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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="كلاينشتاتراي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلاينشتاتراي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%ED%84%B0%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4" title="클라인슈타터라이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클라인슈타터라이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kleinstaaterei" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE" title="德意志割据 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德意志割据" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Historical territorial fragmentation in Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire,_1789_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png/220px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png/330px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png/440px-Map_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire%2C_1789_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2650" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Roman Empire in 1789</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/220px-Deutscher_Bund.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/330px-Deutscher_Bund.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Deutscher_Bund.png/440px-Deutscher_Bund.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The German Confederation (1815–1866) still included several microscopic states.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg/220px-Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg/330px-Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg/440px-Kleinstaaterei_1834.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>A German cartoon from 1834 poking fun at the microscopic size of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a>, one of the many tiny states of the German Confederation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zollschranken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Zollschranken.jpg/220px-Zollschranken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Zollschranken.jpg/330px-Zollschranken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Zollschranken.jpg/440px-Zollschranken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Early 19th century anti-Kleinstaaterei cartoon calling for the elimination of the myriad custom barriers between statelets</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png/220px-Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png/330px-Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png/440px-Principality_of_Ansbach_1791.png 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>The hyper-fragmented <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Principality of Ansbach</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_(1560).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg/220px-Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg/330px-Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg/440px-Locator_Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge_%281560%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5029" data-file-height="3330" /></a><figcaption>The ancient <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Prince-Bishopric of Liège</a>, with its tormented geography, was the French-speaking counterpart of German Kleinstaaterei. Liège was part of the Holy Roman Empire for 800 years.</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌklaɪnʃtaːtəˈʁaɪ]</a></span>, "small-state<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ery#English" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:-ery">-ery</a>") is a pejorative term coined in the early nineteenth century to denote the territorial fragmentation of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term referred primarily to the territorial fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, it is also applied by extension to the even more extreme territorial fragmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. In this period, Germany was split into a great number of nearly sovereign small and medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hochstift" title="Hochstift">ecclesiastical principalities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Free imperial cities">free imperial cities</a>, some of which were little larger than a single town or the surrounding grounds of the monastery of an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_abbeys" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Imperial abbeys">Imperial abbey</a>. Estimates of the total number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">German states</a> at any time during the 18th century vary, ranging from 294 to 348,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more. However, the number of states rapidly decreased with the onset of <a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">German mediatisation</a> in the early 19th century. </p><p>Territorial fragmentation was compounded by the fact that, due to the haphazard territorial formation of many states or the partition of dynastic states through inheritance, a very large number of Holy Roman Empire states were constituted of non-contiguous parts, which resulted in countless <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a>. </p><p>As an illustration of Germany's territorial fragmentation, young <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> and friends, in order to observe the revolutionary events unfolding in Paris in the summer of 1789, traveled from <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>, to France, entering and exiting six duchies, four bishoprics and one free imperial city (<a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Aachen" title="Free Imperial City of Aachen">Aachen</a>) before reaching the French border.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The powerful and autonomous German <a href="/wiki/Stem_duchy" title="Stem duchy">stem duchies</a>, which already existed before the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> and the formation of <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> during the 9th century, shaped the federal character of the Holy Roman Empire. A college of the <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial princes</a> elected the king from among the territorial dukes after the Carolingian line died out around the year 898.