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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2.1</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Modern English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icelandic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icelandic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Icelandic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icelandic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Computing codes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computing_codes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computing codes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computing_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorn (letter)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ثورن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Торн (літара) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Торн (літара)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Торн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Торн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(lizherenn)" title="Thorn (lizherenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thorn (lizherenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD" title="Θορν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θορν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn" title="Thorn – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thorn" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="تورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(slovo)" title="Thorn (slovo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thorn (slovo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(bet%C5%B1)" title="Thorn (betű) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thorn (betű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(letra)" title="Thorn (letra) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thorn (letra)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn" title="Thorn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thorn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Торн (буква) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торн (буква)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn" title="Thorn – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thorn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorn" title="Þorn – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Þorn" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thorn (letter)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5)" title="Þ (слово латинице) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Þ (слово латинице)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="ทอร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F)" title="Þ (латиниця) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Þ (латиниця)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E" title="Þ – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Þ" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Letter of Old English and some Scandinavian languages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz">the rune of the same name</a>, from which it is derived, the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Alphabet">Latin</a> letter <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>, or ϸ, the Graeco-Bactrian letter <a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Sho</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:lightblue; color:black;;">Þ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size: 4em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;">Þ þ</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_letter_Thorn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Writing cursive forms of the letter 'thorn'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Latin_letter_Thorn.svg/200px-Latin_letter_Thorn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Latin_letter_Thorn.svg/300px-Latin_letter_Thorn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Latin_letter_Thorn.svg/400px-Latin_letter_Thorn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Usage</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing system</th><td class="infobox-data">Adapted from <a href="/wiki/Futhark" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhark">Futhark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futhorc" class="mw-redirect" title="Futhorc">Futhorc</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sound values</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a>]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span><br /><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>U+00DE, U+00FE</code></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Development</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="font-size: 1.25em;">ᚦ<ul style="margin-left:0.45em;"><li><b>Þ þ</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time period</th><td class="infobox-data">~800 to present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendants</th><td class="infobox-data">ꝥ</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sisters</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Transliterations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%CE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Θ">Θ</a>, th</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightblue; color:black; font-variant/style: ;">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated graphs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#Þ" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">th, dh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writing direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background:#ddf; padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Thorn</b> or <b>þorn</b> (<b>Þ</b>, <b>þ</b>) is a letter in the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_Latin_alphabet" title="Old English Latin alphabet">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse alphabet">Old Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swedish" title="Old Swedish">Old Swedish</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic</a> alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Scots" title="Middle Scots">Middle Scots</a>, and some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. It was also used in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> but was later replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a>,</i> except in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, where it survives. The letter originated from the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">rune</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227795492">.mw-parser-output .script-runic{font-family:"BabelStone Runic","FreeMono",Junicode,Code2000,Hnias,"Noto Sans Runic","San Francisco","New York"}</style><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E1%9A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᚦ">ᚦ</a></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a> and was called <i>thorn</i> in the Anglo-Saxon and <i>thorn</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">thurs</a></i> in the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Rune_poem" title="Rune poem">rune poems</a>. It is similar in appearance to the archaic Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">sho (ϸ)</a>, although the two are historically unrelated. The only language in which þ is currently in use is <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It represented a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">voiceless dental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> or its <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">voiced counterpart</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>. However, in modern Icelandic it represents a <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ̠]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to <i>th</i> as in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> word <i>thick</i>, or a (usually <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a>) <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð̠]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pétursson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pétursson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to <i>th</i> as in the English word <i>the</i>. Modern Icelandic usage generally excludes the latter, which is instead represented with the letter <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ð, ð⟩</span>; however, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð̠]</span> may occur as an <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ̠/</span>, and written <span class="nowrap">⟨þ⟩</span>, when it appears in an unstressed pronoun or adverb after a voiced sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Einarsson_1949_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einarsson_1949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, the lowercase thorn <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">character</a> is unusual in that it has both an <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_English">Old English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The letter thorn was used in <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> very early on, as was <a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a>, which was called <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a>. Unlike eth, thorn remained in common use through most of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> period. Both letters were used for the phoneme <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>, sometimes by the same scribe. This sound was regularly realised in <a href="/wiki/Old_English#Phonology" title="Old English">Old English</a> as the voiced fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> between voiced sounds, but either letter could be used to write it; the modern use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> in <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">phonetic alphabets</a> is not the same as the <a href="/wiki/Old_English#Orthography" title="Old English">Old English orthographic use</a>. A thorn with the <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">ascender</a> crossed (<a href="/wiki/Thorn_with_stroke" title="Thorn with stroke">Ꝥ</a>) was a popular abbreviation for the word <i><a href="/wiki/That" title="That">that</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_and_Early_Modern_English">Middle and Early Modern English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle and Early Modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe,_Chapter_18_(clip).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe%2C_Chapter_18_%28clip%29.png/220px-The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe%2C_Chapter_18_%28clip%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe%2C_Chapter_18_%28clip%29.png/330px-The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe%2C_Chapter_18_%28clip%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe%2C_Chapter_18_%28clip%29.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="56" /></a><figcaption>"... hir the grace that god put ..." (Extract from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Margery_Kempe" title="The Book of Margery Kempe">The Boke of Margery Kempe</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern digraph <i><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a></i> began to grow in popularity during the 14th century; at the same time, the shape of <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ⟩</span> grew less distinctive, with the letter losing its ascender (becoming similar in appearance to the old <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> (<span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ƿ⟩</span>), which had fallen out of use by 1300, and to ancient through modern <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>). By this stage, <i>th</i> was predominant and the use of <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ⟩</span> was largely restricted to certain common words and abbreviations. This was the longest-lived use, though with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> printing, the substitution of <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ⟩</span> became ubiquitous, leading to the common "<i>ye</i>", as in '<a href="/wiki/Ye_Olde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ye Olde">Ye Olde</a> Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that <span class="nowrap">⟨Y⟩</span> existed in the printer's <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">types</a> that were imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ⟩</span> did not.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was never pronounced as /j/, as in ⟨<i><b>y</b>es</i>⟩, though, even when so written.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first printing of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version_of_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Version of the Bible">King James Version of the Bible</a> in 1611 used <i>y<sup>e</sup></i> for "<i>the</i>" in places such as Job 1:9, John 15:1, and Romans 15:29.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also used <i>y<sup>t</sup></i> as an abbreviation for "<i>that</i>", in places such as 2 Corinthians 13:7. All were replaced in later printings by <i>the</i> or <i>that</i>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="skin-invert-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader"><b>Abbreviations of "the"</b></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_English_the.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/80px-Middle_English_the.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/120px-Middle_English_the.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/160px-Middle_English_the.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="19" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Middle English þ with superscript<span class="nowrap"> </span>e</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EME_ye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/80px-EME_ye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/120px-EME_ye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/160px-EME_ye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9" data-file-height="21" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a> y with superscript<span class="nowrap"> </span>e</div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The following were <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviations</a> during Middle and Early Modern English using the letter thorn: </p> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_English_the.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="thorn with superscript e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/8px-Middle_English_the.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/12px-Middle_English_the.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Middle_English_the.svg/16px-Middle_English_the.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="19" /></a></span> (þͤ) –  a Middle English abbreviation for the word <i>the</i></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_English_that.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="thorn with superscript t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Middle_English_that.svg/9px-Middle_English_that.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Middle_English_that.svg/14px-Middle_English_that.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Middle_English_that.svg/18px-Middle_English_that.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (þͭ) –  a Middle English abbreviation for the word <i>that</i></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_English_thou.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="thorn with superscript u" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Middle_English_thou.svg/8px-Middle_English_thou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Middle_English_thou.svg/12px-Middle_English_thou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Middle_English_thou.svg/16px-Middle_English_thou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="19" /></a></span> (þͧ) –  a rare Middle English abbreviation for the word <i><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a></i> (which was written early on as <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þu</i></span> or <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">þou</i></span>)</li></ul> <p>In later printed texts, given the lack of a <a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">sort</a> for the glyph,<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> printers substituted the (visually similar) letter <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> for the thorn: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">yᷤ</span> –  an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word <i>this</i></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EME_ye.