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style="display:none">Unitarian Christian denomination</div> <p><b>Biblical unitarianism</b><sup id="cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (otherwise capitalized as <b>biblical Unitarianism</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillsky-Ciollo2015xix_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsky-Ciollo2015xix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes abbreviated as <b>BU</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a> whose adherents affirm the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Bible</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sole authority</a>, and from it base their beliefs that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> is <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">one singular being</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> is God's son but not divine.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "biblical Unitarianism" is connected first with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spears_(minister)" title="Robert Spears (minister)">Robert Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe_(scholar)" title="Samuel Sharpe (scholar)">Samuel Sharpe</a> of the <i>Christian Life</i> magazine in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a>) that gained increasing currency in <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">nontrinitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">literature</a> during the 20th century as the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian churches</a> moved away from mainstream church traditions and, in some instances in the United States, towards merger with <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It has been used since the late 19th century by conservative Christian Unitarians, and sometimes by historians, to refer to scripture-fundamentalist Unitarians of the 16th–18th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Unitarianism#Denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Unitarianism">A few denominations</a> use this term to describe themselves, clarifying the distinction between them and those churches which, from the late 19th century, evolved into <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">modern British Unitarianism</a> and, primarily in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism" title="History of Unitarianism">history of Unitarianism</a> was as a "scripturally oriented movement" which <a href="/wiki/Antitrinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrinitarianism">denied the Trinity</a><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held various <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">understandings of Jesus</a>. Over time, however—specifically, in the mid-19th century—some proponents of Unitarianism moved away from a belief in the necessity of the Bible as the source of religious truth.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomenclature "biblical" in "biblical Unitarianism" is to identify the groups which did not make such a move.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Unitarians_and_the_Bible">Early Unitarians and the Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Unitarians and the Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Biblical_unitarianism#Balance_in_'Early_Unitarians_and_the_Bible'" title="Talk:Biblical unitarianism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Biblical unitarians claim that history shows that the earliest Christians (especially in the first century CE) believed in one God and did not believe that Jesus was himself God.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their beliefs are based primarily on arguments that both Old Testament and New Testament describe a strictly Unitarian theology with no explicit description of God as three co-equal persons of one substance, and that Trinitarianism is a theory that was developed by some church leaders over the course of centuries, heavily influenced by their contemporary cultures and philosophies. It was not until disputes with <a href="/wiki/Arius" title="Arius">Arius</a> that unitarianism began to be labeled as heretical. </p><p>To support these arguments Biblical unitarians point to the statements of the Bible that consistently proclaim the unity of God along with descriptions of Jesus as God’s anointed, human Messiah—distinct from and subordinate to God. For example: “One God, the Father," and "One Lord, Jesus the Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also historical evidence for the gradual development of Trinitarian doctrine from the second century through the fourth century,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating in the formal statement of the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Council of Constantinople</a> in 381 CE. </p><p>Historians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Huntston_Williams" title="George Huntston Williams">George Huntston Williams</a> (1914–2000) rarely employ the term "biblical Unitarian," as it would be anachronistic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those individuals and congregations that we may now think of as Unitarians went through a range of beliefs about Jesus: that he was eternally <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence_of_Christ" title="Pre-existence of Christ">pre-existent</a> but was created by God the Father (<a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>); or that God the Father and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> were two distinct Gods (<a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a>); or that he originated at the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a>); or that he was simply a godly man (<a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psilanthropism" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilanthropism">Psilanthropism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For early unitarians such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hedworth" title="Henry Hedworth">Henry Hedworth</a>, who introduced the term "Unitarian" from Holland into England in 1673, the idea that Unitarianism was "Biblical" was <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axiomatic</a>, since the whole thrust of the 16th and 17th century Unitarian and Arian movements was based on <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> argumentation from Scripture, as in the case of the Christological writings of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Unitarian_Churches_(1774_onwards)"><span id="The_Unitarian_Churches_.281774_onwards.29"></span>The