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system prevented the development of a strong centralized monarchy as local rulers, who sought to promote their own interests and autonomy, often rebelled against the sovereign ruler and conflicts had to be solved on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solsten1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Interregnum (Holy Roman Empire)">imperial interregna</a> between 1245 and 1312 and between 1378 and 1433 increased political instability and strengthened the communal movements, such as the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League_of_Cities" title="Swabian League of Cities">Swabian League of Cities</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederacy">Swiss Confederacy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">Feuding</a> among the lesser <i>territorial nobility</i>, who received their <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">territorial princes</a>, led to conflicts such as the <a href="/wiki/Thuringian_Counts%27_War" title="Thuringian Counts' War">Thuringian Counts' War</a> and further territorial fragmentation. The <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a>, many of them founded by the German kings and emperors during the 10th to 13th century, had initially been administered by the <i>Imperial nobility</i> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Vogt" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt">Vogte</a></i></span>), direct vassals of the emperor. These towns gradually gained independence as their <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(post-Roman_Europe)" title="Patrician (post-Roman Europe)">patrician</a> city magistrates assumed full control of administration and judiciary in the jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The political fragmentation of the Empire was the single most salient characteristic of German history throughout the <i><a href="/wiki/Early_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern">early modern</a></i> period; it underlay and conditioned development in all areas of public life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While in some other European states such as France, centralized states emerged as a result of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> political concentration and centralisation, the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> dynasty, who already controlled the Duchy of Austria, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1438 and managed to permanently occupy the imperial throne until 1806 (with a brief exception between 1742 and 1765). The Habsburg family, however pursued its <i>Grand Strategy</i> policy, that focused on long-term dynastic reign at the center of a vast, multi-layered and multi-ethnic realm against <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The imperial lands rather served to retain buffer zones that were at odds with any concepts of patriotism and national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TeichPorter1993_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeichPorter1993-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1495 emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Reform" title="Imperial Reform">reform</a> the empire. An Imperial supreme court (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichskammergericht</i></span>) was established, imperial taxes were levied, and the power of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span>) was increased. The reforms, however, were frustrated by the continued territorial fragmentation of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Whaley2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whaley2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> represented a major threat to imperial integrity. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> stated in 1546: "if we failed to intervene now, all the Estates of Germany would be in danger of breaking with the faith". With the 1548 <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> he attempted to reconcile the religious schism in Germany, but instead only prompted new Protestant defiance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> emerged as the second dominant power, which also incorporated substantial non-German territories and lands beyond the borders of the empire, while excluding major parts of Germany proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solsten1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bendix1980_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendix1980-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from these two states, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of hundreds of small, German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principalities</a>, most of which derived from successive <a href="/wiki/Dynastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic">dynastic</a> splits (<a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">feudal fragmentation</a>), sometimes reflected in compound names such as <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a>; some of these were united through royal marriages, although the resulting entity was often not a contiguous territory. During the early modern period, these small states modernised their military, judicial, and economic administrations. These hardly existed at the imperial level, and the emperor was little more than a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederal</a> figurehead, without political or military clout. After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, the Empire's small states were divided along religious lines. Those headed by Roman Catholic dynasties faced those ruled by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> dynasties in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and other conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solsten1999-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> forced the Holy Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II</a>, to dissolve the Empire in 1806, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span> was altered, but not eliminated. Through the elimination of territories ruled by <a href="/wiki/Prince-bishop" title="Prince-bishop">prince-bishops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a>) and through the <a href="/wiki/German_mediatization" class="mw-redirect" title="German mediatization">consolidation of neighbouring principalities, enclaves and exclaves</a>, Napoleon reduced several hundred states into a relative concentration of a little over two dozen states in the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. This confederation did not survive Napoleon's military defeat at the hands of the allies, but the previous principalities were not entirely restored. <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>—the successor state to the Habsburg Monarchy—were the only major German powers, and neither had been part of the Confederation of the Rhine. The victorious allies, including Prussia and Austria, decided at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> (1814–15) on widespread dynastic <a href="/wiki/European_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="European Restoration">restorations</a>, although some of Napoleon's consolidations were maintained, and Austria and Prussia helped themselves to some formerly independent territories. The resulting territorial division resulted in a consolidated version—around 40 states—of the pre-Napoleonic <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span>. </p><p>The rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> across Europe brought movements striving for "<a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-states</a>", each governing an entire (ethno-cultural) <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">people</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalists</a> began to insist on a unified Germany. The call for a unified nation-state was one of the central demands of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, but the ruling dynasties of the smaller German states and of multinational Austria and Prussia managed to resist nationalist efforts at unification. A notable figure opposed to national unification was German writer and statesman <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, writing: "Frankfurt, Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck are large and brilliant, and their impact on the prosperity of Germany is incalculable. Yet, would they remain what they are if they were to lose their independence and be incorporated as provincial cities into one great German Empire? I have reason to doubt this."