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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livonian_confederation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livonian_confederation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Livonian confederation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livonian_confederation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War I and War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920–1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920–1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1920–1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920–1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvian_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvian_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Latvian SSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvian_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1990–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Surface waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Closest cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bertschy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bertschy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bertschy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bertschy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_Nouveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Nouveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Art Nouveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Nouveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karosta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karosta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Karosta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karosta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Contemporary architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Monuments and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Former_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Former monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Notable buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Liepāja</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liepaja" title="Liepaja – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Liepaja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="ليبايا (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبايا (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liepaya" title="Liepaya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Liepaya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Ліепая – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ліепая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Ліепая – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ліепая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liepaja" title="Liepaja – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liepaja" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_(kapital_sa_munisipyo)" title="Liepāja (kapital sa munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Liepāja (kapital sa munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Λιέπαγια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιέπαγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیپایا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیپایا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%ED%8C%8C%EC%95%BC" title="리에파야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리에파야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Լիեպայա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիեպայա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="לייפאיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לייפאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლიეპაია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიეპაია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABpuoja" title="Līpuoja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Līpuoja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liba" title="Liba – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liba" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liepoja" title="Liepoja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liepoja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лиепаја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лиепаја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लीपाया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लीपाया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ليباجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليباجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A4" title="リエパーヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リエパーヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Лиепай – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лиепай" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyepaya" title="Liyepaya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Liyepaya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE" title="ਲਿਪਾਯਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪਾਯਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipawa" title="Lipawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lipawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Лијепаја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лијепаја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лиепая – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лиепая" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Лієпая – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лієпая" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیاپائیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لیاپائیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepai" title="Lepai – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lepai" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Liepāja" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%B8%95%E4%BA%9A" title="利耶帕亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利耶帕亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%B8%95%E4%BA%9E" title="利耶帕亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利耶帕亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%97ipuoj%C4%97" title="Lėipuojė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėipuojė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liep%C4%81ja&params=56_30_42_N_21_00_50_E_region:LV_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°30′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°00′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51167°N 21.01389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.51167; 21.01389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Courland, Latvia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State city in Latvia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Liepāja</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">State city</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:215px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/288px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/432px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg/576px-Liepajas_Sveta_Jazepa_Romas_katolu_katedrale_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Aerial View of Liepāja</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG/134px-Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG/201px-Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG/268px-Liep%C4%81jas_Sv.Nikolaja_pareiztic%C4%ABgo_J%C5%ABras_katedr%C4%81le.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karosta_St_Nicholas_Naval_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Karosta St Nicholas Naval Cathedral">St Nicholas Naval Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg/150px-Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg/225px-Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg/300px-Liep%C4%81jas_pils%C4%93tas_dome_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Town Hall</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja,_Latvia,_May_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/174px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/261px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/348px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall" title="Great Amber Concert Hall">Great Amber Concert Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karosta_water_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Karosta_water_tower.jpg/110px-Karosta_water_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Karosta_water_tower.jpg/165px-Karosta_water_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Karosta_water_tower.jpg/220px-Karosta_water_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Karosta Water Tower</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Liepāja"><img alt="Flag of Liepāja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/100px-Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/150px-Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/200px-Flag_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Liepāja"><img alt="Coat of arms of Liepāja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/127px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg/169px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Liep%C4%81ja.