Unitarian Churches (1774 onwards)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Unitarian Churches (1774 onwards)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Lindsey" title="Theophilus Lindsey">Theophilus Lindsey</a> established the first avowedly Unitarian church in England in 1774 at <a href="/wiki/Essex_Street_Chapel" title="Essex Street Chapel">Essex Street Chapel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> was against the law until the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Trinity_Act_1813" title="Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813">Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813</a>, but legal difficulties with the authorities were overcome with the help of barrister <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_(Attorney-General)" title="John Lee (Attorney-General)">John Lee</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General">Attorney General</a>. Unitarians of this time continued to consider their teachings as "Biblical", though increasingly questioning the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration of the Bible</a> and the accounts of the miraculous.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters#Rational_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Rational Dissenters</a> for more.) Divergence in the Unitarian Church was increasingly evident after 1800 with the majority following the rationalist views of writers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Belsham" title="Thomas Belsham">Thomas Belsham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(Unitarian)" title="Richard Wright (Unitarian)">Richard Wright</a>, who wrote against the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">miraculous conception</a>, while a minority held to the views of traditionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">Unitarian Church of Transylvania</a> remained a conservative "Biblical" Unitarian movement largely isolated from developments in <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> until the 1830s. The <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Universae_Theologiae_Christianae_secundum_Unitarios" title="Summa Universae Theologiae Christianae secundum Unitarios">Summa Universae Theologiae Christianae secundum Unitarios</a></i> (1787) represents a conservative position which held into the late 19th century. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">New Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> notes that the <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalist">Transcendentalist</a> movement of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> "shattered rationalist, biblical Unitarianism — now grown conservative — and replaced it with intuitional religion and social idealism. When Unitarianism spread to the newly opened <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Middle West</a>, its religious fundamentals changed to human aspiration and scientific truth, rather than Christianity and the Bible."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_uses_of_the_term">First uses of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First uses of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early example of the term "Biblical Unitarianism" occurs in the <i>British and Foreign Evangelical Review</i> (1882) in an article on the "Waning of Biblical Unitarianism".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following year, <a href="/wiki/Peter_William_Clayden" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter William Clayden">Peter William Clayden</a>'s biography of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sharpe_(scholar)" title="Samuel Sharpe (scholar)">Samuel Sharpe</a> (1883) describes him as a "Biblical Unitarian", adding, "His intensely practical mind, and his business training, joined with his great though rational reverence for the Bible, made him long for definite views expressed in scripture language."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The context of the term in the above examples relates to the tension from the 1830s onward between more traditional and relatively scripture-fundamentalist Unitarians and those advocating a freer approach such as transcendentalists <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Martineau" title="James Martineau">James Martineau</a>. This conflict came to a head in 1876 when <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spears_(minister)" title="Robert Spears (minister)">Robert Spears</a> resigned from the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Unitarian_Association" title="British and Foreign Unitarian Association">British and Foreign Unitarian Association</a> and, with the support of Sharpe, a former president of the Association, began to publish a rival magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, Sharpe is referred to again by <a href="/wiki/John_M._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Robertson">John M. Robertson</a> (1929) as a "Biblical Unitarian," <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adds that Sharpes' magazine, <i>The Christian Life</i>, was largely aimed at combatting growing <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a> in Unitarian pulpits. However, though Sharpe may have used the term, and later been called, "Biblical Unitarian", he did not set up any lobby group of that name within Unitarianism. </p><p>The label of "Biblical Unitarianism" is also attributed to earlier generations than Sharpe by Henry Gow (1928), who even compares this with "Channing Unitarianism", a reference to the still relatively scripture-fundamentalist views of <a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "... and for a time, Unitarianism became the faith of many, if not most, of the leading citizens and thinkers of New England. As in England, it was a definitely Biblical Unitarianism."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander Elliott Peaston (1940) pinpoints 1862 as the year of change from "Biblical Unitarianism" to newer models in England,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where formerly belief in miracles and the resurrection were dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry of <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> into Unitarianism via <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Geddes" title="Alexander Geddes">Alexander Geddes</a> and others dealt a "blow at the biblical Unitarianism of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walter H. Burgess (1943) adopts the same terminology — "Biblical Unitarianism" vs. "the newer Unitarianism" — to describe the tension in Wales in the 1870s between the <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deists</a> David and Charles Lloyd vs. <a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_(Gwilym_Marles)" title="William Thomas (Gwilym Marles)">Gwilym Marles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar example occurs in quotation marks from historian Stange (1984).