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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manchuria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manchuria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Manchuria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manchuria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurgan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurgan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nurgan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nurgan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Three Provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guandong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guandong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Guandong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guandong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast_Region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast_Region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Northeast Region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast_Region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Population change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Russian invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_after_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_after_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>History after 1860</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_after_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchuria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mantsjoerye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manceuria" title="Manceuria – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Manceuria" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="منشوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منشوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mancuriya" title="Mancuriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mancuriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="মাঞ্চুরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাঞ্চুরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%A1n-chiu" title="Boán-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boán-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манжурия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Манжурия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маньчжурыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маньчжурыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манджурия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Манджурия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchouria" title="Manchouria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Manchouria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx%C3%BAria" title="Manxúria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manxúria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Маньчжури – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Маньчжури" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEusko" title="Mandžusko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mandžusko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Manchuriet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEuraja" title="Mandžuraja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mandžuraja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEuuria" title="Mandžuuria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mandžuuria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μαντζουρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαντζουρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%89urio" title="Manĉurio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Manĉurio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantxuria" title="Mantxuria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mantxuria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="منچوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منچوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandchourie" title="Mandchourie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandchourie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mantsjoerije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhanch%C3%BAir" title="An Mhanchúir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhanchúir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2n-ch%C3%BB" title="Mân-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mân-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC" title="만주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="만주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manakulia" title="Manakulia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Manakulia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մանջուրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մանջուրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मंचूरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मंचूरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandjuria" title="Mandjuria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mandjuria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Маньчжур – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маньчжур" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansj%C3%BAr%C3%ADa" title="Mansjúría – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mansjúría" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manciuria" title="Manciuria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manciuria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="מנצ'וריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנצ'וריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანჯურია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მანჯურია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манджурия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Манджурия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7urya" title="Mançurya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mançurya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манжурия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Манжурия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8D" title="ແມນຈູເລຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມນຈູເລຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandshuria" title="Mandshuria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mandshuria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BE%C5%ABrija" title="Mandžūrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mandžūrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEi%C5%ABrija" title="Mandžiūrija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandžiūrija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandju" title="Mandju – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mandju" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandzs%C3%BAria" title="Mandzsúria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mandzsúria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Манџурија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Манџурија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="മഞ്ചൂറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഞ്ചൂറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="मांचुरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मांचुरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მანჯურია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მანჯურია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="مانشوريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مانشوريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C4%81ng-ci%C5%AD" title="Muāng-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muāng-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Манжуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Манжуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မန်ချူးရီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မန်ချူးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerije" title="Mantsjoerije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mantsjoerije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2" title="満洲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="満洲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandschurei" title="Mandschurei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mandschurei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsjuria" title="Mandsjuria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandsjuria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandsjuria" title="Mandsjuria – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mandsjuria" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchoria" title="Manchoria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Manchoria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjuriya" title="Manjuriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Manjuriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منچوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منچوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BCuria" title="Mandżuria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mandżuria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manch%C3%BAria" title="Manchúria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manchúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manciuria" title="Manciuria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Manciuria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маньчжурия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchurie" title="Manchurie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Manchurie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7uria" title="Mançuria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mançuria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEusko" title="Mandžusko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mandžusko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مەنچوڕیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەنچوڕیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Манџурија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Манџурија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%BEurija" title="Mandžurija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mandžurija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C5%A1uria" title="Mantšuria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mantšuria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Manchuriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="மஞ்சூரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மஞ்சூரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Манҗурия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Манҗурия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แมนจูเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมนจูเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A7urya" title="Mançurya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mançurya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Маньчжурія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маньчжурія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="منچوریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منچوریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manci%C3%B9ria" title="Manciùria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Manciùria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3n_Ch%C3%A2u" title="Mãn Châu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mãn Châu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantsjoerye" title="Mantsjoerye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mantsjoerye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchuria&params=43_N_125_E_dim:1000km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°N</span> <span class="longitude">125°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43°N 125°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43; 125</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info"><p><b>This is an <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">old revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/38.74.24.37" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/38.74.24.37" data-mw-revid="1251047466"><bdi>38.74.24.37</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:38.74.24.37" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:38.74.24.37">talk</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">02:42, 14 October 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(Added the Manchu name for "Manchu Country" in infobox)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 02:42, 14 October 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/38.74.24.37" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/38.74.24.37" data-mw-revid="1251047466"><bdi>38.74.24.37</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:38.74.24.37" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:38.74.24.37">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(Added the Manchu name for "Manchu Country" in infobox)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchuria&diff=prev&oldid=1251047466" title="Manchuria">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchuria&direction=prev&oldid=1251047466" title="Manchuria">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchuria&diff=cur&oldid=1251047466" title="Manchuria">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchuria&direction=next&oldid=1251047466" title="Manchuria">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchuria&diff=next&oldid=1251047466" title="Manchuria">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region in Northeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region of Northeast Asia. For the former Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, see <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manchuria (disambiguation)">Manchuria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Manzhou" redirects here. For the township in southern Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/Manzhou,_Pingtung" title="Manzhou, Pingtung">Manzhou, Pingtung</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Manchuria</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/220px-Manchuria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/330px-Manchuria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Manchuria.png/440px-Manchuria.