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="590" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Liepāja"><img alt="Official logo of Liepāja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg/100px-Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg/150px-Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg/200px-Liep%C4%81ja_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="24" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Brandmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandmark">Brandmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pils%C4%93t%C4%81,_kur%C4%81_piedzimst_v%C4%93j%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš (page does not exist)">Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93t%C4%81,_kur%C4%81_piedzimst_v%C4%93j%C5%A1" class="extiw" title="lv:Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš">lv</a>]</span></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">"The City where the Wind is Born"</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_bea1a489f7221ce59f047779eaf0e731ac322aa3"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Liep%C4%81ja&revid=1257986555&groups=_bea1a489f7221ce59f047779eaf0e731ac322aa3" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Liep%C4%81ja&revid=1257986555&groups=_bea1a489f7221ce59f047779eaf0e731ac322aa3 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Liepāja in Latvia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liepāja is located in Latvia"><img alt="Liepāja is located in Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/250px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/375px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg/500px-Relief_Map_of_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.278%;left:6.344%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Liepāja"><img alt="Liepāja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Liepāja</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Latvia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liepāja is located in Europe"><img alt="Liepāja is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.765%;left:50.291%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Liepāja"><img alt="Liepāja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Liepāja</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Liep%C4%81ja&params=56_30_42_N_21_00_50_E_region:LV_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°30′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">21°00′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.51167°N 21.01389°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">56.51167; 21.01389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Town_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Town rights">Town rights</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1625</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gun%C4%81rs_Ansi%C5%86%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunārs Ansiņš (page does not exist)">Gunārs Ansiņš</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81jas_partija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepājas partija (page does not exist)">Liepājas partija</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-27cf1cd5713706cad9fc3510860267b55112caf4-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-27cf1cd5713706cad9fc3510860267b55112caf4-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • State city</div></th><td class="infobox-data">68.02 km<sup>2</sup> (26.26 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">51.33 km<sup>2</sup> (19.82 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">16.69 km<sup>2</sup> (6.44 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 m (46 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d63fe4f9b7d344c580a498a73197df380eb506ae-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d63fe4f9b7d344c580a498a73197df380eb506ae-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • State city</div></th><td class="infobox-data">66,680</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">980/km<sup>2</sup> (2,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-FUA,Euro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUA,Euro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,296</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Liepājnieki</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-9defe2098c861899f2f5afa9593d48e9f366a664-v18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-9defe2098c861899f2f5afa9593d48e9f366a664-v18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • State city</th><td class="infobox-data">1,052,312,000 Euro (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">15,565 Euro (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">LV-34(01-13); LV-3414; LV-34(16–17)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+371 634</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of city council members</th><td class="infobox-data">15</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepaja.lv">www<wbr />.liepaja<wbr />.lv</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Liepāja</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[liepaːja]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/93\/Lv-Liepaja.ogg\/Lv-Liepaja.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Lv-Liepaja.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Lv-Liepaja.ogg/Lv-Liepaja.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Lv-Liepaja.ogg" title="File:Lv-Liepaja.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">state city</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. It is the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_Planning_Region" title="Kurzeme Planning Region">Kurzeme Region</a> and the third-largest in the country after <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>. It is an important <a href="/wiki/Ice-free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-free port">ice-free port</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th century, it was a favourite place for sea-bathers and travellers, with the town boasting a fine park, many pretty gardens and a theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as the "City where the wind is born", likely because of the constant <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breeze</a>. A song of the same name (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">"Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš"</i>) was composed by <a href="/wiki/Imants_Kalni%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Imants Kalniņš">Imants Kalniņš</a> and has become the anthem of the city. Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farm</a> in the nation (33 <a href="/wiki/Enercon" title="Enercon">Enercon</a> wind turbines) nearby. </p><p>Liepāja is chosen as the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a> in 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_toponymy"><span class="anchor" id="Names_and_toponymy"></span>Names and toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Liep%C4%81ja_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Liepāja in different languages">Names of Liepāja in different languages</a></div> <p>The name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> word <i>Liiv,</i> which means "sand". The oldest written text mentioning Līva village (<i>Villa Liva</i>) is a treaty between the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Courland" title="Bishopric of Courland">bishop of Courland</a> and the master of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a> dated 4 April 1253. In 1263, the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> established a town which they called <i>Libau</i> in German and this was used until 1920. The Lettish name <i>Liepāja</i> was mentioned for the first time in 1649 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Einhorn" title="Paul Einhorn">Paul Einhorn</a> in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Lettica" title="Historia Lettica">Historia Lettica</a></i>. A <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> name in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Либава</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-KNAB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KNAB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Libava</i>) or <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Либау</span></span> (<i>Libau</i>), although <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Лиепая</span></span> (<i>Liepaya</i>), a transliteration of Liepāja, has been used since World War II. </p><p>Some other names for the city include <i>Liepoja</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-KNAB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KNAB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the nearest neighbour, <i>Lipawa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and <i>Libow</i> in English.