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earl_Morse_Wilbur" title="Earl Morse Wilbur">Earl Morse Wilbur</a>, in his monumental <i>A History of Unitarianism</i> (1945), does not describe any group by the terminology "Biblical Unitarian", though the tension between the fundamentalist origins of Unitarianism and post-Christian direction of late 19th century Unitarianism does begin to appear in the later volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_use_of_the_term">Modern use of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern use of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Spears and Sharpe made appeal to the term "Biblical Unitarianism" in <i>The Christian life</i> (e.g. Volume 5, 1880), an appeal to the concept of "Biblical Unitarianism" by individuals and churches is rare until after <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a> was formed from the merger in 1961 of two historically Christian denominations, the <a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">Universalist Church of America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">American Unitarian Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases in the 1870s where the name "Unitarian" was still considered too associated with "the narrowly Biblical type of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal theologian</a>", other names, such as "Christian Free Church", were employed.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larsen (2011) applies Spears' "biblical Unitarian" to him in regard to his 1876 resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identification of the conservative biblical-literalist strain of Unitarianism is found also in consideration of conservative Scottish Unitarians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Harris_(Unitarian)" title="George Harris (Unitarian)">George Harris</a>, described as a supporter of "old biblical Unitarianism." (Stange, 1984).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "biblical Unitarian" only begins to reappear frequently in the 1990s in the writings of those associated with a revival of interest in early Unitarian figures such as <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Sozzini" title="Fausto Sozzini">Fausto Sozzini</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Unitarian)" title="John Biddle (Unitarian)">John Biddle</a> ("the Father of English Unitarianism"<sup id="cite_ref-Milton290_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milton290-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as well as Arians like <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a>. An example is the journal <i>A Journal from the Radical Reformation, A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism</i> (1993–present).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside this historical interest in the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, during the 1990s the term "biblical unitarian" also begins to appear in antitrinitarian publications without either 'b' or 'u' capitalized.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There may be small continuing groups of Christian Unitarians descended from the Unitarian churches who look to the works of Spears, Sharpe and earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in terms of denominations today which could be identified as "biblical Unitarian", the two most visible names are the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_General_Conference" title="Church of God General Conference">Church of God General Conference</a> (CoGGC), with 5,000 members in the USA, and <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, with 60,000 members worldwide. Both of these groups share nontrinitarian, specifically <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian Christology</a>, and both have historians — <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Buzzard,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet">Anthony Buzzard</a> among CoGGC, the geographer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Eyre" title="Alan Eyre">Alan Eyre</a> among Christadelphians<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — who have acknowledged works such as the <a href="/wiki/Racovian_Catechism" title="Racovian Catechism">Racovian Catechism</a> and Biddle's <i>Twofold Catechism</i> as prefiguring and compatible with their beliefs. </p><p>Christadelphians are more reserved than CoGGC in association with the name "Unitarian", given that the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">Unitarian Church</a> still exists in Britain and many of its independent congregations are post-Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Christadelphians' early growth in Scotland in the 1850s was partly a result of intake of Scottish <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> and Free Church members including conservative Unitarians, members also came from the disaffected nontrinitarian wing of the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restoration Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_(Christadelphian)" title="John Thomas (Christadelphian)">John Thomas</a>, founder of the Christadelphians, was equally unsympathetic to Trinitarians and Unitarians, saying that an exposition of scripture clears away a lot of 'rubbish' from discussion on the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> and delivers a 'quietus' to Trinitarianism and Unitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his overview of <i>Biblical Monotheism Today</i>, along with <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> and the CoGGC, Professor <a href="/wiki/Rob_J._Hyndman" title="Rob J. Hyndman">Rob J. Hyndman</a> lists the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Hope" title="Church of the Blessed Hope">Church of God of the Abrahamic Faith</a> (aka Church of the Blessed Hope), <a href="/wiki/The_Way_International" title="The Way International">The Way International</a>, Spirit and Truth Fellowship International,<sup id="cite_ref-biblical_unitarian_spirt_and_truth_fellowship_international_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biblical_unitarian_spirt_and_truth_fellowship_international-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living Hope International Ministries, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Disciples_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Disciples Church">Christian Disciples Church</a> as current "Biblical monotheistic groups".