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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean-Martial Bineau</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Martial_Bineau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Jean-Martial_Bineau.jpg/220px-Jean-Martial_Bineau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Jean-Martial_Bineau.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="446" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jean-Martial Bineau by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Larivi%C3%A8re" title="Charles-Philippe Larivière">Charles-Philippe Larivière</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-05-18</span>)</span>18 May 1805<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gennes,_Maine-et-Loire" title="Gennes, Maine-et-Loire">Gennes, Maine-et-Loire</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 1855<span style="display:none">(1855-08-08)</span> (aged 50)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chatou" title="Chatou">Chatou</a>, Seine-et-Oise, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer, Politician</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Martial Bineau</b> (18 May 1805 – 8 September 1855) was a French engineer and politician who promoted the early development of railways in France. He was Minister of Public Works during the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>, and served as Minister of Finance from 1852 to 1855 under the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>. He pushed through measures to increase revenues and contain expenditures in the face of opposition from the legislature. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jean-Martial Bineau was born in <a href="/wiki/Gennes,_Maine-et-Loire" title="Gennes, Maine-et-Loire">Gennes, Maine-et-Loire</a>, on 28 Floreal year XIII (18 May 1805), son of Jean René Bineau (1767–1814) and Adelaide Papot (1770–1850).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had studied medicine, then became commander of the National Guard of Gennes in 1790–91, lieutenant of the grenadiers in 1792 and Commissioner of the Departmental Management Board from 1797 to 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bineau studied at <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> and Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1824 he was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickering2009441_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickering2009441-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved on to the School of Mines in 1826, and at the age of 25 became a chief engineer. He specialized in the manufacture of iron. He visited England in 1840 and published a book on the English railways. He vigorously lobbied for giving France a network of railways along the English model. In 1841 he was elected a deputy for <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> with 80% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Republic">Second Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bineau_by_Daumier_30_November_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bineau_by_Daumier_30_November_1848.jpg/220px-Bineau_by_Daumier_30_November_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Bineau_by_Daumier_30_November_1848.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> decrying Bineau's 1848 report on the Fine Arts Budget</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February Revolution</a> of 1848, by a decree of 30 March 1848 Bineau was appointed special commissioner for the railway companies of Orléans and Centre, which were both in receivership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bineau was elected to the Constituent Assembly later that year, where he voted for the Constitution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848 Bineau also taught general and statistical economics at the School of Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bineau was reelected to the Legislative Assembly in 1849, where he supported all the measures of the Bonapartists in the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated in the work of the Finance committee. He reported on a draft law of 6 June 1848 on nationalization of the railways, proposed by Duclerc, the Minister of Finance. He was strongly opposed to the measure. He was also involved in debate about the amended budget submitted by Duclerc on 28 September 1848 which called for a drastic reduction of staff in all ministerial departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bineau was given the portfolio of Minister of Public Works on 31 October 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this role he continued to promote development of the railways. He implemented a policy favorable to railway companies that gave them long-term concessions so they could extend the amortization period of shares and bonds issued to finance the work, and encouraged development of secondary lines. He resigned after <a href="/wiki/General_Changarnier" class="mw-redirect" title="General Changarnier">General Changarnier</a> was dismissed on 9 January 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bineau supported the coup of 2 December 1851 which led to the restoration of the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Empire_-_Minister_of_Finance">Second Empire - Minister of Finance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Empire - Minister of Finance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG/220px-Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG/330px-Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Bineau_en_Ioway_contre_Victor_Hugo_par_Cham.JPG 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Bineau as an "Ioway" and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, after a reduction of the budget of the Beaux-Arts</figcaption></figure> <p>After the coup Bineau supported Louis Napoleon Bonaparte and became a member of the Consultative Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed Minister of Finance on 22 January 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He replaced <a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a>, who had resigned after the decree confiscating the property of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure Bineau tried to restore fiscal balance by reducing the state's deficits and debts, and by calling for public loans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1852 Bineau reached an agreement with the Bank of France over extending the terms of repayment of loans made to the Treasury. On 14 March 1852 