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is said that the original settlement at the location of modern Liepāja was founded by <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonian</a> fishermen from <a href="/wiki/Piemare" title="Piemare">Piemare</a> as <i>Līva</i>, but <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Livonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Livonia">Henry of Livonia</a> (Henricus de Lettis), in his famous <i>Chronicle</i>, makes no mention of the settlement. The <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> established a village which they called <i>Libau</i> here in 1263, followed by <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Mitau</a> two years later. In 1418 the village was sacked and burned by the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livonian_confederation">Livonian confederation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Livonian confederation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 15th century, a part of the trade route from <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> passed through Līva, where it was known as the "white road to <i>Lyva portus</i>". By 1520 the river Līva had become too shallow for easy navigation, and development of the city declined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701,_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg/220px-Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg/330px-Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg/440px-Liep%C4%81ja_in_1701%2C_looking_from_the_Baltic_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Panorama of Liepāja in 1701, looking from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1560, <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>, first Duke of <a href="/wiki/Courland_and_Semigallia" class="mw-redirect" title="Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a>, loaned all the Grobiņa district, including Libau, to <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert, Duke of Prussia</a> for 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_guilder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish guilder">guldens</a>. Only in 1609 after the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Sofie_Hohenzollern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofie Hohenzollern">Sofie Hohenzollern</a>, Princess of Prussia, to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kettler" title="Wilhelm Kettler">Wilhelm Kettler</a> did the territory return to the Duchy. During the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a>, Libau was attacked and burnt by the Swedes. Along with Courland it was under <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> suzerainty. </p><p>In 1625, Duke <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kettler" title="Friedrich Kettler">Friedrich Kettler</a> of Courland granted the town city rights,<sup id="cite_ref-sgk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were affirmed by King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> in 1626, although under what legal authority Sigismund had is debatable. Under Duke <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a> (1642–1681), Libau became one of the main ports of Courland as it reached the height of its prosperity. In 1637 <a href="/wiki/Couronian_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Couronian colonization">Couronian colonization</a> was started from the ports of Libau and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> (Windau). Kettler was an eager proponent of mercantilist ideas. Metalworking and ship building became much more developed, and trading relations developed not only with nearby countries but also with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>. </p><p>In 1697–1703, a canal was cut to the sea and a more modern port was built.<sup id="cite_ref-BSE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1701, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, Libau was captured by <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a>, but by the end of the war, the city had returned to titular Polish possession.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1710 an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> killed about a third of the population. In 1780 the first <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> lodge, "Libanons", was established by Provincial Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Yelagin" title="Ivan Yelagin">Ivan Yelagin</a> on behalf of the Provincial Lodge of Russia; it was registered as number 524 in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-masonicum_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masonicum-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794, the city was captured by the Polish insurgents during the <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sgk_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/220px-The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/330px-The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/440px-The_Emigrants%E2%80%99_House_of_the_Russian-American_Line_of_the_Russian_East-Asian_Steamship_Company_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>The Emigrants' House of the Russian East-Asian Steamship Company. About 500,000 people from the Russian Empire emigrated to the United States through Liepāja.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Courland passed to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1795 during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a> and was organized as the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Governorate" title="Courland Governorate">Courland Governorate</a> of Russia. Growth during the nineteenth century was rapid. During the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, when the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> was blockading Russian Baltic ports, the busy yet still unfortified port of Libau was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cumming_(Royal_Navy_officer)#Crimean_War" title="Arthur Cumming (Royal Navy officer)">briefly captured</a> on 17 May 1854 without a shot being fired, by a landing party of 110 men from HMS <i>Conflict</i> and HMS <i>Amphion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-amphion_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amphion-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1857, an Imperial Decree provided for a new railway to Libau.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year the engineer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Heidatel" title="Jan Heidatel">Jan Heidatel</a> developed a project to reconstruct the port. In 1861–1868 the project was realized – including the building of a <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Lighthouse" title="Liepāja Lighthouse">lighthouse</a> and breakwaters. Between 1877 and 1882 the political and literary weekly newspaper <i>Liepājas Pastnieks</i> was published – the first <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a> newspaper in Libau.<sup id="cite_ref-liepajasp_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liepajasp-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s the further rapid development of Russian <a href="/wiki/Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Railways">railways</a>, especially the 1871 opening of the Libava-<a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> and the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja%E2%80%93Romny_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Liepāja–Romny Railway">Liepāja–Romny Railways</a>, ensured that a large proportion of central Russian trade passed through Libau.<sup id="cite_ref-BE1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900, 7% of Russian exports were passing through Libau. The city became a major port of the Russian Empire on the Baltic Sea, as well as a popular resort. During this time of economic expansion, the city architect <a href="/wiki/Paul_Max_Bertschy" title="Paul Max Bertschy">Paul Max Bertschy</a> provided the design for many of the city's both public and private buildings, making an imprint on the architecture which can still be seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-daugavpils_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daugavpils-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg/220px-Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg/330px-Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg/440px-Liepajastramvajs_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> in Liepāja, circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>On the orders of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a>, Libau was fortified against possible German attacks. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Libava_fortress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libava fortress (page does not exist)">Fortifications</a> were subsequently built around the city, and in the early 20th century, a major military base was established on the northern edge. It included formidable coastal fortifications and extensive quarters for military personnel. As part of the military development, a separate port was excavated exclusively for military use. This area became known as <a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Kara Osta</a> (War Port) and served military needs throughout the twentieth century. </p><p>Early in the twentieth century, the port of Libau became a central point of embarkation for immigrants travelling to the United States and Canada. By 1906 the direct ship service to the United States was used by 40,000 migrants per year. Simultaneously, the first Russian training school of submarine navigation was founded. In 1912 one of the first water aerodromes in Russia was opened in Libau.<sup id="cite_ref-Gse1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gse1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, 1,738 ships entered Libau, with 1,548,119 tonnes of cargo passing through the port. The population had increased from 10,000 to over 100,000 within about 60 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_War_of_Independence">World War I and War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War I and War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beschie%C3%9Fung_der_russischen_Hafenstadt_Libau_am_2._August_1914_durch_den_Kleinen_Kreuzer_SMS_AUGSBURG._Illustrierte_Geschichte_des_Weltkrieges_1914-15._1914_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beschie%C3%9Fung_der_russischen_Hafenstadt_Libau_am_2._August_1914_durch_den_Kleinen_Kreuzer_SMS_AUGSBURG._Illustrierte_Geschichte_des_Weltkrieges_1914-15._1914_1915.