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Butter churn - Wikipedia
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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_butter_churns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_butter_churns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of butter churns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_butter_churns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="إبريج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبريج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehr%C9%99" title="Nehrə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nehrə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслабойка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маслабойка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budanfassl" title="Budanfassl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Budanfassl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1selnice_(n%C3%A1doba)" title="Máselnice (nádoba) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Máselnice (nádoba)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfass" title="Butterfass – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Butterfass" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirn" title="Kirn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantequera" title="Mantequera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mantequera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurinontzi" title="Gurinontzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurinontzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baratte" title="Baratte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baratte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuinneog" title="Cuinneog – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cuinneog" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Խնոցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խնոցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_pembuat_mentega" title="Alat pembuat mentega – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alat pembuat mentega" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butyrario" title="Butyrario – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Butyrario" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strokkur_(verkf%C3%A6ri)" title="Strokkur (verkfæri) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strokkur (verkfæri)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zangola" title="Zangola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zangola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerzenka" title="Czerzenka – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czerzenka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C4%BCmuca" title="Kuļmuca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kuļmuca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rompfaass" title="Rompfaass – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rompfaass" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviestamu%C5%A1%C4%97" title="Sviestamušė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sviestamušė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6p%C3%BCl%C3%A9s" title="Köpülés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Köpülés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бутин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бутин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boterkarnton" title="Boterkarnton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boterkarnton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinne" title="Kinne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinne" title="Kinne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moyjuvoz" title="Moyjuvoz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moyjuvoz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਧਾਣੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਧਾਣੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%DD%A8%DB%8C" title="مدھاݨی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدھاݨی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maselnica" title="Maselnica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maselnica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putinei" title="Putinei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Putinei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслобойка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маслобойка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirnu" title="Kirnu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirnu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rk%C3%A4rna" title="Smörkärna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Smörkärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yay%C4%B1k" title="Yayık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yayık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маслоробка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маслоробка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serene" title="Serene – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Serene" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%97istamo%C5%A1%C4%97" title="Svėistamošė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Svėistamošė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E6%B2%B9%E6%94%AA%E6%8B%8C%E5%99%A8" title="奶油攪拌器 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this revision, which may differ significantly from the <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter_churn">current revision</a></span>.</b></p><div id="revision-info-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 23:12, 17 May 2014 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Joe.kacmarynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Joe.kacmarynski (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="609022609"><bdi>Joe.kacmarynski</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Joe.kacmarynski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Joe.kacmarynski (page does not exist)">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Joe.kacmarynski" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Joe.kacmarynski">contribs</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(<span class="autocomment"><a href="#Types_of_butter_churns">→<bdi dir="ltr">Types of butter churns</bdi></a></span>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_churn&diff=prev&oldid=609022609" title="Butter churn">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_churn&direction=prev&oldid=609022609" title="Butter churn">← Previous revision</a> | <a href="/wiki/Butter_churn" title="Butter churn">Latest revision</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_churn&diff=cur&oldid=609022609" title="Butter churn">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_churn&direction=next&oldid=609022609" title="Butter churn">Newer revision →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Butter_churn&diff=next&oldid=609022609" title="Butter churn">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leeds_butter_churn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leeds_butter_churn.jpg/220px-Leeds_butter_churn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leeds_butter_churn.jpg/330px-Leeds_butter_churn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Leeds_butter_churn.jpg/440px-Leeds_butter_churn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>A barrel-type butter churn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childbutterchurn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Childbutterchurn.