he obtained a reduction in debt payments by offering creditors a choice between repayment at par or accepting a reduction of interest from 5% to 4.5%, secured for ten years. Almost all of the debt was converted to the lower rate. On 17 March 1852 a budget was set for the remainder of 1852 without being submitted to the newly elected legislature. Although a deficit was forecast, the budget included a large increase in indirect taxation that was expected to generate a major reduction in the deficit by the end of the fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The budget for 1853 was smaller than that of 1852, but still showed a deficit of 43 million. The effect of the debt conversion was offset by an eight-fold increase in the salary of the President of the Republic<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an increase in the floating debt, rising from 630 million on 1 April 1852 to 891 million by year end. The budget was voted on 8 July 1852, but only after a stand-off between the government and the legislative body which was to cause a reduction of the power of the legislature to allocate the budget. The legislature also forfeited the right to control commercial treaties and special appropriations for major public works. On 23 December 1852 Bineau told the senate it was for the legislature to vote for the tax, but for the Government to decide how to best use the revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bineau_par_Cham.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Bineau_par_Cham.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption>Bineau as a butcher, cartoon by Cham</figcaption></figure> <p>By an act of 6 May 1852 all coins were to be withdrawn from circulation, some of which dated to the 17th century, and replaced by standard new copper coinage. The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Foncier_de_France" title="Crédit Foncier de France">Crédit Foncier de France</a> was authorized by decree of 28 February 1852, but ran into difficulty and on 6 July 1854 was placed under the authority of the Minister of Finance. The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier" title="Crédit Mobilier">Crédit Mobilier</a> was created by a decree of 18 November 1852 as an investment bank to promote development of industry and public works. On 7 February 1853 Bineau reported that the financial position of the Empire was good. Budget deficits were reduced, tax revenues increased and the floating debt had declined. The 1854 budget showed an increase in revenues and a smaller increase in spending. The budget was passed, but the government was criticized by the "budgetarians" for overspending and for its links to the business community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A revised law on civil service pensions was passed on 9 June 1853. On 8 March 1854 a bill was passed to float a loan to fund the expenses of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. The loan was raised through issuance of bonds to the public, an innovation. Demand greatly exceed the amount required. To meet payments on the war bonds, the 1855 budget had to increase the floating debt, and was passed with difficulty. A second war loan was authorized on 31 December 1854, and was again successful. The size of subscriptions was limited to encourage large numbers of small subscriptions by the supporters of the emperor. With deteriorating health, by the end of 1854 Beneau was forced to hand over control of the Finance ministry to Baroche.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Final_year">Final year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Final year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bineau was made a senator on 27 March 1852. He chaired the General Council of Maine-et-Loire from 1852 to 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned from the Finance ministry on 3 February 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made Inspector General of Mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon paid a tribute to Bineau in a letter published in the <i>Moniteur</i> on the day of his resignation. Early in 1855 Bineau was forced to spend time in the south of France due to health problems. He returned to Paris for the summer, then moved to <a href="/wiki/Chatou" title="Chatou">Chatou</a>, Yvelines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in Chatou on 8 September 8, 1855, aged 50.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Napoleon was President of the republic until the end of 1852, when he was proclaimed Emperor Napoleon III after a plebiscite.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008363_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008">Antonetti, Cardoni & Oliveira 2008</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes">Jean-Martial Bineau (1805–1855): Gennes</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickering2009441-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickering2009441_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPickering2009">Pickering 2009</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE">Bineau (Jean-Martial): IGPDE</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS">Bineau, Jean-Martial: CNRS</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Martial_Bineau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntonettiCardoniOliveira2008" class="citation book cs1">Antonetti, G.; Cardoni, F.; Oliveira, M. de (2008). "Bineau (Jean Martial)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/igpde/1255"><i>Les ministres des Finances de la Révolution française au Second Empire</i></a>. Histoire économique et financière - XIXe-XXe. Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique. pp. 363–401. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782821828278" title="Special:BookSources/9782821828278"><bdi>9782821828278</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bineau+%28Jean+Martial%29&rft.btitle=Les+ministres+des+Finances+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Second+Empire&rft.series=Histoire+%C3%A9conomique+et+financi%C3%A8re+-+XIXe-XXe&rft.pages=363-401&rft.pub=Institut+de+la+gestion+publique+et+du+d%C3%A9veloppement+%C3%A9conomique&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782821828278&rft.aulast=Antonetti&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Cardoni%2C+F.&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+M.+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Figpde%2F1255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Martial+Bineau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBineau,_Jean-Martial:_CNRS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lire.