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beschie%C3%9Fung_der_russischen_Hafenstadt_Libau_am_2._August_1914_durch_den_Kleinen_Kreuzer_SMS_AUGSBURG._Illustrierte_Geschichte_des_Weltkrieges_1914-15._1914_1915.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beschie%C3%9Fung_der_russischen_Hafenstadt_Libau_am_2._August_1914_durch_den_Kleinen_Kreuzer_SMS_AUGSBURG._Illustrierte_Geschichte_des_Weltkrieges_1914-15._1914_1915.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of port Liepāja by German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Augsburg" title="SMS Augsburg">SMS <i>Augsburg</i></a>, 2 August 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1_1915_%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Libau's 5 rubles (1915)</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the outbreak of World War I, the German cruiser SMS <i>Magdeburg</i> shelled Liepāja (then part of Russia), and other vessels laid mines off the approaches to the port.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liepāja was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(German_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (German Empire)">German Army</a>, on 7 May 1915, and in memory of this event, a monument was constructed on Kūrmājas Prospect in 1916 and removed in 1919 by the new Latvian State. Liepāja's local government issued its own money for a while in this period – <i>Libaua rubles</i>. An advanced German <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> base was constructed at Vaiņode, near Liepāja, with five hangars, in August 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 October 1915, the German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Prinz_Adalbert_(1901)" title="SMS Prinz Adalbert (1901)">SMS <i>Prinz Adalbert</i></a> was sunk by the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_E8" title="HMS E8">HMS <i>E8</i></a>, 37 km (20 nmi; 23 mi) west of Liepāja. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Libau_hafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Libau_hafen.jpg/220px-Libau_hafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Libau_hafen.jpg/330px-Libau_hafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Libau_hafen.jpg/440px-Libau_hafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">German Army</a> in Liepāja, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>With the collapse of Russia and the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, the occupying German forces had a quiet time, but the subsequent defeat in the West of the German Empire and the Allied denunciation of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty changed everything. Independence of the Republic of Latvia was proclaimed on 18 November 1918, and the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Provisional_Government" title="Latvian Provisional Government">Latvian Provisional Government</a> under <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a> was created. Bolshevik Russia now advanced into Latvian territory and met little resistance here. Soon the Provisional Government and remaining German units were forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and retreated all the way to Liepāja, but then the Red offensive stalled along the <a href="/wiki/Venta_(river)" title="Venta (river)">Venta</a> river. The Bolsheviks announced a Latvian Soviet Republic. Latvia now became the main theatre of Baltic operations for the remaining German forces in 1919. In addition, a <i>Landeswehr</i> was formed to work in conjunction with the German forces. </p><p>In Liepāja, a coup organized by Germans took place on 16 April 1919 and Ulmanis government was forced to flee and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra" title="Andrievs Niedra">Andrievs Niedra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Šiliņš_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Šiliņš-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ulmanis government found shelter on the steamship <i>Saratov</i> in Liepāja port. In May a British cruiser squadron arrived at Liepāja to support Latvian independence and requested the Germans to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, the words of "<a href="/wiki/The_J%C3%A4ger_March" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jäger March">The Jäger March</a>" were written in Liepāja by <a href="/wiki/Heikki_Nurmio" title="Heikki Nurmio">Heikki Nurmio</a>. </p><p>The German <i>Freikorps</i>, having recaptured <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> from the Bolsheviks, departed in late 1919 and the Bolsheviks were driven out of the Latvian hinterlands in early 1920. In 1920, over 2,500 Polish soldiers of the former <a href="/wiki/Polish_Legion_in_Finland" title="Polish Legion in Finland">Polish Legion in Finland</a>, who fought for Finnish independence from Russia, were evacuated from <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to Liepāja and then further to Poland (see also <i><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Latvia–Poland relations">Latvia–Poland relations</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1920–1940"><span id="1920.E2.80.931940"></span>1920–1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1920–1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg/220px-Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg/330px-Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Soldiers_of_the_Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_in_Liep%C4%81ja_in_November_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">Latvian National Armed Forces</a> in Liepāja in 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>During the interwar period, Liepāja was the second major city in Latvia. In an attempt to put Libau 'on the map', on 31 January 1922, the Libau Bank was founded with significant new capital, transforming the old Libau Exchange Bank which had belonged to the Libau Exchange Association, and it eventually became the fourth-largest of Latvia's joint stock banks. However, when a Riga branch of the bank was opened, the business centre of gravity shifted from Liepāja so that by 1923 its Riga 'branch' was responsible for 90% of the turnover. The German consul in Liepāja reported at the time that "Riga, the economic heart of the country, draws all business to itself." The Latvian government ignored the pleas of the Libau Exchange Association to frustrate this.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935 KOD (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Kara ostas darbnīcas</i>) started to manufacture the light aircraft <a href="/wiki/LKOD_KOD-1" title="LKOD KOD-1">LKOD KOD-1</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=LKOD_KOD-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKOD KOD-2 (page does not exist)">LKOD KOD-2</a> at Liepāja. However it became evident in this year that trade with the new Soviet Union had virtually collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg/170px-Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg/255px-Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg/340px-Karaflotes_bazes_izv_liepaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Top secret USSR document about creating a closed military port in Liepāja. Signed by Stalin (note: there is a spelling mistake in the word "Liepāja" – <i><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Лепая</span></span></i>) (1951)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">Liepāja massacres</a></div> <p>The ports and human capital of Liepāja and Ventspils were targets of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. He signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop pact</a> in part to gain control of this territory. When the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">occupied and annexed Latvia in 1940</a>, it nationalized private property. Many thousands of former owners were arrested and <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">deported</a> to the gulag camps in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. </p><p>In 1941, Liepāja was among the first cities captured by the <a href="/wiki/291st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="291st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">291st Infantry Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> after Nazi Germany began <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, its war against the Soviet Union. German Nazis and Latvian collaborators virtually <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">exterminated</a> the local Jewish population, which had numbered about 7,000 before the war. Film footage of an <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> execution of local Jews was taken in Liepāja.