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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_and_recapture_of_Riyadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Exile and recapture of Riyadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_and_recapture_of_Riyadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_discovery_and_his_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_discovery_and_his_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oil discovery and his rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_discovery_and_his_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Foreign wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Charity works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Relations with family members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Assassination attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>State honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Saud</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoel_Aziz_al-Saoed" title="Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abdoel Aziz al-Saoed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبد العزيز آل سعود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبد العزيز آل سعود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="ГӀабдулгӀазиз ибну ГӀабдурахӀман СагӀуд – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀабдулгӀазиз ибну ГӀабдурахӀман СагӀуд" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fbd%C3%BCl%C9%99ziz_bin_%C6%8Fbd%C3%BCrr%C9%99hman_%C9%99s-S%C9%99ud" title="Əbdüləziz bin Əbdürrəhman əs-Səud – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əbdüləziz bin Əbdürrəhman əs-Səud" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ملک عبدالعزیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ملک عبدالعزیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6" title="আবদুল আজিজ ইবনে সৌদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আবদুল আজিজ ইবনে সৌদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Абдэль Азіз ібн Сауд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абдэль Азіз ібн Сауд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeng_Abdul-Aziz" title="Hadeng Abdul-Aziz – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hadeng Abdul-Aziz" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Абдул Азиз бин Сауд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абдул Азиз бин Сауд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-al-Aziz_ibn_Sa%C3%BCd" title="Abd-al-Aziz ibn Saüd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abd-al-Aziz ibn Saüd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Az%C3%ADz_ibn_Sa%C3%BAd" title="Abd al-Azíz ibn Saúd – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abd al-Azíz ibn Saúd" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud,_brenin_Sawdi_Arabia" title="Ibn Saud, brenin Sawdi Arabia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ibn Saud, brenin Sawdi Arabia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_af_Saudi-Arabien" title="Abdul Aziz af Saudi-Arabien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abdul Aziz af Saudi-Arabien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Saud" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Abd_al-%E2%80%98Az%C4%ABz_%C4%80l_Sa%E2%80%98%C5%ABd" title="‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιμπν Σαούντ της Σαουδικής Αραβίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμπν Σαούντ της Σαουδικής Αραβίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Sa%C3%BAd" title="Abdulaziz bin Saúd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abdulaziz bin Saúd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_bin_Saud" title="Abdul-Aziz bin Saud – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abdul-Aziz bin Saud" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_ibn_Saud" title="Abdulaziz ibn Saud – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abdulaziz ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبدالعزیز بن عبدالرحمن آل سعود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عبدالعزیز بن عبدالرحمن آل سعود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelaziz_ibn_Saoud" title="Abdelaziz ibn Saoud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abdelaziz ibn Saoud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BBlazyz_ibn_Sa%C3%BBd" title="Abdûlazyz ibn Saûd – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abdûlazyz ibn Saûd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_III_ibn_Saud" title="Abd al-Aziz III ibn Saud – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abd al-Aziz III ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%91%98%EC%95%84%EC%A7%80%EC%A6%88_%EC%95%8C%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%B0%EB%93%9C" title="압둘아지즈 알사우드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="압둘아지즈 알사우드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_dari_Arab_Saudi" title="Abdulaziz dari Arab Saudi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abdulaziz dari Arab Saudi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_S%C3%A1d" title="Ibn Sád – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ibn Sád" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_dell%27Arabia_Saudita" title="Abd al-Aziz dell'Arabia Saudita – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abd al-Aziz dell'Arabia Saudita" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93" title="אבן סעוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן סעוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Saud" title="Ibnu Saud – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Saud" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="იბნ საუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ საუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%C5%ABds" title="Ibn Saūds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ibn Saūds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Saud" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saudas" title="Ibn Saudas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ibn Saudas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_sza%C3%BAdi_kir%C3%A1ly" title="Abdul-Aziz szaúdi király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abdul-Aziz szaúdi király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇബ്ൻ സൗദ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്ൻ സൗദ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6" title="इब्‍न सौद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इब्‍न सौद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%96_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="აბდულ აზიზ იბნ საუდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბდულ აზიზ იბნ საუდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن ال سعود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن ال سعود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبدالعزیز آل سعود – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عبدالعزیز آل سعود" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_Al_Saud" title="Abdul Aziz Al Saud – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abdul Aziz Al Saud" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoel_Aziz_al_Saoed" title="Abdoel Aziz al Saoed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abdoel Aziz al Saoed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="アブドゥルアズィーズ・イブン・サウード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブドゥルアズィーズ・イブン・サウード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D3%80%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ӏабдул-Ӏазиз бин Ӏабдуррахьман Аль СаӀуд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏабдул-Ӏазиз бин Ӏабдуррахьман Аль СаӀуд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_av_Saudi-Arabia" title="Ibn Saud av Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Saud av Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_av_Saudi-Arabia" title="Ibn Saud av Saudi-Arabia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn Saud av Saudi-Arabia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalaziz_ibn_%E2%80%98Abd_ar-Ra%E1%B8%A5man_%C4%80l_Sa%E2%80%98%C5%ABd" title="Abdalaziz ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥman Āl Sa‘ūd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abdalaziz ibn ‘Abd ar-Raḥman Āl Sa‘ūd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulaziz_ibn_Abdurahmon_as-Saud" title="Abdulaziz ibn Abdurahmon as-Saud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abdulaziz ibn Abdurahmon as-Saud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبدالعزیز ابن سعود – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عبدالعزیز ابن سعود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبد العزيز بن عبدالرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عبد العزيز بن عبدالرحمن بن فيصل آل سعود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Su%E2%80%99ud" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Su’ud – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Su’ud" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdalazize_ibne_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Abdalazize ibne Saúde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abdalazize ibne Saúde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_al_Arabiei_Saudite" title="Ibn Saud al Arabiei Saudite – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ibn Saud al Arabiei Saudite" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_bin_Saud" title="Abdul-Aziz bin Saud – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Abdul-Aziz bin Saud" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB-%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Абдул-Азиз ибн Абдуррахман Аль Сауд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абдул-Азиз ибн Абдуррахман Аль Сауд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%90_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%ABn_Saudi" title="Ibën Saudi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibën Saudi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%C3%BAd_(Saudsk%C3%A1_Ar%C3%A1bia)" title="Ibn Saúd (Saudská Arábia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ibn Saúd (Saudská Arábia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عەبدولعەزیز ئالسعوود – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەبدولعەزیز ئالسعوود" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Ибн Сауд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Сауд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_bin_Saud" title="Abdul Aziz bin Saud – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abdul Aziz bin Saud" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sa%E2%80%99ud" title="Ibn Sa’ud – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ibn Sa’ud" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அப்துல்லா பின் அப்துல் அசீசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்துல்லா பின் அப்துல் அசீசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94" title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีอับดุลอะซีซ อิบน์ ซะอูด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีอับดุลอะซีซ อิบน์ ซะอูด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Suud" title="İbn Suud – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Suud" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%90%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B7_%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Абдель-Азіз ібн Сауд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абдель-Азіз ібн Сауд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="عبد العزیز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عبد العزیز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ibn Saud" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_han_Arabya_Saudi" title="Ibn Saud han Arabya Saudi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ibn Saud han Arabya Saudi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9" title="阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·本·阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·费萨尔·阿勒沙特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·本·阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·费萨尔·阿勒沙特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92-%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%90%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9" title="阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·本·阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·费萨尔·阿勒沙特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·本·阿卜杜拉赫曼·本·费萨尔·阿勒沙特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_S%C9%99ud" title="Ibn Səud – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibn Səud" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (r. 1932–1953)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the first king of Saudi Arabia. For his ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Saud_Al_Muqrin" title="Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin">Muhammad bin Saud Al Muqrin</a>. For the Ottoman ruler of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire">Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Saud">Al Saud</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ibn Saud</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Imam of Nejd</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg/220px-Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg/330px-Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg/440px-Official_Portrait_of_King_Abdulaziz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1302" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1940s</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1932 – <span class="nowrap">9 November 1953</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1932</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Post established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Saud</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa" title="Emirate of Nejd and Hasa">Emir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultan</a>/<a href="/wiki/King_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Nejd">King of Nejd</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 January 1902 – <span class="nowrap">23 September 1932</span><sup id="cite_ref-unification_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unification-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mutaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulaziz bin Mutaib">Abdulaziz bin Mutaib</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Jabal_Shammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Jabal Shammar">Emir of Jabal Shammar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd#Rulers_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">King of Hejaz</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 1926 – <span class="nowrap">23 September 1932</span><sup id="cite_ref-unification_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unification-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali of Hejaz">Ali bin Hussein</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (as King of Saudi Arabia)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-01-15</span>)</span>15 January 1875<br /><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Nejd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 November 1953<span style="display:none">(1953-11-09)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shubra_Palace" title="Shubra Palace">Shubra Palace</a>, Ta'if, Saudi Arabia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Al_Oud_cemetery" title="Al Oud cemetery">Al Oud cemetery</a>, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Wadha_bint_Muhammad_Al_Orair" title="Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair">Wadha bint Muhammad Al Orair</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tarfa_bint_Abdullah_Al_Sheikh" title="Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh">Tarfa bint Abdullah Al Sheikh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Luluwah bint Salih Al Dakhil </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jawhara_bint_Musaed_Al_Saud" title="Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud">Al Jawhara bint Musaed Al Saud</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Lajah bint Khalid bin Hithlain </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bazza I </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Jawhara bint Saad Al Sudairi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hussa_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi" title="Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi">Hussa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Shahida </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fahda_bint_Asi_Al_Shammari" title="Fahda bint Asi Al Shammari">Fahda bint Asi Al Shammari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bazza II </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Haya_bint_Saad_Al_Sudairi" title="Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi">Haya bint Saad Al Sudairi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Bushra </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Munaiyir </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mudhi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Nouf bint Nawwaf bin Nuri Al Shaalan </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Saida Al Yamaniyah </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Khadra </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Baraka_Al_Yamaniyah" title="Baraka Al Yamaniyah">Baraka Al Yamaniyah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Futayma </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Mudhi bint Abdullah Almandeel Al Khalidi </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Possibly other wives</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Ibn_Saud#Wives_and_their_children" title="Descendants of Ibn Saud">among others...