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only after <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> gradually built a unified German state under the Prussian royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">house of Hohenzollern</a> did <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span> largely end in 1871 with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. (The only surviving petty states—<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>—lie at the periphery of the German-speaking world.) The founding of the German Empire created a largely German nation-state. While the German Empire excluded the partly German but multinational <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> domains of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a>, it included a substantial Polish minority living in the eastern area of land under Prussian rule and other minorities along its northern and western borders.<sup id="cite_ref-build_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-build-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unification of the German Empire put Germany on the map as a <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">major European power</a>, albeit too late to become a major <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">colonial presence</a>. Internally in the nation some of these fragmented boundaries and small political units continued to exist until the modern <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States of Germany</a> were established in the Federal Republic after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The decentralised nature of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span> made it difficult for the German economy to live up to its potential. Varying systems of weights and measures, different currencies and numerous <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> impeded trade and investment, although the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">German Customs Union</a> had begun to lift these barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The startling rapidity of Germany's economic growth after unification under Bismarck provided further evidence that the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span> had been economically repressive. The system did contribute to cultural diversity within Germany, and the numerous rival courts—though usually politically insignificant—often gained some renown through <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_German_usage">Modern German usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern German usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, the term <i>Kleinstaaterei</i> is sometimes used in the German media and elsewhere in a figurative sense to describe the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">German political system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federalism</a> in a critical way, especially referring to its seeming inefficiency to decide on reforms in political fields that are the responsibility of the <i><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Länder</a></i> (states of Germany) and thus are under the auspices of sixteen different administrations. As of 2010, <i>Kleinstaaterei</i> is most often invoked in matters of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educational policy</a>, such as the difficulties caused by the different school systems for children of families that move from one state to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanisation">Balkanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Imperial_Diet_participants_(1792)" title="List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)">List of Imperial Diet participants (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">List of states in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism in Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian J. Whaley defines <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kleinstaaterei</i></span> as "A (pejorative) term coined in the early 19th century to denote the extreme territorial fragmentation of the Reich".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Whaley, <i>Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806)</i>, Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 2, p. 653 (Glossary).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, <i>Atlas of European History</i>, Harper Collins, 1994, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. D. Brose, <i>German History 1789–1871. From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich</i>, Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd115495622.html#ndbcontent">"Lambert von Spoleto"</a>. Deutsche Biographie<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lambert+von+Spoleto&rft.pub=Deutsche+Biographie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fgnd115495622.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solsten1999-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solsten1999_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolsten1999" class="citation book cs1">Solsten, Eric (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnocWI0_fywC&pg=PR24"><i>Germany: A Country Study</i></a>. DIANE. pp. 24ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-8179-5"><bdi>978-0-7881-8179-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=24ff&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.date=1999-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-8179-5&rft.aulast=Solsten&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnocWI0_fywC%26pg%3DPR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyromanempireassociation.com/imperial-nobility-of-germany.html">"The Imperial Nobility of Germany"</a>. Holy Roman Empire Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Nobility+of+Germany&rft.pub=Holy+Roman+Empire+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyromanempireassociation.com%2Fimperial-nobility-of-germany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Holland, Arthur William (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Imperial Cities or Towns"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Imperial_Cities_or_Towns">"Imperial Cities or Towns" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Cities+or+Towns&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=342&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unterrichtstools.ch/">"Warum gibt es die Schweiz? – 2.1.1. Das Heilige Römische Reich"</a>. Unterrichstools Schweiz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warum+gibt+es+die+Schweiz%3F+%E2%80%93+2.1.1.