<sup id="cite_ref-RJH_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJH-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also recognises "scattered congregations meeting independently who are unaffiliated with any denomination or para-church organization", but who might interact via networks like the Worldwide Scattered Brethren Network and the Association for Christian Development.<sup id="cite_ref-RJH_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJH-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Hall_Ethical_Society" title="Conway Hall Ethical Society">Conway Hall Ethical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newington_Green_Unitarian_Church" title="Newington Green Unitarian Church">Newington Green Unitarian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Christian_Association" title="Unitarian Christian Association">Unitarian Christian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptist_Universalist" title="Primitive Baptist Universalist">Primitive Baptist Universalists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tuggy_2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tuggy_2020_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTuggy2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tuggy, Dale (Winter 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html#18t21sCenUni">"Trinity - Unitariansm"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. The Metaphysics Research Lab, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Language_and_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of Language and Information">Center for the Study of Language and Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-5054">1095-5054</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643092515">643092515</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170311130654/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/trinity/unitarianism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>There are presently a number of small Christian groups calling themselves "biblical unitarians" (or: Christian monotheists or one God believers) to distinguish themselves from late 19th to 21st century Unitarians and Unitarian Universalists. Their arguments draw on early modern unitarian sources, while eschewing some of the idiosyncrasies of <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinus's theology</a> and most of the extra revisions of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a>-derived stream of unitarians. Like late 18th to early 19th century unitarians, they argue at length that trinitarianism has no biblical foundation, and is inconsistent with its clear teachings. They also reject trinitarianism as contradictory or unintelligible, as involving <a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatry in the Bible">idolatry</a>, and as having been, as it were, illegally imported from <a href="/wiki/Platonic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic philosophy">Platonic philosophy</a> [...]. On some issues they draw support from recent <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical scholarship</a>, for example, the point that talk of "generation" and "procession" in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> doesn't support later claims about inter-trinitarian relations [...]. Although this literature points out real tensions within contemporary theology (between text-oriented commentators and systematic theologians) it is widely ignored in academic theology and philosophy, and its adherents are generally excluded from the institutions of mainstream Christianity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trinity+-+Unitariansm&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=The+Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Center+for+the+Study+of+Language+and+Information%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643092515&rft.issn=1095-5054&rft.aulast=Tuggy&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Ftrinity%2Funitarianism.html%2318t21sCenUni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsky-Ciollo2015xix-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillsky-Ciollo2015xix_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWillsky-Ciollo2015">Willsky-Ciollo 2015</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Sue Baugh, <i>Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English</i>, Second Edition, 1994, p. 59 "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Randy Rheaume, <i>God the Son: What John’s Portrait of Jesus Means and Why it Matters</i>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2018, "Abbreviations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.ah6mw1?urlappend=%3Bseq=250%3Bownerid=27021597767153983-268">"The Christian life v.6 (1880). P244"</a>. <i>HathiTrust</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fhvd.ah6mw1?urlappend=%3Bseq=250">2027/hvd.ah6mw1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HathiTrust&rft.atitle=The+Christian+life+v.6+%281880%29.+P244&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fhvd.ah6mw1%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fhvd.ah6mw1%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D250%253Bownerid%3D27021597767153983-268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-columbia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Unitarnsm">Unitarianism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120411042118/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/encyclopedia/entry/Unitarnsm">Archived</a> 2012-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</i> (2007). Accessed 10-30-2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrman, Bart D. ‘’How Jesus Became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee.’’ HarperOne, US. 2014. ISBN 978-0-06-177818-6. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/1-Corinthians-8-6/">"1 CORINTHIANS 8:6 KJV "But to us [there is but] one God, the Father, of whom [are] all things, and we in him; and one Lord Jesus..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.kingjamesbibleonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kingjamesbibleonline.org&rft.atitle=1+CORINTHIANS+8%3A6+KJV+%22But+to+us+%5Bthere+is+but%5D+one+God%2C+the+Father%2C+of+whom+%5Bare%5D+all+things%2C+and+we+in+him%3B+and+one+Lord+Jesus...