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="y with superscript e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/9px-EME_ye.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/14px-EME_ye.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/EME_ye.svg/18px-EME_ye.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="9" data-file-height="21" /></a></span> (yͤ) –  an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word <i>the</i></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EME_that.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="y with superscript t" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EME_that.svg/8px-EME_that.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EME_that.svg/12px-EME_that.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/EME_that.svg/16px-EME_that.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> (yͭ) –  an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word <i>that</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_English">Modern English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorn in the form of a "Y" survives in pseudo-archaic uses, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Stock_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock phrase">stock prefix</a> "<a href="/wiki/Ye_olde" title="Ye olde">ye olde</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a> spelt with "Y" for thorn is often jocularly or mistakenly pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jiː/</span> ("yee") or mistaken for the archaic <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> of the second person plural pronoun, "<a href="/wiki/Ye_(pronoun)" title="Ye (pronoun)">ye</a>", as in "hear ye!". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icelandic">Icelandic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Icelandic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> is the only living language to keep the letter thorn. In Icelandic, <i>þ</i> is pronounced <i>þoddn</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θ̠ɔtn̥]</a></span> or <i>þorn</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="is-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">[θ̠ɔrn̥]</a></span>. The letter is the 30th in the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a>, modelled after <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Old Norse alphabet</a> in the 19th century; it is <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> to <i>th</i> when it cannot be reproduced<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and never appears at the end of a word. For example, the name of <a href="/wiki/Haf%C3%BE%C3%B3r_J%C3%BAl%C3%ADus_Bj%C3%B6rnsson" title="Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson">Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson</a> is <a href="/wiki/Anglicise" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicise">anglicised</a> as Haf<b>th</b>or. </p><p>Its pronunciation has not varied much, but before the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> character, <i>þ</i> was used to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>, as in the word "<i>ver<b>þ</b>a</i>", which is now spelt <i>ver<b>ð</b>a</i> (meaning "to become") in modern Icelandic or normalized orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_1927_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_1927-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Þ was originally taken from the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic alphabet</a> and is described in the <a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">First Grammatical Treatise</a> from the 12th-century: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Staf þann er flestir menn kalla <i>þ</i>, þann kalla ég af því heldur <i>þe</i> að þá er það atkvæði hans í hverju máli sem eftir lifir nafnsins er úr er tekinn raddarstafur úr nafni hans, sem alla hefi ég samhljóðendur samda í það mark nú sem ég reit snemma í þeirra umræðu. [...] Höfuðstaf þe-sins rita ég hvergi nema í vers upphafi því að hans atkvæði má eigi æxla þótt hann standi eftir raddarstaf í samstöfun.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>– First Grammarian, <a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">First Grammatical Treatise</a> </p> </td> <td>The letter which most men call <i>thorn</i> I shall call <i>the</i>, so that its sound value in each context will be what is left of the name when the vowel is removed, since I have now arranged all the consonants in that manner, as I wrote earlier in this discussion. [...] The capital letter of <i>the</i> I do not write except at the beginning of a section, since its sound cannot be extended, even when it follows the vowel of the syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p>– First Grammarian, <a href="/wiki/First_Grammatical_Treatise" title="First Grammatical Treatise">First Grammatical Treatise</a>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Einar_Haugen" title="Einar Haugen">Einar Haugen</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/220px-Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/330px-Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg/440px-Latin_alphabet_%C3%9E%C3%BE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="46" /></a><figcaption>Upper- and lowercase versions of the thorn character, in <a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">sans-serif</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serif</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computing_codes">Computing codes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computing codes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Unicode input</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alt_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt codes">Alt codes</a></div> <p>Uppercase and lowercase forms of thorn have <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> encodings: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+00DE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Þ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&THORN;</span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00FE</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">þ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN</span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">&thorn;</span>)</li></ul> <p>These Unicode <a href="/wiki/Codepoint" class="mw-redirect" title="Codepoint">codepoints</a> were inherited from <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">ISO/IEC 8859-1</a> ("ISO Latin-1") encoding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Unicode_Font_Initiative" title="Medieval Unicode Font Initiative">Medieval Unicode Font Initiative</a></div> <p>Various forms of thorn were used for medieval <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviations</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A764</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꝥ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Thorn_with_stroke" title="Thorn with stroke">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A765</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꝥ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><a href="/wiki/Thorn_with_stroke" title="Thorn with stroke">LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A766</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꝧ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A767</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꝧ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A7D2</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">꟒</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'"><reserved-A7D2></span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A7D3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ꟓ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE THORN</span> was used in the Middle English <a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a><sup id="cite_ref-L220268_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L220268-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩">Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Sho (letter)</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Ϸ</span>, a similar letter in the Greek alphabet used to write the Bactrian language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogh" title="Yogh">Yogh</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Ȝ</span>, a letter used in Middle English and Older Scots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Wynn</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Ƿ</span>, another runic letter used in Old English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eth" title="Eth">Eth</a>, <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base,#202122); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Ð</span>, another Old English and Icelandic letter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other examples are the lowercase <a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Cyrillic ф</a>, and, in some fonts, especially in italic, the Latin letters <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">ſ</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U+A7D2 is reserved for and (since November 2024) approved for assignment to <span style="font-size:90%;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DOUBLE THORN</span> in the next release of Unicode.