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id="toc-Design_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Technical description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operational history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operational history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_use_and_operational_confusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_use_and_operational_confusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Initial use and operational confusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_use_and_operational_confusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>New tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_as_attack_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_as_attack_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Effectiveness as attack aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_as_attack_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"flying_tank"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"flying_tank""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The "flying tank"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"flying_tank"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rear_gunner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rear_gunner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rear gunner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rear_gunner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-to-air_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-to-air_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Air-to-air combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-to-air_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_aircrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_aircrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable aircrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_aircrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Surviving aircraft</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Surviving aircraft subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(Il-2M3)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(Il-2M3)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Specifications (Il-2M3)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(Il-2M3)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilyushin Il-2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%84-2" title="إليوشن إل-2 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إليوشن إل-2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lyu%C5%9Fin_%C4%B0l-2" title="İlyuşin İl-2 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlyuşin İl-2" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB-2" title="Іл-2 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іл-2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Ил-2 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliuixin_Il-2" title="Iliuixin Il-2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iliuixin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iljušin Il-2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iljušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljusjin_Il-2" title="Iljusjin Il-2 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iljusjin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljuschin_Il-2" title="Iljuschin Il-2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iljuschin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iljušin Il-2 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iljušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%9Din_Il-2" title="Iljuŝin Il-2 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iljuŝin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-%DB%B2" title="ایلیوشین ایل-۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایلیوشین ایل-۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliouchine_Il-2" title="Iliouchine Il-2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iliouchine Il-2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%A5%98%EC%8B%A0_Il-2" title="일류신 Il-2 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일류신 Il-2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iljušin Il-2 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iljušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2_Shturmovik" title="Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2_%C5%A0turmovik" title="Ilyushin Il-2 Šturmovik – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2 Šturmovik" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F_Il-2" title="איליושין Il-2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איליושין Il-2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Ил-2 – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-2" title="Il-2 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Il-2" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iljušin Il-2 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iljušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E2%80%932" title="Il–2 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Il–2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%99%D1%98%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Иљјушин Ил-2 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иљјушин Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BD.-2" title="ഇല്യൂഷിൻ ഐ.എൽ.-2 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇല്യൂഷിൻ ഐ.എൽ.-2" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Ил-2 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljoesjin_Il-2" title="Iljoesjin Il-2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iljoesjin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il-2_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A9%9F)" title="Il-2 (航空機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Il-2 (航空機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljusjin_Il-2" title="Iljusjin Il-2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iljusjin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%82-2" title="Ił-2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ił-2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliu%C8%99in_Il-2" title="Iliușin Il-2 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iliușin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Ил-2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliu%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iliušin Il-2 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iliušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2_%C5%A0turmovik" title="Iljušin Il-2 Šturmovik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iljušin Il-2 Šturmovik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%99%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Иљушин Ил-2 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иљушин Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilju%C5%A1in_Il-2" title="Iljušin Il-2 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iljušin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljusjin_Il-2" title="Iljusjin Il-2 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iljusjin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB-2" title="Ил-2 – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ил-2" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lyu%C5%9Fin_%C4%B0l-2" title="İlyuşin İl-2 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İlyuşin İl-2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB-2" title="Іл-2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іл-2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-2_(%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="آئی ایل-2 (الیوشین) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئی ایل-2 (الیوشین)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-2" title="Ilyushin Il-2 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ilyushin Il-2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%88%BE-2%E6%94%BB%E6%93%8A%E6%A9%9F" title="伊爾-2攻擊機 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊爾-2攻擊機" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211443#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Il-2" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/IL-2_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="IL-2 (disambiguation)">IL-2 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Il-2</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il2_sturmovik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Il2_sturmovik.jpg/300px-Il2_sturmovik.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Il2_sturmovik.jpg/450px-Il2_sturmovik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Il2_sturmovik.jpg/600px-Il2_sturmovik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> Ilyushin Il-2M in flight</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Attack_aircraft" title="Attack aircraft">Ground-attack aircraft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Rocket_Space_Centre" title="Progress Rocket Space Centre">State Aviation Factory No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Aircraft_Production_Association" title="Voronezh Aircraft Production Association">State Aviation Factory No. 18</a></li> <li>State Aviation Factory No. 381</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a><div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungarian Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Polish_Army" title="Air Force of the Polish Army">Air Force of the Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">36,183<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">2 October 1939</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">1954 (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Air Force</a> & <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Air_Force" title="Yugoslav Air Force">Yugoslav Air Force</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed into</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Ilyushin Il-10</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ilyushin Il-2</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Илью́шин Ил-2) is a <a href="/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack aircraft">ground-attack plane</a> that was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in large numbers during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The word <i>shturmovík</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>: штурмовик), the generic Russian term for a ground-attack aircraft, became a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> for the Il-2 in English sources, where it is commonly rendered <b>Shturmovik</b>, <b>Stormovik</b><sup id="cite_ref-Stapfer_title_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stapfer_title-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Sturmovik</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rastrenin_title_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rastrenin_title-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Il-2 pilots, the aircraft was known by the <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> "Ilyusha". To the soldiers on the ground, it was called the "Hunchback", the "Flying Tank" or the "Flying Infantryman". Its postwar <a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_bombers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of NATO reporting names for bombers">NATO reporting name</a> was <b>Bark</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p106_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p106-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, 36,183 units of the Il-2 were produced, and in combination with its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Ilyushin Il-10</a>, a total of 42,330<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Aviation_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Aviation-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were built, making it the single most produced military aircraft design in aviation history, as well as one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">most produced piloted aircraft in history</a> along with the American postwar civilian <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> and the German then-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>. </p><p>The Il-2 played a crucial role on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. When factories fell behind on deliveries, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> told the factory managers that the Il-2s were "as essential to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as air and bread."<sup id="cite_ref-stalinquote_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinquote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_development">Design and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Design and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IL-2_(36318432892).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg/220px-IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg/330px-IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg/440px-IL-2_%2836318432892%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Il-2M at <a href="/wiki/MAKS_(air_show)" title="MAKS (air show)">MAKS air show</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The idea for a Soviet armored ground-attack aircraft dates to the early 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pavlovich_Grigorovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich">Dmitry Pavlovich Grigorovich</a> designed <b>TSh-1</b> and <b>TSh-2</b> armored biplanes. However, Soviet engines at the time lacked the power needed to provide the heavy aircraft with good performance. The Il-2 was designed by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Ilyushin" title="Sergey Ilyushin">Sergey Ilyushin</a> and his team at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Design_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Design Bureau (page does not exist)">Central Design Bureau</a> in 1938. <b>TsKB-55</b> was a two-seat aircraft with an armoured shell weighing 700 kg (1,500 lb), protecting <a href="/wiki/Crew" title="Crew">crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiators</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tank</a>. Standing loaded, the Ilyushin weighed more than 4,700 kg (10,400 lb),<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the armoured shell about 15% of the aircraft's gross weight. Uniquely for a World War II attack aircraft, and similarly to the forward fuselage design of the World War I-era Imperial German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_J.I" title="Junkers J.I">Junkers J.I</a> armored, all-metal biplane, the Il-2's armor was designed as a load-bearing part of the Ilyushin's <a href="/wiki/Monocoque" title="Monocoque">monocoque</a> structure, thus saving considerable weight. The prototype TsKB-55, which first flew on 2 October 1939,<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> won the government competition against<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Su-6 did not fly at all in 1939, not until 1941 (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-6" title="Sukhoi Su-6">Sukhoi Su-6</a> and received the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">VVS</a> designation <b>BSh-2</b> (the <b>BSh</b> stood for "<i>Bronirovani Shturmovik</i>" or armoured ground attack).