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="79" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>A typical plunger-type butter churn used by American pioneers</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>butter churn</b> is a device used to convert <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> into <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a>. This is done through a mechanical process, frequently via a pole inserted through the lid of the churn, or via a crank used to turn a rotating device inside the churn. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div> <p>The agitation of the cream, caused by the mechanical motion of the device, disrupts the <a href="/wiki/Milk_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk fat">milk fat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membranes</a> that surround the fats are broken down, subsequently forming clumps known as butter grains. These butter grains, during the process of <a href="/wiki/Churning_(milk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Churning (milk)">churning</a>, fuse with each other and form larger fat globules. Air bubbles are introduced into these fat globules via the continued mechanical action of the churn. The butter grains become more dense as fat globules attach to them while the air is forced out of the mixture. This process creates a liquid known as <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>. With constant churning, the fat globules eventually form solid butter and separate from the buttermilk. The buttermilk is then drained off and the butter is squeezed to eliminate excess liquid and to form it into a solid mass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word “butter” is believed to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word bou-tyron, the approximate meaning of which is “cow cheese”. However, some believe the word came from the <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a> culture, as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> tended to herd <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Goats">goats</a>, whose milk is not as optimal for butter making as cows, which the Scythians primarily herded.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "churn" is from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>ċyrin,</i> to churn. This is probably derived from the Old English <i>cyrnel,</i> "kernel," due to the appearance of butter grains after milk has been churned.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The butter churn gave its name to the <a href="/wiki/Milk_churn" title="Milk churn">milk churn</a>, early examples of which were based on butter churns. The milk churn is not, however, used for the act of churning, but rather to transport milk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Evidence for the use of butter dates back as early as 2000 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is mention of it in <a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">biblical</a> works. The butter churn itself may have existed as early as the 6th century AD, as can be seen by what appears to be a churn lid dating from that era.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the European tradition, the butter churn was primarily a device used by women, and the churning of butter was an essential responsibility along with other household chores.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier traditions of butter making, <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> cultures placed milk in skin bags and produced butter either by shaking the bag manually, or possibly by attaching the bag to a pack animal, and producing butter simply through the movement of the animal. Some theorists believe this is how the butter creation process was discovered. Some cultures still use a process similar to this, whereby a bag is filled with milk, tied to a stick, and vigorously shaken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_butter_churns">Types of butter churns</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG/220px-%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG/330px-%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG/440px-%D4%BD%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>An old vertical butter churn in <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">Artsakh Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most historically prominent types of butter churns are the plunge churn, which is a container, usually made out of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, where the butter-making action is created by moving in a vertical motion a staff that is inserted into the top. This type of churn is also known as an ‘up and down’ churn, churning tub, plunger churn, plumping churn, knocker churn, plump-kirn, or plowt-kirn (where “kirn" is a Scots/Northern English word for churn). The staff used in the churn is known as the dash, dasher-staff, churn-staff, churning-stick, plunger, plumper, or kirn-staff.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another prominent type of churn was the paddle churn, which was a container that contained a paddle, which was operated by a handle. The paddle churned the butter inside the container when the handle was turned. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg/220px-Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg/330px-Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg/440px-Paddle_type_hand-cranked_butter_churn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Paddle type hand-cranked butter churn</figcaption></figure> <p>The barrel churn was also used extensively. This type of churn was a barrel turned onto its side with a crank attached. The crank either turned a paddle device inside the churn, as in the paddle churn, or turned the whole barrel, whose action converted the milk to butter. The barrel churn was one of the agricultural innovations of 18th century <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One particularly novel invention of note was the <a href="/wiki/Rocking_chair" title="Rocking chair">rocking chair</a> butter churn. This device, invented by Alfred Clark, consisted of a barrel attached to a rocking chair. While the rocking chair moved, the barrel moved and churned the milk within into butter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douma, Michael. Butter through the Ages. 2008. Institute for Dynamic Educational Development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.webexhibits.org/butter">http://www.webexhibits.org/butter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"churn, n." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. 2009 pg:1 -1. “Butter.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Museums of Scotland, “Churn Lid.” <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-103-159-C">http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-103-159-C</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen, Joan M. What's in a Butter Churn? Objects and Women's Oral History. 1983. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/3345974">http://www.jstor.org/stable/3345974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Old and Interesting” <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.oldandinteresting.com/history-butter-churns.aspx">http://www.oldandinteresting.com/history-butter-churns.aspx</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soilandhealth.org/03sov/0302hsted/030205ellis/030205butter.cheese.html">Ellis: Butter and Cheese, Soil And Health Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabin, L. “What a Wild Idea.” Boys’ Life, Sep 1990. 80.1, p 32.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Butter_churns" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Butter churns">Butter churns</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/butter/kitchen.html">Several types of butter churn illustrated and described</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rousek.eu/images/historie/_cz/historie-firmy-j-rousek-a-synove-v-obdobi-1912-1948-129.jpg">Traditional Czech butter churn</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Butter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Butter" title="Template:Butter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Butter" title="Template talk:Butter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Butter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Butter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Butter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda_butter" title="Vologda butter">Vologda butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter#Whey_butter" title="Butter">Whey butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_butter" title="Yak butter">Yak butter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/135px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/203px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG/270px-%C5%A0v%C3%A9dsk%C3%BD_kol%C3%A1%C4%8D_naruby_904_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="961" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dishes featuring butter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter-based sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">Beurre blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_mont%C3%A9" title="Beurre monté">Beurre monté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noir" title="Beurre noir">Beurre noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_noisette" title="Beurre noisette">Beurre noisette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_sauce" title="Café de Paris sauce">Café de Paris sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compound_butter" title="Compound butter">Compound butter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_butter" title="Garlic butter">Beurre à la bourguignonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurre_Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27H%C3%B4tel" title="Beurre Maître d'Hôtel">Beurre Maître d'Hôtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle_butter" title="Truffle butter">Truffle butter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">Butter tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_butter" title="Egg butter">Egg butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butter_dishes" title="List of butter dishes">List of butter dishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter paraphernalia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Butter churn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_curler" title="Butter curler">Butter curler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_knife" title="Butter knife">Butter knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_butter_dish" title="French butter dish">French butter dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_hands" title="Scotch hands">Scotch hands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boterwet" title="Boterwet">Boterwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfat" title="Butterfat">Butterfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_grading" title="Butter grading">Butter grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Butter_and_Egg_Board" title="Chicago Butter and Egg Board">Chicago Butter and Egg Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churning_(butter)" title="Churning (butter)">Churning</a></li> <li>Butter manufacturers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(brand)" title="Anchor (brand)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_O%27Lakes" title="Land O'Lakes">Land O'Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurpak" title="Lurpak">Lurpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_(SMC_brand)" title="Magnolia (SMC brand)">Magnolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornua" title="Ornua">Ornua</a>/Kerrygold</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plugr%C3%A0" title="Plugrà">Plugrà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_(brand)" title="Président (brand)">Président</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Star_(butter)" title="Western Star (butter)">Western Star</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Butter in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculpture" title="Butter sculpture">Butter sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamb" title="Butter lamb">Butter lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torma" title="Torma">Torma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_lamp" title="Butter lamp">Butter lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_rebellion" title="Butter rebellion">Butter rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_cat_paradox" title="Buttered cat paradox">Buttered cat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttered_toast_phenomenon" title="Buttered toast phenomenon">Buttered toast phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_butter_crisis" title="Norwegian butter crisis">Norwegian butter crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_mountain" title="Butter mountain">Butter mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_butter_flavoring" title="Artificial butter flavoring">Artificial butter flavoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_salt" title="Butter salt">Butter salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_salt" title="Dairy salt">Dairy salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spreads" title="List of spreads">List of spreads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_churning_in_Nepal" title="Butter churning in Nepal">Butter churning in Nepal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Butter" title="Category:Butter">Category: Butter</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐cc877b49b‐fgxlf Cached time: 20241127115348 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.220 seconds Real time usage: 0.274 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 464/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 19002/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 390/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 13/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 14551/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.130/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1546139/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 210.049 1 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