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Map of Manchuria with the central part coloured in red (<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast China</a>); eastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> to the west, in slightly lighter red; and <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> to the north-east, in pink.</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E6%B4%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:满洲">满洲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:滿洲">滿洲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mǎnzhōu</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄇㄢˇ ㄓㄡ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Maanjou</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Man-chou</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mǎnjhou</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[màn.ʈʂóʊ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Moe<sup>上</sup>-tseu<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Mun<sup>5</sup>-zau<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%8C%EC%A3%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:만주">만주</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">滿洲</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Manju</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Manju</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Манжуур</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="mn-Latn">Manjuur</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:満州">満州</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">まんしゅう</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Manshū</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Mansyû</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Manchu name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span lang="mnc" class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A0%AE%E1%A0%A0%E1%A0%A8%E1%A0%B5%E1%A1%A0_%E1%A1%A4%E1%A1%A0%E1%A1%B5%E1%A1%A0%E1%A0%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ<br />ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Manju Gurun</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Russian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Маньчжурия</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Man'chzhuriya</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Manchuria</b> is a term that refers to a <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">northeast Asia</a> encompassing the entirety of present-day <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">northeast China</a>, and historically parts of the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a>. Its definition may refer to varying geographical extents as follows: in the narrow sense, the area constituted by three Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> but broadly also including the eastern <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">prefectures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a>, collectively known as Northeast China; in a broader sense, the area of historical Manchuria includes the aforementioned regions plus the <a href="/wiki/Amur_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur river">Amur river</a> basin, parts of which were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> by the Manchu-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a> of 1858–1860. The parts of Manchuria ceded to Russia are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> or Russian Manchuria, which include present-day <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Primorsky Krai</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a>, the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>, and the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalsky Krai</a>. </p><p>The name <i>Manchuria</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a> (derived from the endonym "<a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>") of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> origin. The history of "Manchuria" (<i>Manzhou</i>) as a <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a> in China is disputed, with some scholars believing it was never used while others believe it was by the late 19th century. The area was historically referred to by various names in the Qing dynasty such as <i>Guandong</i> (East of the <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Pass</a>) or the <i>Three Provinces</i> referring to <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Fengtian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>. <i>Manchuria</i> as a geographical term was first used in the 18th or 19th centuries by the Japanese before spreading to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The term was promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a> in support for the existence of its puppet state, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Although the toponym is still used, some scholars treat the term with caution or avoid it altogether due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese colonialism</a>. The term is deprecated in China due to its association with Japanese imperialism and ethnic connotations. As a result, areas once considered part of Manchuria are simply referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Three Provinces</i> and the <i>Northeast</i> were also in concurrent use among the Japanese along with <i>Manchuria</i> until the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> of 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area is home to many ethnic groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nani people">Nanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivkhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkhs">Nivkhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchs">Ulchs</a>. Many of the early ancient <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> kingdoms were established in the area. It is the ancestral homeland to the Tungusic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> and their descendants, the Manchus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amurrivermap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/220px-Amurrivermap.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/330px-Amurrivermap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amurrivermap.png/440px-Amurrivermap.png 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River</a>, also showing the island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> in the east, apart to the west towards Mongolia, roughly corresponds to the geographical area of the historic land of the Manchu people</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchuria is now most often associated with the three <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Chinese provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo further included the prefectures of <a href="/wiki/Chengde" title="Chengde">Chengde</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hulunbuir" title="Hulunbuir">Hulunbuir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinggan_League" title="Hinggan League">Hinggan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongliao" title="Tongliao">Tongliao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chifeng" title="Chifeng">Chifeng</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>). The region of the Qing dynasty referenced as Manchuria originally further included <a href="/wiki/Primorskiy_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Primorskiy Kray">Primorskiy Kray</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Jewish Autonomous Oblast">Jewish Autonomous Oblast</a>, the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Amur_Oblast" title="Amur Oblast">Amur Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khabarovskiy_Kray" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabarovskiy Kray">Khabarovskiy Kray</a>, and a corner of <a href="/wiki/Zabaykalsky_Krai" title="Zabaykalsky Krai">Zabaykalʼskiy Kray</a>. These districts were acknowledged as Qing territory by the 1689 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a> but ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal</a> 1858 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a> and 1860 <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Beijing">Convention of Beijing</a> (the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> indirectly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">questioned the legitimacy of these treaties</a> in the 1960s, but has more recently signed agreements such as the <a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a>, which affirm the current status quo;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a minor exchange nonetheless occurred in 2004 at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ussuri" title="Ussuri">Ussuri</a> rivers).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various senses of Greater Manchuria sometimes further include <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin Island</a>, which despite its lack of mention in treaties was shown as Qing territory on period Chinese, Japanese, Russian, and French maps of the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur River</a> apart to the east towards Mongolia roughly corresponds to the geographical area of the historic land of the Manchu people. The northern boundary was marked by mountains. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Name"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people#Name" title="Manchu people">Manchu people § Name</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg/250px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg/375px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg/500px-John-Tallis-1851-Tibet-Mongolia-and-Manchuria-NE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest European maps using the term "Manchuria" (<i>Mandchouria</i>) (<a href="/wiki/John_Tallis" title="John Tallis">John Tallis</a>, 1851). Previously, the term "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tartary" title="Chinese Tartary">Chinese Tartary</a>" had been commonly applied in the West to Manchuria and Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911_Manchuria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EB1911_Manchuria.png/220px-EB1911_Manchuria.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EB1911_Manchuria.png/330px-EB1911_Manchuria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/EB1911_Manchuria.png/440px-EB1911_Manchuria.png 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption> Map of the three provinces of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> <small>(1911)</small><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png/220px-Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png/330px-Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png/440px-Manchukuo_Railmap_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption> Map of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> and its rail network, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manchuria">Manchuria</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4></div> <p>The geographical term "Manchuria" was first used in the 18th or 19th century by the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a>. "Manchuria" – variations of which arrived in European languages through <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> of the Japanese placename <i>Manshū</i> <span class="nowrap">(<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:満州">満州</a></span></span>,</span> "Region of the Manchus"), which dates from the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the American researcher Mark C. Elliott, the term <i>Manshū</i> first appeared as a placename in Katsuragawa Hoshū's 1794 work <i>Hokusa Bunryaku</i> in two maps, "Ashia zenzu" and "Chikyū hankyū sōzu", which were also created by Katsuragawa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Junko Miyawaki-Okada, Japanese geographer Takahashi Kageyasu was the first to use the term <i>Manshū</i> as a toponym in 1809 in the <i>Nippon Henkai Ryakuzu</i>, and it was from that work that Westerners adopted the name.<sup id="cite_ref-japanese1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-japanese2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japanese2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1830s, various Indo-European forms of <i>Manshū</i> could be found.