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/ESS/liste/bineau.pdf">"Bineau, Jean-Martial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Centre national de la recherche scientifique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bineau%2C+Jean-Martial&rft.pub=Centre+national+de+la+recherche+scientifique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flire.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr%2FESS%2Fliste%2Fbineau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Martial+Bineau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBineau_(Jean-Martial):_IGPDE" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111191616/http://www.comite-histoire.minefi.gouv.fr/admin_eco/ministere/xixe/notices-biographiques/copy2_of_copy_of_les-ministres-des-finances-de-/bineau-jean-martial">"Bineau (Jean-Martial)"</a>. IGPDE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comite-histoire.minefi.gouv.fr/admin_eco/ministere/xixe/notices-biographiques/copy2_of_copy_of_les-ministres-des-finances-de-/bineau-jean-martial">the original</a> on 2014-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bineau+%28Jean-Martial%29&rft.pub=IGPDE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comite-histoire.minefi.gouv.fr%2Fadmin_eco%2Fministere%2Fxixe%2Fnotices-biographiques%2Fcopy2_of_copy_of_les-ministres-des-finances-de-%2Fbineau-jean-martial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Martial+Bineau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Martial_Bineau_(1805–1855):_Gennes" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gennes.fr/d%C3%A9couvrir-gennes/quelques-pages-d-histoire/jean-martial-bineau/">"Jean-Martial Bineau (1805–1855)"</a>. Gennes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Martial+Bineau+%281805%E2%80%931855%29&rft.pub=Gennes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gennes.fr%2Fd%25C3%25A9couvrir-gennes%2Fquelques-pages-d-histoire%2Fjean-martial-bineau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Martial+Bineau" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering2009" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Mary (2009-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfE4PlvlcvkC&pg=PA441"><i>Auguste Comte: Volume 2: An Intellectual Biography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51325-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51325-8"><bdi>978-0-521-51325-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auguste+Comte%3A+Volume+2%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51325-8&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfE4PlvlcvkC%26pg%3DPA441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Martial+Bineau" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval" title="Alphonse de Rayneval">Alphonse de Rayneval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte" title="Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte">Jean-Ernest Ducos de La Hitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d%27Hautpoul" title="Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul">Alphonse Henri d'Hautpoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul,_comte_de_Schramm" title="Jean-Paul, comte de Schramm">Jean-Paul, comte de Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Regnaud_de_Saint-Jean_d%27Ang%C3%A9ly" title="Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély">Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Romain-Desfoss%C3%A9s" title="Joseph Romain-Desfossés">Joseph Romain-Desfossés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos" title="Théodore Ducos">Théodore Ducos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Barrot" title="Ferdinand Barrot">Ferdinand Barrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Martial Bineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Dumas" title="Jean-Baptiste Dumas">Jean-Baptiste Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bernard_Bonjean" title="Louis Bernard Bonjean">Louis Bernard Bonjean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Religious Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Esquirou_de_Parieu" title="Félix Esquirou de Parieu">Félix Esquirou de Parieu</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a> (Sub-secretary of State for Finance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III_(2_December_1852_-_17_July_1869)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Template:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Template talk:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Third_Cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Third Cabinet of Napoleon III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III_(2_December_1852_-_17_July_1869)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Third cabinet of Napoleon III">Third cabinet of Napoleon III</a> (2 December 1852 - 17 July 1869)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the Council of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rouland" title="Gustave Rouland">Gustave Rouland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Vuitry" title="Adolphe Vuitry">Adolphe Vuitry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_(1852%E2%80%931870).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_Second_French_Empire_%281852%E2%80%931870%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (minister)">Jacques Pierre Abbatucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_de_Royer" title="Ernest de Royer">Ernest de Royer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle" title="Claude Alphonse Delangle">Claude Alphonse Delangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Thouvenel" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Thouvenel">Édouard Thouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys" title="Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys">Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier" title="Lionel de Moustier">Lionel de Moustier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie-Esprit_Espinasse" title="Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse">Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle" title="Claude Alphonse Delangle">Claude Alphonse Delangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Arrighi_de_Casanova" title="Ernest Arrighi de Casanova">Ernest Arrighi de Casanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boudet" title="Paul Boudet">Paul Boudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, marquis de La Valette">Charles de La Valette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Pinard" title="Ernest