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Turki_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Turki I">Prince Turki I</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="King Saud">King Saud</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Abdulaziz">Prince Muhammad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser bin Abdulaziz">Prince Nasser</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_Khalid" class="mw-redirect" title="King Khalid">King Khalid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Prince Saad</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sara_bint_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Sara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud">Princess Sara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mansour_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansour bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mansour</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_Fahd" class="mw-redirect" title="King Fahd">King Fahd</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandar bin Abdulaziz">Prince Bandar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Musa%27id_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa'id bin Abdulaziz">Prince Musa'id</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muhsin_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz">Prince Abdul Muhsin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mishaal_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishaal bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mishaal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Qumash_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qumash bint Abdulaziz">Princess Qumash</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Sultan bin Abdulaziz">Prince Sultan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al_Bandari_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Bandari bint Abdulaziz">Princess Al Bandari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sultana_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultana bint Abdulaziz">Princess Sultana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Luluwah_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Luluwah bint Abdulaziz">Princess Luluwah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Haya_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Haya bint Abdulaziz">Princess Haya</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Seeta_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeta bint Abdulaziz">Princess Seeta</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Abdulaziz">Prince Abdul Rahman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mutaib_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutaib bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mutaib</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Talal_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Prince Talal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mishari_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishari bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mishari</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Badr_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Badr bin Abdulaziz">Prince Badr</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Turki_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Turki II">Prince Turki II</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nawwaf_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz">Prince Nawwaf</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Nayef bin Abdulaziz">Prince Nayef</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fawwaz_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz">Prince Fawwaz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/King_Salman" class="mw-redirect" title="King Salman">King Salman</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Majid_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Majid bin Abdulaziz">Prince Majid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thamir_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thamir bin Abdulaziz">Prince Thamir</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Elah_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz">Prince Abdul Illah</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Madawi_bint_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Madawi bint Abdulaziz">Princess Madawi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mamdouh</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sattam_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattam bin Abdulaziz">Prince Sattam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed bin Abdulaziz">Prince Ahmed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz">Prince Abdul Majeed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hathloul_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hathloul bin Abdulaziz">Prince Hathloul</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mashour_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashour bin Abdulaziz">Prince Mashour</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Muqrin_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Muqrin bin Abdulaziz">Prince Muqrin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hamoud_bin_Abdulaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamoud bin Abdulaziz">Prince Hamoud</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Al_Jawhara_bint_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Saud">Princess Al Jawhara</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Princess Latifa </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nouf_bint_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Nouf bint Abdulaziz Al Saud">Princess Nouf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal,_Emir_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sara_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi" title="Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi">Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tribal chieftain</li><li>religious leader</li><li>politician<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%281938%E2%80%931973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Riyadh_(1902)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Riyadh (1902)">Battle of Riyadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Rashidi_War_(1903%E2%80%931907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)">First Saudi—Rashidi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_al-Hasa" title="Conquest of al-Hasa">Conquest of al-Hasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kanzan" title="Battle of Kanzan">Battle of Kanzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khurma_dispute" title="Al-Khurma dispute">Al-Khurma dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ha%27il" title="Conquest of Ha'il">Second Saudi—Rashidi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_conquest_of_Hejaz" title="Saudi conquest of Hejaz">Saudi conquest of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan Revolt">Ikhwan Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_border_skirmish" title="1931 Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish">Saudi–Yemeni border skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najran_conflict" title="Najran conflict">Najran conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrisid_Emirate_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idrisid Emirate Rebellion (page does not exist)">Idrisid Emirate Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Arab–Israeli War">First Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraimi_Dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Buraimi Dispute">Buraimi Dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن بن فيصل بن ترکي بن عبدالله بن محمد بن سعود</span>; 15 January 1875<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as <b>Ibn Saud</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابن سعود</span>; <i>Ibn Suʿūd</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Arab political and religious leader who founded <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> – the third Saudi state – and reigned as its first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">king</a> from 23 September 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of the kingdom since 1902, having previously been <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Riyadh" title="Emirate of Riyadh">Emir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Nejd">King of Nejd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Hejaz">King of Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud was the son of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal,_Emir_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sara_bint_Ahmed_Al_Sudairi" title="Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi">Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi</a>. The family were exiled from their residence in the city of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests that made him the ruler of nearly all of central and north Arabia. He consolidated his control over the <a href="/wiki/Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nejd">Nejd</a> in 1922, then conquered the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in 1925. He extended his dominions into what later became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his support for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalists</a> would greatly bolster <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concording with <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi Islam">Wahhabi</a> beliefs, he ordered the demolition of several shrines, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi_Cemetery" title="Al-Baqi Cemetery">Al-Baqi Cemetery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Mu%27alla" title="Jannat al-Mu'alla">Jannat al-Mu'alla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahi201351_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahi201351-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As King, he presided over the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia</a> in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He fathered <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Ibn_Saud" title="Descendants of Ibn Saud">many children</a>, including 45 sons, and all of the subsequent kings of Saudi Arabia as of 2024. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family_origins">Early life and family origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg/220px-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg/330px-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg/440px-Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>His father, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal,_Emir_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Emir of Nejd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Al_Saud" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Saud">Al Saud</a> family had been a power in central Arabia for the previous 130 years. Under the influence and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control much of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>, the First Saudi State, until its destruction by an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Wahhabi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Wahhabi War">Ottoman–Wahhabi War</a> in the early nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, also known as Ibn Saud, was born on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsofk_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the fourth child and third son of Abdul Rahman bin Faisal,<sup id="cite_ref-jacg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, the Second Saudi State, a tribal <a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom" title="Sheikhdom">sheikhdom</a> centered on Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud's mother was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Sudairi family.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His full-siblings were Faisal, <a href="/wiki/Noura_bint_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Noura</a>, Bazza, Haya and <a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Sa'ad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Saad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Abdullah</a>, Ahmed, and <a href="/wiki/Musaid_bin_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Musaid bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Musaid</a>, who all had roles in the Saudi government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud was taught <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_and_recapture_of_Riyadh">Exile and recapture of Riyadh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exile and recapture of Riyadh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1891, the House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdullah_Al_Rashid" title="Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid">Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Rashid</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his family initially took refuge with the <a href="/wiki/Al_Murrah" title="Al Murrah">Al Murrah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribe in the southern desert of Arabia. Later, the Al Sauds moved to Qatar and stayed there for two months.<sup id="cite_ref-kahtani_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahtani-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their next stop was Bahrain where they stayed briefly. The Ottoman State allowed them to settle in Kuwait<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they settled and lived for nearly a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-kahtani_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahtani-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the Kuwaiti ruler <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Al Sabah">Mubarak Al Sabah</a> and frequently visited his <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">majlis</a>. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral and unorthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-jacg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his half-brother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bin_Jiluwi_Al_Saud" title="Abdullah bin Jiluwi Al Saud">Abdullah bin Jiluwi</a>), set out on a raiding expedition into the Nejd, targeting mainly tribes associated with the Rashidis.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded south towards the <a href="/wiki/Empty_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Empty Quarter">Empty Quarter</a> with the support from various tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon this Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages to Qatari ruler <a href="/wiki/Jassim_bin_Mohammed_Al_Thani" title="Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani">Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani</a> and to the Ottoman governor of Baghdad asking their help to stop Ibn Saud's raids on the tribes loyal to Al Rashid.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These events led to a decrease in the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture Riyadh.