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omniglot.com/writing/icelandic.htm">"Icelandic language, alphabet and pronunciation"</a>. <i>omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Icelandic+language%2C+alphabet+and+pronunciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Ficelandic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pétursson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pétursson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPétursson1971">Pétursson (1971</a>:?), cited in <a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996</a>:145)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefogedMaddieson1996144–145_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996">Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Einarsson_1949-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Einarsson_1949_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsson1949" class="citation book cs1">Einarsson, Stefán (1949). <i>Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icelandic%3A+Grammar%2C+Texts%2C+Glossary&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Einarsson&rft.aufirst=Stef%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2020" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Will (30 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf">"Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System</i>. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367581565" title="Special:BookSources/9780367581565"><bdi>9780367581565</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710022857/https://arro.anglia.ac.uk/id/eprint/703215/1/25HillFinalDV.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-07-10. <q>The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+25%3A+Typography+and+the+printed+English+text&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+the+English+Writing+System&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft.isbn=9780367581565&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farro.anglia.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F703215%2F1%2F25HillFinalDV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/ye-olde">"ye-olde - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"</a>. <i>www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com&rft.atitle=ye-olde+-+Definition%2C+pictures%2C+pronunciation+and+usage+notes+%7C+Oxford+Advanced+Learner%27s+Dictionary+at+OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fye-olde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1611TheAuthorizedKingJamesBible/page/n1399/mode/1up">"1611 The Authorized King James Bible"</a>. <i>archive.org</i>. p. 1400<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=1611+The+Authorized+King+James+Bible&rft.pages=1400&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1611TheAuthorizedKingJamesBible%2Fpage%2Fn1399%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_RomanScripts.pdf">"Icelandic BGN/PCGN 1968 Agreement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026165643/http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization/Romanization_RomanScripts.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icelandic+BGN%2FPCGN+1968+Agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nga.mil%2Fgns%2Fhtml%2FRomanization%2FRomanization_RomanScripts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon_1927-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_1927_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1927" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, E.V. (1927). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontool00gord/page/268"><i>An Introduction to Old Norse</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontool00gord/page/268">268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-811184-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-811184-3"><bdi>0-19-811184-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Old+Norse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=0-19-811184-3&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=E.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontool00gord%2Fpage%2F268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etext.old.no/gramm/"><i>First Grammatical Treatise</i></a>, eText (modernized spelling ed.), NO: Old</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Grammatical+Treatise&rft.place=NO&rft.series=eText&rft.edition=modernized+spelling&rft.pub=Old&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetext.old.no%2Fgramm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugen1950" class="citation journal cs1">Haugen, Einar (1950). "First Grammatical Treatise. The Earliest Germanic Phonology". <i>Language</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F522272">10.2307/522272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/522272">522272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=First+Grammatical+Treatise.+The+Earliest+Germanic+Phonology&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F522272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F522272&rft.aulast=Haugen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonBakerEmilianoGrammel2006" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf">"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819214650/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-08-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F06-027%3A+Proposal+to+add+Medievalist+characters+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2006-01-30&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Baker%2C+Peter&rft.au=Emiliano%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio&rft.au=Grammel%2C+Florian&rft.au=Haugen%2C+Odd+Einar&rft.au=Luft%2C+Diana&rft.au=Pedro%2C+Susana&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Gerd&rft.au=St%C3%B6tzner%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2006%2F06027-n3027-medieval.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html">"Proposed New Characters: The Pipeline"</a>. <i>Unicode.org</i>. 14 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unicode.org&rft.atitle=Proposed+New+Characters%3A+The+Pipeline&rft.date=2024-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Falloc%2FPipeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L220268-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L220268_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEversonWest2020" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (2020-10-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf">"L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024033958/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-268%3A+Revised+proposal+to+add+ten+characters+for+Middle+English+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=West%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Freeborn, Dennis (1992) <i>From Old English to Standard English</i>. London: Macmillan</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPétursson1971" class="citation cs2">Pétursson, Magnus (1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/259344">"Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie"</a>, <i>Phonetica</i>, <b>33</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>216, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000259344">10.1159/000259344</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145316121">145316121</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=%C3%89tude+de+la+r%C3%A9alisation+des+consonnes+islandaises+%C3%BE%2C+%C3%B0%2C+s%2C+dans+la+prononciation+d%27un+sujet+islandais+%C3%A0+partir+de+la+radiocin%C3%A9matographie&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000259344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145316121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9tursson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karger.com%2FArticle%2FAbstract%2F259344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThorn+%28letter%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227795492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Runes1170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist nounderlines mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Runes" title="Template:Runes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Runes" title="Template talk:Runes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Runes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Runes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Runes1170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runology" title="Runology">Runology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_runologists" title="List of runologists">List of runologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundata" title="Rundata">Rundata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Germanic Elder Futhark</a><br />24-type Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> to <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚲ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛃ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛊ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%83" title="Ã">ã</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br />ʀ</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Frisian Futhorc</a><br />28-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/5th_century" title="5th century">5th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/9th_century" title="9th century">9th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Later Anglo-Saxon Futhorc</a><br />33-type Fuþorc<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Normalized<br />Variations</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em;">–<br />–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚩ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚳ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚷ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚹ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚻ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚺ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛄ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Eihwaz" title="Eihwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛇ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Peor%C3%B0" title="Peorð"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛈ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛉ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"> </td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ehwaz" title="Ehwaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛖ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛗ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛝ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛜ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Dagaz" title="Dagaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛞ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Othala" title="Othala"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛟ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚪ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)#Anglo-Saxon_Futhorc" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚫ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93ran" title="Jēran"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ear_(rune)" title="Ear (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛢ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Calc_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calc (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛣ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/%E1%9B%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᛥ"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛥ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Gyfu" title="Gyfu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚸ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes#Rune_inventory" title="Anglo-Saxon runes"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛤ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȝ">ȝ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ƿ">ƿ</a></b>/<a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a><br />ēo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%92" title="Œ">œ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">oe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ōe</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%86" title="Æ">æ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>īa</b><br />īo</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ea</b><br />æa</small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>st</b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">ḡ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">k̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">c̄</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ck_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ck (digraph)">ck</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kk_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kk (digraph)">kk</a></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Norse Younger Futhark</a><br />16-type Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/8th_century" title="8th century">8th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Long-branch_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-branch runes">Long-Branch</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛏ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i><a href="/wiki/Short-twig_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-twig runes">Short-Twig</a></i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚭ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚽ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛓ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛙ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛧ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b><br /></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a>/<a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ą</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a><br /><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b>ʀ</b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Later Younger Futhark</a><br />Stung Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/11th_century" title="11th century">11th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Regular</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚬ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">å</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ǫ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br />ʀ</small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 2.5em"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>Stung</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval runes</a><br />Medieval Fuþark<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>1st types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">᛬</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>2nd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>3rd types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ng</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><i>4th types</i></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />amalgamation</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛑ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚧ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛂ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚵ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚶ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Isaz" title="Isaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Laguz" title="Laguz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛛ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Mannaz" title="Mannaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚾ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Naudiz" title="Naudiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛀ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚮ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛔ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastur_(rune)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastur (rune) (page does not exist)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛕ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Raido" title="Raido"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Tiwaz_(rune)" title="Tiwaz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Thurisaz" title="Thurisaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Fehu" title="Fehu"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚡ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 1.