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prototypes – TsKB-55 and TskB-57 – were built at Moscow plant #39, at that time the Ilyushin design bureau's base. </p><p>The BSh-2 was overweight and underpowered, with the original <a href="/wiki/Mikulin_AM-35" title="Mikulin AM-35">Mikulin AM-35</a> 1,022 kW (1,371 hp) engine designed to give its greatest power outputs at high altitude. Because of this, it was redesigned as the <b>TsKB-57</b>, a lighter single-seat design with the more powerful 1,254 kW (1,682 hp) <a href="/wiki/Mikulin_AM-38" title="Mikulin AM-38">Mikulin AM-38</a> engine, a development of the AM-35 optimised for low-level operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyusha_p2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyusha_p2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TsKB-57 first flew on 12 October 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p104-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production aircraft passed State Acceptance Trials in March 1941, and was redesignated <b>Il-2</b> in April.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p105-6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p105-6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deliveries to operational units commenced in May 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyusha_p._3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 23 mm (0.91 in) armament of Il-2 was subject to a competition. One of the first 1940 photographs of the Il-2 show it equipped with two MP-6 23 mm <a href="/wiki/Autocannon" title="Autocannon">autocannons</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Taubin" title="Yakov Taubin">Yakov Taubin</a> (<i>Яков Таубин</i>) at OKB-16. The MP-6 gun weighed 70 kg (150 lb) and developed an initial muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s). It operated on the <a href="/wiki/Short_recoil" class="mw-redirect" title="Short recoil">short recoil</a> principle and had a rate of fire of about 600 rpm. (The development of the MP-6 gun can be traced back to 1937. The initial version was tested in the spring of 1940 on a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Messerschmitt Bf 110</a> bought from Germany, because there was no suitable Soviet aircraft on which to mount it. In the summer of 1940 it was tested on the <a href="/wiki/Pashinin_I-21" title="Pashinin I-21">Pashinin I-21</a>.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Factory trials of the MP-6 gun on the Il-2 were conducted in August 1940. In the early Il-2 prototypes, these guns were fed by 81-round clips. In flight, these clips sometimes became dislodged because of their large surface, which caused them to experience significant aerodynamic pressure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Competitive tests were conducted in the spring of 1941 between the MP-6 gun modified to belt-fed and the newly developed, gas-operated <a href="/wiki/Volkov-Yartsev_VYa-23" title="Volkov-Yartsev VYa-23">Volkov-Yartsev VYa-23</a>, which had otherwise rather similar characteristics. The VYa-23 was declared the winner at this trial. Subsequently, in May 1941, development of the MP-6 gun was terminated. Taubin was arrested<sup id="cite_ref-Shirokorad_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirokorad-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and summarily executed in October that year for plotting to continue production of his failed weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_description">Technical description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Il-2 is a single-engine, propeller-driven, low-wing monoplane of mixed construction with a crew of two (one in early versions), specially designed for assault operations. Its most notable feature was the inclusion of armor in an airframe load-bearing scheme. Armor plates replaced the frame and paneling throughout the nacelle and middle part of the fuselage, and an armored hull made of riveted homogeneous armor steel AB-1 (AB-2) secured the aircraft's engine, cockpit, water and oil radiators, and fuel tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early 1941, the Il-2 was ordered into production at four factories, and was eventually produced in greater numbers than any other military aircraft in aviation history, but by the time <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941, only <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Aircraft_Production_Association" title="Voronezh Aircraft Production Association">State Aviation Factory No. 18</a> at <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> and Factory No. 381 at Leningrad had commenced production, with 249 having been built by the time of the German attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyusha_p._3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OKB_p18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKB_p18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Production early in the war was slow because after the German invasion the aircraft factories near Moscow and other major cities in western Russia had to be moved east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. Ilyushin and his engineers had time to reconsider production methods, and two months after the move Il-2s were again being produced. The tempo was not to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Premier Stalin</a>'s liking, however, and he issued the following telegram to Shenkman and Tretyakov: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have let down our country and our Red Army. You have the nerve not to manufacture IL-2s until now. Our Red Army now needs IL-2 aircraft like the air it breathes, like the bread it eats. Shenkman produces one IL-2 a day, and Tretyakov builds one or two <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3">MiG-3s</a> daily. It is a mockery of our country and the Red Army. I ask you not to try the government's patience, and demand that you manufacture more ILs. This is my final warning. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Stalin<sup id="cite_ref-stalinquote_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stalinquote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As a result, "the production of Shturmoviks rapidly gained speed. Stalin's notion of the Il-2 being 'like bread' to the Red Army took hold in Ilyushin's aircraft plants, and the army soon had their Shturmoviks available in quantity."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>State Aviation Factory No. 1, which was evacuated from Moscow to Kuibyshev (now <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>), came online in October 1941 and would ultimately produce 11,863 Il-2s over four years while also producing smaller numbers of MiG-3s and the Il-2s successor, the <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Il-10</a>, at the same factory.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG/220px-Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG/330px-Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG/440px-Ilyushin_Il-2_Warsaw_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Il-2 in <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Polish Army">Museum of the Polish Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_use_and_operational_confusion">Initial use and operational confusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Initial use and operational confusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first use in action of the Il-2 was with the 4th ShAP (Ground Attack Regiment) over the <a href="/wiki/Berezina_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Berezina River">Berezina River</a> days after German invasion began.<sup id="cite_ref-OKB_p38_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKB_p38-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft was so new that the pilots had no training in flight characteristics or tactics, and the ground crew no training in servicing or re-arming. The training received enabled the pilots only to take-off and land; none of the pilots had fired the armament, let alone learned tactics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were 249 Il-2s available on 22 June 1941. In the first three days, 4th ShAP had lost 10 Il-2s to enemy action, a further 19 were lost to other causes, and 20 pilots were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 10 July, 4th ShAP was down to 10 aircraft from a strength of 65.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_tactics">New tactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tactics improved as Soviet aircrews became used to the Il-2's strengths. Instead of a low horizontal straight approach at 50 metres (160 ft) altitude, the target was usually kept to the pilot's left and a turn and shallow dive of 30 degrees was used, using an <a href="/wiki/Echelon_formation" title="Echelon formation">echeloned</a> assault by four to twelve aircraft at a time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the Il-2's <a href="/wiki/RS-82" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-82">RS-82</a> and <a href="/wiki/RS-132" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-132">RS-132</a> rockets could destroy armored vehicles with one hit, they were so inaccurate that experienced Il-2 pilots mainly used the cannon.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another potent weapon of the Il-2 were <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">high-explosive anti-tank</a> (HEAT) <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> bomblets named <i>protivotankovaya aviabomba</i> (<a href="/wiki/PTAB_(bomb)" title="PTAB (bomb)">PTAB</a>, "anti-tank aviation bomb"). They were designated PTAB-2.5-1.5, as they had a total weight of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb), and an explosive charge of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb). Up to 192 were carried in four external dispensers (<a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>) or up to 220 in the inner wing panels' internal ventral weapon bays. The charge could easily penetrate the relatively thin upper armor of all heavy German tanks. PTABs were first used on a large scale in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> with little success, perhaps due to the poor bombing accuracy of the Il-2.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Il-2 was thereafter deployed widely on the Eastern Front. The aircraft could fly in low light conditions and carried weapons able to defeat the thick armor of the <a href="/wiki/Panther_tank" title="Panther tank">Panther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> tanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness_as_attack_aircraft">Effectiveness as attack aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effectiveness as attack aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_225_IL-2_attacking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Il-2 planes attacking a German column during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The true capabilities of the Il-2 are difficult to determine from existing documentary evidence. W. Liss in <i>Aircraft profile 88: Ilyushin Il-2</i> mentions an engagement during the Battle of Kursk on 7 July 1943, in which 70 tanks from the German <a href="/wiki/9th_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="9th Panzer Division">9th Panzer Division</a> were claimed to be destroyed by Ilyushin Il-2s in just 20 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another report of the action on the same day, a Soviet staff publication states that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ground forces highly valued the work of aviation on the battlefield. In a number of instances enemy attacks were thwarted thanks to our air operations. Thus on 7 July enemy tank attacks were disrupted in the <a href="/wiki/Kashara" title="Kashara">Kashara</a> region (<a href="/wiki/13th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="13th Army (Soviet Union)">13th Army</a>). Here our assault aircraft delivered three powerful attacks in groups of 20–30, which resulted in the destruction and disabling of 34 tanks. The enemy was forced to halt further attacks and to withdraw the remnants of his force north of Kashara.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Glantz and Orenstein 1999, p. 260.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> (Operation Citadel), General V. Ryazanov became a master in the use of attack aircraft <i>en masse</i>, developing and improving the tactics of Il-2 operations in co-ordination with infantry, artillery and armored troops. Il-2s at Kursk used the "circle of death" tactic: up to eight Shturmoviks formed a <a href="/wiki/Lufberry_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lufberry circle">defensive circle</a>, each plane protecting the one ahead with its forward machine guns, while individual Il-2s took turns leaving the circle, attacking a target, and rejoining the circle.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryazanov was later awarded the Gold Star of Hero of Soviet Union twice, and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Assault_Aviation_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Assault Aviation Corps">1st Assault Aviation Corps</a> under his command became the first unit to be awarded the honorific title of Guards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._296._26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._296.