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<span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prosecutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events_and_abrogation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events_and_abrogation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subsequent events and abrogation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events_and_abrogation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoax_of_safe_deposit_box_seizures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoax_of_safe_deposit_box_seizures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hoax of safe deposit box seizures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoax_of_safe_deposit_box_seizures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_laws_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_laws_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Similar laws in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_laws_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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1933 году" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_(1933)" title="Конфіскація золота в населення США (1933) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфіскація золота в населення США (1933)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2656758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1933 U.S. executive order prohibiting the hoarding of gold currency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><caption class="infobox-title">Executive Order 6102</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:105%;font-weight:bold">Forbidding the Hoarding of Gold Coin, Gold Bullion and Gold Certificates</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NNC-US-1907-G$20-Saint_Gaudens_(Arabic).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="{{{depictionalt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg/280px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg/420px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg/560px-NNC-US-1907-G%2420-Saint_Gaudens_%28Arabic%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9817" data-file-height="5000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Saint Gaudens Double Eagle</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Executive_Order_6102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Executive_Order_6102.jpg/220px-Executive_Order_6102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Executive_Order_6102.jpg/330px-Executive_Order_6102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Executive_Order_6102.jpg/440px-Executive_Order_6102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="671" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Executive Order 6102</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">Executive order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Executive Order number</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">6102</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Signed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> on 5 April 1933</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff"><i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i> details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em">Publication date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em">5 April 1933</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff">Summary</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em"><div><ul><li>Forbade ownership of quantities of <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">bullion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">gold certificates</a> worth in excess of $100 (about 5 <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounces" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounces">troy ounces</a>), with exemptions for specific uses and collections;</li><li>Required all persons to deliver excess quantities of the above on or before May 1, 1933 in exchange for $20.67 per <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a>;</li><li>Enabled Federal funding of <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Stabilization_Fund" title="Exchange Stabilization Fund">Exchange Stabilization Fund</a> using profit realized from international transactions against new Federal reserves.</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Executive Order 6102</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> signed on April 5, 1933, by <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> "forbidding the <a href="/wiki/Hoarding_(economics)" title="Hoarding (economics)">hoarding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_bar" title="Gold bar">gold bullion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">gold certificates</a> within the continental United States." The executive order was made under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917" title="Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917">Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917</a>, as amended by the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> in March 1933. </p><p>The limitation on gold ownership in the United States was repealed after President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> signed a bill legalizing private ownership of gold coins, bars, and certificates by an Act of Congress, codified in <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/93/373">93–373</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went into effect December 31, 1974. </p><p>At the time, this policy faced criticism from those who asserted it was "completely immoral" and "a flagrant violation of the solemn promises made in the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard_Act" title="Gold Standard Act">Gold Standard Act of 1900</a>" and promises made to purchasers of Liberty and Victory Loans during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critics also claimed this Executive Order would lead to an inflation of supply of credit and currency, which would cause a fraudulent economic boom which would inevitably bust and result in a depression.