Pinard">Ernest Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_de_Maupas" title="Charlemagne de Maupas">Charlemagne de Maupas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Martial Bineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud">Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon" title="Jacques Louis Randon">Jacques Louis Randon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Niel" title="Adolphe Niel">Adolphe Niel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine, Colonies and Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos" title="Théodore Ducos">Théodore Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Pierre Abbatucci (minister)">Jacques Pierre Abbatucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand-Alphonse_Hamelin" title="Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin">Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Napoléon Bonaparte">Prince Napoléon Bonaparte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat" title="Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat">Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Cults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul" title="Hippolyte Fortoul">Hippolyte Fortoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Rouland" title="Gustave Rouland">Gustave Rouland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Duruy" title="Victor Duruy">Victor Duruy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic" title="Louis Henri Armand Behic">Louis Henri Armand Behic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier" title="Edmond Valléry Gressier">Edmond Valléry Gressier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic" title="Louis Henri Armand Behic">Louis Henri Armand Behic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier" title="Edmond Valléry Gressier">Edmond Valléry Gressier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beaux-Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_duc_de_Persigny" title="Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny">Victor de Persigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperor's Household</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant" title="Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant">Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Achille Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski" title="Alexandre Colonna-Walewski">Alexandre Colonna-Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Eugène Rouher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers without portfolio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Pierre Magne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Baroche" title="Jules Baroche">Jules Baroche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Billault" title="Adolphe Billault">Adolphe Billault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon" title="Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon">Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon</a> • Followed by <a href="/wiki/Fourth_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III" title="Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III">Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Template talk:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Ministers_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Ministers of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_ministers_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_France" title="List of finance ministers of France">Finance ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a> (1561–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> (1661–1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a><br />(1518–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_de_Beaune&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques de Beaune (page does not exist)">de Beaune</a> (1518–1524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Babou" title="Philibert Babou">Babou</a> (1524–1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers" title="Jean du Thiers">du Thiers</a> (1544–1546)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_d%27Annebault" title="Claude d'Annebault">d'Annebault</a> (1546–1552)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Guillart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Guillart (page does not exist)">Guillart</a> (1552–1556)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_d%27Avan%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean d'Avançon (page does not exist)">d'Avançon</a> (1556–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine">de Lorraine</a> (1559–1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artus_de_Coss%C3%A9-Brissac" class="mw-redirect" title="Artus de Cossé-Brissac">de Cossé-Brissac</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_d%27Ongnyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis d'Ongnyes (page does not exist)">d'Ongnyes</a> (1561–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Birague" title="René de Birague">de Birague</a> (1568–1570)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponne_de_Belli%C3%A8vre" title="Pomponne de Bellièvre">de Bellièvre</a> (1574–1588)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1588–1589)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27O" title="François d'O">d'O</a> (1589–1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_de_B%C3%A9thune,_Duke_of_Sully" title="Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully">de Béthune</a> (1598–1611)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin" title="Pierre Jeannin">Jeannin</a> (1614–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg" title="Henri de Schomberg">de Schomberg</a> (1619–1622)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1623–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny" title="Jean Bochart de Champigny">de Champigny</a>/<a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac" title="Michel de Marillac">de Marillac</a> (1624–1626)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Co%C3%ABffier_de_Ruz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Coëffier de Ruzé">de Ruzé</a> (1626–1632)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion" title="Claude de Bullion">de Bullion</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1632–1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier" title="Claude Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1640–1643)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_de_Bailleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas de Bailleul (page does not