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943, one aircraft was lost for every 26 Shturmovik sorties. About half of those lost were shot down by fighters, the rest falling to anti-aircraft fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._296._26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._296.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies of the fighting at Kursk suggest that very few of German armour losses were caused by the IL-2 or any other Soviet aircraft. In fact, total German tank losses in Operation Citadel amounted to 323 destroyed, the vast majority by anti-tank guns and armored fighting vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-D._M._Glantz,1999_p.349_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._M._Glantz,1999_p.349-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it is difficult to find any first-hand accounts by German panzer crews on the Eastern Front describing anything more than the occasional loss to direct air attack. The vast majority, around 95–98%, of tank losses were due to enemy anti-tank guns, tanks, mines, artillery, and infantry assault, or simply abandonment as operational losses (due to causes such as mechanical breakdown or running out of fuel), which mostly happened during the last eleven months of the war. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_15_%D0%B3%D0%B2._%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Il-2s banking towards targets in the vicinity of Leningrad, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Battle of Kursk, VVS Il-2s claimed the destruction of no less than 270 tanks (and 2,000 men) in a period of just two hours against the 3rd Panzer Division.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosby_p._365._28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosby_p._365.-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 July, however, the 3rd Panzer Division's 6th Panzer Regiment had just 90 tanks, 180 fewer than claimed as destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Crosby_p._350._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosby_p._350.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 July (well after the battle), the 3rd Panzer Division still had 41 operational tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Glantz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glantz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 3rd Panzer Division continued fighting throughout July, mostly with 48th Panzer Corps. It did not record any extraordinary losses to air attack throughout this period. As with the other panzer divisions at Kursk, the large majority of the 3rd Panzer Division's tank losses were due to dug-in Soviet anti-tank guns and tanks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Il-2s flying towards Berlin, 1 May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most extraordinary claim by the VVS's Il-2s is that, over a period of four hours, they destroyed 240 tanks and in the process virtually wiped out the 17th Panzer Division. On 1 July, the 17th Panzer Division had only one tank battalion (the II./Pz Rgt 39), with 67 tanks,<sup id="cite_ref-T._L._Jentz_p._80._31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._L._Jentz_p._80.-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 173 fewer than claimed destroyed by the VVS. The 17th Panzer Division was not even in the main attack sector, but further south with the 1st Panzer Army's 24th Panzer Corps. The 17th Panzer did not register any abnormal losses due to aircraft in the summer of 1943, and retreated westwards with Army Group South later in the year, still intact. </p><p>The main problem with the Il-2 was the inaccuracy of its attacks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Towards the end of war, the Soviets were able to concentrate large numbers of Shturmoviks to support their main offensives. The effect, however, was often more psychological than actual physical destruction of targets, particularly against dug-in and armored targets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 9 June offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> in Finland, Finnish anti-aircraft forces were far too few in number to counter the armadas of Pe-2 and Il-2, but quickly found that the Il-2 attacks generally missed their marks widely, particularly with bombs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While some attacks against large unprotected targets such as horse and truck convoys and railyards had devastating results, attacks against dug-in point targets were usually ineffective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The frequent duels between dug-in 20 and 40 mm AA guns and Il-2 attackers never resulted in the complete destruction of the gun, while many Il-2s were brought down in these attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-biaudet_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaudet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heavy armor of the Il-2 also meant that it would typically carry only comparatively light bomb-loads, which together with the poor accuracy of its attacks made it a far less deadly attack aircraft than contemporary Allied fighter-bombers such as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Typhoon" title="Hawker Typhoon">Hawker Typhoon</a>. The rocket projectiles especially were not effective, even the larger <a href="/wiki/RS-82_(rocket_family)" title="RS-82 (rocket family)">RS-132</a> (of which four were carried) having a warhead with only 0.9 kg (2.0 lb) of explosives, which compared poorly with the P-47's typical load of ten 5 in (13 cm) <a href="/wiki/High_Velocity_Aircraft_Rocket" title="High Velocity Aircraft Rocket">HVARs</a>, each having 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) of explosives, or the eight to twelve <a href="/wiki/RP-3" title="RP-3">RP-3</a> rockets on the Hawker Typhoon, each with 5.5 kg (12 lb) of explosives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Likewise, the Shturmovik's bombs were usually only 50 kg (110 lb), or rarely 100 kg (220 lb), too small to compensate for the typically wide variation from the target point.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> To compensate for the poor accuracy of the Il-2's bombsight, in 1943, the Soviet Command decided to use shaped-charge armor-piercing projectiles against enemy armored vehicles, and the <a href="/wiki/PTAB_(bomb)" title="PTAB (bomb)">PTAB-2.5-1.5 SCAP</a> aircraft bomb was put into production. These small-calibre bombs were loaded directly into the bomb bays and were dropped onto enemy vehicles from altitudes up to 100 metres (330 ft). As each Il-2 could carry up to 192 bombs, a <i>fire carpet</i> 70 metres (230 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) wide could cover the enemy tanks, giving a high "kill" probability.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._296._26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._296.-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilots of 291st ShAP were the first to use the PTAB-2.5-1.5 bombs. During one sortie on 5 June 1943, six attack aircraft led by Lt. Col. A. Vitrook destroyed 15 enemy tanks in one attack, and during five days of the enemy advance, the 291st Division claimed to have destroyed or damaged 422 enemy tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_pp._295-296._33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_pp._295-296.-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"flying_tank""><span id="The_.22flying_tank.22"></span>The "flying tank"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The "flying tank""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thanks to the heavy armor protection, the Il-2 could take a great deal of punishment and proved difficult for both ground and aircraft fire to shoot down.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A major threat to the Il-2 was German ground fire. In postwar interviews, Il-2 pilots reported 20 mm (0.79 in) and 37 mm (1.5 in) artillery as the primary threat. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the fabled 88 mm (3.5 in) calibre gun was formidable, low-flying Il-2s presented too fast-moving a target for the 88's relatively low rate of fire, only occasional hits were scored. Similarly, Finnish attempts to counter the Il-2 during the summer of 1944 proved ineffective as a result of the low numbers of 20 and 40 mm (0.79 and 1.57 in) AA in the field army. Heavier 76 mm (3.0 in) guns drawn from homeland defence proved also relatively ineffective and few Il-2s were downed despite attempting different tactics with time-fused fragmentation, contact-fused, and shrapnel ammunition: the heavy guns simply lacked the reaction times to take advantage of the brief firing opportunities presented by the low-altitude Il-2 attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-biaudet_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaudet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Single-barrel <a href="/wiki/2_cm_Flak_30/38/Flakvierling" class="mw-redirect" title="2 cm Flak 30/38/Flakvierling">20 mm anti-aircraft guns</a> were also found somewhat inadequate due to limited firepower: one or two shells were often not enough to destroy the Il-2, and unless the Il-2 was attacking the gun itself, thus presenting effectively a stationary target, scoring more hits during a firing opportunity was rare.<sup id="cite_ref-biaudet_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biaudet-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The armored tub, ranging from 5 to 12 mm (0.20 to 0.47 in) in thickness and enveloping the engine and the cockpit, could deflect all small arms fire and glancing blows from larger-caliber ammunition. Unfortunately the rear gunners did not have the benefit of all-around armor protection, especially from the rear and to the sides, and suffered about four times the casualties of pilots. Added casualties resulted from the Soviet policy of not returning home with unused ammunition, which typically resulted in repeated passes on the target.<sup id="cite_ref-Rastrenin_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rastrenin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Soviet troops often requested additional passes even after the aircraft were out of ammunition to exploit the intimidating effect Il-2s had on German ground troops, who gave it the nickname the "flying tank". It was also called the "black death" by German troops. <i>Luftwaffe</i> pilots called it the <i>Zementbomber</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">concrete bomber</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Finnish nickname <i>maatalouskone</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">agricultural machine</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or 'tractor') derived from a word play with <i>maataistelukone</i> 'ground attack aircraft' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">ground combat aircraft</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), where <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">kone</i></span> 'machine' in turn is shortened from <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">lentokone</i></span> 'aircraft' (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flying machine</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rear_gunner">Rear gunner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rear gunner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-2_cabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Il-2_cabin.jpg/220px-Il-2_cabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Il-2_cabin.jpg/330px-Il-2_cabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Il-2_cabin.jpg/440px-Il-2_cabin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Il-2M cockpit. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Aviation_in_Belgrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Aviation in Belgrade">Museum of Aviation in Belgrade</a>, Serbia</figcaption></figure> <p>Heavy losses to enemy fighters forced the reintroduction of a rear gunner; early Il-2s were field modified by cutting a hole in the fuselage behind the cockpit for a gunner sitting on a canvas sling armed with a 12.7 mm (0.50 in) <a href="/wiki/Berezin_UB" title="Berezin UB">UBT</a> machine gun in an improvised mounting. The semi-turret gun mount allowed the machine gun to be fired at angles of up to 35° upwards, 35° to starboard and 15° to port. Tests showed that maximum speed decreased by between 10 and 20 km/h (6 and 12 mph) and that the two-seater was more difficult to handle because the <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a> was shifted backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._293._36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._293.-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of March 1942, a production two-seat Il-2 with the new gunner's cockpit began manufacturer tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._293._36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._293.-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second cockpit and armament increased all-up weight by 170 kg (370 lb) so the flaps were allowed to be deployed at an angle of 17° to avoid an over-long takeoff run. The new variant had a lengthened fuselage compartment with an extended canopy offering some protection from the elements. Unlike the well-armoured cockpit of the pilot compartment with steel plating up to 12 mm (0.47 in) thick behind, beneath and on both sides as well as up to 65 mm (2.6 in) thick glass sections, the rear gunner was provided with 6 mm (0.24 in) thick armour, effective only against rifle-calibre rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._293._36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._293.-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To improve performance, the Mikulin Design Bureau started work on an uprated AM-38 engine. The new engines produced 1,300 kW (1,700 hp) at takeoff and 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) at 750 metres (2,460 ft). They gave an improved takeoff and low-altitude performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._293._36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._293.