</a> guard of honour, 1947</figcaption></figure> Amid <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">decolonisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wind_of_Change_(speech)" title="Wind of Change (speech)">Wind of Change</a>, the Federation failed to become a <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> and collapsed in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977269,_294-204">[188]</a> Two years later, following prolonged dispute with Britain over the terms for full sovereignty, the mostly white government in Southern Rhodesia (or Rhodesia, following Northern Rhodesia's independence as Zambia) issued a <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> (UDI). The Rhodesian government, which had in it World War II veterans including the Prime Minister Ian Smith, attempted to emphasise Rhodesians' prior war record on Britain's behalf by declaring independence on <a href="/wiki/Armistice_Day" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>, 11 November, at 11:00 <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Time" title="Central Africa Time">local time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin1980141-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2005463,_471-207">[191]</a> As part of its subsequent isolation of Rhodesia, the UK government banned the post-UDI authorities from taking part in the annual Armistice Day service at <a href="/wiki/The_Cenotaph,_Whitehall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cenotaph, Whitehall">the Cenotaph</a> in London. Smith's government organised its own Rhodesian wreath-laying ceremony there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1969448-208">[192]</a> Veterans of World War II and Malaya held many key positions in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Rhodesian Security Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</a> of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECilliers198476-209">[193]</a> After the country's reconstitution and recognised independence as Zimbabwe in 1980, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mugabe" title="Robert Mugabe">Robert Mugabe</a>'s administration pulled down many monuments and plaques making reference to the dead of the First and Second World Wars, perceiving them as reminders of white minority rule and colonialism that went against what the modern state stood for. This view was partly rooted in the association of these memorials with those commemorating the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>'s dead of the Matabele Wars, as well as those memorialising Rhodesian servicemen killed during the Bush War. Many Zimbabweans see their nation's involvement in the World Wars as a consequence of colonial rule that had more to do with the white community than the black majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20061–5-210">[194]</a> Southern Rhodesia's dead are remembered now in graves in Zimbabwe, South Africa, Zambia and Greece along with war memorials in the U.K. including the <a href="/wiki/African_and_Caribbean_War_Memorial" title="African and Caribbean War Memorial">African and Caribbean War Memorial</a> in London. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia in World War II</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Renamed Zimbabwe in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin1980141-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The SRAF was formally called the Southern Rhodesian Air Unit (SRAU) until 19 September 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetter-Bowyer200515–16-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Robert Blake</a> comments in his History of Rhodesia that while this coupling "would be odd in any other country, [it] was quite natural in Southern Rhodesia" as the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">British South Africa Police</a> comprised much of the first line of defence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977231-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Huggins predicted that Rhodesia would be occupied by Germany if the Allies lost the war. Blake agrees with this assessment in his History of Rhodesia, writing that the colony "could not have survived" an Axis victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977232-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Blake explains that although at first glance counterintuitive, this combination of portfolios made sense as the Public Works Ministry would have to build the airfields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977232-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Hull was shot down and killed during a dogfight over south London on 7 September 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders200346–47-111">[106]</a> Chomley went <a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action">missing in action</a> over the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> on 12 August 1940 and was never found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt2001187-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodDempster1967518-112">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Of the 8,200 black men who enlisted in the RAR between 1940 and 1945, more than half were later judged medically unfit and discharged. Many recruits were from neighbouring countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266-128">[122]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Black recruitment was generally slow for a variety of reasons, prominently because black men would usually earn far higher wages in civilian occupations than as soldiers. Political opposition to helping the colonial system also played a part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201267-132">[125]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> The anniversary of the Battle of Tanlwe Chaung, seen by the RAR as its great success of the war, was celebrated by the regiment each year until its dissolution in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200795-140">[132]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askari</a> (plural askaris) was a term commonly used by colonial armies of the time to refer to indigenous soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947323-156">[147]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> The BSAP first recruited black policewomen in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011148-159">[149]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> This refers only to Southern Rhodesian government expenditure. Financial responsibility for the air training project was split with the Air Ministry in London—the colony met building and maintenance costs, paid Southern Rhodesian personnel and contributed £800,000 to the operating costs. The British government covered other costs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">[142]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Simmonds suspected that the rumours may have been spread by white employers to keep the labourers for themselves. The native commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Gutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutu">Gutu</a> reported villagers producing "suspiciously new 'passes' from Europeans, dated a month or more back, saying they are later to return to employ".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989426–427-179">[167]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> The base salary was increased to 17s/6 in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428-182">[169]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Marandellas had two Polish settlements—one in Marandellas itself and one in Diggleford on the outskirts of town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">[175]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> According to Jackson's figures, the scheme produced a total of 168,662 personnel, of whom Canada trained 116,417 (69%), Australia 23,262 (14%), South Africa 16,857 (10%), Southern Rhodesia 8,235 (5%) and New Zealand 3,891 (2%). Over 75,000 of these were pilots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200639-198">[183]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin1980141-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin1980141_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin1980141_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaughlin1980">McLaughlin 1980</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947vii-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947vii_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947vii_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinrich197315-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinrich197315_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinrich197315_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinrich1973">Weinrich 1973</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowlland-Debbas199048–53-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowlland-Debbas199048–53_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGowlland-Debbas1990">Gowlland-Debbas 1990</a>, pp. 48–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGann1965-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1965_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1965_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1965_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGann1965_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGann1965">Gann 1965</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetter-Bowyer200515–16-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetter-Bowyer200515–16_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetter-Bowyer200515–16_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetter-Bowyer2005">Petter-Bowyer 