exist)">de Bailleul</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d%27Avaux" title="Claude de Mesmes, comte d'Avaux">de Mesmes</a> (1643–1647)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a> (1647–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de La Porte">de La Porte</a> (1648–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d%27Emery" title="Michel Particelli d'Emery">d'Emery</a>/<a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Mesmes">de Mesmes</a> (1649–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_de_Longueil" title="René de Longueil">de Longueil</a> (1650–1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville" title="Charles de La Vieuville">de La Vieuville</a> (1651–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Servien" title="Abel Servien">Servien</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1653–1659)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Fouquet</a> (1659–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Colbert</a> (1661–1683)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Le_Pelletier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Le Pelletier (page does not exist)">Le Pelletier</a> (1683–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ph%C3%A9lypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain">Phélypeaux</a> (1689–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chamillart" title="Michel Chamillart">Chamillart</a> (1699–1708)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets" title="Nicolas Desmarets">Desmarets</a> (1708–1715)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrien Maurice de Noailles">de Noailles</a> (1715–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri-Jacques Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">de Caumont</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Ren%C3%A9_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson_(1652%E2%80%931721)" title="Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson (1652–1721)">de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson</a> (1718–January 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Law_(economist)" title="John Law (economist)">Law</a> (January–May 1720)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (May–December 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye" title="Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye">de La Houssaye</a> (December 1720–1722)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Gaspard_Dodun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Gaspard Dodun (page does not exist)">Dodun</a> (1722–1726)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Robert Le Peletier des Forts (page does not exist)">des Forts</a> (1726–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philibert_Orry" title="Philibert Orry">Orry</a> (1730–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d%27Arnouville" title="Jean-Baptiste de Machault d'Arnouville">d'Arnouville</a> (1745–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Jean Moreau de Séchelles">de Séchelles</a> (1754–1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras" title="François Marie Peyrenc de Moras">de Moras</a> (1756–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges" title="Jean de Boullonges">de Boullonges</a> (1757–1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Silhouette" title="Étienne de Silhouette">de Silhouette</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_L%C3%A9onard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Léonard Jean Baptiste Bertin">Bertin</a> (1759–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laverdy" title="Clément Charles François de Laverdy">de Laverdy</a> (1763–1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maynon_d%27Invault" title="Étienne Maynon d'Invault">d'Invault</a> (1768–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray" title="Joseph Marie Terray">Terray</a> (1769–1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a> (1774–1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_%C3%89tienne_Bernard_Ogier_de_Clugny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Étienne Bernard Ogier de Clugny (page does not exist)">de Clugny</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis-Gabriel_Taboureau_des_R%C3%A9aux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis-Gabriel Taboureau des Réaux (page does not exist)">des Réaux</a> (1776–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1777–1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Joly_de_Fleury" title="Jean-François Joly de Fleury">de Fleury</a> (1781–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Paule_Lef%C3%A8vre_d%27Ormesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri François de Paule Lefèvre d'Ormesson">d'Ormesson</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">de Calonne</a> (1783–1787)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Bouvard_de_Fourqueux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Bouvard de Fourqueux (page does not exist)">de Fourqueux</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">de Brienne</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1788–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">de Breteuil</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Necker</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Claude_Guillaume_Lambert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Claude Guillaume Lambert (page does not exist)">Lambert</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart" title="Claude Antoine de Valdec de Lessart">de Lessart</a> (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Hardouin_Tarb%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Hardouin Tarbé (page does not exist)">Tarbé</a> (1791–March 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (March–13 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Duranthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Duranthon">Duranthon</a> (13 June–18 June 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jules_%C3%89mile_Fran%C3%A7ois_Herv%C3%A9_de_Beaulieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jules Émile François Hervé de Beaulieu (page does not exist)">de Beaulieu</a> (18 June–29 July 1792)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Delaville-Leroulx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Delaville-Leroulx (page does not exist)">Delaville-Leroulx</a> (29 July–10 August 1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (10 August–21 September 1792)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a><br />(1792–1804)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Clavière</a> (21 