-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 October 1942, production Il-2s powered by AM38s were used on the Central Front for the first time when they successfully attacked <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> airfield occupied by Germans. The <i>Shturmovik</i> rear guns proved to be effective against hostile fighters, and during the service trials alone, gunners shot down seven Bf 109s and repulsed many attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._294._37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._294.-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1943, two-seat attack aircraft powered by uprated AM-38F engines (<i>Forseerovannyy</i> – uprated) began to arrive at front line units. </p><p>Nonetheless, the death rate among the air gunners remained exceptionally high and it was only for late models produced after 1944 that the 13 mm (0.51 in) rear plate of the armour shell was moved rearwards into the (wooden) rear fuselage to allow a gunner to sit behind the fuel tank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The armour did not extend to the rear or below although side armour panels were riveted to the rear armour plate to protect the ammunition tank for the UBT machine gun, providing some measure of protection. The modifications, including adding the rear gunner and gun, had added weight behind the center of gravity, resulting in "marginal" stability and handling characteristics that were "barely acceptable". The need to shift the <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_center" title="Aerodynamic center">aerodynamic center</a> of the aircraft forwards due to the weight of the added rear gunner and lengthened cockpit was the reason for the swept back outer wings in later Il-2s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1945, the highest scoring German flying ace to be killed in action, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kittel" title="Otto Kittel">Otto Kittel</a>, was shot down by return fire from an Il-2.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air-to-air_combat">Air-to-air combat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Air-to-air combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Owing to a shortage of fighters, in 1941–1942, Il-2s were occasionally used as fighters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While outclassed by dedicated fighters such as the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> and <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a>, in dogfights, the Il-2 could take on other <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> aircraft with some success. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> German front line units equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_126" title="Henschel Hs 126">Henschel Hs 126</a> suffered most of all from the ravages of Il-2s. Il-2 pilots also often attacked close formations of <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87s</a>, as the 7.92 mm (0.312 in) machine guns of the <i>Ju 87 Stukas</i> were ineffective against the heavily armoured <i>Shturmoviks</i>. In the winter of 1941–1942, Il-2s were used against <i>Luftwaffe</i> transport aircraft, and became the most dangerous opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52/3m</a>. Pilots of 33rd GvShAP were the most successful in these operations. Other successful units were those in 1942–1943 operating near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>. Their targets were not only Ju 52s but also Heinkel He 111 and <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_200_Condor" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor">Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor</a> bombers, delivering supplies to the besieged German troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_p._297._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon_p._297.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Il-2 was a strong air-to-ground weapon, and even a fairly effective interceptor against slow bombers and transport aircraft, heavy losses resulted from its vulnerability to fighter attack. Losses were very high, the highest of all types of Soviet aircraft, though given the numbers in service this is only to be expected. <i>Shturmovik</i> losses (including the Il-10 type) in 1941–1945 were of 10,762 aircraft (533 in 1941, 1,676 in 1942, 3,515 in 1943, 3,347 in 1944 and 1,691 in 1945).<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström_p.132_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström_p.132-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main defensive tactic was to fly low and reduce power as the enemy fighter closed in. This could make the fighter overshoot and fly into the Il-2's firing zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Rastrenin_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rastrenin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Battle in Karelian Isthmus, Vyborg Offensive in summer 1944, <a href="/wiki/No._24_Squadron_(Finland)" title="No. 24 Squadron (Finland)">Finnish 24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._34_Squadron_(Finland)" title="No. 34 Squadron (Finland)">34th Fighter</a> Squadrons and Luftwaffe II./JG 54 took a toll on Soviet Il-2 squadrons. In just 30 days (10 June – 9 July), Finnish and German fighter pilots shot down 111 and 53 Il-2s, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_aircrew">Notable aircrew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable aircrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Senior Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Anna_Yegorova" title="Anna Yegorova">Anna Yegorova</a> piloted 243 Il-2 missions and was decorated three times.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakaida_p._20._42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakaida_p._20.-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these awards was the Gold Star of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> that Yegorova had received "posthumously" in late 1944, since she was presumed dead after being shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-Sakaida_p._20._42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakaida_p._20.-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She survived imprisonment in a German POW camp. </p><p>Guards Junior Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Drachenko" title="Ivan Drachenko">Ivan Drachenko</a>, another Il-2 pilot, was one of only four men awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and also a Full Cavalier of the Order of Glory as a recipient of each of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory" title="Order of Glory">Order of Glory's</a> three classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruce_E._Empric,2017,_p._34_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_E._Empric,2017,_p._34-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having lost his right eye as a result of injuries sustained in a combat mission on 14 August 1943, he returned to flying status and continued to fly combat sorties until war's end.<sup id="cite_ref-Empric_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Empric-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recipient of the Hero of the Soviet Union award, T. Kuznetsov survived the crash of his Il-2 in 1942 when shot down returning from a reconnaissance mission. Kuznetsov escaped from the wreck and hid nearby. To his surprise, a <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">German Bf 109 fighter</a> landed near the crash site and the pilot began to investigate the wrecked Il-2, possibly to look for souvenirs. Thinking quickly, Kuznetsov ran to the German fighter and used it to fly home, barely avoiding being shot down by Soviet fighters in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Liss_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liss-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Stepanyan" title="Nelson Stepanyan">Nelson Stepanyan</a> flew an Il-2 and took part in a number of aerial battles and bombing sorties. He was shot down once but returned to Soviet lines. On his final sortie in <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvia</a> on 14 December 1944, his plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire, and although wounded, he flew his airplane into a German <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warship</a>. Soviet sources assert that Stepanyan flew no fewer than 239 combat sorties, sank 53 ships, thirteen of which he did alone, destroyed 80 tanks, 600 armored vehicles, and 27 aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-SAE_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAE-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cosmonaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmonaut">Cosmonaut</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Beregovoy" title="Georgy Beregovoy">Georgy Beregovoy</a> flew the Ilyushin in 185 sorties, and was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union title in 1944. He was the earliest-born cosmonaut, and the only cosmonaut to be a Hero of the Soviet Union for an earlier achievement unrelated to space travel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early two-seater prototype proved to be too heavy for the limited power of the early <a href="/wiki/Mikulin_AM-35" title="Mikulin AM-35">Mikulin AM-35</a> engine. A redesigned single-seat version was soon developed and saw combat, particularly in the early phase of the war in the Soviet Union. While the Il-2 proved to be a deadly air-to-ground weapon, heavy losses were caused by its vulnerability to fighter attack. Consequently, in February 1942, the two-seat design was revived. The <b>Il-2M</b>, with a rear gunner under the stretched canopy, entered service in September 1942 with the surviving single-seaters eventually modified to this standard. Later changes included an upgrade from 20 mm (0.79 in) to 23 or 37 mm (0.91 or 1.46 in) cannons, <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> improvements, use of wooden outer wing panels instead of metal and increased fuel capacity. In 1943, the <b>Il-2 Type 3</b> or <b>Il-2m3</b> came out with redesigned "arrow-wings" that possessed leading edges that were swept back 15 degrees on the outer panels, and nearly straight trailing edges, resulting in a wing planform somewhat like the <a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">AT-6</a> trainer. Performance and handling were much improved from the resulting shift of the Il-2's <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_center" title="Aerodynamic center">aerodynamic center</a> rearwards with the revised "arrow wing" planform to correct the earlier problem, and this became the most common version of the Il-2. A radial engine powered variant of the Il-2 with the <a href="/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-82" title="Shvetsov ASh-82">Shvetsov ASh-82</a> engine was proposed in 1942 to remedy projected shortages in the Mikulin inline engines. However, the <a href="/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-82" title="Shvetsov ASh-82">Shvetsov ASh-82</a> was also used in the new <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-5" title="Lavochkin La-5">Lavochkin La-5</a> fighter which effectively secured all available engines to the Lavochkin bureau. The radial engine <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Sukhoi Su-2</a> ground attack aircraft was produced in small quantities, but was generally considered unsuitable due to inadequate performance and lack of defensive armament.<sup id="cite_ref-Rastrenin_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rastrenin-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>TsKB-55</dt> <dd>Two-seat prototype, AM-35 engine, first flight on 2 October 1939.</dd> <dt>BSh-2</dt> <dd>VVS designation for TsKB-55 prototype.</dd> <dt>TsKB-57</dt> <dd>Single-seat prototype, AM-38 engine, first flight on 12 October 1940.</dd> <dt>Il-2 (TsKB-57P)</dt> <dd>Single-seat serial aircraft, AM-38 engine, first flight on 29 December 1940, some delivered to combat units in May–June 1941. Renamed the Il-2 in April 1941. Cannons 20 mm <a href="/wiki/ShVAK" class="mw-redirect" title="ShVAK">ShVAK</a> or 23 mm <a href="/wiki/VYa-23" class="mw-redirect" title="VYa-23">VYa-23</a> (depending on which factory the Il-2 was manufactured in).</dd> <dt>Il-2 two-seat</dt> <dd>Two-seat version, AM-38 engine, first action on 30 October 1942 near Stalingrad. Maximum bomb load reduced from 600 to 400 kg (1,300 to 880 lb). Used on edges of flight formations for defense against German fighters. Quickly replaced by the "Il-2 production of 1943".</dd> <dt>Il-2 production of 1943</dt> <dd>Referred in the west as the "Il-2M". Powered by an upgraded AM-38F engine. Delivered to the front units from early 1943. In 1943, the 20 mm ShVAK armed Il-2s faded out, leaving only the 23 mm VYa variant.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg/220px-Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg/330px-Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg/440px-Il2_2_ns37_machine_cannon_moscow_march_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Il-2m with the NS-37 cannon in conformal <a href="/wiki/Gun_pod" title="Gun pod">gun pods</a> beneath the wings</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Il-2 with NS-37</dt> <dd>Referred in the west as the "Il-2 Type 3M". Based on the two-seat Il-2, armed with <a href="/wiki/Nudelman-Suranov_NS-37" title="Nudelman-Suranov NS-37">Nudelman-Suranov NS-37</a> in conformal gun pods under the wings, instead of the 20/23 mm cannons, this version is an attempt to create an anti-tank aircraft, first used in combat during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>. However, the combat effectiveness was quite low and production of the variant was limited to about 3,500. Moreover, bomb load was decreased from 600 to 200 kg (1,300 to 440 lb). It was replaced by the conventional Il-2 attackers armed with cassettes with cumulative bomblets.