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Li Narangoa, the term was introduced to Japan in the 18th century through European maps following <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Manshū</i> then increasingly appeared on maps by Japanese cartographers such as Kondi Jūzō, Takahashi Kageyasu, Baba Sadayoshi, and Yamada Ren. Their maps were brought to Europe by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Japanese scholar Nakami Tatsuo, Siebold was the one who brought the usage of the term <i>Manchuria</i> to Europeans after borrowing it from the Japanese, who were the first to use it in a geographic manner in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <p>The history of the use of "Manchuria" as a toponym in China is uncertain. According to one stream of thought, it was not used by the Manchus or the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Manchu</i> was given to the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen people</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> in 1635 as a new name for their ethnic group. However neither the name <i>Manchu</i> or the Chinese rendering of <i>Manshū</i> as <i>Manzhou</i> ever acquired geographical connotations, while in Japanese, both <i>Manchuria</i> and <i>Manchu</i> are rendered as <i>Manshū</i>. According to Nakami Tatsuo, <i>Manzhou</i> was used to refer to Manchu people or one of their states rather than a region: "Originally, <i>Manzhou</i> was the name of the Manchu people or of their state; it was not the name of a region. In fact, neither Manchus nor Han Chinese have ever called China's Northeast 'Manzhou'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even advocates of an independent Manchuria such as Inaba Iwakichi acknowledged this.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_2001_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, British diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a> stated in <i>China and the Manchus</i> that "'Manchuria' is unknown to the Chinese or to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression".<sup id="cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Owen Latimore, during his travels in China during the late 1920s, he found "no single Chinese name for Manchuria as a unit".<sup id="cite_ref-Tamanoi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamanoi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical geographer Philippe Forêt concurred, noting that there is no word for <i>Manchuria</i> in either Chinese or Manchu languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forêt2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another perspective delineated by scholars such as Mark C. Elliott and Li Narangoa argues that Manchu consciousness of their homeland as a unique place contributed to the creation of Manchuria as a distinct geographical entity, and that "Manchuria" (<i>Manzhou</i>) was used as a toponym by the Chinese. According to Elliott, the Manchu imperial lineage believed that their original homeland was the <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a>. The Qing court endeavored to create a regional identity focused on the Changbai Mountains, which gradually became a symbol of Manchu identity. However, it is uncertain whether that notion was shared among ordinary Manchus, and there is evidence that part of that effort was to combat widespread <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> among Manchus, resulting in the loss of their language. As part of this effort, Jesuits were commissioned to create maps that enhanced Manchu conceptualization of their homeland, which Elliot believes to have been the original impetus to label the region as Manchuria in European and Japanese maps. In 1877, <i>Manzhou</i> was used as a toponym in an essay by Gong Chai, a scholar from <a href="/wiki/Ningbo" title="Ningbo">Ningbo</a>. The description of <i>Manzhou</i> located it to the northeast of <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and identified it as the birthplace of the dynasty. <i>Manzhou</i> was used as a place name again 20 years later by Qing officials. <i>Manzhou</i> began to appear on Chinese maps in the first decade of the 1900s. Maps that used <i>Manzhou</i> were in the minority during the early <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican period</a> but the name remained in common use among the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> into the 1930s. Names for the region were relatively fluid before the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> of 1931, after which alternative names in Japanese were discarded for <i>Manshū</i>, and <i>Dongbei</i> (Northeast) and <i>Dongsansheng</i> (Three Eastern Provinces) became the orthodox names for the Chinese. According to Mark Gamsa, <i>Manzhou</i> was not widely used among the Chinese but the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> disapproved of it regardless. By the 1950s, <i>Manzhou</i> had virtually disappeared as a toponym although some still used it out of habit.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamsa20206_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamsa20206-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <p>The term <i>Manchuria</i> has been described as "controversial" or "troublesome" by several scholars including Mark C. Elliott, Norman Smith, and Mariko Asano Tamanoi. The historian Norman Smith wrote that "The term 'Manchuria' is controversial" based on reasons outlined by Mariko Asano Tamanoi in the "Introduction" of <i>Crossed Histories: Manchuria in the Age of Empire</i> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tamanoi, "'Manchuria' is a product of Japanese imperialism, and to call the area Manzhou is to accept uncritically a Japanese colonial legacy." Japan used the name "Manchuria" to convey the idea of a contested region distinct from China while China insisted on its ownership of the region by rejecting the name "Manchuria". Japanese colonists who returned to Japan from <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in the post-war period used terms such as <i>Manshu</i> (Manchuria), <i>Man-mō</i> (Manchuria-Mongolia), and <i>Mō-man</i> (Mongolia-Manchuria) almost interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyphenated terms such as <i>Man-sēn</i> (Manchuria and Korea) and <i>Man-mō</i> (Manchuria-Mongolia) emerged in Japanese media and traveler writings during the first three decades of the 20th century, implying that these regions were extensions of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamanoi notes that the name "Manchuria" cannot be found on Chinese maps and acknowledged that she "should use the term in quotation marks" even though she did not.<sup id="cite_ref-Tamanoi_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamanoi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Bill Sewell denies that <i>Manchuria</i> is "a genuine geographic term", claiming the Japanese never viewed Manchuria as a discrete entity and it was Europeans who first started using the name Manchuria to refer to the location.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others such as Forêt described <i>Manchuria</i> as a solely geographical term without indicating a political connection and used it in that capacity despite acknowledging its imperialistic overtones.<sup id="cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forêt2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Gavan_McCormack" title="Gavan McCormack">Gavan McCormack</a> agreed with Robert H. G. Lee's statement that "The term Manchuria or Man-chou is a modern creation used mainly by westerners and Japanese", with McCormack writing that the term Manchuria is imperialistic in nature and has no "precise meaning" since the Japanese deliberately promoted the use of "Manchuria" as a geographic name to promote its separation from China at the time they were setting up their puppet state of Manchukuo.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, Japanese media still presented Manchuria as part of China, albeit as a distinct region, and sometimes called it the "Garden of China". However, in 1932, the puppet state of Manchukuo was founded covering not only the northeastern three provinces but also parts of eastern Inner Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, the Bureau of Information and the Publicity Department of Foreign Affairs of the Manchukuo Government published a <i>Handbook of Information of Manchukuo</i> stating that Manchuria did not belong to China, had its own history and traditions, and was the home of the Manchus and Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200218-19_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa200218-19-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elliot notes that one scholar considered the use of "Manchuria" as not only inaccurate but giving approval to Japanese colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nurgan">Nurgan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ming_divisions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ming_divisions.png/220px-Ming_divisions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ming_divisions.png/330px-Ming_divisions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ming_divisions.png/440px-Ming_divisions.png 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurgan">Nurgan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> name for the region that was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> the area in which the Jurchens lived was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nurgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurgan">Nurgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Provinces">Three Provinces</h3></div> <p>During the Qing dynasty, the region was known as the "three eastern provinces" (<span lang="zh-Hant">東三省</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">东三省</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōngsānshěng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡩᡝᡵᡤᡳ<br />ᡳᠯᠠᠨ<br />ᡤᠣᠯᠣ</span>, <i>Dergi Ilan Golo</i>), which referred to Jilin, Heilongjiang, and Fengtian since 1683 when Jilin and Heilongjiang were separated.<sup id="cite_ref-Clausen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clausen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Jilin and Heilongjiang did not receive the full function of provinces until 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Clausen_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clausen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese also used the name "Three Eastern Provinces" (<i>Tōsanshō</i>) during the 1920s and 1930s along with <i>Manshū</i>. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Incident">Manchurian Incident</a> of 1931, <i>Tōsanshō</i> was completely replaced by <i>Manshū</i> in Japanese usage while the <i>Three Provinces</i> and <i>Northeast</i> became the orthodox name for the same region in Chinese usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guandong">Guandong</h3></div> <p>Manchuria has been referred to as <i>Guandong</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">關東</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">关东</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guāndōng</span></i>), which literally means "east of the pass", and similarly <i>Guanwai</i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">關外</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">关外</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guānwài</span></i>; 'outside the pass'), a reference to <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhai Pass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a> in today's <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>, at the eastern end of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. This usage is seen in the expression <i><a href="/wiki/Chu%C7%8Eng_Gu%C4%81nd%C5%8Dng" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuǎng Guāndōng">Chuǎng Guāndōng</a></i> (literally "Rushing into Guandong") referring to the mass migration of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> to Manchuria in the 19th and 20th centuries. The name <a href="/wiki/Guandong_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Guandong (disambiguation)">Guandong</a> later came to be used more narrowly for the area of the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>. It is not to be confused with the southern province of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeast_Region">Northeast Region</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Americana_-_a_universal_reference_library,_comprising_the_arts_and_sciences,_literature,_history,_biography,_geography,_commerce,_etc._of_the_world_(1903)_(14763639145).