%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingjamesbibleonline.org%2F1-Corinthians-8-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvmd869b.15">"The Church of the Fathers"</a>, <i>The Fathers of the Church in Christian Theology</i>, Catholic University of America Press, pp. 191–207, 2019-07-31, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvmd869b.15">10.2307/j.ctvmd869b.15</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fathers+of+the+Church+in+Christian+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+Fathers&rft.pages=191-207&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvmd869b.15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvmd869b.15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only once in Williams, <i>The Polish Brethren: Documentation of the History and Thought of Unitarianism in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and in the Diaspora 1601–1685</i>, Scholars Press, 1980, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-343-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-343-X">0-89130-343-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The works of Sir John Suckling: Volume 1</i> ed. Thomas Clayton, Lester A. Beaurline – 1971 "'Socinianism' was both a flexible body of contemporary Biblical-Unitarian doctrine, formalized in 16th-century Italy chiefly by Faustus Socinus, and a catchword 'used to cover different kinds of unorthodox religious opinion.'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen D. Snobelen, "Isaac Newton: His life and religion," in Arri Eisen and Gary Laderman, eds., <i>Science, religion, and society: An encyclopedia of history, culture, and controversy,</i> vol. 1 (Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 2007), "A manuscript list of twelve statements distinguishing God from Christ according to his biblical unitarian theology confirms this association and reveals that it has a heretical corollary. Newton asserts that it is only the Father who is [God]."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 2. Mortimer Rowe, B.A., D.D. <i>The History of Essex Hall</i>. London: Lindsey Press, 1959. Full text reproduced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall0.shtml">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116153833/http://www.unitarian.org.uk/support/doc-EssexHall0.shtml">Archived</a> 2012-01-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Parsons <i>Religion in Victorian Britain</i> Vol 3- 1988 p80 "Comprised of two theologically incompatible strands (one Bible-based, orthodox and distinguished from the rest of evangelical dissent only by its conviction that the doctrine of the Trinity was unscriptural; the other heir to the rationalism and deism of the Enlightenment and possessed of a calm and intellectual rather than fervent and ethos, Unitarianism was always destined to be firmly middle class."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. K. Webb "Miracles in English Unitarian Thought" Essay, chapter 6 in ed. Mark S. Micale, Robert L. Dietle, Peter Gay Enlightenment, passion, modernity: historical essays in European Thought and Culture 2007 p120 cf ref 22 p423 "Compare Richard Wright, the celebrated Unitarian missionary, An Essay on the Miraculous Conception of Jesus Christ (London, 1808)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright <i>A review of the missionary life and labors of Richard Wright</i> p68 "After they were excited to think freely, some gave up the doctrine of the miraculous conception, from reading the scriptures only, and observing certain things there with which it could not be reconciled."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Spears <i>The Unitarian handbook of scriptural illustrations & expositions </i> 1883 "The prophet uses not the Hebrew word which properly signifies a virgin, but which denotes a girl, a young woman. ... Originally and literally this seems applicable only to the birth of a child, a sign to Ahaz,"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New Encyclopædia Britannica 1987 p264; same article also appears Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions – 1999, p1117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_Oswald_Dykes" title="James Oswald Dykes">James Oswald Dykes</a>, James Stuart Candlish, Joseph Samuel Exell – 1882 "Waning of Biblical Unitarianism. Testament criticism, Dr. Ezra Abbot, of the Boston Unitarian School of Divinity, and, as a member of the American Revision Company is justly looked up to as an authority in that department, has published ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clayden <i>Samuel Sharpe: Egyptologist and Translator of the Bible</i> Page 247-248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Dowley <i>Eerdman's handbook to the history of Christianity</i> 1977 p496 "But in the 1830s James Martineau and some younger Unitarians led a revolt against biblical Unitarianism and its dogmas. They advocated a less argumentative religion. They wanted a more refined, romantic and devotional spirituality."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson J. M. <i>History of Freethought in the Nineteenth Century</i> Vol2 429:"Samuel Sharpe, the scholarly "Biblical Unitarian," though he had championed the cause of James Martineau (with whom he did not agree) when the party of Grote objected to making him Professor of Philosophy at University College, spent much of his time in his latter years in combating the new movement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Princeton theological review</i>: Volume 27 (1929) "Dr. Gow stresses the fact that the older Unitarianism was professedly a Biblical Unitarianism. Its advocates rejected such doctrines as the Trinity and the Atonement not so much on the ground that they were unreasonable as on the ground that they were [unscriptural]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Gow <i>The Unitarians</i> Methuen 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peaston A. E. <i>The Prayer book reform movement in the XVIIIth century</i> 1940 <i>Until the year 1862, the theology championed by Lindsey and Priestley, and perfected by Lindsey's biographer Belsham, had been a Biblical Unitarianism, deriving its inspiration and authority from the Holy Scriptures</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Elliott Peaston <i>The Prayer book reform movement in the XVIIIth century</i> 1940 "The Book of Common Prayer as revised by Lindsey immediately attracted those Presbyterians who had been anxious for a liturgy, and whose theology, under the influence of Priestley was becoming Biblical Unitarian."