</dd> <dt>Il-2 production 1944 "wing with arrow"</dt> <dd>Referred in West as "Il-2M3" or "Il-2 Type 3". As more <a href="/wiki/Duralumin" title="Duralumin">duralumin</a> became available for the Soviet aviation industry, the Il-2 received a set of all-metal wing panels. At the same time, the outer wing planform was swept back, with a straight trailing edge, since the centre of gravity was shifted rearwards after the gunner was added. The wing planform change regained controllability of the two-seat Il-2 back to level of the single-seat Il-2.</dd> <dt>Il-2U</dt> <dd>Training version, also known as <b>UIl-2</b>.</dd> <dt>Il-2T</dt> <dd>Torpedo bomber version for the Soviet Navy with the <a href="/wiki/VYa-23" class="mw-redirect" title="VYa-23">VYa-23</a> cannons removed to save weight, it was able to carry a single 45 cm (18 in) torpedo.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p106_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p106-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ilyusha_p76_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyusha_p76-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidently, it was only a design as the 23rd Attack Air Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> flew regular Il-2M-3s fitted with torpedo racks as a field modification, and that no such aircraft were ever noted in the battle sortie logs.<sup id="cite_ref-M.Morozov_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.Morozov-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Il-2I</dt> <dd>Armoured fighter, prototype only. Concept based on several dogfights between Il-2 and <i>Luftwaffe</i> bombers. Proved infeasible due to its low speed, which causes it to be able to intercept only older <i>Luftwaffe</i> bombers.</dd> <dt>Il-2R</dt> <dd>Il-2 fitted with a rocket motor in the rear, prototype only. The design was part of a concept to have units of Il-2R´s as part of a rapid response force, spread across the front to counter sudden <a href="/wiki/Counter-attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-attacks">counter-attacks</a>. The rocket motor would aid in take-off and climbing, allowing the Il-2R´s to reach their target faster. The concept was abandoned before the go-ahead was given for production in 1945, as by then it was considered obsolete.</dd> <dt>Il-2 with M-82/M-82IR engine</dt> <dd>A backup project prepared while plants producing AM-35/AM-38 were evacuated. Compared to the original Il-2 it had additional armor, a rear gunner and <a href="/wiki/Shvetsov_ASh-82" title="Shvetsov ASh-82">Shvetsov ASh-82</a> or geared Ash-82IR engine. It had deteriorated rate of climb and field performance however it retained the same handling qualities. Recommended for production in Plant No.381 and Plant No.135, with 678 to be delivered by 1943. Cancelled because AM-38 production stabilized. <sup id="cite_ref-OKB_p24-25_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OKB_p24-25-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_operators">Military operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">Bulgarian Air Force</a> – received 120 Il-2 and 10 training Il-2U in 1945. The type was operated between 1945 and 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Michulec_p._29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michulec_p._29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungarian Air Force</a> – received an unknown number of aircraft. The type was operated from 1945 to 1952.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Army" title="Mongolian People's Army">Mongolian People's Army Aviation</a> – received 71 Il-2 in 1945. The type was operated between 1945 and 1954</li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il-2_30_lp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Il-2_30_lp.jpg/220px-Il-2_30_lp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Il-2_30_lp.jpg/330px-Il-2_30_lp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Il-2_30_lp.jpg/440px-Il-2_30_lp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Ilyushin Il-2 of the 30th air regiment, 4. air division Czechoslovak Air Force, 1946</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovakian Air Force">Czechoslovakian Air Force</a> – received 33 Il-2 and 2 training Il-2U aircraft. This type was operated between 1944 and 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Michulec_p._28_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michulec_p._28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_of_the_Polish_Army" title="Air Force of the Polish Army">Air Force of the Polish Army</a> – (after 1947 <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a>) received about 230 Il-2 aircraft between 1944 and 1946. All were retired in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Michulec_p._28_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michulec_p._28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Soviet Naval Aviation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SFR_Yugoslav_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="SFR Yugoslav Air Force">SFR Yugoslav Air Force</a> – received 213 aircraft in Il-2M3 and UIl-2 versions and used them until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-Michulec_p._29_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michulec_p._29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/421st_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="421st Assault Aviation Regiment">421st Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/554th_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="554th Assault Aviation Regiment">554th Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/422nd_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="422nd Assault Aviation Regiment">422nd Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/423rd_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="423rd Assault Aviation Regiment">423rd Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1944–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Training_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Training Aviation Regiment">3rd Training Aviation Regiment</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/81st_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="81st Assault Aviation Regiment">81st Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/96th_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="96th Assault Aviation Regiment">96th Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1948–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/107th_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="107th Assault Aviation Regiment">107th Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/111th_Assault_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="111th Assault Aviation Regiment">111th Assault Aviation Regiment</a> (1948–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/185th_Mixed_Aviation_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="185th Mixed Aviation Regiment">185th Mixed Aviation Regiment</a> (1949–1952)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>S/N unknown - at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Aviation_Museum_(Krumovo)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Aviation Museum (Krumovo) (page does not exist)">National Aviation Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krumovo" title="Krumovo">Krumovo, Plovdiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>12438 – at the <a href="/wiki/Kbely_Aviation_Museum" title="Kbely Aviation Museum">Kbely Aviation Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kbely" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbely">Kbely, Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>S/N unknown - unrestored at the <a href="/wiki/Airplane_Museum_of_Szolnok" title="Airplane Museum of Szolnok">Airplane Museum of Szolnok</a> in <a href="/wiki/Szolnok" title="Szolnok">Szolnok, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recovered from a lake. Engine #259059.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG/220px-Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG/330px-Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG/440px-Ilyushin_at_S%C3%B8r-Varanger_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="2635" /></a><figcaption>The restored Ilyushin IL-2m3 Shturmovik at Sør-Varanger museum in Kirkenes, Norway</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>3035560 – at the Grenselandsmuseet in <a href="/wiki/Kirkenes" title="Kirkenes">Kirkenes, Finnmark</a>. It was recovered from a lake on the Norwegian side of the border in 1985 and restored in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_(11057532965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg/220px-Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg/330px-Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg/440px-Ilyushin_IL-2m3_Shturmovik_%2721%27_%2811057532965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption>Ilyushin Il-2 S/N 21 in Warsaw</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>21 - at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Polish Army">Museum of the Polish Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw, Mazovia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by the 3rd Assault Aviation Regiment (3 Pułk Lotnictwa Szturmowego).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Airworthy</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>1872452 – Airworthy with the Wings of Victory Foundation in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. It was recovered in 2015 from the bottom of a lake near <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> and restored by Aviarestoration on a commission from <a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_Corporation" title="United Aircraft Corporation">UAC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>2440 – displayed in <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Krai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_(c-n_7826)_(38218670522).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg/220px-Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg/330px-Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg/440px-Fuselage_of_Ilyushin_Il-2_%28c-n_7826%29_%2838218670522%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4972" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>Forward fuselage of Ilyushin Il-2 c/n 7826 at Patriot Park</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>7826 - (forward fuselage only) displayed unrestored at <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Park" title="Patriot Park">Patriot Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kubinka" title="Kubinka">Kubinka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>. The aircraft was reportedly shot down in the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a> on 1 November 1943, and was recovered in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S/N unknown - displayed in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna, Moscow</a>. It was recovered locally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>S/N unknown - displayed in <a href="/wiki/Lebyazhye,_Lomonosovsky_District,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Lebyazhye, Lomonosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast">Lebyazhye, Leningrad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>S/N unknown - displayed in a traffic circle in <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>. This particular plane was shot down in 1943 over Karelia, but the heavily wounded pilot, K. Kotlyarovsky, managed to crash-land the plane near Lake Oriyarvi. The aircraft was returned to Kuybyshev in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>S/N unknown - displayed at the <a href="/wiki/UMMC_Museum_Complex" title="UMMC Museum Complex">UMMC Museum Complex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Verkhnyaya_Pyshma" title="Verkhnyaya Pyshma">Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Sverdlovsk</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik,_Central_Air_Force_Museum,_Monino.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG/220px-Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG/330px-Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG/440px-Ilyushin_IL-2_Sturmovik%2C_Central_Air_Force_Museum%2C_Monino.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The restored Ilyushin IL-2 Shturmovik at the Central Air Force Museum, Monino</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>301060 – Il-2m3 on static display at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Force_Museum" title="Central Air Force Museum">Central Air Force Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monino" title="Monino">Monino, Moscow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-airlibrary_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airlibrary-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Under restoration or in storage</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>1870930 - Under restoration to airworthy condition by the Wings of Victory Foundation in Moscow. It is the only surviving single-seat Il-2 built before 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>308831 – at the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Museum_Belgrade" title="Aeronautical Museum Belgrade">Aeronautical Museum Belgrade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sur%C4%8Din" title="Surčin">Surčin, Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Under restoration or in storage</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>1878576 - in storage at <a href="/wiki/Wickenby" title="Wickenby">Wickenby</a>, Lincolnshire, England.