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale">Rationale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stated reason for the order was that hard times had caused "hoarding" of gold, stalling economic growth and worsening the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">depression</a> as the US was then using the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> for its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 6, 1933, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> wrote, under the headline <i>Hoarding of Gold</i>, "The Executive Order issued by the President yesterday amplifies and particularizes his earlier warnings against hoarding. On March 6, taking advantage of a <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917" title="Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917">wartime statute</a> that had not been repealed, he issued <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Proclamation">Presidential Proclamation</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_2039" class="extiw" title="s:Proclamation 2039">2039</a> that forbade the hoarding 'of gold or silver coin or bullion or currency', under penalty of $10,000 fine or ten years' imprisonment or both."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main rationale behind the order was actually to remove the constraint on the Federal Reserve preventing it from increasing the money supply during the depression. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act" title="Federal Reserve Act">Federal Reserve Act</a> (1913) required 40% gold backing of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Note" title="Federal Reserve Note">Federal Reserve Notes</a> that were issued. By the late 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> had almost reached the limit of allowable credit, in the form of Federal Reserve demand notes, which could be backed by the gold in its possession (see <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression#Monetarist_view" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Executive Order 6102 required all persons to deliver on or before May 1, 1933, all but a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a>, gold <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">gold certificates</a> owned by them to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a> in exchange for $20.67 (equivalent to $487 in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per <a href="/wiki/Troy_ounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy ounce">troy ounce</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917" title="Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917">Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917</a>, as amended by the recently passed <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> of March 9, 1933, a violation of the order was punishable by fine up to $10,000 (equivalent to $235,000 in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to ten years in prison, or both. </p><p>The order specifically exempted "customary use in industry, profession or art", a provision that covered artists, jewelers, dentists, sign-makers, etc. The order also permitted any person to hold up to $100 in gold coins, a face value equivalent to 5 troy ounces (160 g) of gold valued at approximately $10,000 in 2020. The same paragraph also exempted "gold coins having recognized special value to collectors of rare and unusual coins", which protected recognized gold coin collections from legal seizure. </p><p>The 1934 <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a> subsequently changed the statutory gold content of the U.S. Dollar from $20.67 to $35 an ounce. While this might be seen to some as a move that increased the value of gold, it actually merely devalued the U.S. Dollar so that less gold was required to back U.S. Currency, and the Federal Reserve was free to print more paper money. All international transactions by the U.S. Treasury were afterward calculated with the new valuation for gold at $35 an ounce (equivalent to $824 in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The resulting profit that the federal government realized funded the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_Stabilization_Fund" title="Exchange Stabilization Fund">Exchange Stabilization Fund</a>, also established by the Gold Reserve Act. </p><p>The regulations prescribed in the executive order were modified by Executive Order <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6111" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 6111">6111</a> on April 20, 1933, both of which were ultimately revoked and superseded by Executive Orders <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6260" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 6260">6260</a> and 6261 on August 28 and 29, 1933, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Executive Order 6102 also led to the extreme rarity of the <a href="/wiki/1933_double_eagle" title="1933 double eagle">1933 Double Eagle</a> gold coin. The order caused all gold coin production to cease and all 1933 minted coins to be destroyed. About 20 such coins were stolen, leading to an outstanding <a href="/wiki/US_Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Secret Service">US Secret Service</a> warrant for arrest and confiscation of the coins.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legalized surviving coin sold for over $7.5 million in 2002, making it one of the most valuable coins in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecutions">Prosecutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prosecutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous individuals and companies were prosecuted related to Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102. The prosecutions took place under the subsequent Executive Orders 6111,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6260,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6261<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Reserve Act of 1934">Gold Reserve Act of 1934</a>. </p><p>There was a need to amend Executive Order 6102, as the one prosecution under the order was ruled invalid by Federal Judge <a href="/wiki/John_M._Woolsey" title="John M. Woolsey">John M. Woolsey</a> on the grounds that the order was signed by the President, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> as required.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A New York attorney named Frederick Barber Campbell had a deposit at <a href="/wiki/Chase_National_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase National Bank">Chase National Bank</a> of over 5,000 troy ounces (160 kg) of gold. When Campbell attempted to withdraw the gold, Chase refused and Campbell sued Chase. A federal prosecutor indicted Campbell the following day, September 27, 1933, for failing to surrender his gold.