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ibn Saud did not cancel the raid and managed to reach Riyadh. On the night of 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the <a href="/wiki/Riyadh_city_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Riyadh city wall">city walls</a> on tilted palm trees and took the city.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rashidi governor of the city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in front of his own fortress. The Saudi recapture of the city marked the beginning of the third Saudi State.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Al Sabah sent him an additional seventy warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's younger brother Saad.<sup id="cite_ref-lpg_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpg-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence in the palace of his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Faisal_bin_Turki_Al_Saud_(1785%E2%80%931865)" title="Faisal bin Turki Al Saud (1785–1865)">Faisal bin Turki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg/220px-Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg/330px-Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg/440px-Third_Saudi_State_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Territorial evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Saudi_State" title="Third Saudi State">Third Saudi State</a> (1902–1932)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg/220px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg/330px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg/440px-%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud's signature in a document to Eqab bin Muhaya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud_and_Cox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Ibn_Saud_and_Cox.jpg/220px-Ibn_Saud_and_Cox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Ibn_Saud_and_Cox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud with <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a>, Basrah, 1916</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg/220px-Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg/330px-Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg/440px-Ibn_Saud_with_the_weapons_that_he_had_plundered_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_after_Surrender_of_the_Emirate_of_Ha%27il.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud alongside captured weapons from the <a href="/wiki/Rashidi_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidi Emirate">Rashidi Emirate</a> after its surrender during the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Ha%27il" title="Conquest of Ha'il">Ha'il campaign of 1921</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the capture of Riyadh, many former supporters of the House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept his men supplied with arms. Over the next two years, he and his forces recaptured almost half of the Nejd from the Rashidis.<sup id="cite_ref-mai_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mutaib_Al_Rashid" title="Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid">Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid</a> appealed to the Ottoman Empire for military protection and assistance. The Ottomans responded by sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces suffered a major defeat at the hands of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> against the Ottomans. Over the next two years, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to retreat. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named <a href="/wiki/Qaimmaqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaimmaqam">qaimmaqam</a> of southern Nejd by the Ottomans<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he held until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud's victory in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rawdat_Muhanna_(1906)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rawdat Muhanna (1906)">Rawdat Muhanna</a>, in which Abdulaziz Al Rashid died, ended the Ottoman presence in Nejd and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassim_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qassim Region">Qassim</a> by the end of October 1906. This victory also weakened the alliance between Mubarak Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, and Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Saudi power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-kahtani_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahtani-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then founded the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan" title="Ikhwan">Ikhwan</a>, a military-religious brotherhood, which was to assist in his later conquests, with the approval of local <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kahtani_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahtani-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he instituted an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian policy">agrarian policy</a> to settle the <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralist">nomadic pastoralist</a> bedouins into colonies and to replace their tribal organizations with allegiance to the Ikhwan.<sup id="cite_ref-kahtani_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kahtani-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement with the Ottomans as a result of his unproductive attempts to get protection from the British.<sup id="cite_ref-gerd_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because of the Ottomans' attempt to develop a connection with Ibn Saud the British government soon established diplomatic relations with him.<sup id="cite_ref-gerd_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gerd-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British agent, Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespear_(explorer)" title="William Shakespear (explorer)">William Shakespear</a>, was well received by the Bedouin.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar diplomatic missions were established with any Arabian power who might have been able to unify and stabilize the region. The British entered into the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a> in December 1915, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and attempted to define the boundaries of the developing Saudi state.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange, Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans. </p><p>The British Foreign Office had previously begun to support <a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_Sharif_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca">Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca</a> and Emir of the Hejaz, by sending <a href="/wiki/T._E._Lawrence" title="T. E. Lawrence">T. E. Lawrence</a> to him in 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began to conflict with Hussein in 1917, just as his sons <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Abdullah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a> entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> conference of 1927 and the Dammam conference of 1952, during both of which Ibn Saud extended his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Blue Line. After Darin, he stockpiled the weapons and supplies which the British provided him, including a 'tribute' of £5,000 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War I Ibn Saud received further support from the British, including a glut of surplus munitions. He launched his campaign against the Al Rashidi in 1920; by 1922 they had been all but destroyed. </p><p>The defeat of the Al Rashidi doubled the size of Saudi territory because, after the war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud sent his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by <a href="/wiki/Eqab_bin_Mohaya" title="Eqab bin Mohaya">Eqab bin Mohaya</a>, the head of the Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a new and more favorable treaty with the British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cox" title="Percy Cox">Percy Cox</a>, British High Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries<sup id="cite_ref-ibnsaud_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibnsaud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the treaty saw Britain recognize many of Ibn Saud's territorial gains. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed to recognize British territories in the area, particularly along the Persian Gulf coast and in Iraq. The former of these were vital to the British, as merchant traffic between <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and the United Kingdom depended upon coaling stations on the approach to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ibnsaud_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibnsaud-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg/220px-IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg/330px-IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg/440px-IbnSaudInJeddah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud sitting with Abdullah Ali Reda on the day he entered <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city of Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of <a href="/wiki/Hashemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashemite">Hashemite</a> rule. Following this he issued the first decree which was about the collection of <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 January 1926, the leading figures in Mecca, Medina and Jeddah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King of Hejaz<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayaa">bayaa</a> (oath of allegiance) ceremony was held in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Great Mosque of Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud raised Nejd to a kingdom as well on 29 January 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May 1927, the British government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jeddah_(1927)" title="Treaty of Jeddah (1927)">Treaty of Jeddah</a>, which abolished the Darin protection agreement and recognized the independence of the Hejaz and Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five years, Ibn Saud administered the two parts of his dual kingdom as separate units. He also succeeded his father, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg/220px-Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg/330px-Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg/440px-Ibn_Saud.founded_Saudi_Arabia_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Letter of Ibn Saud to the UK head of Persian Gulf 1930</figcaption></figure><p> With international recognition and support, Ibn Saud continued to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most of the central <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, but the alliance between the Ikhwan and the Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had not been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to see the folly of provoking the British by pushing into these areas. This did not sit well with the Ikhwan, who had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In order to settle down the problems with the Ikhwan leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Faisal_al-Duwaish" title="Faisal al-Duwaish">Faisal Al Duwaish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Bajad_Al_Otaibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan bin Bajad Al Otaibi">Sultan bin Bajad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dhaydan_bin_Hithlain" title="Dhaydan bin Hithlain">Dhaydan bin Hithlain</a>, Ibn Saud organized a meeting in Riyadh in 1928, but none of them attended the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions finally boiled over when the <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan Revolt">Ikhwan rebelled</a>. After two years of fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabilla" title="Battle of Sabilla">Battle of Sabilla</a> in March 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ikhwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/220px-Ikhwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/330px-Ikhwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ikhwan.jpg/440px-Ikhwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>The Ikhwan army during <a href="/wiki/Ikhwan_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhwan Revolt">their revolt</a> against the alliance of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and Ibn Saud</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his realm into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with himself as its king.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He transferred his court to <a href="/wiki/Murabba_Palace" title="Murabba Palace">Murabba Palace</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Masmak_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Masmak Fort">Masmak Fort</a> in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the palace remained his residence and the seat of government until his death in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud had to first eliminate the right of his own father in order to rule, and then distance and contain the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who had fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-mai_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_discovery_and_his_rule">Oil discovery and his rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oil discovery and his rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg/220px-King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg/330px-King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg/440px-King_Abdulaziz_with_a_Foreigner_in_the_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1165" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud with a foreigner in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia in 1938 by <a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">SoCal</a>, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his advisers <a href="/wiki/St_John_Philby" title="St John Philby">St John Philby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ameen_Rihani" title="Ameen Rihani">Ameen Rihani</a>, Ibn Saud granted substantial authority over Saudi oil fields to American oil companies in 1944. Beginning in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain to keep his militia in line and cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud's newly found oil wealth brought a great deal of power and influence that he would use to advantage in the Hejaz. He forced many nomadic tribes to settle down and abandon "petty wars" and vendettas. He began widespread enforcement of the new kingdom's ideology, based on the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a>. This included an end to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, recognized by the orthodox schools of jurisprudence, but at odds with those sanctioned by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after a caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on the way to Mecca were beaten by his forces for playing bugles, he was impelled to issue a conciliatory statement to the Egyptian government. In fact, several such statements were issued to Muslim governments around the world as a result of beatings suffered by the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> visiting the holy cities of Mecca and Medina.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the uprising and subsequent suppression thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning point. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, ending nearly 1,400 years of accepted religious practices surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>, the majority of which were sanctioned by a millennium of scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud established a Shura Council of the Hejaz as early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members and was chaired by Ibn Saud's son <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Prince Faisal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_wars">Foreign wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud was able to gain loyalty from tribes near Saudi Arabia, such as those in Jordan. For example, he built very strong ties with <a href="/wiki/Rashed_Al-Khuzai" title="Rashed Al-Khuzai">Rashed Al-Khuzai</a> from the Al Fraihat tribe, one of the most influential and royally established families during the Ottoman Empire. Prince Rashed and his tribe had dominated eastern Jordan before the arrival of Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion against Hussein.