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Americana_-_a_universal_reference_library%2C_comprising_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_literature%2C_history%2C_biography%2C_geography%2C_commerce%2C_etc._of_the_world_%281903%29_%2814763639145%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Americana_-_a_universal_reference_library%2C_comprising_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_literature%2C_history%2C_biography%2C_geography%2C_commerce%2C_etc._of_the_world_%281903%29_%2814763639145%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/The_Americana_-_a_universal_reference_library%2C_comprising_the_arts_and_sciences%2C_literature%2C_history%2C_biography%2C_geography%2C_commerce%2C_etc._of_the_world_%281903%29_%2814763639145%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="3562" /></a><figcaption>1900s map of Manchuria, in pink</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "Manchuria" is deprecated among people of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) due to its association with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese imperialism</a>, the puppet state of Manchukuo of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchurian nationalism</a>. Official state documents use the term Northeast Region (东北; Dōngběi) to describe the region. Northeast China is predominantly occupied by <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> due to internal Chinese migrations<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_the_Manchus" title="Sinicization of the Manchus">Sinicization of the Manchus</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. It is considered the original homeland of several historical groups besides the Manchus, including the <a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitans</a>. The area is also home to many <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In present-day Chinese, an inhabitant of the Northeast is a "Northeasterner" (<span lang="zh-Hans">东北人</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōngběirén</span></i>). "The Northeast" is a term that expresses the entire region, encompassing its history and various cultures. It is usually restricted to the "Three East Provinces" or "Three Northeast Provinces", excluding northeastern Inner Mongolia. In China, the term Manchuria (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">滿洲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">满洲</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mǎnzhōu</span></i>) is rarely used today, and the term is often negatively associated with the Japanese imperial legacy and the puppet state of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forêt2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Northeast</i> (<i>Tōhoku</i>) was also used as a name for Manchuria by the Japanese during the 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png/220px-Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png/330px-Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png/440px-Climate_Map_for_Manchuria-Northeast_China.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Climate map of Manchuria or Northeast China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchuria consists mainly of the northern side of the funnel-shaped <a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China Craton</a>, a large area of tilled and overlaid <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rocks spanning 100 million hectares (250 million acres). The North China Craton was an independent continent before the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> period and is known to have been the northernmost piece of land in the world during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Khingan_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingan Mountains">Khingan Mountains</a> in the west are a Jurassic<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mountain range formed by the collision of the North China Craton with the <a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberian Craton</a>, which marked the final stage of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg/250px-China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg/375px-China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg/500px-China_Railways_passenger_train_K1452_on_Binsui_railway_20120817.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hailang_River" title="Hailang River">Hailang River</a> near Hailin City in <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>No part of Manchuria was <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciated</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a>, but the surface geology of most of the lower-lying and more fertile parts of Manchuria consists of very deep layers of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>, which have been formed by the wind-borne movement of <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a> particles formed in glaciated parts of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunlun Shan">Kunlun Shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tien Shan">Tien Shan</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobi">Gobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taklamakan">Taklamakan</a> Deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soils are mostly fertile <a href="/wiki/Mollisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollisols">mollisols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fluvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvent">fluvents</a> except in the more mountainous parts where they have poorly developed <a href="/wiki/Orthent" title="Orthent">orthents</a>, as well as in the extreme north where <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> occurs and <a href="/wiki/Orthels" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthels">orthels</a> dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The climate of Manchuria has extreme seasonal contrasts, ranging from humid, almost tropical heat in summer to windy, dry, Arctic cold in winter. This pattern occurs because the position of Manchuria on the boundary between the great <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> continental landmass and the huge Pacific Ocean causes complete <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoonal</a> wind reversal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In summer, when the land heats faster than the ocean, low-pressure forms over Asia and warm, moist south to southeasterly winds bring heavy, thundery rain, yielding annual rainfall ranging from 400 mm (16 in), or less in the west, to over 1,150 mm (45 in) in the <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains" title="Changbai Mountains">Changbai Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures in summer are very warm to hot, with July average maxima ranging from 31 °C (88 °F) in the south to 24 °C (75 °F) in the extreme north.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In winter, however, the vast <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">High</a> causes very cold, north-to-northwesterly winds that bring temperatures as low as −5 °C (23 °F) in the extreme south and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the north<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the zone of <a href="/wiki/Discontinuous_permafrost" class="mw-redirect" title="Discontinuous permafrost">discontinuous permafrost</a> reaches northern <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>. However, because the winds from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> are exceedingly dry, snow falls only on a few days every winter, and it is never heavy. This explains why corresponding latitudes of North America were fully glaciated during glacial periods of the Quaternary while Manchuria, though even colder, always remained too dry to form <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a state of affairs enhanced by stronger westerly winds from the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheet</a> in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchuria" title="Category:History of Manchuria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of <span class="fn org label">Manchuria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/100px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/150px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg/200px-The_locations_of_Jurchen_tribes_in_1600s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="882" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao civilization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient to Classical period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(state)" title="Yan (state)">Yan (Warring States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Xianbei state">Xianbei state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Three_Kingdoms)" title="Yan (Three Kingdoms)">Yan (Three Kingdoms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(265%E2%80%93420)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jin dynasty (265–420)">Sima Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuwen" title="Yuwen">Yuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Yan" title="Former Yan">Former Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Yan" title="Later Yan">Later Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yan" title="Northern Yan">Northern Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval to Early Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Andong Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Xingliao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen Jin dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Ming rule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jaxa_(state)" title="Jaxa (state)">Jaxa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Korean invasion of Manchuria">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fengtian_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengtian Clique">Fengtian Clique</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far Eastern Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Ukraine" title="Green Ukraine">Green Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Association_in_Manchuria" title="Korean People's Association in Manchuria">Korean People's Association in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchuria</a>/<a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Manchuria" title="Template talk:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Manchuria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Manchuria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manchuria" title="History of Manchuria">History of Manchuria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg/250px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg/375px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg/500px-Ussuriysk-Stone-Tortoise-S-3542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jurchen</a> stone tortoise in today's <a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png/250px-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png/375px-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png/500px-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> occupied roughly half of Manchuria, 5th century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchuria was the homeland of several ethnic groups, including <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nani people">Nanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nivkhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkhs">Nivkhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchs">Ulchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Hui">Hui</a>, possibly <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">ethnic Han Chinese</a> in southern Manchuria.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the <a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a>, have risen to power in Manchuria. <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a> kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> (before 108 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Buyeo_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyeo kingdom">Buyeo</a> (2nd century BCE to 494 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> (37 BCE to 688 CE) also became established in large parts of this area. The Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> (221–206 BCE), <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> (202 BCE–9 CE and 25 CE–220 CE), <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> (220–266), <a href="/wiki/Western_Jin_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Jin dynasty">Western Jin</a> (266–316), and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> (618–690 and 705–907) dynasties controlled parts of Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of northwestern Manchuria came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> of 552–603 and of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> of 581–630. Early Manchuria had a mixed economy of hunting, fishing, livestock, and agriculture. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1269) to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> (916–1125) and conquered Outer Mongolia and Manchuria, going on to control the adjacent part of the <a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Prefectures" title="Sixteen Prefectures">Sixteen Prefectures</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">Northern China</a> as well. The Liao dynasty became the first state to control all of Manchuria.