2005</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977231-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977231_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194710–11-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194710–11_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977233-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977233_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20059-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood20059_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood20059_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2005">Wood 2005</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannGelfand1964149-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannGelfand1964149_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGannGelfand1964">Gann & Gelfand 1964</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977232-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977232_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977232_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194514-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194514_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1945">MacDonald 1945</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266–67-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266–67_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillingray2012">Killingray 2012</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, p. 427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194721–22-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194721–22_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194716-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194716_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194517–19-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194517–19_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194517–19_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1945">MacDonald 1945</a>, pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201247-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda201247_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda201247_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2012">Binda 2012</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194584-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194584_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1945">MacDonald 1945</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194720-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194720_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194720_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194749-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194749_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194747-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194747_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950608-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950608_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 608. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19479-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald19479_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733–35-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733–35_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194733–35_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194787–91-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194787–91_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 87–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194751-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194751_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194752–54-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194752–54_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 52–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947278–282-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947278–282_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 278–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947117–120-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947117–120_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 117–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947102–103-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947102–103_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947102–103_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194775-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194775_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194774–87-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194774–87_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 74–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947101–115-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947101–115_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 101–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947115-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947115_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947144–148-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947144–148_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947144–148_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 144–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157–163-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947157–163_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 157–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947178–182-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947178–182_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 178–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947199-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947199_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947184-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947184_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947216-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947216_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947253-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947253_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947246–255-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947246–255_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 246–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947252-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947252_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947125–128,_148–155-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947125–128,_148–155_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 125–128, 148–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947152-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947152_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947215–216,_273-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947215–216,_273_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 215–216, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947155,_253–254-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947155,_253–254_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 155, 253–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947224–225-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947224–225_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947153–154-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947153–154_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947217–223,_274–275-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947217–223,_274–275_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 217–223, 274–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947273-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947273_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200716–17-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolinari200716–17_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolinari2007">Molinari 2007</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947267–270_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 267–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947277-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947277_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201273-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda201273_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2012">Binda 2012</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947326–331,_334–343-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947326–331,_334–343_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 326–331, 334–343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda201279-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda201279_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2012">Binda 2012</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950356–357-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950356–357_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950356–357_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 356–357. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMolinari200770–71-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMolinari200770–71_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMolinari2007">Molinari 2007</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols200892-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENichols200892_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNichols2008">Nichols 2008</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatimer200287-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatimer200287_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatimer2002">Latimer 2002</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234–235-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234–235_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950359–367-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950359–367_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 359–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950363–367-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950363–367_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 363–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950366-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950366_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395–396-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950395–396_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 395–396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950399–401-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950399–401_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 399–401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerlyn197850–54-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlyn197850–54_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerlyn197850–54_79-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerlyn1978">Berlyn 1978</a>, pp. 50–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950401–405-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950401–405_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 401–405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950405–406-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950405–406_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 405–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950428–429-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950428–429_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 428–429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950429–436-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950429–436_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 429–436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950474–478-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950474–478_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950474–478_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 474–478. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950471-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950471_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950478–489-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950478–489_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 478–489. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950531–532-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950531–532_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 531–532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532–561-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950532–561_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 532–561. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950587–592-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950587–592_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 587–592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950592–597-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950592–597_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 592–597. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950601-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950601_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950621-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950621_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 621. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950622-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950622_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 622. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950624–625-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950624–625_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 624–625. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950636–637-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950636–637_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950636–637_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 636–637. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950633–634-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950633–634_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 633–634. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950526–527-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950526–527_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 526–527. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950527–531-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950527–531_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 527–531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 627. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627–629-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950627–629_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 627–629. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950629–631-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950629–631_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 629–631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950632-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950632_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 632. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950638–640-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950638–640_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 638–640. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950640–644-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950640–644_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 640–644. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950643–645-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950643–645_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 643–645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947643–645-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947643–645_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 643–645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrpen1975309-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrpen1975309_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrpen1975">Orpen 1975</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200229,_32-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200229,_32_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2002">Thomas 2002</a>, pp. 29, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt2001187-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalt2001187_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalt2001187_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalt2001">Salt 2001</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaunders200346–47-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaunders200346–47_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders2003">Saunders 2003</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodDempster1967518-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodDempster1967518_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodDempster1967">Wood & Dempster 1967</a>, p. 518. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947230–231-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947230–231_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947312-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947312_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947312_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194760-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194760_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200281-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake200281_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLake2002">Lake 2002</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELake200282-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake200282_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELake200282_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLake2002">Lake 2002</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950386–391-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950386–391_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 386–391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950453–459-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950453–459_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 453–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950517–519-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950517–519_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 517–519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950519–521-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950519–521_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 519–521. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950612-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950612_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 612. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950611–614-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950611–614_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 611–614. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950614–620-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950614–620_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 614–620. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950570-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950570_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 570. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200741–45-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200741–45_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 41–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingray201266_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillingray2012">Killingray 2012</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200748-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200748_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950442–443-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950442–443_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 442–443. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillingray201267-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillingray201267_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillingray2012">Killingray 2012</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200748–49,_59-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200748–49,_59_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 48–49, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200759-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200759_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200773-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200773_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011188_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200760–65-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200760–65_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 60–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200765–68-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200765–68_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 65–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200795-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200795_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011190-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011190_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200771–73-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200771–73_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 71–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200773–77-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200773–77_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 73–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947289–297-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947289–297_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 289–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950391–395-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950391–395_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 391–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947298–299-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947298–299_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 298–299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950607-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950607_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 607. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977234_149-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947172-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947172_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947172_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeredith1973_151-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeredith1973">Meredith 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194792–93-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald194792–93_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947173-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947173_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950367-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950367_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton201196–97-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton201196–97_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947323-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947323_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadford199482-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadford199482_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadford1994">Radford 1994</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011148-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011148_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20115,_39-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton20115,_39_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, pp. 5, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011156-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton2011156_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20116-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton20116_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2011">Stapleton 2011</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–242-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–242_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–242_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 240–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947135-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947135_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–241-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947240–241_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947242-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947242_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947100-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1947100_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1947">MacDonald 1947</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977235–237-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977235–237_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, pp. 235–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950447–448-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950447–448_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 447–448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDumett1985398–399_173-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDumett1985">Dumett 1985</a>, pp. 398–399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379–380,_604–605-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379–380,_604–605_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950379–380,_604–605_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 379–380, 604–605. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950382-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950382_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425–426-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989425–426_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, pp. 425–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989424-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989424_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989426–427-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989426–427_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, pp. 426–427. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427–428-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989427–428_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, pp. 427–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428_182-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428–431-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428–431_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989428–431_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, pp. 428–431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–381,_604–605-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–381,_604–605_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–381,_604–605_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 380–381, 604–605. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamasuwo2003494-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamasuwo2003494_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSamasuwo2003">Samasuwo 2003</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950605–606-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950605–606_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 605–606. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–383-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–383_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950380–383_188-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, pp. 380–383. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERupiah1995-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERupiah1995_189-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRupiah1995">Rupiah 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012">Tavuyanagoa, Mugutia & Hlongwana 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200781-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200781_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda200789-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda200789_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda2012119-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda2012119_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2012">Binda 2012</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorcraft1990-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorcraft1990_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoorcraft1990">Moorcraft 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i_196-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._i_196-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, appx. p. i. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickery1989431-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickery1989431_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickery1989">Vickery 1989</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200639-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200639_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2006">Jackson 2006</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._viii-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacDonald1950appx._p._viii_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDonald1950">MacDonald 1950</a>, appx. p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalt2001309-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalt2001309_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalt2001">Salt 2001</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430–440-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430–440_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhimister1991">Phimister 1991</a>, pp. 430–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhimister1991430_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhimister1991">Phimister 1991</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlake1977269,_294-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977269,_294_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlake1977269,_294_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlake1977">Blake 1977</a>, pp. 269, 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinda2007127–140,_404-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBinda2007127–140,_404_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBinda2007">Binda 2007</a>, pp. 127–140, 404. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorum2008172-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorum2008172_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorum2008">Corum 2008</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2005463,_471-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood2005463,_471_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2005">Wood 2005</a>, pp. 463, 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung1969448-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung1969448_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1969">Young 1969</a>, p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECilliers198476-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECilliers198476_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCilliers1984">Cilliers 1984</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStapleton20061–5-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStapleton20061–5_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStapleton2006">Stapleton 2006</a>, pp. 1–5. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerlyn1978" class="citation book cs1">Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith. Salisbury: M O Collins. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4282978">4282978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Man%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Hon.+Ian+Douglas+Smith&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pub=M+O+Collins&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4282978&rft.aulast=Berlyn&rft.aufirst=Phillippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinda2007" class="citation book cs1">Binda, Alexandre (2007). Heppenstall, David (ed.). Masodja: The History of the Rhodesian African Rifles and its forerunner the Rhodesian Native Regiment. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920143039" title="Special:BookSources/9781920143039"><bdi>9781920143039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masodja%3A+The+History+of+the+Rhodesian+African+Rifles+and+its+forerunner+the+Rhodesian+Native+Regiment&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781920143039&rft.aulast=Binda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinda2012" class="citation book cs1">Binda, Alexandre (2012). The Rhodesia Regiment: From Boer War to Bush War 1899–1980. Alberton: Galago Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781919854526" title="Special:BookSources/9781919854526"><bdi>9781919854526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhodesia+Regiment%3A+From+Boer+War+to+Bush+War+1899%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Alberton&rft.pub=Galago+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781919854526&rft.aulast=Binda&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blake,_Baron_Blake" title="Robert Blake, Baron Blake">Blake, Robert</a> (1977). A History of Rhodesia (First ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Eyre Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780413283504" title="Special:BookSources/9780413283504"><bdi>9780413283504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rhodesia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Eyre+Methuen&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780413283504&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCilliers1984" class="citation book cs1">Cilliers, Jakkie (1984). Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia. London, Sydney & Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780709934127" title="Special:BookSources/9780709934127"><bdi>9780709934127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter-Insurgency+in+Rhodesia&rft.place=London%2C+Sydney+%26+Dover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780709934127&rft.aulast=Cilliers&rft.aufirst=Jakkie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorum2008" class="citation journal cs1">Corum, James S. "The RAF in Imperial Defence, 1919–1956".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+RAF+in+Imperial+Defence%2C+1919%E2%80%931956&rft.aulast=Corum&rft.aufirst=James+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Greg, ed. (2008). Imperial Defence: The Old World Order, 1856–1956. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 152–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415355957" title="Special:BookSources/9780415355957"><bdi>9780415355957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Defence%3A+The+Old+World+Order%2C+1856%E2%80%931956&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415355957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannGelfand1964" class="citation book cs1">Gann, Lewis H; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gelfand" title="Michael Gelfand">Gelfand, Michael</a> (1964). Huggins of Rhodesia: The Man and His Country (First ed.). Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/531060">531060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Huggins+of+Rhodesia%3A+The+Man+and+His+Country&rft.place=Sydney&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F531060&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Lewis+H&rft.au=Gelfand%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowlland-Debbas1990" class="citation book cs1">Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia (First ed.). Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792308119" title="Special:BookSources/9780792308119"><bdi>9780792308119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Responses+to+Illegal+Acts+in+International+Law%3A+United+Nations+action+in+the+question+of+Southern+Rhodesia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780792308119&rft.aulast=Gowlland-Debbas&rft.aufirst=Vera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War (First ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826440495" title="Special:BookSources/9780826440495"><bdi>9780826440495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780826440495&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillingray2012" class="citation book cs1">Killingray, David (2012). Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. London: <a href="/wiki/James_Currey" title="James Currey">James Currey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847010476" title="Special:BookSources/9781847010476"><bdi>9781847010476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Britain%3A+African+Soldiers+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781847010476&rft.aulast=Killingray&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2002" class="citation book cs1">Lake, Jon (2002). Lancaster Squadrons 1942–43. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841763132" title="Special:BookSources/9781841763132"><bdi>9781841763132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancaster+Squadrons+1942%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781841763132&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatimer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Latimer" title="Jon Latimer">Latimer, Jon</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alamein0000lati">Alamein</a> (First ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010161" title="Special:BookSources/9780674010161"><bdi>9780674010161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamein&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780674010161&rft.aulast=Latimer&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falamein0000lati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1945" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, J F (1945). Lion With Tusk Guardant. Salisbury: Rhodesian Printing and Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85997210">85997210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+With+Tusk+Guardant&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pub=Rhodesian+Printing+and+Publishing&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85997210&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=J+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1947" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, J F (1947). The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939–1945. Volume 1. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869201381" title="Special:BookSources/9780869201381"><bdi>9780869201381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+History+of+Southern+Rhodesia+1939%E2%80%931945.+Volume+1&rft.place=Bulawayo&rft.pub=Books+of+Rhodesia&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=9780869201381&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=J+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1950" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, J F (1950). The War History of Southern Rhodesia 1939–1945. Volume 2. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869201404" title="Special:BookSources/9780869201404"><bdi>9780869201404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+History+of+Southern+Rhodesia+1939%E2%80%931945.+Volume+2&rft.place=Bulawayo&rft.pub=Books+of+Rhodesia&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9780869201404&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=J+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_McLaughlin" title="Peter McLaughlin">McLaughlin, Peter</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ragtimesoldiersr00mcla">Ragtime Soldiers: the Rhodesian Experience in the First World War</a>. Bulawayo: Books of Zimbabwe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869202340" title="Special:BookSources/9780869202340"><bdi>9780869202340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ragtime+Soldiers%3A+the+Rhodesian+Experience+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Bulawayo&rft.pub=Books+of+Zimbabwe&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780869202340&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fragtimesoldiersr00mcla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinari2007" class="citation book cs1">Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Oxford: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846030062" title="Special:BookSources/9781846030062"><bdi>9781846030062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Raiders%3A+Axis+and+Allied+Special+Forces+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781846030062&rft.aulast=Molinari&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2008" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Steve (2008). Malta Spitfire Aces. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 83 (First ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846033056" title="Special:BookSources/9781846033056"><bdi>9781846033056</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+Spitfire+Aces&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Osprey+Aircraft+of+the+Aces&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781846033056&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrpen1975" class="citation book cs1">Orpen, Neil (1975). Victory in Italy. South African Forces, World War II. Vol. 5 (First ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Purnell_and_Sons" title="Purnell and Sons">Purnell and Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/491093008">491093008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.series=South+African+Forces%2C+World+War+II&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Purnell+and+Sons&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F491093008&rft.aulast=Orpen&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetter-Bowyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Petter-Bowyer, P J H (2005) [2003]. Winds of Destruction: the Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot. Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958489034" title="Special:BookSources/9780958489034"><bdi>9780958489034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winds+of+Destruction%3A+the+Autobiography+of+a+Rhodesian+Combat+Pilot&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780958489034&rft.aulast=Petter-Bowyer&rft.aufirst=P+J+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford1994" class="citation book cs1">Radford, Mark (1994). Service Before Self: the History, Badges and Insignia of the Security Forces of the Rhodesias and Nyasaland, 1890–1980 (First ed.). Rockwell Green: M P Radford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952447207" title="Special:BookSources/9780952447207"><bdi>9780952447207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Service+Before+Self%3A+the+History%2C+Badges+and+Insignia+of+the+Security+Forces+of+the+Rhodesias+and+Nyasaland%2C+1890%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Rockwell+Green&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=M+P+Radford&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780952447207&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalt2001" class="citation book cs1">Salt, Beryl (2001). A Pride of Eagles: The Definitive History of the Rhodesian Air Force, 1920–1980. Weltevredenpark: Covos Day Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780620237598" title="Special:BookSources/9780620237598"><bdi>9780620237598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pride+of+Eagles%3A+The+Definitive+History+of+the+Rhodesian+Air+Force%2C+1920%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Weltevredenpark&rft.pub=Covos+Day+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780620237598&rft.aulast=Salt&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2003" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Andy (2003). No 43 'Fighting Cocks' Squadron. Aviation Elite Units. Vol. 9 (First ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841764399" title="Special:BookSources/9781841764399"><bdi>9781841764399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+43+%27Fighting+Cocks%27+Squadron&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Aviation+Elite+Units&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781841764399&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2011" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Bill (2011). The White Man's World (First ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199296910" title="Special:BookSources/9780199296910"><bdi>9780199296910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Man%27s+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199296910&rft.aulast=Schwarz&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith, Ian</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Betrayal:_The_Memoirs_of_Ian_Douglas_Smith" title="The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith">The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Blake_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blake Publishing">John Blake Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857822021" title="Special:BookSources/9781857822021"><bdi>9781857822021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Betrayal%3A+The+Memoirs+of+Ian+Douglas+Smith&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Blake+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781857822021&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2006" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy (2006). No Insignificant Part: The Rhodesia Native Regiment in the East Africa Campaign of the First World War. Waterloo: <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889204980" title="Special:BookSources/9780889204980"><bdi>9780889204980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Insignificant+Part%3A+The+Rhodesia+Native+Regiment+in+the+East+Africa+Campaign+of+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Waterloo&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780889204980&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2011" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, Timothy (2011). African Police and Soldiers in Colonial Zimbabwe, 1923–80. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580463805" title="Special:BookSources/9781580463805"><bdi>9781580463805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Police+and+Soldiers+in+Colonial+Zimbabwe%2C+1923%E2%80%9380&rft.place=Rochester&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781580463805&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Andrew (2002). Gloster Gladiator Aces. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces. Vol. 44 (First ed.). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/184176289X" title="Special:BookSources/184176289X"><bdi>184176289X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloster+Gladiator+Aces&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Osprey+Aircraft+of+the+Aces&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=184176289X&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinrich1973" class="citation book cs1">Weinrich, A K H (1973). Black and White Elites in Rural Rhodesia. Manchester: <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719005336" title="Special:BookSources/9780719005336"><bdi>9780719005336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+and+White+Elites+in+Rural+Rhodesia&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780719005336&rft.aulast=Weinrich&rft.aufirst=A+K+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodDempster1967" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Derek; Dempster, Derek (1967). The Narrow Margin: the Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power, 1930–1940. London: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/459294">459294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narrow+Margin%3A+the+Battle+of+Britain+and+the+Rise+of+Air+Power%2C+1930%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F459294&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Dempster%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2005" class="citation book cs1">Wood, J R T (2005). So Far And No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965. Victoria: <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Publishing" title="Trafford Publishing">Trafford Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412049528" title="Special:BookSources/9781412049528"><bdi>9781412049528</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Far+And+No+Further%21+Rhodesia%27s+Bid+For+Independence+During+the+Retreat+From+Empire+1959%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781412049528&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=J+R+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1969" class="citation book cs1">Young, Kenneth (1969) [1967]. Rhodesia and Independence: A Study in British Colonial Policy. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J M Dent & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955160">955160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhodesia+and+Independence%3A+A+Study+in+British+Colonial+Policy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J+M+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955160&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumett1985" class="citation journal cs1">Dumett, Raymond (1985). "Africa's Strategic Minerals During the Second World War". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a>. 26 (4). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 381–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700028802">10.1017/S0021853700028802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163040373">163040373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+Strategic+Minerals+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E408&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700028802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163040373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dumett&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGann1965" class="citation journal cs1">Gann, Lewis H (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/gann1.htm">"The Development of Southern Rhodesia's Military System, 1890–1953"</a> (Occasional Paper). Salisbury: National Archives of Rhodesia: 60–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Southern+Rhodesia%27s+Military+System%2C+1890%E2%80%931953&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Gann&rft.aufirst=Lewis+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2Fgann1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Warburton_Meredith" title="Charles Warburton Meredith">Meredith, Charles</a> (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhodesia.nl/Aviation/airtrain.htm">"The Rhodesian Air Training Group 1940–1945"</a>. Rhodesiana (28). Salisbury: The Rhodesiana Society: 16–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhodesiana&rft.atitle=The+Rhodesian+Air+Training+Group+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1973-07&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhodesia.nl%2FAviation%2Fairtrain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorcraft1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Moorcraft" title="Paul Moorcraft">Moorcraft, Paul</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/paul-moorcraft/rhodesias-war-independence">"Rhodesia's War of Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 40 (9). London: History Today Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Rhodesia%27s+War+of+Independence&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Moorcraft&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fpaul-moorcraft%2Frhodesias-war-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhimister1991" class="citation journal cs1">Phimister, I R (1991). "Secondary Industrialisation in Southern Africa: The 1948 Customs Agreement between Southern Rhodesia and South Africa". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Southern_African_Studies" title="Journal of Southern African Studies">Journal of Southern African Studies</a>. 17 (3). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 430–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057079108708286">10.1080/03057079108708286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Secondary+Industrialisation+in+Southern+Africa%3A+The+1948+Customs+Agreement+between+Southern+Rhodesia+and+South+Africa&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057079108708286&rft.aulast=Phimister&rft.aufirst=I+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupiah1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rupiah, Martin R (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Journal%20of%20the%20University%20of%20Zimbabwe/vol22n2/juz022002003.pdf">"The History of the Establishment of Internment Camps and Refugee Settlements in Southern Rhodesia, 1938–1952"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Zambezia_(journal)" title="Zambezia (journal)">Zambezia</a>. XXII (ii). Harare: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zimbabwe" title="University of Zimbabwe">University of Zimbabwe</a>: 137–152. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0379-0622">0379-0622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambezia&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Establishment+of+Internment+Camps+and+Refugee+Settlements+in+Southern+Rhodesia%2C+1938%E2%80%931952&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=ii&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0379-0622&rft.aulast=Rupiah&rft.aufirst=Martin+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.lib.msu.edu%2FDMC%2FAfrican%2520Journals%2Fpdfs%2FJournal%2520of%2520the%2520University%2520of%2520Zimbabwe%2Fvol22n2%2Fjuz022002003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamasuwo2003" class="citation journal cs1">Samasuwo, Nhamo (2003). "Food Production and War Supplies: Rhodesia's Beef Industry during the Second World War, 1939–1945". Journal of Southern African Studies. 29 (2). London: Routledge: 487–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070306206">10.1080/03057070306206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155009986">155009986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Food+Production+and+War+Supplies%3A+Rhodesia%27s+Beef+Industry+during+the+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E502&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057070306206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155009986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Samasuwo&rft.aufirst=Nhamo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tavuyanagoa, Baxter; Mugutia, Tasara; Hlongwana, James (2012). "Victims of the Rhodesian Immigration Policy: Polish Refugees from the Second World War". Journal of Southern African Studies. 38 (4). London: Routledge: 951–965. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057070.2012.739378">10.1080/03057070.2012.739378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143740346">143740346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Victims+of+the+Rhodesian+Immigration+Policy%3A+Polish+Refugees+from+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E965&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03057070.2012.739378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143740346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tavuyanagoa&rft.aufirst=Baxter&rft.au=Mugutia%2C+Tasara&rft.au=Hlongwana%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickery1989" class="citation journal cs1">Vickery, Kenneth P (1989). "The Second World War Revival of Forced Labour in the Rhodesias". <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_African_Historical_Studies" title="International Journal of African Historical Studies">International Journal of African Historical Studies</a>. 22 (3). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>: 423–437. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F220204">10.2307/220204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/220204">220204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Second+World+War+Revival+of+Forced+Labour+in+the+Rhodesias&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E423-%3C%2Fspan%3E437&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F220204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F220204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vickery&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthern+Rhodesia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Rhodesia_/_Rhodesia_articles535" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Template:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Template talk:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Rhodesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Rhodesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Rhodesia_/_Rhodesia_articles535" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1890–1923: <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a>; 1923–80: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>; 1953–63: <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</a>; 1965–79: <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">UDI</a>; 1979: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a> under UDI; 1980–present: <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhodesia_(1965%E2%80%931979)" title="History of Rhodesia (1965–1979)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-colonial_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe">Pre-colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudd_Concession" title="Rudd Concession">Rudd Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Company rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Column" title="Pioneer Column">Pioneer Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Matabele_War" title="First Matabele War">First Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangani_Patrol" title="Shangani Patrol">Shangani Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Matabele_War" title="Second Matabele War">Second Matabele War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_I" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War I">First World War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Colonial history of Southern Rhodesia">colonial history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesian_military_involvement_in_the_Malayan_Emergency" title="Southern Rhodesian military involvement in the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Unilateral Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Falls_Conference_(1975)" title="Victoria Falls Conference (1975)">1975 Victoria Falls Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1976)" title="Geneva Conference (1976)">1976 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Settlement" title="Internal Settlement">Internal Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimanimani_District" title="Chimanimani District">Chimanimani Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Zimbabwe">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpopo_River" title="Limpopo River">Limpopo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhodesia" title="Politics of Rhodesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Political history of Zimbabwe">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Zimbabwe" title="Districts of Zimbabwe">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rhodesia" title="Legislative Assembly of Rhodesia">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Rhodesia" title="Parliament of Rhodesia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Elections in Southern Rhodesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(Rhodesia)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (Rhodesia)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon" title="Rhodesian mission in Lisbon">Mission in Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Information_Centre" title="Rhodesia Information Centre">Centre in Sydney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Zimbabwe">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Police" title="British South Africa Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of political parties in Zimbabwe">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa_Party" title="Central Africa Party">Central Africa Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Party" title="Confederate Party">Confederate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party" title="Dominion Party">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland)" title="Federal Party (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)">Federal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_Government_Association" title="Responsible Government Association">Responsible Government Association</a> (RGA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Action_Party" title="Rhodesian Action Party">Rhodesian Action Party</a> (RAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Front" title="Rhodesian Front">Rhodesian Front</a> (RF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_Labour_Party" title="Rhodesia Labour Party">Rhodesia Labour Party</a> (RLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_African_National_Congress" title="Southern Rhodesia African National Congress">Southern Rhodesia African National Congress</a> (SRANC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Communist_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Communist Party">Southern Rhodesia Communist Party</a> (SRCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_Liberal_Party" title="Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party">Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party</a> (SRLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Federal_Party" title="United Federal Party">United Federal Party</a> (UFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Federal_Party" title="United National Federal Party">United National Federal Party</a> (UNFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Rhodesia_Party" title="United Rhodesia Party">United Rhodesia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Governor of Southern Rhodesia">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Rhodesia" title="President of Rhodesia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Rhodesia" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Rhodesia">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Rhodesia" title="Cabinet of Rhodesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Rhodesia)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Rhodesia)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Zimbabwe" title="Provinces of Zimbabwe">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Security_Forces" title="Rhodesian Security Forces">Security Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Rhodesia and weapons of mass destruction">Chemical weapons and biological agents</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_dollar" title="Rhodesian dollar">Dollar (currency from 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_pound" title="Rhodesian pound">Pound (currency to 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Bank of Rhodesia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Stock_Exchange" title="Zimbabwe Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Tourism in Zimbabwe">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Zimbabwe" title="Transport in Zimbabwe">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Rhodesia" title="Category:Society of Rhodesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zimbabweans" title="List of Zimbabweans">List of Rhodesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Rhodesia" title="Public holidays in Rhodesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesiana" title="Rhodesiana">Rhodesiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Zimbabwe" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Zimbabwe">Ethnic groups</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_diaspora" title="Zimbabwean diaspora">diaspora</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_people" title="Kunda people">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika tribe">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Rusape" title="Jews of Rusape">Rusape Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokaleya" title="Tokaleya">Tokaleya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/White_Zimbabweans" title="White Zimbabweans">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaners" title="Afrikaners">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Jews</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rhodie" title="Rhodie">Rhodies</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Zimbabwe" title="Indians in Zimbabwe">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zimbabwe" title="Languages of Zimbabwe">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English (South African)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise,_O_Voices_of_Rhodesia" title="Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Rhodesia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rhodesian_flags" title="List of Rhodesian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhodesia" title="Flag of Rhodesia">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_and_Tusk" title="Lion and Tusk">Insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloriosa_superba" title="Gloriosa superba">Flower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhodesia" title="Category:Rhodesia">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/21px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/42px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&oldid=1276606720">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&oldid=1276606720</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Southern_Rhodesia" title="Category:1940s in Southern Rhodesia">1940s in Southern Rhodesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_theatres_of_World_War_II" title="Category:African theatres of World War II">African theatres of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="Category:British Empire in World War II">British Empire in World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Category:East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign (World War II)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Rhodesia" title="Category:Wars involving Rhodesia">Wars involving Rhodesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_military_history_by_country" title="Category:World War II military history by country">World War II military history by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2014" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2014">Use dmy dates from September 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 20:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Southern Rhodesia in World War II</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 2 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-595dcdd986-bmdz5","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.257","walltime":"2.544","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21181,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":434384,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":43512,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":256302,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2012.801 1 -total"," 37.50% 754.812 248 Template:Sfn"," 14.76% 297.163 32 Template:Cite_book"," 7.01% 141.096 1 Template:History_of_Zimbabwe"," 6.87% 138.210 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.50% 130.913 16 Template:Efn"," 5.67% 114.152 5 Template:Military_navigation"," 4.92% 98.961 1 Template:Rhodesian_topics"," 4.88% 98.174 269 Template:Main_other"," 4.87% 98.100 10 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.248","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10922352,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBerlyn1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlake1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCilliers1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumett1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGann1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannGelfand1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowlland-Debbas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillingray2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatimer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolinari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorcraft1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrpen1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetter-Bowyer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhimister1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadford1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRupiah1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamasuwo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStapleton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTavuyanagoaMugutiaHlongwana2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickery1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinrich1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodDempster1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1969\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Em\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Zimbabwe\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobreak\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rhodesian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 248,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II history by nation\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","27.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","260","18.6"],["?","160","11.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","5.7"],["(for generator)","60","4.3"],["mw.executeFunction \u003Cmw.lua:507\u003E","40","2.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","20","1.4"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2615\u003E","20","1.4"],["[others]","200","14.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-777f89477d-5622x","timestamp":"20250219202549","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Southern Rhodesia in World War II","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18087073","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18087073","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-10-27T09:07:50Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T20:25:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Sherman_SSB.jpeg","headline":"Southern Rhodesia in World War II"}</script> </body> </html>