<sup id="cite_ref-noonptm.com_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonptm.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi-Yemeni War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kst34_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kst34-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first modern war – the Saudis had British <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Armoured_Car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce Armoured Car">Rolls-Royce armoured cars</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Renault_FT" title="Renault FT">Renault FT-17</a> tanks – between Arab states.<sup id="cite_ref-kst34_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kst34-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935 Prince Rashed supported <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a>'s defiance, which led him and his followers into rebellion against Abdullah I of Jordan. In 1937, when they were forced to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Al Khuzai, his family, and a group of his followers chose to move to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.<sup id="cite_ref-noonptm.com_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noonptm.com-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charity_works">Charity works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Charity works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud's charity earned him respect among his people. The King would direct money to be handed to the impoverished whenever he saw them. This is why the poor would eagerly anticipate his appearance in villages, towns, and even the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give you in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" an elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered that she be given ten bags of money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having trouble bringing the money back to her home, so he had his aid service deliver the money and accompany her back to her home.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud was on a picnic outside of Riyadh when he came across an elderly man dressed in rags. The old man proceeded to stand up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, it is terribly cold, and I have no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's condition, removed his cloak and gave it to him. He also offered the elderly man a stipend to help him with his everyday costs.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house known as the "<a href="/wiki/Thulaim_Palace" title="Thulaim Palace">Thulaim</a>" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to the poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his aid to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given to them on an annual basis.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King said, "I haven't obtained all this wealth by myself. It is a blessing from Allah, and all of you have a share in it. So, I want you to guide me to whatever takes me nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_(CA-71),_14_February_1945_(USA-C-545).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg/220px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg/330px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg/440px-Franklin_D._Roosevelt_with_King_Ibn_Saud_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29%2C_14_February_1945_%28USA-C-545%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3017" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud converses with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (right) in 1945 through interpreter <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Bill_Eddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Bill Eddy">Colonel Bill Eddy</a>, on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Quincy_(CA-71)" title="USS Quincy (CA-71)">USS <i>Quincy</i></a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Admiral">Fleet Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> (left) watches.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg/220px-Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg/330px-Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg/440px-Kings_Farouk_and_Ibn_Saud_in_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> of Egypt and Sudan alongside Ibn Saud checking an <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Army" title="Egyptian Army">Egyptian army</a> unit in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral in World War II, but was generally considered to favor the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Country_Study_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Country_Study-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1938, when an attack on a main British pipeline in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> was found to be connected to the German Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Grobba" title="Fritz Grobba">Fritz Grobba</a>, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that he had been disfavoring the British as of 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last stage of the war, Ibn Saud met significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three days, was with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> on 14 February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-rudy9_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudy9-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting took place on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Quincy_(CA-71)" title="USS Quincy (CA-71)">USS <i>Quincy</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bitter_Lake" title="Great Bitter Lake">Great Bitter Lake</a> segment of the Suez Canal.<sup id="cite_ref-rudy9_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudy9-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting laid down the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">future relations between the two countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other meeting was with British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in the Grand Hotel du Lac on the shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, fifty miles south of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, in February 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-resource_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resource-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saudis report that the meeting heavily focused on the Palestine problem and was unproductive in terms of its outcomes, in contrast to that with Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-resource_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resource-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After naming his son Saud as <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">crown prince</a>, the King left most of his duties to him, and he spent most of his time in <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdt_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdt-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first flight was between <a href="/wiki/Afif" title="Afif">Afif</a> and Taif in September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-qdl_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qdl-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud met with <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk</a> during his ten-day state visit to Egypt from 10 to 22 January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-qdl_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qdl-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud's first official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 and 29 January 1947 which was organized by the Arabian American Oil Company.<sup id="cite_ref-qdl_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qdl-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud participated in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Country_Study_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Country_Study-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Israel, including volunteers, who were attached to the Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He actively attempted to resolve the dispute between the Kingdom of Egypt and the United Kingdom in the early 1952 and developed a proposal for a settlement between two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most of the royal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to Riyadh and then an extension to Jeddah. His advisors regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/ARAMCO" class="mw-redirect" title="ARAMCO">ARAMCO</a> built the railway, at a cost of $70 million, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 and was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to grow into a relatively modern city. But when a paved road was built in 1962, the railway lost its traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Saudi_Arabian_throne" title="Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne">Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Ibn_Saud" title="Descendants of Ibn Saud">Descendants of Ibn Saud</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg/220px-King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg/330px-King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg/440px-King_Abdulaziz_with_Prince_Faisal_and_Prince_Saud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud (seated) with his sons <a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Prince Faisal</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Prince Saud</a> in the early 1950s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg/220px-Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg/330px-Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg/440px-Abdulaziz_ibn_Muhammad_Al_Saud_with_Mubarak_Al-Sabah_in_Kuwait%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Saud (seated left) with his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Al_Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Al Sabah">Mubarak Al Sabah</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Kuwait, 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibn Saud was very tall for a Saudi man of his time,<sup id="cite_ref-tam29_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tam29-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his height reported as between 1.67 (5 ft 6 in)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1.69 (5 ft 7 in).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known to have a charming, and charismatic personality that earned him respect among his people and some foreign diplomats. His family and others described Ibn Saud as an affectionate and caring man.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of his marriages were contracted in order to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Saudi state was founded and stabilized. Aside from his legal wives, he also had <a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">concubines</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among them <a href="/wiki/Baraka_Al_Yamaniyah" title="Baraka Al Yamaniyah">Baraka Al Yamaniyah</a>, who by definition were slaves, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery in Saudi Arabia</a> being legal. He was the father of almost one hundred children, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one of Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned the King in 1924, causing him to have poor sight in one eye.<sup id="cite_ref-tam29_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tam29-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later forgave her, but divorced her.<sup id="cite_ref-tam29_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tam29-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the significant publications about Ibn Saud in the Western media was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in <i><a href="/wiki/Life_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life magazine">Life magazine</a></i> in May 1943 which introduced him as a legendary monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-paulrb_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulrb-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud had a <a href="/wiki/Kennel" title="Kennel">kennel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Saluki" title="Saluki">salukis</a>, a dog breed originated in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-aworld_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aworld-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave two of his salukis, a male and a mate, to British <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Maitland_Wilson" title="Henry Maitland Wilson">Henry Maitland Wilson</a> who brought them to Washington D.C., USA.<sup id="cite_ref-aworld_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aworld-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of them, the male named Ch Abdul Farouk won a championship in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-aworld_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aworld-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_family_members">Relations with family members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with family members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud was said to be very close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young age, she ingrained in him a strong sense of family destiny and motivated him to regain the lost glory of the House of Saud. During the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal frequently recounted the deeds of his ancestors to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with the existing situation. She was instrumental in making him decide to return to Nejd from Kuwait and regain the territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arab custom and in tribal and clan relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors all her life. Ibn Saud asked her about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and the roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by the King's children. The King visited her daily until she died around 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-stig_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stig-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud was also very close to his sister <a href="/wiki/Noura_bint_Abdul_Rahman_Al_Saud" title="Noura bint Abdul Rahman Al Saud">Noura</a>, who was one year older. On several occasions, he identified himself in public with the words: "I am the brother of Noura."<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stig_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stig-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Noura died a few years before her brother, and the King was deeply saddened by her death.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempts">Assassination attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assassination attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 March 1935, three armed men from Oman attacked and tried to assassinate Ibn Saud during his performance of <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richard_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richard-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He survived the attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-amin_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richard_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richard-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when <a href="/wiki/Captain_(military_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (military rank)">Captain</a> Abdullah Al Mandili, a member of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a>, tried to bomb the King's camp from an airplane.<sup id="cite_ref-rosb_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosb-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the help of tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-rosb_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosb-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Successor">Successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Turki_I_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Turki</a>, who was the crown prince of the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hejaz, died at age 18, predeceasing his father. Had Turki not died, he would have been the crown prince.