September 1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gr%C3%A9goire_Deschamps_Destournelles" title="Louis Grégoire Deschamps Destournelles">Destournelles</a> (1793–1794)</li> <li><i>Vacant</i> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult" title="Guillaume-Charles Faipoult">Faipoult</a> (1795–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret" title="Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret">Ramel-Nogaret</a> (1796–July 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Lindet</a> (July–November 1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1799–1804)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1804–1814)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (1804–1814)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1814–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1814–1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin">Gaudin</a> (March–July 1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">House of Bourbon</a><br />(1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–September 1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto" title="Louis-Emmanuel Corvetto">Corvetto</a> (September 1815–December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (7 December–29 December 1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (December 29, 1818–November 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1819–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Vill%C3%A8le" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Villèle">de Villèle</a> (1821–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Roy" title="Antoine Roy">Roy</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol" title="Christophe de Chabrol de Crouzol">de Crouzol</a> (1829–May 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel" title="Guillaume-Isidore Baron de Montbel">de Montbel</a> (May–July 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (July–August 1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">House of Orléans</a><br />(1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (August–November 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Laffitte</a> (1830–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis" title="Joseph Dominique, baron Louis">Dominique</a> (1831–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (1832–10 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (10 November–18 November 1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (18 November 1834–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d%27Argout" title="Antoine Maurice Apollinaire d'Argout">d'Argout</a> (January–September 1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanneguy_Duch%C3%A2tel" title="Tanneguy Duchâtel">Duchâtel</a> (1836–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1837–March 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89lie_Gautier" title="Jean-Élie Gautier">Gautier</a> (March–May 1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (May 1839–March 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Loz%C3%A8re" title="Joseph Pelet de la Lozère">de la Lozère</a> (March 1840–October 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Humann" title="Georges Humann">Humann</a> (October 1840–1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne" title="Jean Lacave-Laplagne">Lacave-Laplagne</a> (1842–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon" title="Pierre Sylvain Dumon">Dumon</a> (1847–February 1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a><br />(1848–1852)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (February–March 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Garnier-Pagès</a> (March–May 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Duclerc</a> (May–June 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Goudchaux</a> (June–October 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouv%C3%A9-Chauvel" title="Ariste Jacques Trouvé-Chauvel">Trouvé-Chauvel</a> (October–December 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy" title="Hippolyte Passy">Passy</a> (December 1848–October 1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (October 1849–January 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_B%C3%A8gue_de_Germiny" title="Charles Le Bègue de Germiny">de Germiny</a> (January–April 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (April–October 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blondel" title="Antoine Blondel">Blondel</a> (October–November 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca" title="François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca">de Casabianca</a> (November–December 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (December 1851–January 1852)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">House of Bonaparte</a><br />(1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bineau</a> (January 1852–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1855–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette" title="Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette">La Roquette</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Fould" title="Achille Fould">Fould</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher" title="Eugène Rouher">Rouher</a> (January–November 1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1867–January 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (January–April 1870)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Alexis_Segris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Alexis Segris (page does not exist)">Segris</a> (April–August 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (August–September 1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a><br />(1870–1940)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Picard" title="Ernest Picard">Picard</a> (September 1870–19 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Buffet" title="Louis Buffet">Buffet</a> (19 February–25 February 1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier" title="Augustin Pouyer-Quertier">Pouyer-Quertier</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Goulard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugène de Goulard (page does not exist)">de Goulard</a> (April–December 1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (December 1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magne" title="Pierre Magne">Magne</a> (1873–1874)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mathieu-Bodet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mathieu-Bodet (page does not