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>1870710 - under restoration for display at Wickenby, Lincolnshire, England for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Museum_London" title="Royal Air Force Museum London">Royal Air Force Museum London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Airworthy</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2m3</dt></dl></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg/220px-Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg/330px-Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg/440px-Ilyushin_Il-2M3_of_Flying_Heritage_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>The airworthy Ilyushin Il-2M3 of the Flying Heritage Collection, flown with an Allison V-1710 powerplant</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>305401 – at the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Heritage_%26_Combat_Armor_Museum" title="Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum">Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett, Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It incorporates parts of four different wrecked aircraft recovered from Russia and was restored by Retro Avia Tech with a <a href="/wiki/Allison_V-1710#Versatility_and_reversibility_of_rotation" title="Allison V-1710">reversed Allison V-1710-113</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marsh_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>On display</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <ul><li>5612 – Il-2 on static display at the <a href="/wiki/Pima_Air_%26_Space_Museum" title="Pima Air & Space Museum">Pima Air & Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Under restoration</dt></dl> <dl><dt><dl><dt>Il-2</dt></dl></dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg/220px-Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg/330px-Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg/440px-Restored_Ilyushin_IL-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ilyushin Il-2 undergoing restoration at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly, Virginia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Composite – undergoing restoration at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chantilly,_Virginia" title="Chantilly, Virginia">Chantilly, Virginia</a>. Formerly held in storage at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Garber_Preservation,_Restoration,_and_Storage_Facility" title="Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility">Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suitland,_Maryland" title="Suitland, Maryland">Suitland, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of August 2024, the plane (which can be viewed in the restoration hangar there) appeared complete and ready for final touches before being put on display.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(Il-2M3)"><span id="Specifications_.28Il-2M3.29"></span>Specifications (Il-2M3)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Specifications (Il-2M3)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg/220px-Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg/330px-Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg/440px-Ilyushin_Il-2_3-view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ilyushin Il-2M3</figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: 90%; margin:0;"><i>Data from</i> The Annals of Ilyusha…<sup id="cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._72_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilyusha_p._72-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>General characteristics</b></span> </p><ul><li><b>Crew:</b> 2</li> <li><b>Length:</b> 11.65 m (38 ft 3 in)</li> <li><b>Wingspan:</b> 14.60 m (47 ft 11 in)</li> <li><b>Height:</b> 4.17 m (13 ft 8 in) (tail up)</li> <li><b>Wing area:</b> 38.50 m<sup>2</sup> (414.4 sq ft)</li> <li><b>Empty weight:</b> 4,425 kg (9,755 lb)</li> <li><b>Max takeoff weight:</b> 6,360 kg (14,021 lb)</li> <li><b>Fuel capacity:</b> 730 L (190 US gal; 160 imp gal)</li> <li><b>Powerplant:</b> 1 × <a href="/wiki/Mikulin_AM-38" title="Mikulin AM-38">Mikulin AM-38</a>F liquid-cooled <a href="/wiki/V12_engine" title="V12 engine">V12 engine</a>, 1,280 kW (1,720 hp) (takeoff power),1,100 kW (1,500 hp) at 750 m (2,460 ft)</li> <li><b>Propellers:</b> 3-bladed AV-57-158 variable-pitch propeller, 3.60 m (11 ft 10 in) diameter</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Performance</b></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Maximum speed:</b> 410 km/h (250 mph, 220 kn) at 1,500 m (4,900 ft)</li> <li><b>Range:</b> 765 km (475 mi, 413 nmi) at 275 km/h (171 mph; 148 kn) and 1,000 m (3,300 ft)</li> <li><b>Endurance:</b> 2.75 hr</li> <li><b>Service ceiling:</b> 4,525 m (14,846 ft) (service ceiling), 6,360 m (20,870 ft) (absolute ceiling)</li> <li><b>Time to altitude:</b> 15 min to 5,000 m (16,000 ft)</li></ul> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>Armament</b></span><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Guns:</b> <br /> <ul><li>2 × fixed forward-firing <a href="/wiki/23%C3%97152mm" class="mw-redirect" title="23×152mm">23×152mm</a> <a href="/wiki/VYa-23" class="mw-redirect" title="VYa-23">VYa-23</a> cannons, 150 rounds per gun</li> <li>2 × fixed forward-firing <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a> <a href="/wiki/ShKAS_machine_gun" title="ShKAS machine gun">ShKAS machine guns</a>, 750 rounds per gun</li> <li>1 × manually aimed <a href="/wiki/12.7%C3%97108mm" class="mw-redirect" title="12.7×108mm">12.7×108mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezin_UB" title="Berezin UB">Berezin UBT</a> machine gun in rear cockpit, 300 rounds</li></ul></li> <li><b>Rockets:</b> <br /> <ul><li>8× <a href="/wiki/RS-82_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-82 rocket">RS-82 rockets</a> <i>or</i></li> <li>4× <a href="/wiki/RS-82_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-82 rocket">RS-132 rockets</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Bombs:</b> <br /> <ul><li>6× 100 kg (220 lb) bombs in wing bomb-bays and underwing <i>or</i></li> <li>4× dispensers for 48 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) PTAB anti-armour bombs (192 total) in wing bays</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p> <b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-1" title="Ilyushin Il-1">Ilyushin Il-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-8" title="Ilyushin Il-8">Ilyushin Il-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Ilyushin Il-10</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Battle" title="Fairey Battle">Fairey Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henschel_Hs_129" title="Henschel Hs 129">Henschel Hs 129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">Junkers Ju 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-51" title="Mitsubishi Ki-51">Mitsubishi Ki-51</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II" title="List of aircraft of World War II">List of aircraft of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_aircraft" title="List of most-produced aircraft">List of most-produced aircraft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michulec 1999, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michulec 1999, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stapfer_title-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stapfer_title_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stapfer, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rastrenin_title-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rastrenin_title_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rastrenin, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p106-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p106_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p106_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 1995, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Aviation-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_of_Aviation_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane's 1989, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalinquote-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stalinquote_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stalinquote_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardesty 1982, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p104-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p104_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 1995, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015055/http://century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/2/Ilyushin%20Il%202%20Shturmovik.htm">"Ilyushin Il 2 Shturmovik"</a>. <i>century-of-flight.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.century-of-flight.net/Aviation%20history/photo_albums/timeline/ww2/2/Ilyushin%20Il%202%20Shturmovik.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=century-of-flight.net&rft.atitle=Ilyushin+Il+2+Shturmovik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.century-of-flight.net%2FAviation%2520history%2Fphoto_albums%2Ftimeline%2Fww2%2F2%2FIlyushin%2520Il%25202%2520Shturmovik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlyushin+Il-2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilyusha_p2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ilyusha_p2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunston_Russian_p105-6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gunston_Russian_p105-6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunston 1995, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilyusha_p._3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shirokorad-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirokorad_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Широкорад А.Б. 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ОРУЖИЕ, БОЕПРИПАСЫ, СНАРЯЖЕНИЕ</i> 12/2011, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OKB_p18-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OKB_p18_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Komissarov and Komissarov 2004, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austerslått, Tor Willy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://break-left.org/air/il-2.html">"Ilyushin Il-2."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609035832/http://break-left.org/air/il-2.html">Archived</a> 9 June 2011 at Wikiwix <i>break-left.org</i>, 2003. Retrieved: 27 March 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020417044355/http://vectorsite.net/avil2.html">"Ilyushin Il-2."</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> <i>www.vectorsite.net</i>, June 2006. Retrieved: 27 March 2010. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samspace.ru/about/chronology_of_events/">"ХРОНОЛОГИЯ ОСНОВНЫХ СОБЫТИЙ В ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ РКЦ ПРОГРЕСС"</a> [CHRONOLOGY OF THE BASIC EVALUATIONS IN THE ACTIVITIES OF RCC PROGRESS]. <i>Rocket and Space Centre "Progress"</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flying+Heritage+Collection&rft.atitle=The+Flying+Heritage+Collection+Adds+Another+Vintage+Warbird&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingheritage.com%2FTemplateMain.aspx%3FcontentId%3D93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlyushin+Il-2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2017" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Elliott (23 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintageaviationecho.com/flying-the-il-2/">"Flying the Winged Tank - Modern impressions of the legendary Il-2 Sturmovik"</a>. <i>vintageaviationecho.com</i>. The Vintage Aviation Echo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914185430/http://vintageaviationecho.com/flying-the-il-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>The original Mikulin AM-38F engine was impractical to restore (no such engines are airworthy in the 21st century), and the aircraft was instead mated with a reliable <a href="/wiki/Allison_V-1710" title="Allison V-1710">Allison V-1710</a>-113 engine, the same powerplant used in the Lockheed P-38 Lightning.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vintageaviationecho.com&rft.atitle=Flying+the+Winged+Tank+-+Modern+impressions+of+the+legendary+Il-2+Sturmovik&rft.date=2017-08-23&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintageaviationecho.com%2Fflying-the-il-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlyushin+Il-2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016152948/http://www.eaa.org/news/2011/2011-10-13_ilyushin.asp">"Ilyushin Il-2 Flies Again"</a>. <i>EAA</i>. 13 October 2011. 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Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.atitle=Preparing+to+Restore+the+%22Concrete+Plane%22&rft.date=2016-11-27&rft.aulast=Crellin&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fstories%2Feditorial%2Fpreparing-restore-%25E2%2580%259Cconcrete-plane%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlyushin+Il-2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilyusha_p._72-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ilyusha_p._72_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green and Swanborough 1980, p. 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bergström, Christer. <i>Bagration to Berlin: The final Air Battle in the East 1944–45</i>. Hersham UK, Classic Publications, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-91-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903223-91-8">978-1-903223-91-8</a>.</li> <li>Bergström, Christer. <i>Barbarossa: The Air Battle: July–December 1941</i>. London: Chevron/Ian Allan, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-270-2">978-1-85780-270-2</a>.</li> <li>Crosby, Francis. <i>The Complete Guide to Fighters and Bombers of WWII.</i> London: Anness Publishing Ltd: Hermes House, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42239-156-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42239-156-3">978-1-42239-156-3</a>.</li> <li>Donald, Donald and Jon Lake, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft</i>. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880588-24-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-880588-24-2">1-880588-24-2</a>.</li> <li>Empric, Bruce E. <i>Onward to Berlin!: Red Army Valor in World War II - The Full Cavaliers of the Soviet Order of Glory.</i> Seattle: Teufelsberg Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1973498605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1973498605">978-1973498605</a>.</li> <li>Glantz, David M. and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">Jonathan M. House</a>. <i>The Battle of Kursk.</i> London: Ian Allan Publishing Ltd, Surrey, UK, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70060-978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70060-978-9">978-0-70060-978-9</a>.</li> <li>Glantz, David M. and Harold S. Orenstein. <i>The Battle for Kursk 1943: The Soviet General Staff Study</i>. London: Frank Cass, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4493-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4493-5">0-7146-4493-5</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Yefim, Dmitry Komissarov and Sergei Komissarov. <i>OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft</i>. Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK: Midland Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-187-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-187-3">1-85780-187-3</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Yefim and Sergey Kommissarov. <i>Ilyushin IL-2 and IL-10 Shturmovik</i>. Wiltshire: Crowood Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-625-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-625-1">1-86126-625-1</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Yefim. <i>Soviet Airpower in World War II</i>. Hinckley UK: Midland / Ian Allan Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85780-304-4">978-1-85780-304-4</a>.</li> <li>Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The Annals of Ilyusha: Ilyushin's Proliferous Shturmovik". <i>Air Enthusiast</i>, Issue Twelve, April–July 1980, pp. 1–10, 71–77. Bromley, Kent, UK: Pilot Press. ISSN 0143-5450.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a>. <i>The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995</i>. London: Osprey, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-405-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-405-9">1-85532-405-9</a>.</li> <li>Hardesty, Von. <i>Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-071-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-071-0">1-56098-071-0</a>.</li> <li>Jentz, T. L. <i>Panzer Truppen, The Complete Guide to the Creation and Combat Deployment of Germany’s Tank Force: 1943–1945.</i> Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88740-915-8">978-0-88740-915-8</a>.</li> <li>Krivosheev, G.F. <i>Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century.</i> London: Greenhill Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85367-280-4">978-1-85367-280-4</a>.</li> <li>Liss, Witold. <i>Ilyushin Il-2 (Aircraft in Profile number 88)</i>. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1968. No ISBN. Reprinted in 1971 and 1982.</li> <li>Ludeke, Alexander. <i>Weapons of World War II</i>. Bath, UK: Parragon Books Ltd., 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4075-0195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4075-0195-6">978-1-4075-0195-6</a>.</li> <li>Michulec, Robert. <i>Ił-2 Ił-10. Monografie Lotnicze #22</i> (in Polish). Gdańsk: AJ-Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-86208-33-3" title="Special:BookSources/83-86208-33-3">83-86208-33-3</a>.</li> <li>Ovčáčík, Michal and Karel Susa. <i>Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik: Il-2 Type 3, Il-2 Type 3M, Il-2KR, UIl-2</i>. Prague, Czech Republic: 4+ Publications, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-87045-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/80-87045-00-9">80-87045-00-9</a>.</li> <li>Povinsky, Viktor. <i>Il-2 Shturmovik</i>. Sandomierz, Poland/Redbourn, UK: Mushroom Model Publications, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-63678-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-63678-37-1">978-83-63678-37-1</a>.</li> <li>Шавров, В.Б. <i>История конструкций самолетов в СССР 1938–1950 гг. (3 изд.). (in Russisn)</i> Moscow: Машиностроение, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-00477-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-217-00477-0">5-217-00477-0</a>. (Shavrov, V.B. <i>Istoriia konstruktskii samoletov v SSSR, 1938–1950 gg. (3rd ed.)</i>. translation: <i>History of Aircraft design in USSR: 1938–1950</i>. Moscow: Mashinostroenie Publishing House, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-00477-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-217-00477-0">5-217-00477-0</a>.)</li> <li>Rastrenin, Oleg. <i>IL-2 Sturmovik Guards Units of World War 2</i> (Osprey Combat Aircraft, no 71). Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-296-7">978-1-84603-296-7</a>.</li> <li>Sakaida, Henry. <i>Heroines of the Soviet Union: 1941–45.</i> Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-598-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-598-3">978-1-84176-598-3</a>.</li> <li>Shores, Christopher. <i>Ground Attack Aircraft of World War II</i>. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-08338-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-08338-1">0-356-08338-1</a>.</li> <li>Stapfer, Hans-Heiri. <i>Il-2 Stormovik in Action</i> (Aircraft number 155). Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89747-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89747-341-8">0-89747-341-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-2&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ilyushin_Il-2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ilyushin Il-2">Ilyushin Il-2</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202113445/http://allworldwars.com/videos/IL-2%20Pilot%20Manual/How-to-fly-IL-2-Sturmovik-1943.html">How to fly Il-2. Training Film by the Red Army Air Force Research Institute, 1943. English subtitles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalemodels.ru/modules/photo/viewcat_cid_113.html">25 shots of Il-2 memorial (Novorossyisk, Russia)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iremember.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=133#jreactions">Interview with Il-2 pilot Yuri Khukhrikov</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cdunpANsamc">First public flight of the Flying Heritage Collection's Il-2, with P-47 Thunderbolt chase plane</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airwar.ru/other/manuals/%5baviation%5d%20-%20%5bmanuals%5d%20-%20%c8%ed%f1%f2%f0%f3%ea%f6%e8%cb%b8%f2%f7%e8%ea%f3%20%ef%ee%20%dd%ea%f1%ef%eb%ee%e0%f2%e0%f6%e8%e8%20%d1%e0%ec%ee%eb%b8%f2%e0%20%c8%cb-2%20%f1%20%cc%ee%f2%ee%f0%ee%ec%20%c0%cc-38.pdf">Pilot's Instruction Manual</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template:Ilyushin aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Template talk:Ilyushin aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ilyushin_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ilyushin aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ilyushin_aircraft112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_I-21" title="Ilyushin I-21">I-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-1" title="Ilyushin Il-1">Il-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Il-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-8" title="Ilyushin Il-8">Il-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Il-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-16" title="Ilyushin Il-16">Il-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-20_(1948)" title="Ilyushin Il-20 (1948)">Il-20 (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-40" title="Ilyushin Il-40">Il-40</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilyushin_Il-42&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilyushin Il-42 (page does not exist)">Il-42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-102" title="Ilyushin Il-102">Il-102</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3" title="Ilyushin DB-3">DB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">Il-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-4" title="Ilyushin DB-4">DB-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-6" title="Ilyushin Il-6">Il-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-22" title="Ilyushin Il-22">Il-22 (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">Il-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-30" title="Ilyushin Il-30">Il-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-46" title="Ilyushin Il-46">Il-46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-54" title="Ilyushin Il-54">Il-54</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-12" title="Ilyushin Il-12">Il-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Il-20 (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-32" title="Ilyushin Il-32">Il-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Il-76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-78" title="Ilyushin Il-78">Il-78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-80" title="Ilyushin Il-80">Il-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-106" title="Ilyushin Il-106">Il-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-112" title="Ilyushin Il-112">Il-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-276" title="Ilyushin Il-276">Il-276</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_PAK_VTA" title="Ilyushin PAK VTA">PAK VTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passenger aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-14" title="Ilyushin Il-14">Il-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18_(1946)" title="Ilyushin Il-18 (1946)">Il-18 (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Il-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-62" title="Ilyushin Il-62">Il-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-86" title="Ilyushin Il-86">Il-86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-90" title="Ilyushin Il-90">Il-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Il-96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-108" title="Ilyushin Il-108">Il-108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-114" title="Ilyushin Il-114">Il-114</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-20M" title="Ilyushin Il-20M">Il-20M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Il-22 (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-18" title="Ilyushin Il-18">Il-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-38" title="Ilyushin Il-38">Il-38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-114" title="Ilyushin Il-114">Il-140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-50" title="Beriev A-50">A-50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-100" title="Beriev A-100">A-100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-60" title="Beriev A-60">A-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_I-21" title="Ilyushin I-21">I-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-1" title="Ilyushin Il-1">Il-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-8" title="Ilyushin Il-8">Il-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-26" title="Ilyushin Il-26">Il-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-103" title="Ilyushin Il-103">Il-103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_bomber/attack_aircraft_designations,_1923–1940886" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_bomber-attack_designations" title="Template:Soviet bomber-attack designations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_bomber-attack_designations" title="Template talk:Soviet bomber-attack designations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_bomber-attack_designations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet bomber-attack designations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_bomber/attack_aircraft_designations,_1923–1940886" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_military_aircraft_designation_systems" title="Soviet Union military aircraft designation systems">bomber/attack aircraft designations</a>, 1923–1940</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-range bomber (<abbr title="Blizhniy Bombardirovschik">BB</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">BB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">BB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">BB-3</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">BB-4 through BB-21</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-2" title="Yakovlev Yak-2">BB-22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-4" title="Yakovlev Yak-4">bis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Long-range bomber (<abbr title="Dalniy Bombardirovschik">DB</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_DB-1" title="Tupolev DB-1">DB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-37" title="Tupolev ANT-37">DB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3" title="Ilyushin DB-3">DB-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-4" title="Ilyushin DB-4">DB-4</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">DB-5 through DB-239</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermolayev_Yer-2" title="Yermolayev Yer-2">DB-240</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolkhovitinov_DB-A" title="Bolkhovitinov DB-A">DB-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belyayev_DB-LK" title="Belyayev DB-LK">DB-LK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy bomber (<abbr title="Tyazholy Bombardirovschik">TB</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-1" title="Tupolev TB-1">TB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_TB-2" title="Polikarpov TB-2">TB-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-3" title="Tupolev TB-3">TB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-16" title="Tupolev ANT-16">TB-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigorovich_TB-5" title="Grigorovich TB-5">TB-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-6" title="Tupolev TB-6">TB-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-8" title="Petlyakov Pe-8">TB-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy bomber seaplane (<abbr title="Morskoi Tyazholy Bombardirovschik">MTB</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_MTB-1" title="Tupolev MTB-1">MTB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_MTB-2" title="Tupolev MTB-2">MTB-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armored bomber (<abbr title="Bronirovannyi Shturmovik">BSh</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_V-11" title="Vultee V-11">BSh-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BSh-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heavy ground-attack (<abbr title="Tyazholyi Shturmovik">TSh</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-5" title="Polikarpov R-5">TSh-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-5" title="Polikarpov R-5">TSh-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kocherigin_TSh-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kocherigin TSh-3 (page does not exist)">TSh-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torpedo bomber (<abbr