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Worship and theology in England: Volume 4</i> 1970 "These four forms of corporate worship have several common characteristics and together may be regarded as typical of Biblical Unitarianism. The belief in miracles and supremely in the miracle of the Resurrection of Jesus is dominant"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Recusant history: Volume 25, Issues 1–2</i> Catholic Record Society (Great Britain) – 2000 "Geddes, indeed, dealt a potentially serious blow at the biblical Unitarianism of Joseph Priestley by his contributions to the mythological interpretation of the scriptures themselves, and by his association with the German school of biblical criticism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter H. Burgess <i>Transactions of the Unitarian Historical Society: Volumes 8–9</i> "The struggle between Biblical Unitarianism and the newer Unitarianism is seen in the controversy between Dr. Charles Lloyd, Principal of Carmarthen, and Gwilym Marles on "Saving Faith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Elwyn Davies <i>"They thought for themselves": a brief look at the story of Unitarianism in Wales</i> 1982 "And it was a disagreement regarding the above philosophical principle that caused yet another major controversy between Gwilym Marles and his old Principal Tutor at Carmarthen, Dr. David Lloyd, regarding the meaning of Saving Faith."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stange, Charles Douglas <i>British Unitarians against American slavery, 1833–65</i> – Page 54: "[George] Harris was one of the originators of the Scottish Unitarian Association in 1813, and a supporter of "old biblical Unitarianism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Unitarianism: Socinianism and Its Antecedents</i> etc., Harvard University Press, 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Pearsall Jacks, George Dawes Hicks, George Stephens Spinks <i>The Hibbert journal: Volumes 49–50</i> 1950 "But it may be of service to the reader interested in the fourth section to be reminded of the fine collections of semi-Arian and Biblical Unitarian liturgies in the libraries of Manchester College, Oxford, and the Unitarian College,"...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The London quarterly & Holborn review: Volume 169</i> 1944 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18880235" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18880235">Robert Suffield <small>(Q18880235)</small></a> was at Croydon from 1871 until 1877. It was a period of theological strain among English Unitarians. The heirs of the older Presbyterianism clung to a Biblical theology with a strongly Christocentric outlook. It was for this reason that Suffield refused to call his church by the Unitarian name, a label associated popularly with William Gaskell, Robert Spears, and the narrowly Biblical type of liberal theologian. He chose the designation of 'Free Christian Church', the title which brought him nearest to Parker and the New England Transcendentalists..... Faith finds its authority either in the intellectual and moral acceptance of some outward revelation, a church or a book, or in the alternative of an attitude of reliance upon the dictates of the individual conscience. To Suffield, the two positions were sharply divided; the older Biblical Unitarian "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Larsen <i>A People of One Book: The Bible and the Victorians</i> 2011 p143 "In 1876 (over fifteen years after Parker's death and the year before Carpenter's own death), the English biblical Unitarian Robert Spears resigned his post with the British and Foreign Unitarian Association because of a plan to republish Parker's works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas C. Stange <i>British Unitarians Against American Slavery, 1833-65</i>- 1984 p. 54 "Harris was one of the originators of the Scottish Unitarian Association in 1813, and a supporter of "old biblical Unitarianism." "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milton290-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milton290_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Christopher_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Christopher Hill">Christopher Hill</a>, <i>Milton and the English Revolution</i>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polish Socinians: FROM THE POLISH SOCINIANS TO THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION, Marian Hillar, A Journal from the Radical Reformation, A Testimony to Biblical Unitarianism, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 22–57, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. David Kemball-Cook <i>Is God a Trinity?</i> Page 64 "Graeser, Lynn and Schoenheit, in <i>One God and One Lord</i> represent the biblical unitarian view that Jesus was an anointed man. They argue against the Trinity on both logical and biblical grounds, and they reject the 'God-man' idea...""</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. R. Lackey <i>The Tyranny of the Trinity: The Orthodox Cover-up</i> 2008 Page 347 "Her strong conviction led her to collaborate with biblical unitarian authors to create a book that challenges the centuries-old man-made doctrine of the Trinity, the mainstay of ecclesiastical tradition. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Bowers <i>Joseph Priestley and English Unitarianism in America</i> – concluding chapter: 'The Death and Resurrection of English Unitarianism' – p. 251: "There are others who even hope to bring back Priestley's theology. They see Socinianism as a potentially important and shaping force in the (re)creation of a new Unitarian theology, one that returns to the old principles and teachings. <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Buzzard,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet">Anthony Buzzard</a> has been a leading Unitarian proponent in arguing for a return to Christian traditions. Joined by other theologians, including Charles F. Hunting, Buzzard has written numerous "evangelical" works (from a Unitarian standpoint), that argue for a return to a belief in Jesus as the Messiah". This model is a return to the beliefs expressed by Priestley, when he argued for the restoration of biblical faith, hoped for an increased fellowship with Christians, and at the same time, argued from scripture against the doctrine of the Trinity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyre, Alan <i>Brethren in Christ</i> CSSS Adelaide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unitarian.org.uk/">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a>, UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Andrew R. <i>The History of the Christadelphians 1864–1885: The Emergence of a Denomination</i> Shalom, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, John (1870). <i>Phanerosis: an Exposition of the Doctrine of the Old and New Testament, Concerning the Manifestation of the Invisible Eternal God in Human Nature, Etc.