exist)">Mathieu-Bodet</a> (1874–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1875–May 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Caillaux" title="Eugène Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (May 1877–November 1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Dutilleul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Dutilleul (page does not exist)">Dutilleul</a> (November–December 1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Magnin" title="Pierre Magnin">Magnin</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Allain-Targ%C3%A9" title="François Allain-Targé">Allain-Targé</a> (1881–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Say" title="Léon Say">Say</a> (January–August 1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (August 1882–6 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Clamageran" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Clamageran">Clamageran</a> (6 April–16 April 1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Fran%C3%A7ois_Sadi_Carnot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie François Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a> (16 April 1885–December 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Dauphin" title="Albert Dauphin">Dauphin</a> (December 1886–May 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (May–December 1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (December 1887–April 1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April 1888–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1889–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tirard" title="Pierre Tirard">Tirard</a> (1892–April 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (April–December 1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau" title="Auguste Burdeau">Burdeau</a> (December 1893–May 1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (May 1894–January 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (January–November 1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (November 1895–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1896–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Peytral" title="Paul Peytral">Peytral</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier" title="Maurice Rouvier">Rouvier</a> (1902–1905)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Merlou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Merlou (page does not exist)">Merlou</a> (1905–March 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (March–October 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (October 1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cochery" title="Georges Cochery">Cochery</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1910–March 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (March–June 1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz" title="Louis-Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (June 1911–March 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (March–December 1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (December 1913–March 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Renoult" title="René Renoult">Renoult</a> (March–June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cl%C3%A9mentel" title="Étienne Clémentel">Clémentel</a> (9 June–13 June 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Noullens" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Noullens">Noullens</a> (June–August 1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot" title="Alexandre Ribot">Ribot</a> (August 1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Thierry" title="Joseph Thierry">Thierry</a> (March–September 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Lucien Klotz">Klotz</a> (1917–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (1921–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Lasteyrie" title="Charles de Lasteyrie">de Lasteyrie</a> (1922–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marsal" title="Frédéric François-Marsal">François-Marsal</a> (March–June 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clementel" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Clementel">Clementel</a> (June 1924–3 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (3 April–17 April 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (April–October 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Painlev%C3%A9" title="Paul Painlevé">Painlevé</a> (October–November 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Loucheur" title="Louis Loucheur">Loucheur</a> (November–December 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Doumer</a> (December 1925–March 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_P%C3%A9ret" title="Raoul Péret">Péret</a> (March–June 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (June–July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie" title="Anatole de Monzie">de Monzie</a> (19 July–23 July 1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Poincaré</a> (July 1926–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (1928–February 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)" title="Charles Dumont (politician)">Dumont</a> (February–March 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (March–December 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (December 1930–January 1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-%C3%89tienne_Flandin" title="Pierre-Étienne Flandin">Flandin</a> (January 1931–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (June–December 1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ch%C3%A9ron" title="Henry Chéron">Chéron</a> (December 1932–January 1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (January 1933–January 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pi%C3%A9tri" title="François Piétri">Piétri</a> (January–February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (4 February–9 February 1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin" title="Louis Germain-Martin">Germain-Martin</a> (February 1934–June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux" title="Joseph Caillaux">Caillaux</a> (1 June–7 June 1935)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcel_R%C3%A9gnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcel Régnier (page does not exist)">Régnier</a> (June 1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Auriol" title="Vincent Auriol">Auriol</a> (1936–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bonnet" title="Georges Bonnet">Bonnet</a> (1937–January 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (January–March 