title="Torpedonosets">T</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-41" title="Tupolev ANT-41">T-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torpedo bomber (<abbr title="Torpedonosets">TOM</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_TOM-1" title="Richard TOM-1">TOM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-range dive bomber (<abbr title="Blizhiy Pikeeruyushchiy Bombardirovshchik">BPB</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:grey">BPB-1 through BPB-21</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-2" title="Yakovlev Yak-2">BPB-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Descriptors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Frontovoi Bombardirovschik">Tactical bomber</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2" title="Tupolev Tu-2">FB</a></li> <li><abbr title="Lyogki Bronirovannyi Shturmovik">Light armored-attack</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Kochyerigin_LBSh" title="Kochyerigin LBSh">LBSh</a></li> <li><abbr title="Skorostnoi Bombardirovschik">Fast bomber</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_SB" title="Tupolev SB">SB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsky_Ar-2" title="Arkhangelsky Ar-2">RK</a></li></ul></li> <li><abbr title="Shturmovoi Bombardirovschik">Attack bomber</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">ShB</a></li> <li><abbr title="Skorostnoi Pikiruyuschy Bombardirovshchik">High-speed dive bomber</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">SPB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> Unknown/not assigned</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_military_aircraft_during_World_War_II2174" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWIIUSSRAF" title="Template:WWIIUSSRAF"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWIIUSSRAF" title="Template talk:WWIIUSSRAF"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIUSSRAF" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWIIUSSRAF"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_military_aircraft_during_World_War_II2174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> military aircraft during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fighters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochyerigin_DI-6" title="Kochyerigin DI-6">DI-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-15" title="Polikarpov I-15">I-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-153" title="Polikarpov I-153">I-153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">I-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov_LaGG-3" title="Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3">LaGG-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-5" title="Lavochkin La-5">La-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-7" title="Lavochkin La-7">La-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-1" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1">MiG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3">МiG-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-3" title="Petlyakov Pe-3">Pe-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-1" title="Yakovlev Yak-1">Yak-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-3" title="Yakovlev Yak-3">Yak-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-7" title="Yakovlev Yak-7">Yak-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9" title="Yakovlev Yak-9">Yak-9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Bombers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsky_Ar-2" title="Arkhangelsky Ar-2">Ar-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_DB-3" title="Ilyushin DB-3">DB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-4" title="Ilyushin Il-4">Il-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2" title="Petlyakov Pe-2">Pе-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-8" title="Petlyakov Pe-8">Pе-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_SB" title="Tupolev SB">SB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Su-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-1" title="Tupolev TB-1">TB-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_TB-3" title="Tupolev TB-3">ТB-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2" title="Tupolev Tu-2">Тu-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-4" title="Yakovlev Yak-4">Yak-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermolayev_Yer-2" title="Yermolayev Yer-2">Yer-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ground attack</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_V-11" title="Vultee V-11">BSh-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BSh-2/Il-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Su-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Il-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Trainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_Po-2" title="Polikarpov Po-2">U-2/Po-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_UT-1" title="Yakovlev UT-1">UT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_UT-2" title="Yakovlev UT-2">UT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-16" title="Polikarpov I-16">UTI-2/3/4/(I-16UTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-7" title="Yakovlev Yak-7">UTI-26/Yak-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Transports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_KhAI-1" title="Kharkiv KhAI-1">KhAI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-5" title="Polikarpov R-5">P-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_KhAI-5" title="Kharkiv KhAI-5">PS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-9" title="Tupolev ANT-9">PS-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_ANT-35" title="Tupolev ANT-35">PS-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vultee_V-11" title="Vultee V-11">PS-43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisunov_Li-2" title="Lisunov Li-2">PS-84/Li-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-5" title="Polikarpov R-5">R-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavrov_Sh-2" title="Shavrov Sh-2">Sh-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Gliders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonov_A-7" title="Antonov A-7">А-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gribovsky_G-11" title="Gribovsky G-11">G-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolesnikov-Tsybin_KC-20" title="Kolesnikov-Tsybin KC-20">КC-20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Reconnaissance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_Be-4" title="Beriev Be-4">Be-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriev_MBR-2" title="Beriev MBR-2">MBR-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyetverikov_MDR-6" title="Chyetverikov MDR-6">MDR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_Po-2" title="Polikarpov Po-2">Po-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-5" title="Polikarpov R-5">R-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_KhAI-5" title="Kharkiv KhAI-5">R-10/KhAI-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_R-Z" title="Polikarpov R-Z">R-Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-2" title="Sukhoi Su-2">Su-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-2" title="Yakovlev Yak-2">Yak-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-2" title="Tupolev Tu-2">ANT-58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereznyak-Isayev_BI-1" title="Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1">BI-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-5" title="Yakovlev Yak-5">I-28 (Yak-5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-3" title="Yakovlev Yak-3">I-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-180" title="Polikarpov I-180">I-180</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_I-185" title="Polikarpov I-185">I-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_I-250" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250">I-250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikitin-Shevchenko_IS" title="Nikitin-Shevchenko IS">IS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_ITP" title="Polikarpov ITP">ITP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_TIS" title="Polikarpov TIS">TIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zveno_project" title="Zveno project">Zveno/SPB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czechoslovak_Air_Force_bomber_designations,_1945–1958153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_bombers" title="Template:Czech bombers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_bombers" title="Template talk:Czech bombers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_bombers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech bombers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czechoslovak_Air_Force_bomber_designations,_1945–1958153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force" title="Czechoslovak Air Force">Czechoslovak Air Force</a> bomber designations, 1945–1958</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber<br />(<i>Bombardovací</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2" title="Petlyakov Pe-2">B-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">B-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">B-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_87" title="Junkers Ju 87">B-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-28" title="Ilyushin Il-28">B-228</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Light Bomber<br />(<i>Lehký Bombardovací</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">LB-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_111" title="Heinkel He 111">LB-77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_219_Uhu" title="Heinkel He 219 Uhu">LB-79</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Czechoslovak_Air_Force_trainer_aircraft_designations,_1945–1958225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czech_trainer_aircraft" title="Template:Czech trainer aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czech_trainer_aircraft" title="Template talk:Czech trainer aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czech_trainer_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czech trainer aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Czechoslovak_Air_Force_trainer_aircraft_designations,_1945–1958225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Air_Force" title="Czechoslovak Air Force">Czechoslovak Air Force</a> trainer aircraft designations, 1945–1958</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainer<br />(<i>Cvičný</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klemm_Kl_35" title="Klemm Kl 35">C-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_96" title="Arado Ar 96">C-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebel_Si_204" title="Siebel Si 204">C-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">C-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-26" title="Zlín Z-26">C-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">C-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_22" title="Zlín 22">C-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_J-3_Cub" title="Piper J-3 Cub">C-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44_Stieglitz" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz">C-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">C-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-11" title="Yakovlev Yak-11">C-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_72_Kadett" title="Heinkel He 72 Kadett">C-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIA_FL.3" title="AVIA FL.3">C-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44_Stieglitz" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz">C-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotha_Go_145" title="Gotha Go 145">C-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_66" title="Arado Ar 66">C-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praga_E-39" title="Praga E-39">C-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.230" title="Morane-Saulnier MS.230">C-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bene%C5%A1-Mr%C3%A1z_Be-250_Beta-Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beneš-Mráz Be-250 Beta-Major (page does not exist)">C-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_96" title="Arado Ar 96">C-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebel_Fh_104_Hallore" title="Siebel Fh 104 Hallore">C-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebel_Si_204" title="Siebel Si 204">C-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_131_Jungmann" title="Bücker Bü 131 Jungmann">C-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-26" title="Zlín Z-26">C-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">C-106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">C-110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_72_Kadett" title="Heinkel He 72 Kadett">C-112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-26" title="Zlín Z-26">C-205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">C-206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">C-210</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bomber Trainer<br />(<i>Cvičný Bombardovací</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CB-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petlyakov_Pe-2" title="Petlyakov Pe-2">CB-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">CB-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">CB-36</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liaison Trainer<br />(<i>Cvičný Kurýři</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_Po-2" title="Polikarpov Po-2">CK-62</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighter Trainer<br />(<i>Cvičný Stíhací</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">CS-92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-5" title="Lavochkin La-5">CS-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avia_S-199" title="Avia S-199">CS-99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">CS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">CS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avia_S-199" title="Avia S-199">CS-199</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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