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsofk_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his second son, <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Prince Saud</a>, heir to the Saudi throne in 1933. He had many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad wanted his son <a href="/wiki/Khalid_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Khalid bin Muhammad Al Saud">Khalid</a> to be designated the heir.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Country_Study_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Country_Study-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the King discussed succession before his death, he favoured Prince Faisal as a possible successor over Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as his years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of his sons and often tasked him with responsibilities in war and diplomacy. In addition, Faisal was known to embrace a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I only wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he made the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear that doing otherwise would lead to decreased stability.<sup id="cite_ref-mai_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud said, "Two things are essential to our state and our people ... religion and the rights inherited from our fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, and we know what to accept for our own benefit."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amani Hamdan argues that the King's attitude towards women's education was encouraging since he expressed his support in a conversation with St John Philby in which he stated, "It is permissible for women to read."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud kept slaves,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and regulated slavery in his kingdom in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only his son, King Faisal, who abolished <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia">slavery in Saudi Arabia</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Saud repeated the following views about the British authorities many times: "The English are my friends, but I will walk with them only so far as my religion and honor will allow."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had much more positive views about the United States, including finance, and in 1947 when <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">the World Bank</a> was suggested to him as the source of development loans instead of the <a href="/wiki/US_Export-Import_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="US Export-Import Bank">US Export-Import Bank</a>, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would do business with and be indebted to the United States instead of other countries and international agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before his death, the King stated, "Verily, my children and my possessions are my enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "In my youth and manhood, I made a nation. Now, in my declining years, I make men for it."<sup id="cite_ref-paulrb_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulrb-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last words to his two sons, the future King Saud and the next in line Prince Faisal, who were already battling each other, were "You are brothers, unite!"<sup id="cite_ref-mai_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mai-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A staunch opponent of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons1998189_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1998189-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud had a highly ambivalent opinion of the Jews. On the one hand he thought of the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood friends of the Arabs", opposed declaring an anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> and fiercely condemned the anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">1929 Hebron massacre</a>, which he considered a clear violation of Islamic principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164–165_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164–165-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand he often expressed his dislike for the Jews by referring to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who are "destined to final destruction and eternal damnation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimons1998191_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimons1998191-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "enemies of the Muslims until the end of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson200552_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson200552-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances he made use of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic tropes</a>, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMa'oz2020164-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accusing them of "making trouble wherever they exist" or igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerf2009226–227_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerf2009226–227-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Saud experienced heart disease in his final years and also, was half blind and racked by <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdt_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdt-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1953, his illness became serious.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a> several times, which were his last words.<sup id="cite_ref-noble_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noble-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in his sleep of a heart attack in <a href="/wiki/Shubra_Palace" title="Shubra Palace">Shubra Palace</a> in Ta'if<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, and Prince Faisal was at his side.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsofk_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The funeral prayer was performed at <a href="/wiki/Al_Hawiyah" title="Al Hawiyah">Al Hawiyah</a> in Ta'if.<sup id="cite_ref-kingsofk_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Saud's body was brought to Riyadh where he was buried in <a href="/wiki/Al_Oud_cemetery" title="Al Oud cemetery">Al Oud cemetery</a><sup id="cite_ref-kingsofk_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> next to his sister Noura.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> issued a message on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> stated after the King's death that he would be remembered for his achievements as a statesman.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_honors">State honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: State honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-weight: normal; background-color: #CCBBEE; color: #000066;"><span style="font-size:80%">Styles of</span><br /><b><span class="fn">Ibn Saud</span></b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Reference style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken style</th><td class="infobox-data">Your Majesty</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 23 November 1916, British diplomat Sir Percy Cox arranged the Three Leaders Conference in Kuwait where Ibn Saud was awarded the Star of India and the Order of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed an honorary <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire</a> (GCIE) on 1 January 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-HM_Stationery_Office-1947_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM_Stationery_Office-1947-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded the British Order of the Bath (GCB) in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-Said_K._Aburish-2005_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_K._Aburish-2005-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the American Legion of Merit in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1947_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1947-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Spanish Order of Military Merit (Grand Cross with White Decoration) in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-www.boe.es_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.boe.es-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" width="400px">Decoration </th> <th width="150px">Country </th> <th width="100px">Date </th> <th>Class </th> <th>Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg/100px-ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg/150px-ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg/200px-ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:8em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a></b> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>23 November 1916 </td> <td><i>Knight Commander (KCSI)</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/100px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/150px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg/200px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="215" /></a></span> </td> <td style="width:8em;"><b><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire">The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a></b> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>23 November 1916 </td> <td><i>Knight Commander (KBE)</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/150px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire"><b>The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire</b></a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>1 January 1920 </td> <td><i>Knight Grand Commander (GCIE)</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-HM_Stationery_Office-1947_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HM_Stationery_Office-1947-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/100px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/150px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/200px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a></b> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>1 January 1935 </td> <td><i>Knight Commander (KCB)</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Said_K._Aburish-2005_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Said_K._Aburish-2005-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/100px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/150px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png/200px-US_Legion_of_Merit_Chief_Commander_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="123" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></b> </td> <td>United States </td> <td>18 February 1947 </td> <td><i>Chief Commander Degree</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1947_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1947-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_(Distintivo_Blanco)_pasador.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg/100px-ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg/150px-ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg/200px-ESP_Gran_Cruz_Merito_Militar_%28Distintivo_Blanco%29_pasador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Military_Merit" title="Cross of Military Merit">Cross of Military Merit</a></b> </td> <td>Spain </td> <td>22 April 1952 </td> <td><i>Grand Cross with White Decoration</i> <p>(<i>Gran Cruz con distintivo blanco)</i> </p> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-www.boe.es_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.boe.es-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Saudi_kings#Abdulaziz_bin_Abdul_Rahman" title="List of things named after Saudi kings">List of things named after Saudi kings#Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Sands" title="King of the Sands">King of the Sands</a></i> (2012 film) – a biopic film on Ibn Saud directed by <a href="/wiki/Najdat_Anzour" title="Najdat Anzour">Najdat Anzour</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unification-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unification_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unification_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Saud incorporated the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nejd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nejd">Nejd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a> into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 23 September 1932. Thereafter, he reigned as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a> until his death in 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to their political role, the rulers of the Al Saud family also held religious authority over their subjects, holding the title of imam.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacey" title="Robert Lacey">Robert Lacey</a>'s book <i>The Kingdom</i>, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibn Saud</i>, meaning "son of Saud" (see <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name#Nasab" title="Arabic name">Arabic name</a>), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">House of Saud</a>, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan" title="Scottish clan">Scottish clan</a> chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal". When used without comment it refers solely to Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, although prior to the capture of <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a> in 1902 it referred to his father, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal</a> (<a href="#CITEREFLacey1982">Lacey 1982</a>, pp. 15, 65).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_B._Glubb2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb" title="John Bagot Glubb">John B. Glubb</a> (5 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Saud">"Ibn Saud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Saud&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-11-05&rft.au=John+B.+Glubb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Saud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhamad_Ali2016" class="citation book cs1">Muhamad Ali (2016). "Controlling Politics and Bureaucratising Religion". <i>Islam and Colonialism: Becoming Modern in Indonesia and Malaya</i>. Tun: Edinburgh University Press. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0920-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0920-9"><bdi>978-1-4744-0920-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Controlling+Politics+and+Bureaucratising+Religion&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+Becoming+Modern+in+Indonesia+and+Malaya&rft.place=Tun&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0920-9&rft.au=Muhamad+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahi201351-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahi201351_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahi2013">Shahi 2013</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31568/history-of-Arabia">"History of Arabia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Arabia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F31568%2Fhistory-of-Arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingsofk-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingsofk_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsofk_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsofk_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsofk_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingsofk_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022080810/http://beta.mci.gov.sa/English/AboutKingdom/Pages/KingdomKings.aspx">"The kings of the Kingdom"</a>. <i>Ministry of Commerce and Industry</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beta.mci.gov.sa/English/AboutKingdom/Pages/KingdomKings.aspx">the original</a> on 22 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Commerce+and+Industry&rft.atitle=The+kings+of+the+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbeta.mci.gov.sa%2FEnglish%2FAboutKingdom%2FPages%2FKingdomKings.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Del_Testa2001" class="citation book cs1">David W. Del Testa, ed. (2001). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v6n1/hamdan/paper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Education+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+and+education+in+Saudi+Arabia%3A+Challenges+and+achievements&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42-64&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Amani+Hamdan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehlt.flinders.edu.au%2Feducation%2Fiej%2Farticles%2Fv6n1%2Fhamdan%2Fpaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Riedel2019" class="citation book cs1">Bruce Riedel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Kings-and-Presidents_CH1.pdf"><i>Kings and Presidents Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brookings Institution Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815737162" title="Special:BookSources/9780815737162"><bdi>9780815737162</bdi></a>. <q>Ibn Saud had come from Jidda on an American destroyer, the USS Murphy, with an entourage of bodyguards, cooks, and slaves</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Presidents+Saudi+Arabia+and+the+United+States+since+FDR&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780815737162&rft.au=Bruce+Riedel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F04%2FKings-and-Presidents_CH1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_DeAntonis2021" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas DeAntonis (11 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318211544/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/03/11/joe-biden-is-making-clear-that-saudi-human-rights-violations-wont-be-ignored/">"Joe Biden is making clear that Saudi human rights violations won't be ignored"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/03/11/joe-biden-is-making-clear-that-saudi-human-rights-violations-wont-be-ignored/">the original</a> on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>During the four-hour meeting between the President and the King, where the two discussed oil, Palestinian territories and their future partnership, "7-foot tall Nubian slaves" could be found on the opposite deck of the destroyer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Joe+Biden+is+making+clear+that+Saudi+human+rights+violations+won%27t+be+ignored&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft.au=Nicholas+DeAntonis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2021%2F03%2F11%2Fjoe-biden-is-making-clear-that-saudi-human-rights-violations-wont-be-ignored%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlaine_S._Hutson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alaine S. Hutson (2002). "Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926–38". <i><a href="/wiki/Critique:_Critical_Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies">Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 49–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10669920120122243">10.1080/10669920120122243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145685854">145685854</a>. <q>1936, the same year in which King Abd al Aziz ibn Abd ar Rahman Al Saud (r. 1902-53) decreed the Saudi Arabian slave regulations</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Critical+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Enslavement+and+Manumission+in+Saudi+Arabia%2C+1926%E2%80%9338&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-70&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10669920120122243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145685854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Alaine+S.+Hutson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Marinescu2023" class="citation news cs1">Gabriel Marinescu (14 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesciencesurvey.com/news/2023/03/14/the-history-of-the-house-of-saud-a-timeline-of-the-saudi-royal-family-and-their-rise-to-power/">"The History of the House of Saud: A Timeline of the Saudi Royal Family and Their Rise to Power"</a>. <i>The Science Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Due to pressures Faisal issued an executive order in 1967 abolishing slavery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Science+Survey&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+House+of+Saud%3A+A+Timeline+of+the+Saudi+Royal+Family+and+Their+Rise+to+Power&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft.au=Gabriel+Marinescu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesciencesurvey.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F03%2F14%2Fthe-history-of-the-house-of-saud-a-timeline-of-the-saudi-royal-family-and-their-rise-to-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._C._Lewis1933" class="citation journal cs1">C. C. Lewis (July 1933). 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Al Nafjan (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/303791009"><i>The Origins of Saudi-American Relations: From recognition to diplomatic representation (1931-1943)</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>. p. 83. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/303791009">303791009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Origins+of+Saudi-American+Relations%3A+From+recognition+to+diplomatic+representation+%281931-1943%29&rft.degree=PhD&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Fahd+M.+Al+Nafjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F303791009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_J._Malone1976" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2013</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+West+Australian&rft.atitle=Warrior+King+Ibn+Saud+Dies+at+73&rft.date=1953-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article52939653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_R._T._DumperBruce_E._Stanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael R. T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&pg=PA344"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26pg%3DPA344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Cavendish2003" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Cavendish (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/death-ibn-saud">"Death of Ibn Saud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>. <b>53</b> (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Death+of+Ibn+Saud&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Richard+Cavendish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frichard-cavendish%2Fdeath-ibn-saud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Nabi_Shaheen2011" class="citation news cs1">Abdul Nabi Shaheen (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/saudi-arabia/sultan-will-have-simple-burial-at-al-oud-cemetery-1.916706">"Sultan will have simple burial at Al Oud cemetery"</a>. <i>Gulf News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Sultan+will+have+simple+burial+at+Al+Oud+cemetery&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.au=Abdul+Nabi+Shaheen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgulf%2Fsaudi-arabia%2Fsultan-will-have-simple-burial-at-al-oud-cemetery-1.916706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_Bond_Reed2006" class="citation book cs1">Jennifer Bond Reed (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/saudiroyalfamily00reed_0/page/n43/mode/2up?q=saudi+royal+family"><i>The Saudi Royal Family (Modern World Leaders)</i></a>. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791092187" title="Special:BookSources/9780791092187"><bdi>9780791092187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saudi+Royal+Family+%28Modern+World+Leaders%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780791092187&rft.au=Jennifer+Bond+Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsaudiroyalfamily00reed_0%2Fpage%2Fn43%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dsaudi%2Broyal%2Bfamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/message-the-death-king-ibn-saud-saudi-arabia">"Message on the Death of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia"</a>. The American Presidency Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+on+the+Death+of+King+Ibn+Saud+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fmessage-the-death-king-ibn-saud-saudi-arabia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article2898821">"Western tributes to King Ibn Saud"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i>. London. 11 November 1953. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Western+tributes+to+King+Ibn+Saud&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1953-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article2898821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammed_Al_Mutari-2018_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Al_Mutari2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mohammed Al Mutari (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ajsrp.com/index.php/jhss/article/download/814/769/1532">"Control of al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia) and direct contact with Britain, 1910 –1916"</a>. <i>Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Control+of+al-Hasa+%28Saudi+Arabia%29+and+direct+contact+with+Britain%2C+1910+%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=144&rft.date=2018-08&rft.au=Mohammed+Al+Mutari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ajsrp.com%2Findex.php%2Fjhss%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F814%2F769%2F1532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamal_Hagar1981" class="citation thesis cs1">Gamal Hagar (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.keele.ac.uk/id/eprint/5850"><i>Britain, Her Middle East Mandates and the Emergence of Saudi Arabia, 1926–1932: A Study in the Process of British Policy-making and in the Conduct and Development of Britain's Relations with Ibn Saud</i></a> (PhD thesis). <a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele University</a>. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Britain%2C+Her+Middle+East+Mandates+and+the+Emergence+of+Saudi+Arabia%2C+1926%E2%80%931932%3A+A+Study+in+the+Process+of+British+Policy-making+and+in+the+Conduct+and+Development+of+Britain%27s+Relations+with+Ibn+Saud&rft.degree=PhD&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Gamal+Hagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.keele.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F5850&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HM_Stationery_Office-1947-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HM_Stationery_Office-1947_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HM_Stationery_Office-1947_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The India Office and Burma Office List: 1947</i>. HM Stationery Office. 1947. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India+Office+and+Burma+Office+List%3A+1947&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Said_K._Aburish-2005-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Said_K._Aburish-2005_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Said_K._Aburish-2005_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaïd_K._Aburish2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Said_Aburish" title="Said Aburish">Saïd K. Aburish</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHnPerdBbGYC&pg=PA17"><i>The Rise, Corruption and Coming Fall of the House of Saud: with an Updated Preface</i></a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7874-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-7874-1"><bdi>978-0-7475-7874-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise%2C+Corruption+and+Coming+Fall+of+the+House+of+Saud%3A+with+an+Updated+Preface&rft.place=London&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-7874-1&rft.au=Sa%C3%AFd+K.+Aburish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHnPerdBbGYC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times-1947-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1947_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times-1947_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Truman Presents Legion of Merit Medals at White House for Their Aid to the Allies". <i>The New York Times</i>. 19 February 1947. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/107818801">107818801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Truman+Presents+Legion+of+Merit+Medals+at+White+House+for+Their+Aid+to+the+Allies&rft.date=1947-02-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.boe.es-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.boe.es_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.boe.es_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Boletín Oficial del Estado</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1952/113/A01826-01826.pdf">Boletín Oficial del Estado</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Michael Oren. (2007) <i>Power, Faith and Fantasy: The United States in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present</i>. Norton.</li> <li>S. R. Valentine. "Force & Fanaticism: Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia and Beyond", Hurst & Co, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849044646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849044646">978-1849044646</a></li> <li>Muneer Husainy and Khalid Al Sudairi. (27 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911013106/http://www.noonptm.com//modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=951">History of Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai with King Abdul Aziz Al Saud</a>. <i>Noon</i>. Cairo, Egypt</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anntv.tv/new/showsubject.aspx?id=17145">The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai, Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam, and Saudi Arabia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811132850/http://anntv.tv/new/showsubject.aspx?id=17145">Archived</a> 11 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Arab News Network, London – United Kingdom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asharqalarabi.org.uk/ruiah/b-sharq-115.htm">The political relationship between Prince Rashed Al-Khuzai and Sheikh Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a>, The Arab Orient Center for Strategic and civilization studies London, United Kingdom.</li> <li>John A. De Novo. (1963). <i>American Interests and Policies in the Middle East 1900–1939</i> University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2005" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, Benson Lee (2005). "Amid Problems, the American Presence Grows". <i>Saudi Arabia. A Modern Reader</i>. Indianapolis University. pp. 51–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amid+Problems%2C+the+American+Presence+Grows&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia.+A+Modern+Reader&rft.pages=51-64&rft.pub=Indianapolis+University&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Benson+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2009" class="citation book cs1">Herf, Jeffrey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQNSTvHv-sC&pg=PA32"><i>Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World</i></a>. Yale University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15583-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15583-9"><bdi>978-0-300-15583-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Propaganda+for+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15583-9&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzQNSTvHv-sC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._Howarth1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">David A. Howarth</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvIeAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Desert King: Ibn Saud and His Arabia</i></a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906527-62-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906527-62-7"><bdi>978-0-906527-62-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+King%3A+Ibn+Saud+and+His+Arabia&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-906527-62-7&rft.au=David+A.+Howarth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvIeAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1982" class="citation book cs1">Lacey, Robert (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomlace00lace"><i>The Kingdom</i></a></span>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-147260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-147260-4"><bdi>978-0-15-147260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-15-147260-4&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdomlace00lace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMa'oz2020" class="citation book cs1">Ma'oz, Moshe (2020). <i>Jews, Muslims and Jerusalem. Disputes and Dialogues</i>. Liverpool University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Muslims+and+Jerusalem.