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, the prosecution of Campbell failed but the authority of the federal government to seize gold was upheld, and Campbell's gold was confiscated. </p><p>The case caused the Roosevelt administration to issue a new order under the signature of the Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> Executive Orders <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6260" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 6260">6260</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6261" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 6261">6261</a> provided for the seizure of gold and the prosecution of gold hoarders. A few months later Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Reserve Act of 1934">Gold Reserve Act of 1934</a>, which gave legislative permanence to Roosevelt's orders. A new set of Treasury regulations was issued providing civil penalties of confiscation of all gold and imposition of fines equal to double the value of the gold seized. </p><p>Prosecutions of US citizens and noncitizens followed the new orders, among which were a few notable cases: </p><p>Gus Farber, a diamond and jewelry merchant from San Francisco, was prosecuted for the sale of thirteen $20 gold coins without a license. Secret Service agents discovered the sale with the help of the buyer. Farber, his father, and 12 others were arrested in four American cities after a <a href="/wiki/Sting_operation" title="Sting operation">sting operation</a> conducted by the Secret Service. The arrests took place simultaneously in New York and three California cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. Morris Anolik was arrested in New York with $5,000 in U.S. and foreign gold coins; Dan Levin and Edward Friedman of San Jose were arrested with $15,000 in gold; Sam Nankin was arrested in Oakland; in San Francisco, nine men were arrested on charges of hoarding gold. In all, $24,000 in gold was seized by Secret Service Agents during the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Baraban and his son Jacob owned a refining company. The Barabans' license to deal in unmelted scrap gold was revoked and so the Barabans operated their refining business under a license issued to a Minnie Sarch. The Barabans admitted that Minnie Sarch had nothing to do with the business and that she had obtained the license so that the Barabans could continue to deal in gold. The Barabans had a cigar box full of gold-filled scrap jewelry visible in one of the showcases. Government agents raided the Barabans' business and found another hidden box of US and foreign gold coins. The coins were seized and Baraban was charged with conspiracy to defraud the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis Ruffino was an individual indicted on three counts purporting to violations of the <a href="/wiki/Trading_with_the_Enemy_Act_of_1917" title="Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917">Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917</a>, which restricted trade with countries hostile to the United States. Eventually, Ruffino appealed<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conviction to the 9th District Circuit Court of Appeals in 1940; however, the judgment of the lower courts was upheld, based on the President's executive orders and the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Reserve Act of 1934">Gold Reserve Act of 1934</a>. Ruffino, a resident of <a href="/wiki/Sutter_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutter Creek">Sutter Creek (California)</a> in California gold country, was convicted of possessing 78 ounces of gold and was sentenced to 6 months in jail and a $500 fine, and had his gold seized.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreigners also had gold confiscated and were forced to accept paper money for their gold. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation, a Swiss banking company, had $1,250,000 in gold coins for business use. The Uebersee Finanz-Korporation entrusted the gold to an American firm for safekeeping, and the Swiss were shocked to find that their gold was confiscated. The Swiss made appeals, but they were denied; they were entitled to paper money but not their gold. The Swiss company would have lost 40% of their gold's value if they had tried to buy the same amount of gold with the paper money that they received in exchange for their confiscated gold.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> gold seizure occurred as a result of the various executive orders involving bonds, <a href="/wiki/Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">gold certificates</a> and private contracts. Private contracts or bonds that were written in terms of gold were to be paid in paper currency instead of gold although all of the contracts and the bonds proclaimed that they were payable in gold, and at least one, the fourth <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Bond">Liberty Bond</a>, was a federal instrument. The plaintiffs in all cases received paper money, instead of gold, despite the contracts' terms. The contracts and the bonds were written precisely to avoid currency debasement by requiring payment in gold coin. The paper money which was redeemable in gold was instead irredeemable based on <i>Nortz v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_294" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 294">294</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/294/317/">317</a> (1935). The consolidated <a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a> were the following: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. United States">Perry v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_294" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 294">294</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/294/330/">330</a> (1935)</li> <li><i>U.S. v. Bankers' Trust Co.,</i> <a href="/wiki/294_U.S._240" class="mw-redirect" title="294 U.S. 240">294 U.S. 240</a> (1935)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Norman v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_294" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 294">294</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/294/240/">240</a> (1935)</li> <li><i>Nortz v. United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_294" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 294">294</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/294/317/">317</a> (1935)</li></ul> <p>The Supreme Court upheld all seizures as constitutional, with Justices <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James Clark McReynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> dissenting.