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/250px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/375px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/500px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria under Yuan rule</a> in the 14th century, including <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Yuan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of the Yuan Empire">province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a> and northern Korea</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg/250px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg/375px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg/500px-Map-Qing_Dynasty_1616-en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2542" /></a><figcaption>Map <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">Manchuria under Ming rule</a> in 1616, the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Jurchens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchens">Jurchens</a> who became the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin (1616–1636)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic</a> Jurchen people, who were Liao's tributaries, overthrew the Liao and formed the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a>, which went on to control parts of Northern China and Mongolia <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_campaigns_against_the_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurchen campaigns against the Song dynasty">after a series of successful military campaigns</a>. During the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> rule of China (1271–1368),<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchuria was <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">administered</a> as <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoyang province">Liaoyang province</a>. In 1375 <a href="/wiki/Naghachu" title="Naghachu">Naghachu</a>, a Mongol official of the Mongolia-based <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> of 1368–1635 in Liaoyang province invaded Liaodong, but later <a href="/wiki/Ming_campaign_against_the_Uriankhai" title="Ming campaign against the Uriankhai">surrendered to the Ming dynasty</a> in 1387. In order to protect the northern border areas, the Ming dynasty decided to "pacify" the Jurchens in order to deal with its problems with Yuan remnants along its northern border. The Ming <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Ming_rule" title="Manchuria under Ming rule">solidified control over Manchuria</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1402–1424</span>), establishing the <a href="/wiki/Nurgan_Regional_Military_Commission" title="Nurgan Regional Military Commission">Nurgan Regional Military Commission</a> of 1409–1435. Starting in the 1580s, a <a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Jurchens" title="Jianzhou Jurchens">Jianzhou Jurchen</a> chieftain, <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> (1558–1626), started to unify Jurchen tribes of the region. Over the next several decades, the Jurchen <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">took control of most of Manchuria</a>. In 1616 Nurhaci founded the Later Jin dynasty, which later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The Qing defeated the <a href="/wiki/Evenks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenk</a>-<a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur</a> federation led by the Evenki chief <a href="/wiki/Bombogor_(chief)" title="Bombogor (chief)">Bombogor</a> and beheaded Bombogor in 1640, with Qing armies massacring and deporting Evenkis and absorbing the survivors into the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Banners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/220px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/330px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg/440px-A_Tartar_Huntsmen_on_His_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>A Jurchen man hunting from his horse, from a 15th-century ink-and-color painting on silk</figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese god">Chinese god</a>", motifs such as the dragon, spirals, and scrolls, agriculture, husbandry, methods of heating, and material goods such as iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among the Amur natives including the <a href="/wiki/Udege_people" title="Udege people">Udeghes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulchi">Ulchis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nani people">Nanais</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1644, after peasant rebels sacked the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>'s capital of Beijing, the Jurchens (now called Manchus) allied with Ming general <a href="/wiki/Wu_Sangui" title="Wu Sangui">Wu Sangui</a> and seized control of Beijing, overthrowing the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Shun_dynasty" title="Shun dynasty">Shun dynasty</a> (1644–1649) and establishing <a href="/wiki/Qing-dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing-dynasty">Qing-dynasty</a> rule (1644–1912) over all of China. The Manchu conquest of China involved the deaths of over 25 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing dynasty built the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a> – a system of ditches and embankments – during the later 17th century to restrict the movement of Han civilians into Jilin and Heilongjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">bannermen</a>, including Han bannermen, were allowed to settle in <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/250px-Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/375px-Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg/500px-Qing_dynasty_and_Manchuria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria under Qing rule</a> in 1820, including the provinces of Fengtian, Jilin and Heilongjiang</figcaption></figure> <p>After conquering the Ming, the Qing often identified their state as "China" (中國, <i>Zhongguo</i>; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as <i>Dulimbai Gurun</i> ("Middle Kingdom") in Manchu.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qing_shilu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qing shilu (page does not exist)">Qing shilu</a></i> the lands of the Qing state (including Manchuria and present-day Xinjiang, Mongolia, and Tibet) are thus identified as "the Middle Kingdom" in both the Chinese and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> languages in roughly two-thirds of the cases, while the term refers to the traditional Chinese provinces populated by the Han in roughly one third of the cases. It was also common to use "China" (<i>Zhongguo</i>, <i>Dulimbai gurun</i>) to refer to the Qing in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs. In diplomatic documents, the term "Chinese language" (<i>Dulimbai gurun i bithe</i>) referred to the Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國人 Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all Han, Manchus, and Mongol subjects of the Qing. The Qing explicitly stated that the lands in Manchuria belonged to "China" (Zhongguo, Dulimbai gurun) in Qing edicts and in the 1689 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_change">Population change</h3></div> <p>Despite migration restrictions, Qing rule saw massively increasing numbers of Han Chinese both illegally and legally streaming into Manchuria and settling down to cultivate land – Manchu landlords desired Han Chinese peasants to rent their land and to grow grain; most Han Chinese migrants were not evicted as they crossed the Great Wall and Willow Palisade. During the eighteenth century Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares of privately owned land in Manchuria and 203,583 hectares of lands which were part of courier stations, noble estates, and Banner lands; in garrisons and towns in Manchuria Han Chinese made up 80% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Qing resettled Han Chinese farmers from north China to the area along the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> in order to restore the land to cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han Chinese squatters reclaimed wasteland, and other Han rented land from Manchu landlords.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century, despite officially prohibiting Han Chinese settlement on Manchu and Mongol lands, the Qing decided to settle Han refugees from northern China – who were suffering from famine, floods, and drought – into Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, so that Han Chinese farmed 500,000 hectares in Manchuria and tens of thousands of hectares in Inner Mongolia by the 1780s.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1735–1796</span>) allowed Han Chinese peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite his having issued edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han Chinese then streamed into Manchuria, both illegally and legally, over the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Willow_Palisade" title="Willow Palisade">Willow Palisade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese tenant farmers rented or even claimed title to land from the "imperial estates" and Manchu Bannerlands in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides moving into the Liao area in southern Manchuria, Han Chinese settled the path linking <a href="/wiki/Jinzhou" title="Jinzhou">Jinzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Fengtian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tieling" title="Tieling">Tieling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulun_Buir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulun Buir">Hulun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ningguta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningguta">Ningguta</a> during the Qianlong Emperor's reign, and Han Chinese had become the majority in urban areas of Manchuria by 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase the Imperial Treasury's revenue, the Qing sold formerly Manchu-only lands along the <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Sungari</a> to Han Chinese at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Daoguang_Emperor" title="Daoguang Emperor">Daoguang Emperor</a>'s 1820–1850 reign, and Han Chinese filled up most of Manchuria's towns by the 1840s, according to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_R%C3%A9gis_Huc" title="Évariste Régis Huc">Abbé Huc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demographic change was not caused solely by Han migration. Manchus also refused to stay in Manchuria. In the late 18th century, Manchus in Beijing were sent to Manchuria as part of a plan to reduce the burden on the court, but they tried to return by every means possible. With the exception of 20,000 to 30,000 soldiers and their families and a military colony established in the 1850s, Manchuria was devoid of Manchus. By 1900, 15 million of Manchuria's 17 million inhabitants were Han Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 636">: 636 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamsa20208_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamsa20208-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/220px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/330px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg/440px-MANCHURIA-U.S.S.R_BOUNDARY_Ct002999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the original border (in pink) between Manchuria and Russia according to the Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689, and subsequent losses of territory to Russia in the treaties of Aigun 1858 (beige) and Peking 1860 (red)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG/220px-Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG/330px-Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG/440px-Kitaiskaia_Street_in_Harbin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>'s Kitayskaya Street (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> for "Chinese Street"), now <a href="/wiki/Central_Street_(Harbin)" title="Central Street (Harbin)">Zhongyang Street</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> for "Central Street"), before 1945</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasions">Russian invasions</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a> was met with indigenous resistance to colonization, but <a href="/wiki/Russian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Cossacks">Russian Cossacks</a> crushed the natives. The conquest of Siberia and Manchuria also resulted in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a>. Historian John F. Richards wrote: "... New diseases weakened and demoralized the indigenous peoples of Siberia. The worst of these was <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> "because of its swift spread, the high death rates, and the permanent disfigurement of survivors." ... In the 1690s, smallpox epidemics reduced Yukagir numbers by an estimated 44 percent."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the behest of people like <a href="/wiki/Vasilii_Poyarkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasilii Poyarkov">Vasilii Poyarkov</a> in 1645 and <a href="/wiki/Yerofei_Khabarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerofei Khabarov">Yerofei Khabarov</a> in 1650, Russian Cossacks killed some peoples like the <a href="/wiki/Daur_people" title="Daur people">Daur people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> to the extent that some authors speak of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Daurs initially deserted their villages since they had heard about the cruelty of the Russians the first time Khabarov came.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second time he came, the Daurs decided to do battle against the Russians instead, but were slaughtered by Russian guns.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians came to be known as "red-beards".