</i> Birmingham, p. 84 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antipas.org/books/phanerosis/david.html">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biblical_unitarian_spirt_and_truth_fellowship_international-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biblical_unitarian_spirt_and_truth_fellowship_international_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblicalunitarian.com/">"BiblicalUnitarian.com | A website about God and His son, Jesus Christ"</a>. <i>Biblical Unitarian by Spirit & Truth Fellowship International</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Unitarian+by+Spirit+%26+Truth+Fellowship+International&rft.atitle=BiblicalUnitarian.com+%7C+A+website+about+God+and+His+son%2C+Jesus+Christ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalunitarian.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJH-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RJH_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RJH_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. Hyndman, "Biblical Monotheism Today". In T. Gaston (ed.), <i>One God, the Father</i> (2013).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2007" class="citation book cs1">Bowers, J. D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVQd6MitmpoC"><i>Joseph Priestley and English Unitarianism in America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Park,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="University Park, Pennsylvania">University Park, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania State University Press">Pennsylvania State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02950-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02950-4"><bdi>978-0-271-02950-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2006100016">2006100016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Priestley+and+English+Unitarianism+in+America&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2006100016&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02950-4&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVQd6MitmpoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsky-Ciollo2015" class="citation book cs1">Willsky-Ciollo, Lydia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox1BCwAAQBAJ"><i>American Unitarianism and the Protestant Dilemma: The Conundrum of Biblical Authority</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Lexington Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-8892-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-8892-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015952384">2015952384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Unitarianism+and+the+Protestant+Dilemma%3A+The+Conundrum+of+Biblical+Authority&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015952384&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-8892-7&rft.aulast=Willsky-Ciollo&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOx1BCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABiblical+unitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblical_unitarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalunitarian.com">Biblical Unitarian</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianmonotheism.com">Christian Monotheism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revisedenglishversion.com/info/1">REV Bible</a>, Revised English Version of the Bible translated from a biblical Unitarian perspective.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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universalism">Universalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Unitarians_and_Universalists" title="International Council of Unitarians and Universalists">ICUU</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Members:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Australia and New Zealand</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australia_and_New_Zealand_Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Australia and New Zealand Unitarian Universalist Association">ANZUUA</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Canada</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarian_Council" title="Canadian Unitarian Council">CUC</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarians_for_Social_Justice" title="Canadian Unitarians for Social Justice">CUSJ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Unitarian_Universalist_Women%27s_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Unitarian Universalist Women's Association">CUUWA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USC_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="USC Canada">USCC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_Religious_Unitarian_Universalists" title="Young Religious Unitarian Universalists">YRUU</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Denmark</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarisk_Kirkesamfund" title="Unitarisk Kirkesamfund">UK</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Europe</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/European_Unitarian_Universalists" title="European Unitarian Universalists">EUU</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Germany</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Unitarier_Religionsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Unitarier Religionsgemeinschaft">DUR</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Netherlands</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vrijzinnige_Geloofsgemeenschap_NPB" title="Vrijzinnige Geloofsgemeenschap NPB">VGNPB</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Romania</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Church_of_Transylvania" title="Unitarian Church of Transylvania">UCT</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">United Kingdom</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">GAUFCC</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Christian_Association" title="Unitarian Christian Association">UCA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_College,_Manchester" title="Unitarian College, Manchester">UCM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Earth_Spirit_Network" title="Unitarian Earth Spirit Network">UESN</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Unitarian Universalist Association">UUA</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_(Unitarian_Universalist_Association)" title="General Assembly (Unitarian Universalist Association)">GA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Unitarian_Universalist_Association" title="Districts