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a> (March–April 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau" title="Paul Marchandeau">Marchandeau</a> (April–November 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (November 1938–March 1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)" title="Lucien Lamoureux (France)">Lamoureux</a> (March–June 1940)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a><br />(1940–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier" title="Yves Bouthillier">Bouthillier</a> (1940–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cathala" title="Pierre Cathala">Cathala</a> (1942–1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a><br />(1941–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Diethelm" title="André Diethelm">Diethelm</a> (1942–June 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (June–November 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">France</a> (November 1943–September 1944)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a><br />(1944–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Lepercq" title="Aimé Lepercq">Lepercq</a> (September–November 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">Pleven</a> (November 1944–January 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (January–June 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (June–October 1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a><br />(1946–1958)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (October–December 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Philip" title="André Philip">Philip</a> (December 1946–January 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Schuman</a> (January–November 1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (November 1947–July 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Reynaud" title="Paul Reynaud">Reynaud</a> (July–September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Pineau" title="Christian Pineau">Pineau</a> (5 September–11 September 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Queuille</a> (September 1948–January 1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Petsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Petsche (page does not exist)">Petsche</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Mayer" title="René Mayer">Mayer</a> (1951–January 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (January–March 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (March 1952–January 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Bourgès-Maunoury</a> (January–June 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Buron" title="Robert Buron">Buron</a> (January–February 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (February 1955–February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lacoste" title="Robert Lacoste">Lacoste</a> (1 February–14 February 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ramadier" title="Paul Ramadier">Ramadier</a> (February 1956–June 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Gaillard" title="Félix Gaillard">Gaillard</a> (June–November 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin" title="Pierre Pflimlin">Pflimlin</a> (November 1957–May 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Faure</a> (May–June 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (June–October 1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a><br />(1958–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pinay" title="Antoine Pinay">Pinay</a> (October 1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilfrid_Baumgartner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilfrid Baumgartner (page does not exist)">Baumgartner</a> (1960–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1962–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Debr%C3%A9" title="Michel Debré">Debré</a> (1966–May 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville" title="Maurice Couve de Murville">Couve de Murville</a> (May–July 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Ortoli" title="François-Xavier Ortoli">Ortoli</a> (July 1968–June 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Giscard d'Estaing</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade" title="Jean-Pierre Fourcade">Fourcade</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Barre</a> (1976–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Monory" title="René Monory">Monory</a> (1978–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Delors</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1984–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Balladur" title="Édouard Balladur">Balladur</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9r%C3%A9govoy" title="Pierre Bérégovoy">Bérégovoy</a> (1988–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (1992–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Alphand%C3%A9ry" title="Edmond Alphandéry">Alphandéry</a> (1993–May 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Madelin" title="Alain Madelin">Madelin</a> (May–August 1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthuis" title="Jean Arthuis">Arthuis</a> (August 1995–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn" title="Dominique Strauss-Kahn">Strauss-Kahn</a> (1997–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sautter" title="Christian Sautter">Sautter</a> (1999–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Fabius</a> (2000–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Mer" title="Francis Mer">Mer</a> (2002–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</a> (March–November 2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Gaymard" title="Hervé Gaymard">Gaymard</a> (November 2004–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Breton" title="Thierry Breton">Breton</a> (2005–May 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo" title="Jean-Louis Borloo">Borloo</a> (May–June 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> (June 2007–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baroin" title="François Baroin">Baroin</a> (2011–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici" title="Pierre Moscovici">Moscovici</a> (2012–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Sapin</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire" title="Bruno Le Maire">Le Maire</a> (2017–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Armand" title="Antoine Armand">Armand</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3167884#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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