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four justices were labelled the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_(Supreme_Court)" title="Four Horsemen (Supreme Court)">Four Horsemen</a>" by the press, as their conservative views were in opposition to Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> supported by the press. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_events_and_abrogation">Subsequent events and abrogation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent events and abrogation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act of 1934</a> made contractual <a href="/wiki/Gold_clause" title="Gold clause">gold clauses</a> unenforceable. It also allowed the President to change the gold content of the US dollar by proclamation. Immediately following its passage, Roosevelt changed the gold content of the dollar from $20.67 to $35 per ounce, thereby devaluing US federal reserve notes, which were backed on gold. That valuation remained in effect until August 15, 1971, when President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> announced that the US would no longer value the US dollar with a fixed amount of gold, thus abandoning the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> for foreign exchange (see <a href="/wiki/Nixon_Shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon Shock">Nixon Shock</a>). </p><p>The private ownership of gold certificates was legalized in 1964, and they can be openly owned by collectors but are not redeemable in gold. The limitation on gold ownership in the US was repealed after President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> signed a bill to "permit United States citizens to purchase, hold, sell, or otherwise deal with gold in the United States or abroad" with an act of Congress codified in <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/93/373">93–373</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which went into effect December 31, 1974. However, P. L. 93-373 did not repeal the Gold Repeal Joint Resolution,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which banned any contracts that specified payment in a fixed amount of money as gold or a fixed amount of gold. That is, contracts remained unenforceable if they used gold monetarily, rather than as a commodity of trade. However, an Act enacted on Oct. 28, 1977, Pub. L. No. 95-147, § 4(c), 91 Stat. 1227, 1229 (originally codified at 31 U.S.C. § 463 note, recodified as amended at 31 U.S.C. § 5118(d)(2)) amended the 1933 Joint Resolution to make it clear that parties could again include so-called gold clauses in contracts made after 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, concerns have emerged that a scenario similar to Executive Order 6102, which led to <a href="/wiki/Gold_confiscation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold confiscation">gold confiscation</a>, could affect <a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a> holdings due to rising <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">government debt.</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bitcoin proponents note that self-custody of Bitcoin—where individuals hold their own private keys—mitigates these risks by ensuring that assets remain secure and outside third-party control.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hoax_of_safe_deposit_box_seizures">Hoax of safe deposit box seizures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hoax of safe deposit box seizures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a hoax, Roosevelt ordered all safe deposit boxes in the country seized and searched for gold by an official of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>. A typical example of the text of the alleged order reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By Executive Order Of The President of The United States, March 9, 1933. </p><p>By virtue of the authority vested in me by Section 5 (b) of the Act of October 6, 1917, as amended by Section 2 of the Act of March 9, 1933, in which Congress declared that a serious emergency exists, I as President, do declare that the national emergency still exists; that the continued private hoarding of gold and silver by subjects of the United States poses a grave threat to the peace, equal justice, and well-being of the United States; and that appropriate measures must be taken immediately to protect the interests of our people. </p><p>Therefore... I hereby proclaim that such gold and silver holdings are prohibited, and that all such coin, bullion or other possessions of gold and silver be tendered within fourteen days to agents of the Government... for compensation at the official price, in the legal tender of the Government. </p><p>All safe deposit boxes in banks or financial institutions have been sealed.... All sales or purchases or movements of such gold and silver... are hereby prohibited. </p><p>Your possession... and/or safe deposit box to store them is known by the government from bank and insurance records. Therefore... your vault box must remain sealed, and may only be opened in the presence of an agent of the Internal Revenue Service. </p><p>By lawful order..., the President of the United States. </p> </blockquote> <p>The first known reference to the hoax was in the book <i>After the Crash: Life In the New Great Depression</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fake text refers only to gold, not to silver, which was added by 1998 to Internet references. It claims to be an executive order, but its text was written it to apply to specific individuals ("Your possession"), and so if the text originated from the government, it would have been sent to individuals, not published as an executive order. The first paragraph starts with the actual text of Executive Order 6102, then edits it slightly (changing "said national emergency" to "a national emergency" and "still continues to exist" to "still exists") and then adds invented text. The minor edits and the way that the real text and fake text are combined mid-sentence make it almost certainly an intentionally designed hoax, rather than an accident. </p><p>Most of the text does not appear in the actual executive order.