+Das+Heilige+R%C3%B6mische+Reich&rft.pub=Unterrichstools+Schweiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unterrichtstools.ch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas, David (1997). <i>The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century</i>. Longman. pp. 69–72, 133–142, 202–220, 244–45, 300–307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+the+Medieval+City%3A+From+Late+Antiquity+to+the+Early+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pages=69-72%2C+133-142%2C+202-220%2C+244-45%2C+300-307&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gagliardo, <i>Germany Under the Old Regime, 1600–1790</i>, Longman, 1991, p. viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell2018-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell2018_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Weiss_Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Weiss Mitchell (page does not exist)">Mitchell, A. Wess</a> (26 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qxtEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307"><i>The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 307ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8996-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8996-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-8996-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Strategy+of+the+Habsburg+Empire&rft.pages=307ff&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8996-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=A.+Wess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqxtEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeichPorter1993-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeichPorter1993_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichPorter1993" class="citation book cs1">Teich, Mikulas; Porter, Roy (6 May 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hu2SnETtV3kC&pg=PA153"><i>The National Question in Europe in Historical Context</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36441-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36441-6"><bdi>978-0-521-36441-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Europe+in+Historical+Context&rft.pages=153ff&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993-05-06&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36441-6&rft.aulast=Teich&rft.aufirst=Mikulas&rft.au=Porter%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHu2SnETtV3kC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whaley2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whaley2012_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim_Whaley2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Joachim Whaley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UiFWYsG-t7UC"><i>Germany and the Holy Roman Empire</i></a>. Vol. I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873101-6"><bdi>978-0-19-873101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Holy+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873101-6&rft.au=Joachim+Whaley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUiFWYsG-t7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNexon" class="citation web cs1">Nexon, Daniel H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8934.pdf">"The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Princeton University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04090-8"><bdi>978-0-520-04090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+Or+People%3A+Power+and+the+Mandate+to+Rule&rft.pages=141-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980-04-08&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04090-8&rft.au=Reinhard+Bendix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxAb4kAtzMYC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenzel" class="citation web cs1">Denzel, Markus A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers3/Denzel106.pdf">"State and Finance in the Holy Roman Empire from c.1650 to c.1800"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Helsinki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+and+Finance+in+the+Holy+Roman+Empire+from+c.1650+to+c.1800&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.aulast=Denzel&rft.aufirst=Markus+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fiehc2006%2Fpapers3%2FDenzel106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Hermann_Hoppe2012" class="citation web cs1">Hans-Hermann Hoppe (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/politics-johann-wolfgang-goethe">"The Politics of Johann Wolfgang Goethe"</a>. 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Berger, Stefan; Miller, Alexei (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14039014">"Building the Nation among Visions of German Empire"</a>. <i>National Empires</i>. Academia: 247–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9789633860175-007">10.1515/9789633860175-007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633860175" title="Special:BookSources/9789633860175"><bdi>9789633860175</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Empires&rft.atitle=Building+the+Nation+among+Visions+of+German+Empire&rft.pages=247-308&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9789633860175-007&rft.isbn=9789633860175&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14039014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1967" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Richard (1967). "Germany: 1815–1870". In Cameron, Rondo (ed.). <i>Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 151–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.btitle=Banking+in+the+Early+Stages+of+Industrialization%3A+A+Study+in+Comparative+Economic+History&rft.pages=151-182&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKleinstaaterei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&oldid=1241860125">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleinstaaterei&oldid=1241860125</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Germany" title="Category:Political history of Germany">Political history of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Category:Politics of the Holy Roman Empire">Politics of the Holy Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_words_and_phrases" title="Category:German words and phrases">German words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology_in_Germany" title="Category:Political terminology in Germany">Political terminology in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2021">Use dmy dates from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 August 2024, at 14:55<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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