<sup id="cite_ref-filmabouthol_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmabouthol-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dochol_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dochol-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these mass murders took place in the dunes of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%93de" title="Šķēde">Šķēde</a> north of the city. Fewer than thirty Jews survived in Liepāja by the end of the war. </p><p>One of the very few surviving films documenting the mass murder of Jews during the first stages of the Holocaust is a short film by a German soldier who witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_massacres" title="Liepāja massacres">massacres</a> of Liepāja Jews in July 1941 near the city's lighthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-dochol_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dochol-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, the German navy's U-boat crews received their torpedo training at Liepāja. </p><p>During the period of 1944–1945, as the Soviet Union began its offensive to the Baltic Sea, Liepāja was within the "<a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a>". It was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 9 May 1945. Thousands of Latvians fled as refugees to Germany. The city had been devastated during the war, and most of the buildings and industrial <a href="/wiki/Physical_plant" title="Physical plant">plant</a> were destroyed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvian_SSR">Latvian SSR</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Latvian SSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25–29 March 1949, the Soviet Union organized a second <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">mass deportation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> from Liepāja. In 1950 a monument to Stalin was erected on Station square (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Stacijas laukums</i>). It was dismantled in 1958 after the Party Congress that discussed his abuses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-1963_In_City_Park_Of_Liepaja_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Soviet rally in the city park, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>During 1953–1957, the city center was reconstructed under the direction of architects A. Kruglov and M. Žagare.<sup id="cite_ref-BSE_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952–1955 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liep%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liepāja">Liepāja Academy of Pedagogy</a> building was constructed under the direction of A. Aivars. In 1960 the <i>Kurzeme</i> shopping centre was opened. During the Soviet administration, Liepāja was a <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">closed city</a>; even local farmers and villagers needed a special permit to enter it. </p><p>The Soviet military set up its Baltic naval base and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> warehouses there; The Beberliņš <a href="/wiki/Sandpit" title="Sandpit">sandpit</a> was dug out to extract sand used for constructing underground warehouses. In 1967 the Soviets completely closed the port to commercial traffic. One-third of the city was taken up with a Soviet naval base; its military staff numbered 26,000. The 14th Submarine Squadron of the USSR's <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> (<i>[14 эскадрилья ЛиВМБ ДКБФ] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span></i>, call sign "Комплекс") was stationed there with 16 submarines (Types: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey class submarine">613</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf class submarine">629a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juliett_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Juliett class submarine">651</a>); as was the 6th group of Rear Supply of the Baltic Fleet, and the 81st Design Bureau and Reserve Command Center of the same force. </p><p>In 1977, Liepāja was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution" title="Order of the October Revolution">Order of the October Revolution</a> for heroic defense against Nazi Germany in 1941. Five residents were awarded the honorary title <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero of Socialist Labor">Hero of Socialist Labor</a>: Anatolijs Filatkins, Artūrs Fridrihsons, Voldemārs Lazdups, Valentins Šuvajevs and Otīlija Žagata. Because of the rapid growth of the city's population, a shortage of apartment houses resulted. To resolve this, the Soviet government organized development of most of the modern Liepāja districts: <a href="/wiki/Dienvidrietumi_(Liep%C4%81ja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dienvidrietumi (Liepāja)">Dienvidrietumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezerkrasts" title="Ezerkrasts">Ezerkrasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCu_priek%C5%A1pils%C4%93ta_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta (Liepāja)">Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_birze" title="Zaļā birze">Zaļā birze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosmare" title="Tosmare">Tosmare</a>. The majority of these blocks were constructed of ferro-concrete panels in standard projects designed by the state <a href="/wiki/Latgyprogorstroy" title="Latgyprogorstroy">Latgyprogorstroy</a> Institute (<i>[Латгипрогорстрой] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |link= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span></i>). In 1986 the new central city hospital in <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%BCa_birze" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaļa birze">Zaļa birze</a> was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-slimnica_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slimnica-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_blocks,_Liepaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg/220px-Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg/330px-Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg/440px-Soviet_blocks%2C_Liepaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Soviet-era apartment blocks in Liepāja</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–present"><span id="1990.E2.80.93present"></span>1990–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1990–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Latvia regained independence after the fall of the Soviet Union, Liepāja has worked hard to change from a military city into a modern port city (again appearing on European maps after the secrecy of the Soviet period). The commercial port was re-opened in 1991, and in 1994 the last <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian</a> troops left Liepāja. Since then, Liepāja has engaged in international co-operation, has been associated with 10 twin and partner cities, and is an active partner in several co-operation networks. Facilities are being improved. The city is the location of Latvia's largest <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">naval flotilla</a>, the largest warehouses of <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> and weapons in the Baltic states, and the main supply centre of the Latvian army. </p><p>The former closed military town has been transformed into the northern neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Karosta</a>, occupying a third of the area of the city of Liepāja and attracting tourists to the remains of the military era.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 21st century, many ambitious construction projects were planned for the city, including a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> military base,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Baltic Sea Park, planned as the biggest amusement park in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. Most of the projects have not yet been realised due to economic and political factors. Liepāja's heating network was renovated with the cooperation of French and Russian companies: <a href="/wiki/Veolia_Energy-Dalkia" class="mw-redirect" title="Veolia Energy-Dalkia">Dalkia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>, respectively. In 2006, Queen <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a>, a direct descendant of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Kettler" title="Jacob Kettler">Jacob Kettler</a> visited Liepāja. In 2010 the coal <a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">cogeneration</a> 400 MW power plant was built in Liepāja with the support of the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg/220px-Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg/330px-Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg/440px-Liepaja_Karosta_plaza_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Beach in Liepāja</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja is situated on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the south-western part of Latvia. The westernmost geographical point of Latvia is located approximately 15 km (9 mi) to the south thus making Liepāja Latvia's furthest west city. The city occupies a 1.5-6.5 km wide coastal dune embankment and a foothill plain in the Bartau Plain of the Seaside Lowland. Liepāja is surrounded by the Dienvidkurzeme Region, and is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Medze_Parish" title="Medze Parish">Medze Parish</a>, to the east by <a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a_Parish" title="Grobiņa Parish">Grobiņa Parish</a>, and to the south by <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABca_Parish" title="Nīca Parish">Nīca Parish</a>, with its western border following the Baltic Sea coast. The Trade Channel (<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Tirdzniecības kanāls</i></span>) connects the lake to the sea dividing the city into southern and northern parts, which are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Vecliep%C4%81ja" title="Vecliepāja">Vecliepāja</a> (Old Town) and <a href="/wiki/Jaunliep%C4%81ja" title="Jaunliepāja">Jaunliepāja</a> (New Town) respectively. Along the