of the Unitarian Universalist Association">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">BP</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Larger_Fellowship" title="Church of the Larger Fellowship">CLF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">CUUPS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meadville_Lombard_Theological_School" title="Meadville Lombard Theological School">MLTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skinner_House_Books" title="Skinner House Books">SHB</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Starr_King_School_for_the_Ministry" title="Starr King School for the Ministry">SKSM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Buddhist_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalist Buddhist Fellowship">UUBF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Christian_Fellowship" title="Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship">UUCF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalists_for_Polyamory_Awareness" title="Unitarian Universalists for Polyamory Awareness">UUPA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Service_Committee" title="Unitarian Universalist Service Committee">UUSC</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Reorganizing groups:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalist_Religious_Society_of_Spain" title="Unitarian Universalist Religious Society of Spain">SUUE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">Associates:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Unitarian_Church" title="Norwegian Unitarian Church">NUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: transparent;">In contact:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iceland: within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Church of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#UCC_USA" title="Unitarianism">UCC USA</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Worldwide</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#Biblical_Unitarian_Movement" title="Unitarianism">BUM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarian Universalism">TU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Unitarian_Association" title="American Unitarian Association">AUA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Religious_Union" title="Young People's Religious Union">YPRU</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universalist_Church_of_America" title="Universalist Church of America">UCA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crane_Theological_School" title="Crane Theological School">CTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theological_School_of_St._Lawrence_University" title="Theological School of St. Lawrence University">TSSLU</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Christian_Union" title="Young People's Christian Union">YPCU</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism#UCMI_/_UCEC" title="Unitarianism">UCMI / UCEC</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">United Kingdom</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Unitarian_Association" title="British and Foreign Unitarian Association">BFUA</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Youth_ministry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Youth_ministry#Unitarian_Universalism" title="Youth ministry">Youth ministry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_Religious_Unitarian_Universalists" title="Young Religious Unitarian Universalists">YRUU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/About_Your_Sexuality" title="About Your Sexuality">AYS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Religious_Youth" title="Liberal Religious Youth">LRY</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Christian_Union" title="Young People's Christian Union">YPCU</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Young_People%27s_Religious_Union" title="Young People's Religious Union">YPRU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">COA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meadville_Lombard_Theological_School" title="Meadville Lombard Theological School">MLTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Our_Whole_Lives" title="Our Whole Lives">OWL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Starr_King_School_for_the_Ministry" title="Starr King School for the Ministry">SKSM</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Canada and United States</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/About_Your_Sexuality" title="About Your Sexuality">AYS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crane_Theological_School" title="Crane Theological School">CTS</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Theological_School_of_St._Lawrence_University" title="Theological School of St. Lawrence University">TSSLU</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Doctrine_and_ritual" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrine and ritual</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Biblical unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">Universal reconciliation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Christians_(Britain)" title="Free Christians (Britain)">Free Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Liberal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-language_hymnals_by_denomination#Unitarian.2C_Universalist.2C_and_Unitarian_Universalist" title="List of English-language hymnals by denomination">List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist hymnals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_chalice" title="Flaming chalice">Flaming chalice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Communion" title="Flower Communion">Flower Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Communion" title="Water Communion">Water Communion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_universalists" title="List of Christian universalists">List of Christian universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarians,_Universalists,_and_Unitarian_Universalists" title="List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists">List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian_martyrs" title="List of Unitarian martyrs">List of Unitarian martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Unitarianism" title="History of Unitarianism">History of Unitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Unitarian Universalism and LGBTQ people">Unitarian Universalism and LGBTQ people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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