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, safe deposit boxes held by individuals were not forcibly searched or seized under the order, and the few prosecutions that occurred in the 1930s for gold "hoarding" were executed under different statutes. One of the few such cases occurred in 1936, when a safe deposit box containing over 10,000 troy ounces (310 kg) of gold belonging to Zelik Josefowitz, who was not a US citizen, was seized with a search warrant as part of a prosecution for <a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">tax evasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Treasury also came into possession of a large number of safe deposit boxes due to bank failures. During the 1930s, over 3000 banks failed, and the contents of their safe deposit boxes were remanded to the custody of the Treasury. If no one claimed the box, it remained in the possession of the Treasury. In October 1981, there were 1605 cardboard cartons in the basement of the Treasury, each carton containing the contents of one unclaimed safe deposit box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_laws_in_other_countries">Similar laws in other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Similar laws in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Poland, a similar regulation was issued on November 7, 1919, which forced citizens to sell their gold and silver to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, it was extended until January 31, 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, Part IV of the Banking Act 1959 allows the Commonwealth government to seize private citizens' gold in return for paper money where the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> is satisfied that it is expedient so to do, for the protection of the currency or of the public credit of the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 30, 1976, the operation of that part of the Act was suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom introduced the gold trade ban law in 1966 (Exchange Control Act 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became illegal for UK residents to continue to hold more than four gold coins dated after 1817, or to buy any gold coins unless they obtain collector licence from Bank of England. The reasoning was to prevent people from hoarding the gold, while the cost of living and inflation increased.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act was repealed in 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/32px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/48px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bills_and_coins.svg/64px-Bills_and_coins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="465" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Money" title="Portal:Money">Money portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Depression" title="Causes of the Great Depression">Causes of the Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a> March 9, 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Executive Order 6814</a>, a similar Order pertaining to silver, signed in 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Contraction" title="Great Contraction">Great Contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold Standard">Gold Standard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Executive_Order_6102&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715181005/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d093:SN02665:@@@L&summ2=m&">TOM:/bss/d093query.html</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/5000-200.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316101835/http://www.fdic.gov/regulations/laws/rules/5000-200.html">Archived</a> 2013-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngell1934" class="citation journal cs1">Angell, James W. (December 1934). "Gold, Banks, and the New Deal". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 481–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2143463">10.2307/2143463</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2143463">2143463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+Banks%2C+and+the+New+Deal&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=481-505&rft.date=1934-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2143463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2143463%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Angell&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1934" class="citation journal cs1">Bullock, C.J. (February 15, 1934). "Devaluation". <i>The Review of Economics and Statistics</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 41–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1928142">10.2307/1928142</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1928142">1928142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economics+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Devaluation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-44&rft.date=1934-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1928142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1928142%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/604395441">"Hoarders Face Heavy Penalty Under U.S. Writ"</a>. <i>Chattanooga Daily Times</i>. April 6, 1933. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219202926/http://www.newspapers.com/image/604395441/">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chattanooga+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Hoarders+Face+Heavy+Penalty+Under+U.S.+Writ&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1933-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F604395441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B12FD3F5C16738DDDAF0894DC405B838FF1D3">"Hoarding of Gold"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 6, 1933. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181402/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B12FD3F5C16738DDDAF0894DC405B838FF1D3">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hoarding+of+Gold&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1933-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DFB0B12FD3F5C16738DDDAF0894DC405B838FF1D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1938" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=ppotpus;cc=ppotpus;q1=August%2028%2C%201933;rgn=full%20text;idno=4925381.1933.001;didno=4925381.1933.001;view=image;seq=00000382"><i>Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Volume II, The Year of Crisis, 1933</i></a>. New York: Random House. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/690922370">690922370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009172633/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=ppotpus;cc=ppotpus;q1=August%2028,%201933;rgn=full%20text;idno=4925381.1933.001;didno=4925381.1933.001;view=image;seq=00000382">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Papers+and+Addresses+of+Franklin+D.+Roosevelt%2C+Volume+II%2C+The+Year+of+Crisis%2C+1933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F690922370&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Fpageviewer-idx%3Fc%3Dppotpus%3Bcc%3Dppotpus%3Bq1%3DAugust%252028%252C%25201933%3Brgn%3Dfull%2520text%3Bidno%3D4925381.1933.001%3Bdidno%3D4925381.1933.001%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bseq%3D00000382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altierrarecoins.com/blog/unveiling-the-18-9m-1933-double-eagles/">"Unveiling the $18.9M 1933 Double Eagle's Secret Saga | Altier Rare Coins"</a>. 2024-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unveiling+the+%2418.9M+1933+Double+Eagle%27s+Secret+Saga+%7C+Altier+Rare+Coins&rft.date=2024-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faltierrarecoins.com%2Fblog%2Funveiling-the-18-9m-1933-double-eagles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzan2013" class="citation web cs1">Suzan, Clarke (2013-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/01/rare-silver-dollar-coin-sets-world-record-auction-price/">"Rare silver dollar coin sets world record auction price"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101132632/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2013/01/rare-silver-dollar-coin-sets-world-record-auction-price/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Rare+silver+dollar+coin+sets+world+record+auction+price&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Suzan&rft.aufirst=Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2Fblogs%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F01%2Frare-silver-dollar-coin-sets-world-record-auction-price%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6111" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 6111">Wikisource:Executive Order 6111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6260" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 6260">Wikisource:Executive Order 6260</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_6261" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 6261">Wikisource:Executive Order 6261</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091115093303/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746366,00.html">"Sequels"</a>. <i>Time</i>. November 27, 1933. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,746366,00.html">the original</a> on November 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Sequels&rft.date=1933-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C746366%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210170042/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882486,00.html">"Gold Indictment No. 1"</a>. <i>Time</i>. October 9, 1933. 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April 13, 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202071821/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gupPAAAAIBAJ&pg=5059,3562795&dq=13+men+fall+into+trap+of+secret+service+agents+in+four+cities&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Scrap"</a>. Ny.findacase.com. 1938-01-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000546/http://ny.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19380110_0040347.C02.htm/qx">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gold+Chat&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Gold+Controls+in+Australia&rft.date=2008-08-04&rft.aulast=Suchecki&rft.aufirst=Bron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldchat.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F08%2Fhistory-of-gold-controls-in-australia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chards.co.uk/blog/exchange-control-act/785">"Exchange Control Act"</a>. <i>www.chards.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135416/https://www.chards.co.uk/blog/exchange-control-act/785">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chards.co.uk&rft.atitle=Exchange+Control+Act&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chards.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fexchange-control-act%2F785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExecutive+Order+6102" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1966-06-13a.1173.0">"Exchange Control (Gold Coins)"</a>. <i>TheyWorkForYou</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108135409/https://www.theyworkforyou.com/debates/?id=1966-06-13a.1173.0">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br />foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABCD_line" title="ABCD line">ABCD line (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_note" title="Hull note">Hull note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">Fireside chats</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1938 State of the Union Address">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1939 State of the Union Address">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1940 State of the Union Address">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1945 State of the Union Address">1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Zangara#Assassination_attempt" title="Giuseppe Zangara">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_New_York_state_election" title="1930 New York state election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention#Impact" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House,_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li> <li>Films <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II:_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br />(<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br /> • <a href="/wiki/Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Franklin D. Roosevelt">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Deal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. 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