coast, the city extends northwards until it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Karosta</a> Channel (<span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Karostas kanāls</i></span>). North of the Karosta Channel is an area called <a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Karosta</a> which is now fully integrated into Liepāja and is the northernmost district of the city. Liepāja's coastline consists of an unbroken sandy beach and dunes. Natural areas cover about one third of the territory of the city. These areas are mostly located on the outskirts of the city and are not connected to the small green areas in the central part of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forests">Forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liepāja's urban forest covers 1368.9 ha, of which 83% are forest stands, the rest is covered by swamps (4.7%), meadows and sandhills (9.5%), flood plains and infrastructure sites (less than 3% in total). Private landowners own 109.6 ha, while 92% of the forest land area, or 1259.3 ha, belongs to the municipality. The urban forest consists of five separate forest massifs: the largest one is in the northern part of the city – the Karosta Forest. Other forests include Reiņu Forest, the forests near the regional hospital, the south-western forest and the <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_birze" title="Zaļā birze">Zaļā birze</a> Forest. The city is characterised by a wide variety of forest growth types, determined and influenced by the geological and hydrological conditions of the area. Dry forests cover 39% of the forest area, forests on wet mineral soils 13%, swamp forests 22% and drained forests 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Liep%C4%81jas_lake._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Liepāja Lake</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_waters">Surface waters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Surface waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The water areas cover 1009 ha (17% of the total area of the city). The hydrological system of the City of Liepāja consists of various elements, including the Liepāja and Tosmare Lakes, which border the city to the east and are <a href="/wiki/Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> sites (a quarter of the lake is located in the city, the rest is located in the Otanķi and <a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABca" title="Nīca">Nīca</a> municipalities). There are also rivers – the Vērnieku River, Kalējupīte and Ālande, canals: Tirdzniecības, Karostas, Cietokšņa and Pērkones (former river), as well as the artificial reservoir Beberliņi. The city is located on the Baltic Sea coast. According to the Latvian classification of river basin districts, the territory of the city of Liepāja falls within the <a href="/wiki/Venta_(river)" title="Venta (river)">Venta</a> river basin district.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soils">Soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The prevailing soil type and the prevailing geographical landscape of the area are determined by the low-fertility sandy loams and difficult natural drainage conditions characteristic of the Seaside Lowland. In terms of mechanical composition, sandy soils predominate, with typical <a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">podzols</a> in the uplands and peaty podzolic <a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">gley</a> vegetation in the depressions, as well as turf gley vegetation and turf podzolic gley vegetation. Due to the high humidity, the area is characterised by <a href="/wiki/Waterlogging_(agriculture)" title="Waterlogging (agriculture)">waterlogging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liepāja's temperature and precipitation distribution"><img alt="Liepāja's temperature and precipitation distribution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg/278px-Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg/417px-Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg/556px-Liepaja_LVA_climate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Liepāja's temperature and precipitation distribution</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate in Liepāja is strongly influenced by the close proximity to the sea and is therefore located in the warm-summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> zone noted as <i>Dfb</i> in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen classification</a>. The outflow of sea air creates relatively low summer and high winter temperatures for these latitudes. Liepāja has the highest average air temperature in Latvia at 7.0 °C (44.6 °F). In terms of hours of sunshine, Liepāja has one of the highest averages of 1940 hours of sunshine per year.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter is characterised by frequent thaws, so snow cover in the Seaside Lowlands is usually very patchy, rarely exceeding 5–10 cm in depth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the winter the sea around Liepāja is virtually ice-free. Although occasionally some <a href="/wiki/Land-fast_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Land-fast ice">land-fast ice</a> may develop, it seldom reaches a hundred meters from the shore and does not last long before melting. The sea water usually reaches its summer maximum temperature at the beginning of August, while being less warm than, for example, in the Gulf of Riga due to the open sea. Winters are milder than inland areas to the east and comparable to the opposite coast on the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> mainland. </p><p>The number of windy days is high compared to inland areas of Latvia. The prevailing winds in the area tend to be all westerly and southerly. Their average speed is 6.1 m/s. Maximum wind speeds (greater than 20 m/s) are usually observed in autumn and winter, in most cases from the west. On 17–18 October 1967, the strongest storm in the history of the country occurred, and on 18 October the highest wind gust ever recorded in Latvia – 48 m/s – was recorded in Liepāja. The city has on average the most stormy days of the year – 7.9, when the average wind speed reaches 10.8 m/s. In 1971, this figure was as high as 36 days. The long-term trends indicate a very significant decrease in the number of stormy days.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Liepāja (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1895–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.0<br />(80.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2<br />(86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.7<br />(92.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4<br />(25.9) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8<br />(25.2) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3<br />(36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9<br />(49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9<br />(35.4) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2<br />(29.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8<br />(5.4) </td> <td style="background: #9F9FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.2<br />(8.2) </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.2<br />(15.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2<br />(28.0) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.2<br />(13.6) </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.0<br />(−0.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.9<br />(−27.2) </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.6<br />(−24.9) </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.8<br />(−10.8) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.7<br />(28.9) </td> <td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.3<br />(18.9) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−17.5<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #5A5AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.0<br />(−14.8) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−32.9<br />(−27.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.8<br />(2.28) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(1.47) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(1.13) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.7<br />(2.00) </td> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.3<br />(2.53) </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.3<br />(3.00) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.1<br />(2.92) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.2<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.7<br />(2.86) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.5<br />(2.66) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">693.0<br />(27.28) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000AF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000B4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000DE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000B0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C5; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3<br />(27) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14<br />(57) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(55) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(50) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(43) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(36) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1<br />(30) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5<br />(40) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #4C4C4C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.6 </td> <td style="background: #8E8E8E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.1 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.5 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">223.7 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">300.1 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">302.4 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309.4 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264.7 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.9 </td> <td style="background: #B3B372; color:#000000;" class="notheme">113.1 </td> <td style="background: #4D4D4D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9 </td> <td style="background: #2E2E2E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25.7 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,029.