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amur natives called Russian Cossacks <i>luocha</i> (羅剎), after demons in Buddhist mythology, because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribespeople, who were subjects of the Qing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing viewed Russian proselytization of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> to the indigenous peoples along the Amur River as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858 Russian diplomacy forced a weakening Qing dynasty to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a>. In 1860, with the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Treaty of Peking</a>, the Russians managed to obtain a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the <a href="/wiki/Ussuri_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ussuri River">Ussuri River</a>. As a result, Manchuria became divided into a Russian half (known as <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> or Russian Manchuria), and a remaining Chinese region (known as Manchuria). In modern literature, "Manchuria" usually refers to Manchuria in China.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the Treaties of Aigun and Peking, Qing China lost access to the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_after_1860">History after 1860</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg/170px-1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg/255px-1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg/340px-1940_Manchurian_visa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>1940 <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> visa issued at Hamburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Manchuria in China also came under strong Russian influence with the building of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Eastern_Railway" title="Chinese Eastern Railway">Chinese Eastern Railway</a> through <a href="/wiki/Harbin,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbin, China">Harbin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></i> movement, many <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> farmers, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong peninsula">Shandong peninsula</a> moved there. By 1921, Harbin, northern Manchuria's largest city, had a population of 300,000, including 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Russians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan replaced Russian influence in the southern half of Manchuria as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> in 1904–1905. Most of the southern branch of the Chinese Eastern Railway was transferred from Russia to Japan, and became the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway">South Manchurian Railway</a>. Japanese influence extended into <a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, but Outer Manchuria had reverted to Soviet control by 1925. Manchuria was an important region due to its rich natural resources including coal, fertile soil, and various minerals. For <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">pre–World War II Japan</a>, Manchuria was an essential source of raw materials. Without occupying Manchuria, the Japanese probably could not have carried out their plan for conquest over Southeast Asia or taken the risk of attacking the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a major <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a> in 1910–1911, likely caused by the inexperienced hunting of <a href="/wiki/Marmots" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmots">marmots</a>, many of whom are diseased. The cheap railway transport and the harsh winters, where the hunters sheltered in close confinement, helped to propagate the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response required close coordination between the Chinese, Russian and Japanese authorities and international disease experts held an 'International Plague Conference' in the northern city of Shenyang after the disease was under control to learn the lessons.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was reported that among Banner people, both Manchu and Chinese (Hanjun) in Aihun, Heilongjiang in the 1920s, would seldom marry with Han civilians, but they (Manchu and Chinese Bannermen) would mostly intermarry with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owen Lattimore reported that during his January 1930 visit to Manchuria, he studied a community in Jilin (Kirin), where both Manchu and Chinese Bannermen were settled at a town called Wulakai, and eventually the Chinese Bannermen there could not be differentiated from Manchus since they were effectively Manchufied (assimilated). The Han civilian population was in the process of absorbing and mixing with them when Lattimore wrote his article.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchukuo_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manchukuo_map.png/220px-Manchukuo_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manchukuo_map.png/330px-Manchukuo_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manchukuo_map.png/440px-Manchukuo_map.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> (1933–1945)</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the time of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> established himself as a powerful <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> with influence over most of Manchuria. During his rule, the Manchurian economy grew tremendously, backed by the immigration of Chinese from other parts of China. The Japanese assassinated him on 2 June 1928, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanggutun Incident">Huanggutun Incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> in 1931 and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, the Japanese declared Manchuria an "independent state", and appointed the deposed Qing emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Under Japanese control, Manchuria was brutally run, with a systematic campaign of terror and intimidation against the local populations including arrests, organised riots and other forms of subjugation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchukuo was used by Japan as a base to invade the rest of China. At that time, hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers arrived in Manchuria</a>. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> had agreed that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> would declare war on Japan within three months after <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Germany surrendered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, in August the Soviet Union issued its <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declaration of war</a> and launched the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a>. Soon afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Party">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> (Kuomintang) started fighting for control over Manchuria. The communists won in the <a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Liaoshen Campaign">Liaoshen Campaign</a> and took complete control over Manchuria. With the encouragement of the Soviet Union, Manchuria was then used as a <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging ground</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, which emerged victorious in 1949. Ambiguities in the treaties that ceded Outer Manchuria to Russia led to disputes over the political status of several islands. The Kuomintang government in Taiwan (Formosa) complained to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, which passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_505" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505">resolution 505</a> on February 1, 1952, denouncing Soviet actions over the violations of the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a>. </p><p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, this ambiguity led to armed conflict in 1969, called the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a>, resulting in an agreement. In 2004, Russia agreed to transfer <a href="/wiki/Yinlong_Island" title="Yinlong Island">Yinlong Island</a> and one half of <a href="/wiki/Heixiazi_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heixiazi Island">Heixiazi Island</a> to China, ending an enduring border dispute. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Indigenous peoples of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northeast_China" title="Religion in Northeast China">Religion in Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungusic peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elliot_2000-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliot_2000_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945">Elliot 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa20025_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarangoa2002">Narangoa 2002</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLi_Narangoa2002" class="citation journal cs1">Li Narangoa (2002). "The Power of Imagination: Whose Northeast and Whose Manchuria?". <i>Inner Asia</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Brill: 3–25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23615422">23615422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inner+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Imagination%3A+Whose+Northeast+and+Whose+Manchuria%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-25&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23615422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Li+Narangoa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrummitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Brummitt, R.K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf"><i>World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions: Edition 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG). p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Geographical+Scheme+for+Recording+Plant+Distributions%3A+Edition+2&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=International+Working+Group+on+Taxonomic+Databases+For+Plant+Sciences+%28TDWG%29&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Brummitt&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted_sites%2Ftdwg%2FTDWG_geo2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the sense used, e.g., in the <a href="/wiki/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions" title="World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions">World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a> (2001), Article 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Complementary_Agreement_between_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_and_the_Russian_Federation_on_the_Eastern_Section_of_the_China-Russia_Boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary">Complementary Agreement between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary</a> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJo8AAAAIAAJ">Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volumes 11–12</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111259/https://books.google.com/books?id=dJo8AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1867, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1911"><i>EB</i> (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tatsuo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tatsuo_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakami Tatsuo. "Qing China's Northeast Crescent: The Great Game." <i>The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, Volume 2.</i> David Wolff et al., eds. Brill, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA514#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 514.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111300/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&pg=PA514">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004154162" title="Special:BookSources/9789004154162">9789004154162</a><i>"The use of the term 'Manchuria' as a place-name had begun with the Japanese in the eighteenth century, and it was later introduced to Europe by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>" [1796–1866].<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="#CITEREFGiles1912">Giles 1912</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinamanchus00gile/page/8">p. 8</a> </i>"It may be noted here that 'Manchuria' is unknown to the Chinese or to the Manchus themselves as a geographical expression. The present [1912] extensive home of the Manchus is usually spoken of as the Three Eastern Provinces,..."<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945">Elliot 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126060127/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658945">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japanese1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japanese1_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA159">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111259/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA159">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="#CITEREFPozzi2006">Pozzi 2006</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japanese2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-japanese2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA167">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111300/https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA167">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><a href="#CITEREFPozzi2006">Pozzi 2006</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elliott_2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_2001_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elliott_2001_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark C. Elliott. <i>The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China.