+Disputes+and+Dialogues&rft.pub=Liverpool+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Ma%27oz&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Aaron David Miller. (1980). <i>Search for Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1949</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Christopher D O'Sullivan. (2012). <i>FDR and the End of Empire: The Origins of American Power in the Middle East.</i> Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1137025247" title="Special:BookSources/1137025247">1137025247</a></li> <li>James Parry. (January/February 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607093721/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199901/a.man.for.our.century.htm#the.first.and.second.saudi.states">"A Man for our Century"</a>, <i>Saudi Aramco World</i>, pp. 4–11</li> <li>H. St. J. B. Philby. (1955). <i>Saudi Arabia</i>.</li> <li>George Rentz. (1972). "Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia". in Derek Hopwood, ed., <i>The Arabian Peninsula: Society and Politics</i>.</li> <li>Amin al Rihani. (1928). <i>Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia</i>. Boston: Houghton–Mifflin Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimons1998" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Geoff (1998). Winberg Chai (ed.). <i>Saudi Arabia. The Shape of a Client Feudalism</i>. Palgrave Macillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saudi+Arabia.+The+Shape+of+a+Client+Feudalism&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macillan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Simons&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Richard H. Sanger. (1954). <i>The Arabian Peninsula</i> Cornell University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahi2013" class="citation book cs1">Shahi, Afshin (2013). <i>The Politics of Truth. Management in Saudi Arabia</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Truth.+Management+in+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Shahi&rft.aufirst=Afshin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Shwadran" title="Benjamin Shwadran">Benjamin Shwadran</a>. (1973). <i>The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers</i>, 3rd ed.</li> <li>Gary Troeller. (1976). <i>The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud</i>. London: Frank Cass.</li> <li>Karl S Twitchell. (1958) <i>Saudi Arabia</i> Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Van der D. Meulen. (1957). <i>The Wells of Ibn Saud</i>. London: John Murray.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_R._Nicosia1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_R._Nicosia" title="Francis R. Nicosia">Francis R. Nicosia</a> (1985). <i>The Third Reich and the Palestine Question</i>. London: I. B. Taurus & Co. Ltd. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-010-0"><bdi>978-1-85043-010-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+and+the+Palestine+Question&rft.place=London&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=I.+B.+Taurus+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-010-0&rft.au=Francis+R.+Nicosia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Saud&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibn Sa'ud"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibn_Sa%27ud">"Ibn Sa'ud" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+Sa%27ud&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Saud" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/008447">Newspaper clippings about Ibn Saud</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ibn Saud </div><div><b>House of Saud</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 1875</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1953</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Mutaib_Al_Rashid" title="Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid">Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa" title="Emirate of Nejd and Hasa">Emir of Nejd</a> </b><br />1902–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as Sultan of Nejd</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as Emir of Nejd</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Nejd" title="Sultanate of Nejd">Sultan of Nejd</a> </b><br />1921–1927 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as King of Nejd</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as Sultan of Nejd</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">King of Nejd</a> </b><br />1927–1932 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as King of Saudi Arabia</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali of Hejaz">Ali bin Hussein</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> King of Hejaz </b><br />1926–1932 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as King of Hejaz and Nejd</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King of Saudi Arabia</a> </b><br />1932–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Saud bin Abdulaziz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Faisal_Al_Saud_(1850%E2%80%931928)" title="Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud (1850–1928)">Abdul Rahman bin Faisal</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saud" title="House of Saud">Head of the House of Saud</a> </b><br />1901–1953 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict_participants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli conflict participants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="CountriesAuthoritiesOrganizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Countries</li><li>Authorities</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary countries<br />and authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">All-Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egyptian Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Hamas Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraqi Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Syrian Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Movement" title="Amal Movement">Amal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza)" title="Army of Islam (Gaza)">Army of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun" title="Al-Mourabitoun">al-Mourabitoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">Popular Resistance Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">as-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization" title="Abu Nidal Organization">Abu Nidal Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September_Organization" title="Black September Organization">Black September Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Holy_War" title="Army of the Holy War">Holy War Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Red_Army" title="Japanese Red Army">Japanese Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Cells_(German_group)" title="Revolutionary Cells (German group)">Revolutionary Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_Army" title="South Lebanon Army">South Lebanon Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_armed_engagements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli armed engagements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_engagements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="History of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Armed engagements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Fedayeen_insurgency" title="Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency">Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency</a> (1949–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> (1956)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samu_incident" title="Samu incident">Samu incident</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> (1967–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon</a> (1968–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Israeli_raid_on_Lebanon" title="1968 Israeli raid on Lebanon"><i>Gift</i></a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre"><i>Bayonet</i></a> (1972–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arab_Airlines_Flight_114" title="Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114">Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid"><i>Entebbe</i></a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict"><i>Litani</i></a> (1978)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera"><i>Opera</i></a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg"><i>Wooden Leg</i></a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> (1987–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mothers' Bus attack">Mothers' Bus attack</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraqi missile attacks against Israel</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bramble_Bush" title="Operation Bramble Bush"><i>Bramble Bush</i></a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> (1993–2008; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Accountability" title="Operation Accountability"><i>Accountability</i></a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="Operation Grapes of Wrath"><i>Grapes of Wrath</i></a> (1996)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> (2000–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a> (2001–)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods"><i>Bringing Home the Goods</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict"><i>Summer Rains</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun"><i>Autumn Clouds</i></a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> (2006–)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter"><i>Hot Winter</i></a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_southern_Israel_cross-border_attacks" title="2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks">Southern Israel cross-border attacks</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Returning Echo</i></a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Israeli_operation_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip"><i>Pillar of Defense</i></a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">Gaza War</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Wave of violence</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">Gaza–Israel clashes</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Black Belt</i></a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Breaking Dawn</i></a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes"><i>Shield and Arrow</i></a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> (2023–2024)</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab–Israeli diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomacy_and_peace_proposals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy and <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">peace proposals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1914 <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li>1915 <a href="/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence" class="mw-redirect" title="McMahon–Hussein Correspondence">McMahon–Hussein Correspondence</a></li> <li>1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li>1917 <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li>1918 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_to_the_Seven" title="Declaration to the Seven">Declaration to the Seven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Declaration" title="Anglo-French Declaration">Anglo-French Declaration</a></li> <li>1919 <a href="/wiki/Faisal%E2%80%93Weizmann_agreement" title="Faisal–Weizmann agreement">Faisal–Weizmann agreement</a></li> <li>1920 <a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Churchill_White_Paper" title="Churchill White Paper">Churchill White Paper</a></li> <li>1937 <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper</a></li> <li>1939 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1939" title="London Conference of 1939">London Conference</a></li> <li>1946 <a href="/wiki/Morrison%E2%80%93Grady_Plan" title="Morrison–Grady Plan">Morrison–Grady Plan</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Bevin_Plan" title="Bevin Plan">Bevin Plan</a></li> <li>1946–47 <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="London Conference of 1946–1947">London Conference</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/American_trusteeship_proposal_for_Palestine" title="American trusteeship proposal for Palestine">American trusteeship proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948–1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">Armistice agreements</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Declaration_of_1950" title="Tripartite Declaration of 1950">Tripartite Declaration</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Khartoum Resolution</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">UNSC Resolution 338</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_339" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 339">UNSC Resolution 339</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Disengagement_between_Israel_and_Syria" title="Agreement on Disengagement between Israel and Syria">Israel–Syria disengagement agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_350" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 350">UNSC Resolution 350</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_425" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 425">UNSC Resolution 425</a> / <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_446" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 446">UNSC Resolution 446</a> / <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> <small><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_autonomy_talks" title="Palestinian autonomy talks">Palestinian autonomy talks</a></small> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_452" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 452">UNSC Resolution 452</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_478" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 478">UNSC Resolution 478</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_497" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 497">UNSC Resolution 497</a></li> <li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Reagan_peace_plan" title="Reagan peace plan">Reagan peace plan</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/May_17_Agreement" title="May 17 Agreement">Israel–Lebanon agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Beilin%E2%80%93Abu_Mazen_agreement" title="Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement">Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Isratin</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Arab_League_summit" title="2002 Arab League summit">Beirut Summit and peace initiative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road map</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Initiative" title="Geneva Initiative">Geneva Initiative</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1559" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559">UNSC Resolution 1559</a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1566" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566">UNSC Resolution 1566</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1583" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1583">UNSC Resolution 1583</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Summit_of_2005" title="Sharm El Sheikh Summit of 2005">Sharm El Sheikh Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip#2005_Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1850" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1850">UNSC Resolution 1850</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quartet_Principles" title="Quartet Principles">Quartet Principles</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1701" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701">UNSC Resolution 1701</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_Parameters" title="John Kerry Parameters">John Kerry Parameters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Trump_peace_plan" title="Trump peace plan">Trump peace plan</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–United Arab Emirates normalization agreement">Israel–UAE normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Israel_normalization_agreement" title="Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement">Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Sudan_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Sudan normalization agreement">Israel–Sudan normalization agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Israel–Morocco normalization agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_maritime_border_dispute" title="Israeli–Lebanese maritime border dispute">Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Kings of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:Kings of Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Saudi_Arabia" 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data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Saud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">Faisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">Khalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">Fahd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Royal Standard of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/150px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/200px-Royal_Standard_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Template talk:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi_Arabia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saudi Arabia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saudi_Arabia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Early Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Unification of Saudi Arabia">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Modern history of Saudi Arabia">Modern history</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Geography of Saudi Arabia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:Borders of Saudi Arabia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of cities and towns in Saudi Arabia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Climate of Saudi Arabia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of earthquakes in Saudi Arabia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governorates_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of governorates of Saudi Arabia">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of mountains in Saudi Arabia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Provinces of Saudi Arabia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wadis_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wadis of Saudi Arabia">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Wildlife of Saudi Arabia">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Politics of Saudi Arabia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_Council" title="Allegiance Council">Allegiance Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Assembly_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Consultative Assembly of Saudi Arabia">Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabahith" title="Mabahith">Mabahith (secret police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="National Security Council (Saudi Arabia)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Nuclear program of Saudi Arabia">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:2.95em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Elections in Saudi Arabia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Women's rights in Saudi Arabia">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Judiciary of Saudi Arabia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Promotion_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Saudi Arabia)">Mutaween (religious police)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_passport" title="Saudi passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visa policy of Saudi Arabia">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Saudi Arabia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Army" title="Saudi Arabian Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Navy" title="Royal Saudi Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Saudi Air Defense">Air Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Strategic_Missile_Force" title="Royal Saudi Strategic Missile Force">Strategic Missile Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_National_Guard" title="Saudi Arabian National Guard">National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_General_Staff" title="Chairman of the General Staff">Chairman of the General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_Presidency" title="General Staff Presidency">General Staff Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Presidency" title="General Intelligence Presidency">General Intelligence Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian military ranks">Military ranks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Agriculture in Saudi Arabia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of companies of Saudi Arabia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Market_Authority_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)">Capital Market Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_and_Development_Affairs_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Council of Economic and Development Affairs (Saudi Arabia)">Council of Economic and Development Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Energy in Saudi Arabia">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">History of the oil industry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_workers_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Foreign workers in Saudi Arabia">Foreign workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Irrigation in Saudi Arabia">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_riyal" title="Saudi riyal">Riyal (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Central_Bank" title="Saudi Central Bank">Saudi Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Economic_Council_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia">Supreme Economic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadawul" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadawul">Tadawul (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tourism in Saudi Arabia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Transport in Saudi Arabia">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rail transport in Saudi Arabia">rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Society of Saudi Arabia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Censorship in Saudi Arabia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crime in Saudi Arabia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Demographics of Saudi Arabia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Youth in Saudi Arabia">youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_and_racial_discrimination_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social and racial discrimination in Saudi Arabia">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Education in Saudi Arabia">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Libraries in Saudi Arabia">libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of universities and colleges in Saudi Arabia">universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Health care in Saudi Arabia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human trafficking in Saudi Arabia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Obesity in Saudi Arabia">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Prostitution in Saudi Arabia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Terrorism in Saudi Arabia">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Response of Saudi Arabia to ISIL">response to ISIL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Saudi Arabia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_art" title="Saudi Arabian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Visual arts in Saudi Arabia">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Cinema of Saudi Arabia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Saudi Arabia">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Television in Saudi Arabia">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Public holidays in Saudi Arabia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Islam in Saudi Arabia">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Sport in Saudi Arabia">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Football in Saudi Arabia">football</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Saudi Arabia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Heritage in Saudi Arabia">Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="National symbols of Saudi Arabia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Saudi Arabia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Emblem of Saudi Arabia">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Outline of Saudi Arabia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Saudi Arabia–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Saudi Arabia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sons_of_Ibn_Saud" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background:#b0c4de;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sons_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Template:Sons of King Abdulaziz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sons_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Template talk:Sons of King Abdulaziz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sons_of_King_Abdulaziz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sons of King Abdulaziz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sons_of_Ibn_Saud" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Ibn_Saud" title="Descendants of Ibn Saud">Sons of Ibn Saud</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Emblem of the King of Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="662" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turki_I_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Turki I bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Turki I</a> (1900–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">King Saud</a> (1902–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1906–1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Muhammad</a></i> (1910–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Nasser bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Nasser</a> (1911–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Khalid of Saudi Arabia">King Khalid</a> (1913–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saad_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Saad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Sa'ad</a> (1915–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansour_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mansour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mansour</a> (1921–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Fahd of Saudi Arabia">King Fahd</a> (1921–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Bandar bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Bandar</a> (1923–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa%27id_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Musa'id bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Musa'id</a> (1923–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">King Abdullah</a> (1924–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muhsin_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Abdul Muhsin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdul Muhsin</a> (1925–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishaal_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mishaal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mishaal</a> (1926–2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Sultan bin Abdulaziz">Sultan</a></i> (1928–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Abdul Rahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdul Rahman</a> (1931–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutaib_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mutaib</a> (1931–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Talal</a> (1931–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishari_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mishari bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mishari</a> (1932–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Badr</a> (1932–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawwaf_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Nawwaf</a> (1932–2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nayef_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Nayef bin Abdulaziz">Nayef</a></i> (1934–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turki_II_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Turki II bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Turki II</a> (1934–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawwaz_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Fawwaz bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Fawwaz</a> (1934–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> (born 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamir_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Thamir bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Thamir</a> (1937–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Majid bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Majid</a> (1938–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Elah_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Abdul Elah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdul Elah</a> (born 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamdouh_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mamdouh bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mamdouh</a> (1940–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattam_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Sattam bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Sattam</a> (1941–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hathloul_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Hathloul bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Hathloul</a> (1941–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Abdul Majeed</a> (1942–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashour_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Mashour bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Mashour</a> (born 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Ahmed</a> (born 1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqrin_bin_Abdulaziz" title="Muqrin bin Abdulaziz">Muqrin</a></i> (born 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamoud_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud" title="Hamoud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud">Hamoud</a> (1947–1994)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photo of King Abdulaziz"><img alt="A photo of King Abdulaziz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg/90px-Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg/135px-Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg/180px-Ibn_Saud_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia">Crown Princes of Saudi Arabia</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121405718">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77110564">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/61780/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrKy9DTHVRyW7CprX68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118708562">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128866">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255474p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12255474p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an43523246">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0098675&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071761454">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646218205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/60276">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298411205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1459133">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118708562.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118708562">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031316190">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569590">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/abdullah-b-suud">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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