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Environment,_Geology_and_Meteorology_Centre" title="Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre">Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (precipitation days, humidity 1991-2020),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Coastal temperature data for Liepāja </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">4.0<br />(39.20) </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">2.9<br />(37.22) </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">3.5<br />(38.30) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">5.8<br />(42.44) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10.1<br />(50.18) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">15.4<br />(59.72) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">19.7<br />(67.46) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">20.0<br />(68.00) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">16.5<br />(61.70) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">12.9<br />(55.22) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10.3<br />(50.54) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">6.5<br />(43.70) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; font-size:85%;">10.6<br />(51.14) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#ffffff;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%;">Source 1: Seatemperature.net<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vecliep%C4%81ja" title="Vecliepāja">Vecliepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezerkrasts" title="Ezerkrasts">Ezerkrasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienvidrietumu_rajons_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Dienvidrietumu rajons (Liepāja)">Dienvidrietumu rajons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCu_priek%C5%A1pils%C4%93ta_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta (Liepāja)">Ziemeļu priekšpilsēta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunliep%C4%81ja" title="Jaunliepāja">Jaunliepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velnciems" title="Velnciems">Velnciems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karosta" title="Karosta">Karosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosmare" title="Tosmare">Tosmare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_birze" title="Zaļā birze">Zaļā birze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaun%C4%81_pasaule_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Jaunā pasaule (Liepāja)">Jaunā pasaule</a></li></ol> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburbs">Suburbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aucugals" title="Aucugals">Aucugals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%ABnvalti" title="Grīnvalti">Grīnvalti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkone" title="Pērkone">Pērkone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimdenieki" title="Cimdenieki">Cimdenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaps%C4%93de" title="Kapsēde">Kapsēde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%B7%C4%93de" title="Šķēde">Šķēde</a></li></ol> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closest_cities">Closest cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Closest cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The closest city to Liepāja is <a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobiņa</a>, located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away towards <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. Other main cities in the region are <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> (approx. 110 km (68 mi) to the south), <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> (approx. 115 km (71 mi) to the north) and <a href="/wiki/Saldus" title="Saldus">Saldus</a> (approx. 100 km (62 mi) to the east). The distance to Riga (the capital of Latvia) is about 200 km (124 mi) to the east. The nearest point to Liepāja across the Baltic sea is the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> approximately 160 km (99 mi) to the north-west. The distance to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> is 216 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>. The closest major airports to Liepāja are <a href="/wiki/Palanga_International_Airport" title="Palanga International Airport">Palanga International Airport</a> – 60 km (37 mi) and <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a> – 210 km (130 mi). </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_areas" style="width:auto; clear:none; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring areas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81vilosta" title="Pāvilosta">Pāvilosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aizpute" title="Aizpute">Aizpute</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Liepāja</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Grobi%C5%86a" title="Grobiņa">Grobiņa</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABca" title="Nīca">Nīca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palanga_International_Airport" title="Palanga International Airport">Palanga International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Priekule,_Latvia" title="Priekule, Latvia">Priekule</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liepāja's architecture features buildings from different centuries: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">classical</a> wooden buildings from the 17th century, highly regarded brick architecture, <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">Eclecticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> buildings at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, as well as some buildings of the interwar period, Soviet-era functionalism and contemporary architecture. Many buildings were destroyed during World War II, which resulted in the destruction of almost the entire city built-up area between the Trade Canal and the Rose Square – more than 100 buildings. The development of Liepāja was entirely determined by economic conditions – initially the establishment of the port, and later, from the late 19th century, the expansion of industry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_architecture">Early architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5402-Liepaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/5402-Liepaja.jpg/220px-5402-Liepaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/5402-Liepaja.jpg/330px-5402-Liepaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/5402-Liepaja.jpg/440px-5402-Liepaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Building on 26 Kungu Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja reached its first period of construction and architectural prosperity in the 17th and 18th centuries. The development of the architecture and artistic styles of the buildings was reflected in the houses of the wealthier inhabitants, where Mannerism, Baroque, Classicism and other styles can be found. The common people built their homes using traditional building methods typical of the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest type of building in Liepāja is a wooden log house on a low stone plinth with a steep tiled roof. This type of building can be found on Kungu Street, which was the main street of the town in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building on 24 Kungu Street is notable for the visit of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Tsar Peter I of Russia</a> in 1697, while the neighbouring building on 26 Kungu Street was visited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">King Charles XII of Sweden</a> in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable buildings are those at 6 Lielā Street, 3 Kungu Street, 13 Stendera Street, and the warehouses at 1 and 2 Jāņa Street and 4/6 and 10/12 Zivju Street.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several unsuccessful attempts to build a harbour during the previous century, the Trade Canal was dug in 1703, which contributed to the growth of the city. At this time, the port warehouses were built out of wood, characterised by a high plinth created as a semi-basement. Most of the older warehouses were concentrated in Jūras Street, one of which was moved to the Open-Air Museum in the 1930s, while the others have not survived. Residential buildings in the harbour area were very small and densely distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848 there were 664 buildings in the town, of which only 46 were stone-built. Although wooden buildings were constructed, the most luxurious were built with roof extensions and ornate doors, panelling and beautifully painted pot stoves. The most ornate building in 18th century Liepāja was the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Liepāja">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_(Liep%C4%81ja).