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Kaunan" title="Kaunan"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></a><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛪ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Haglaz" title="Haglaz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ur_(rune)" title="Ur (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚤ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Algiz" title="Algiz"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛨ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛎ</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sowil%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowilō"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛍ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚰ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ar_(rune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></a></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><a href="/wiki/Ansuz_(rune)" title="Ansuz (rune)"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></a></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ð">ð</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C7%AA" title="Ǫ">ǫ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴘ">ᴘ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">þ</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian runes</a><br />Dalecarlian alphabet<br />(ca. <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th c.</a> to <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th c.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0.5em 0;"><table cellspacing="0" class="IPA" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr style="line-height: 1.75em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 5.85em; text-align:left"><small><i>Alphabetical<br />(incomplete)</i></small></td> <td style="width: 1.85em">–</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛅ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛒ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚦ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛆ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚼ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛁ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚴ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛚ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛘ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚿ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛰ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">𐋐</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛩ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚱ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛐ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚢ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛋᛌ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛠ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style=""></span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px">Å</td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᚯ</span></td> <td style="width: 0.85em; font-size: 20px"><span title="runes" class="script-runic" lang="gem-Runr" style="">ᛦ</span></td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 1em; vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%85" title="Å">å</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a></b></small></td> <td style="width: 0.85em"><small><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a></b></small></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.raa.se/open/runor/search">Runic inscriptions interactive map</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic inscriptions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rune_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune Poems">Rune Poems</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Modern_runic_writing" title="Modern runic writing">Modern runic writing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-runes" title="Pseudo-runes">Pseudo-runes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless runes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_English22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_English" title="Template:History of English"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_English" title="Template talk:History of English"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_English" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of English"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_English22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History of English</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">Proto-West-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentish_Old_English" title="Kentish Old English">Kentish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercian_dialect" title="Mercian dialect">Mercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_Old_English" title="Northumbrian Old English">Northumbrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Saxon_dialect" title="West Saxon dialect">West Saxon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Phonological_history22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">Phonological history</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_vowels" title="Phonological history of English vowels">Vowels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8a%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨a⟩"><i>A</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/l/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /l/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">Changes before historic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close back vowels">Close back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_close_front_vowels" title="Phonological history of English close front vowels">Close front vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_diphthongs" title="Phonological history of English diphthongs">Diphthongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">Great Vowel Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_open_back_vowels" title="Phonological history of English open back vowels">Open back vowels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisyllabic_laxing" title="Trisyllabic laxing">Trisyllabic laxing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonants" title="Phonological history of English consonants">Consonants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters" title="Phonological history of English consonant clusters">Clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapping" title="Flapping">Flapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-dropping" title="H-dropping"><i>H</i>-dropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-vocalization" title="L-vocalization"><i>L</i>-vocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8ng%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨ng⟩"><i>Ng</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">Rhoticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-glottalization" title="T-glottalization"><i>T</i>-glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8th%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩"><i>Th</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th-fronting" title="Th-fronting">fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th-stopping" title="Th-stopping">stopping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_English_%E2%9F%A8wh%E2%9F%A9" title="Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩"><i>Wh</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&oldid=1275918251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorn_(letter)&oldid=1275918251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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