</i> Stanford University Press, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qtgoTIAiKUC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 63.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804746847" title="Special:BookSources/9780804746847">9780804746847</a> <i>"...the name 'Manchu' was officially adopted in 1635 as the name for all Jurchen people."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamanoi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tamanoi_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tamanoi_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658656">Tamanoi 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702073843/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2658656">Archived</a> 2 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamanoi20052-3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamanoi2005">Tamanoi 2005</a>, p. 2-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forêt2000-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forêt2000_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippe_Forêt2000" class="citation book cs1">Philippe Forêt (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&pg=PR16&dq=gioro"><i>Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2293-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2293-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2293-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Chengde%3A+The+Qing+Landscape+Enterprise&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2293-4&rft.au=Philippe+For%C3%AAt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAfF7d-7ysEC%26pg%3DPR16%26dq%3Dgioro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamsa20206-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamsa20206_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamsa2020">Gamsa 2020</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pjbx91hb_gC&pg=PA219">Smith 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111301/https://books.google.com/books?id=2pjbx91hb_gC&pg=PA219">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200212_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarangoa2002">Narangoa 2002</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&pg=PA114">ed. Edgington 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111300/https://books.google.com/books?id=El9Lj_EKzBAC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormack 1977, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4">p. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111301/https://books.google.com/books?id=GoSrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarangoa200218-19-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarangoa200218-19_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarangoa2002">Narangoa 2002</a>, p. 18-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA55">Crossley 1999</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111302/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wn4iv_RJv8oC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clausen-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clausen_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clausen_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Søren Clausen and Stig Thøgersen. <i>The Making of a Chinese City: History and Historiography in Harbin.</i> M. E. Sharpe, 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">p. 7.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111302/https://books.google.com/books?id=RpIvpEjlEJQC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563244766" title="Special:BookSources/9781563244766">9781563244766</a> <i>"In 1653 Jilin became an independent administrative unit, and in 1683 Heilongjiang was separated from Jilin. From then on, the three districts of Fengtian (roughly equivalent to present-day Liaoning), Jilin, and Heilongjiang became known as the "Three Eastern Provinces" (</i>San dong sheng<i>) although Jilin and Heilongjiang had not functioned as provinces in the full sense of the word until 1907–08."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3utRAQAAIAAJ&q=chahars+hunghutze&dq=chahars+hunghutze"><i>Oriental Affairs: A Monthly Review</i></a>. 1935. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Affairs%3A+A+Monthly+Review&rft.pages=189&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3utRAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dchahars%2Bhunghutze%26dq%3Dchahars%2Bhunghutze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thoughtco-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/where-is-manchuria-195353">"The Controversial Manchuria"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=The+Controversial+Manchuria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhere-is-manchuria-195353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosie1910" class="citation book cs1">Hosie, Alexander (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manchuriaitspeop00hosi/page/n12"><i>Manchuria; its people, resources and recent history</i></a>. Boston: J. B. Millet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchuria%3B+its+people%2C+resources+and+recent+history&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=J.+B.+Millet&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hosie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanchuriaitspeop00hosi%2Fpage%2Fn12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByington2016" class="citation book cs1">Byington, Mark E. (2016). <i>The Ancient State of Puyŏ in Northeast Asia: Archaeology and Historical Memory</i>. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 11, 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73719-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-73719-8"><bdi>978-0-674-73719-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+State+of+Puy%C5%8F+in+Northeast+Asia%3A+Archaeology+and+Historical+Memory&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Massachusetts%29+and+London&rft.pages=11%2C+13&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-73719-8&rft.aulast=Byington&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamang2016" class="citation book cs1">Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NPMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132228004" title="Special:BookSources/9788132228004"><bdi>9788132228004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Fermented+Foods+and+Alcoholic+Beverages+of+Asia&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.isbn=9788132228004&rft.aulast=Tamang&rft.aufirst=Jyoti+Prakash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NPMDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSon2000" class="citation book cs1">Son, Chang-Hee (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7-SCzkMZgAC&pg=PA81"><i>Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-1860-1"><bdi>978-0-7618-1860-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haan+%28han%2C+Han%29+of+Minjung+Theology+and+Han+%28han%2C+Han%29+of+Han+Philosophy%3A+In+the+Paradigm+of+Process+Philosophy+and+Metaphysics+of+Relatedness&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-1860-1&rft.aulast=Son&rft.aufirst=Chang-Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7-SCzkMZgAC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2016" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Stella (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O1wPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Reconstructing Ancient Korean History: The Formation of Korean-ness in the Shadow of History</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-2145-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-2145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Ancient+Korean+History%3A+The+Formation+of+Korean-ness+in+the+Shadow+of+History&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-2145-1&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1wPDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallie" class="citation web cs1">Kallie, Szczepanski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/where-is-manchuria-195353">"A Brief History of Manchuria"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Manchuria&rft.aulast=Kallie&rft.aufirst=Szczepanski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fwhere-is-manchuria-195353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimore1934" class="citation journal cs1">Lattimore, Owen (1934). "The Mongols of Manchuria". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>68</b> (4). George Allen and Unwin, Ltd.: 714–715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00085245">10.1017/S0035869X00085245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mongols+of+Manchuria&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=714-715&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00085245&rft.aulast=Lattimore&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamanoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Tamanoi, Mariko (2009). <i>Memory Maps: The State and Manchuria in Postwar Japan</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+Maps%3A+The+State+and+Manchuria+in+Postwar+Japan&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tamanoi&rft.aufirst=Mariko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishimuraKuroda2009" class="citation book cs1">Nishimura, Hirokazu; Kuroda, Susumu (2009). <i>A Lost Mathematician, Takeo Nakasawa: The Forgotten Father of Matroid Theory</i>. Springer. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Lost+Mathematician%2C+Takeo+Nakasawa%3A+The+Forgotten+Father+of+Matroid+Theory&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nishimura&rft.aufirst=Hirokazu&rft.au=Kuroda%2C+Susumu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bogatikov, Oleg Alekseevich (2000); <i>Magmatism and Geodynamics: Terrestrial Magmatism throughout the Earth's History</i>; pp. 150–151; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5699-168-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-5699-168-X">90-5699-168-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kropotkin, Prince P.; "Geology and Geo-Botany of Asia"; in <i>Popular Science</i>, May 1904; pp. 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juo, A. S. R. and Franzlübbers, Kathrin Tropical Soils: Properties and Management for Sustainable Agriculture; pp. 118–119; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511598-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511598-8">0-19-511598-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602163920/http://www.amlinkint.com/English/travel-to-china/images/about-china-annual-precipit.jpg">"Average Annual Precipitation in China"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amlinkint.com/English/travel-to-china/images/about-china-annual-precipit.jpg">the original</a> on 2 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Annual+Precipitation+in+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amlinkint.com%2FEnglish%2Ftravel-to-china%2Fimages%2Fabout-china-annual-precipit.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaisha, Tesudo Kabushiki and Manshi, Minami; <i>Manchuria: Land of Opportunities</i>; pp. 1–2; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-110-97760-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-110-97760-3">1-110-97760-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaisha and Manshi; <i>Manchuria</i>; pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050425193134/http://www.eas.slu.edu/People/KChauff/earth_history/4EH-posted.pdf">Earth History 2001</a> (page 15)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of China</i>, Vol. 03: "Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part 1," at 32, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA227">Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands By Mark Hudson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111803/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&pg=PA227">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li>Ledyard, 1983, 323</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berger, Patricia A. <i>Empire of emptiness: Buddhist art and political authority in Qing China</i>. p.25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley2002" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hbEwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196"><i>A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology</i></a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23424-6"><bdi>978-0-520-23424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Translucent+Mirror%3A+History+and+Identity+in+Qing+Imperial+Ideology&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23424-6&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhbEwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214">Forsyth 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111804/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA214">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/bloodiest-conflicts-in-chinese-history-2014-10">"5 Of The 10 Deadliest Wars Began In China"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=5+Of+The+10+Deadliest+Wars+Began+In+China&rft.date=2014-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbloodiest-conflicts-in-chinese-history-2014-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliott, Mark C. "The Limits of Tartary: Manchuria in Imperial and National Geographies." <i>Journal of Asian Studies</i> 59, no. 3 (2000): 603–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2658945">10.2307/2658945</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NESwGW_5uLoC&pg=PA117">Hauer 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116111804/https://books.google.com/books?id=NESwGW_5uLoC&pg=PA117">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 117. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80">Dvořák 1895</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112044/https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 80.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&pg=PA102">Wu 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112043/https://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 102.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">Zhao 2006</a>, pp. 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141">Richards 2003</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112050/https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126032156/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126032156/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon-Anderson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Reardon-Anderson, James (2000). "Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia During the Qing Dynasty". <i>Environmental History</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 503–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3985584">10.2307/3985584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">3985584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Land+Use+and+Society+in+Manchuria+and+Inner+Mongolia+During+the+Qing+Dynasty&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=503-509&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3985584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3985584%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Reardon-Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf">Scharping 1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006200908/http://www.phil-fak.uni-koeln.de/fileadmin/chinastudien/papers/No_1998-1.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2003" class="citation cs2">Richards, John F. (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&pg=PA141"><i>The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 141, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23075-0"><bdi>978-0-520-23075-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Frontier%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23075-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ5KbXYhEB8C%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126032156/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126032156/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Reardon-Anderson 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170126032156/http://www.jstor.org/stable/3985584">Archived</a> 26 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamsa20208-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamsa20208_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamsa2020">Gamsa 2020</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2003" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA538"><i>The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 538. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-93935-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-93935-2"><bdi>0-520-93935-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unending+Frontier%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-520-93935-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di85noYD9C0EC%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisher, Jamie (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mg6RAgAAQBAJ"><i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76595-8"><bdi>978-1-135-76595-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>Armed resistance against the Russian conquest begat slaughters by both invaders and the original inhabitants, but the worst cases led to genocide of indigenous groups such as the Dauri people on the Amur River, who were hunted down and butchered during campaigns by Vasilii Poyarkov about 1645 and Yerofei Khabarov in 1650.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Terror%3A+Cossack+Warlords+of+the+Trans-Siberian&rft.place=London&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76595-8&rft.aulast=Bisher&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMg6RAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/15108641">"The Amur's siren song"</a>. <i>The Economist</i> (From the print edition: Christmas Specials ed.). 17 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Amur%27s+siren+song&rft.date=2009-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15108641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA104">Forsyth 1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112044/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC&pg=PA104">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA64">Stephan 1996</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA64">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/EmoryEndeavors4Complete.pdf">Kang 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523204757/http://history.emory.edu/home/assets/documents/endeavors/volume4/EmoryEndeavors4Complete.pdf">Archived</a> 23 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169">Kim 2012/2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012195320/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.56.2013.0169">Archived</a> 12 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Manchuria">"Manchuria | historical region, China | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Manchuria+%7C+historical+region%2C+China+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FManchuria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFC5ynXN2YC&pg=PA68">Memories of Dr. Wu Lien-teh, plague fighter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112046/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxFC5ynXN2YC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Yu-lin Wu (1995). <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. p.68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-02-2287-4" title="Special:BookSources/981-02-2287-4">981-02-2287-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Behr, <i>The Last Emperor</i>, 1987, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11">"Manchurian plague, 1910–11"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308205528/https://disasterhistory.org/the-manchurian-plague-1910-11">Archived</a> 8 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, disasterhistory.org, Iain Meiklejohn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/18/china/great-manchurian-plague-china-hnk-intl/index.html">In 1911, another epidemic swept through China. That time, the world came together.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419065959/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/18/china/great-manchurian-plague-china-hnk-intl/index.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> CNN, April 19, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA263">Rhoads 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116112046/https://books.google.com/books?id=tgq1miGno-4C&pg=PA263">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/535718">Lattimore 1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161012092825/https://www.jstor.org/stable/535718">Archived</a> 12 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Behr, <i>ibid</i>, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Behr, <i>ibid</i>, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/yalta-conference">"Yalta Conference"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History.com" class="mw-redirect" title="History.com">history.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a>. 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.com&rft.atitle=Yalta+Conference&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fworld-war-ii%2Fyalta-conference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisher2006" class="citation book cs1">Bisher, Jamie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28iPAgAAQBAJ"><i>White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian</i></a>. 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University of Washington Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95514-7">0-295-95514-7</a>.</li> <li>KISHI Toshihiko, MATSUSHIGE Mitsuhiro and MATSUMURA Fuminori eds, 20 Seiki Manshu Rekishi Jiten [Encyclopedia of 20th Century Manchuria History], Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kobunkan, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4642014694" title="Special:BookSources/978-4642014694">978-4642014694</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wu, Shuhui (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqVug_wN4hEC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Die Eroberung von Qinghai unter Berücksichtigung von Tibet und Khams 1717–1727: anhand der Throneingaben des Grossfeldherrn Nian Gengyao</i></a>. Vol. 2 of Tunguso Sibirica (reprint ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03756-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03756-3"><bdi>3-447-03756-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Eroberung+von+Qinghai+unter+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+von+Tibet+und+Khams+1717%E2%80%931727%3A+anhand+der+Throneingaben+des+Grossfeldherrn+Nian+Gengyao&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-447-03756-3&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Shuhui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqVug_wN4hEC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Harrassowitz_Verlag2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wolff, David; Steinberg, John W., eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlg0lM8f9Y4C&printsec=frontcover"><i>The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective: World War Zero, Volume 2</i></a>. Vol. 2 of The Russo-Japanese War in Global Perspective (illustrated ed.). BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004154162" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004154162"><bdi>978-9004154162</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russo-Japanese+War+in+Global+Perspective%3A+World+War+Zero%2C+Volume+2&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004154162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxlg0lM8f9Y4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Gang (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf">"Reinventing China Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Modern China</i>. <b>32</b> (1). Sage Publications: 3–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0097700405282349">10.1177/0097700405282349</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20062627">20062627</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract">the original</a> on 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+China&rft.atitle=Reinventing+China+Imperial+Qing+Ideology+and+the+Rise+of+Modern+Chinese+National+Identity+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-30&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0097700405282349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20062627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Gang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmcx.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F32%2F1%2F3.abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchuria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Manchuria" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Manchuria">Manchuria</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Manchooria" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Manchooria">Manchooria</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Manchuria" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manchuria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manchuria">Manchuria</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manchuria_AMS_Topographic_Maps" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manchuria AMS Topographic Maps">Manchuria AMS Topographic Maps</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Manchuria&params=43_N_125_E_dim:1000km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°N</span> <span class="longitude">125°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43°N 125°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43; 125</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316429923">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158268759">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074528-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080399">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79144956">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Modern Ukraine</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=63542">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" 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