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/220px-K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/330px-K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/440px-K%C5%ABrm%C4%81jas_prospekts_12_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Building on 12 Kūrmāja Prospect. Architect: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Max_Bertschy" title="Paul Max Bertschy">Paul Max Bertschy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bertschy">Bertschy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bertschy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the construction of the Grobiņa highway in 1841 and the Liepāja-<a href="/wiki/Romny" title="Romny">Romny</a> railway in the 1870s, the city took on a different character. This was further marked by the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Max_Bertschy" title="Paul Max Bertschy">Paul Max Bertschy</a> as the city's first architect in 1871. The houses built by Bertchy form the most notable part of Liepāja's historic buildings. The wide range of Bertschy's diverse works includes the oil extraction plant and linoleum factory, mansions at 14 and 16 Krišjāņa Valdemāra Street, 15 Peldu Street, tenement houses on 44 Peldu Street, the Peldu Institution (bath house) in Jūrmala Park, the hospital complex on Dārtas Street, the gymnasium building at 4 Krišjāņa Valdemāra Street, the café at 2 Krišjāņa Valdemāra Street, the St. Anne's Church, the Rome Hotel and others. His red brick buildings are also well known. The architecture of this period uses high-quality woodwork, such as doors. The painted staircases are remarkable, not only in the luxurious houses, but also in the workers' tenements on 6 Palmu Street, 9 Avotu Street, 28 Republikas Street and 21 Kuršu Street.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Nouveau">Art Nouveau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art Nouveau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liel%C4%81_iela_5_(Liep%C4%81ja).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/220px-Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/330px-Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg/440px-Liel%C4%81_iela_5_%28Liep%C4%81ja%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4677" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Building on 5 Lielā Street. Architect: Ludwig Melville</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja is home to examples of the Art Nouveau style of architecture on a European scale. There are dozens of Art Nouveau buildings in the city, which in absolute numbers is more than in other European cities. Graudu Street is almost entirely defined by Art Nouveau along its entire length.<sup id="cite_ref-building.lv_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-building.lv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the buildings are built in the restrained and laconic style of Northern National Romanticism.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Max Bertchy designed several Art Nouveau buildings, but also significant are those by Theodor Max Bertchy (Bertchy junior), Ludwig Melville, Charles Carr, Lars Sonke, Pauls Kampe, Adolf Kucner, Gustav Janicek, William Losow, Max Kuhn, Alexander Zehrensen and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kosyakov" title="Vasily Kosyakov">Vasily Kosyakov</a>. The Art Nouveau in Liepāja reflects mostly Latvian – German and partly also Russian as well as other interchanges.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most outstanding examples of Art Nouveau are the buildings on 2/6 Kūrmājas Prospect, 9 Ausekļa Street, 28, 34, 36/38, 44, 46, 27/29 and 45 Graudu Street, 3, 9, 16 and 23 Dzintaru Street, 8 Krišjāņa Barona Street, 23 Liepu Street, 33/35 Peldu Street, 1 and 11 Pasta Street, 4 and 5 Lielā Street, 2 Teātra Street, 18 Baznīcas Street, 21A Bāriņu Street, 22 Tirgoņu Street, 1, 5, 17 and 21 Kuršu Street, 8/10 and 16 Rožu Street, 6 Alejas Street (yard), 43 Toma Street, 11 Dīķa Street, 4 and 11 Avotu Street, 19 and 28 Republikas Street, 5, 13, 15/17, 19, 25 and 66 Uliha Street, 1 Raiņa Street, 10/12 Kroņu Street etc.<sup id="cite_ref-building.lv_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-building.lv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_Karosta_church_(3788686258).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg/220px-Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg/330px-Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg/440px-Liepaja_Karosta_church_%283788686258%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>View in Karosta</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karosta">Karosta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Karosta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the northern part of the city, under the guidance of the best Russian military architects and engineers, the Karosta complex was built, which was and is completely different from the rest of the city, both in function and in the character and traditions of its buildings. The Karosta is still an outstanding example of a militarised complex in Latvian architectural history. The district was built for the Russian army and is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Naval_Cathedral,_Karosta" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Karosta">Orthodox cathedral</a> in the centre. The most important objects of the Karosta are the officers' meeting house and the residential complex, as well as the unique fortification system that encircled the entire city and connected the different parts of the city with underground passages. During World War I, the fortifications were partially blown up.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_period">Interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the interwar period, architect Jānis Blaus designed the project for the Latvian Society House in Liepāja. The building was erected in 1934 on the Rose Square. The Army Economic Store building was built in 1934–1935 according to the design of architect Aleksandrs Rācenis, but was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>. The pawnshop and savings bank building at 3 Teātra Street was built in 1936–1937.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the Friendly Vocation Primary School (now the 5th Secondary School; K. Bikše) and the Jaunliepāja Lutheran Church (K. E. Strandmann) were also built.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era">Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja,_Latvia,_May_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/220px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/330px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg/440px-Great_Amber_Concert_Hall_in_Liep%C4%81ja%2C_Latvia%2C_May_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall" title="Great Amber Concert Hall">Great Amber Concert Hall</a> in Liepāja, Architect: <a href="/wiki/Volker_Giencke" title="Volker Giencke">Volker Giencke</a></figcaption></figure><p>Liepāja's city centre was devastated by the Second World War, and new development master plans were needed. The architecture and urban planning of Latvia, which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, was regulated by the uniform urban planning and building regulations of the Soviet Union. New centres for cities destroyed during the war were planned according to standardised formal principles – <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Modernism</a>, where streets had to be wide and squares regular, symmetrical, with a <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> monument in the centre. Public buildings were designed to be representative – in line with Soviet architectural principles – large, spacious, imposing. In 1957, the building that now houses the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liep%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liepāja">University of Liepāja</a> was built in a heavy eclectic style, designed by the architect Andrejs Aivars. An almost identical building is located in <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>. The <i>Kurzeme</i> department store was built with large windows on the exterior walls and shop windows on the ground floor. During the Soviet period, the historical buildings of Liepāja's Old Town were eliminated over a wide area by the construction of a tram line from <i>Kurzeme</i> to Peldu Street. Changes also affected Lielā Street.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the military port, Liepāja was a closed city, and thus construction in the city was rather slow until the 1970s, when the construction of new factories (<i>Lauma</i>, agricultural machinery factory, <i>Hidrolats</i>) and residential areas were built, the most important of which is the <a href="/wiki/Ezerkrasts" title="Ezerkrasts">Ezerkrasts</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_architecture">Contemporary architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Contemporary architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> After the restoration of independence, an artificial ice rink (architect U. Pīlēns), a Catholic monastery (A. Kokins) in <a href="/wiki/Jaunliep%C4%81ja" title="Jaunliepāja">Jaunliepāja</a>, the "Māja" shop (reconstruction; A. Padēlis-Līns), new market pavilions in the city centre (U. Pīlēns) were built. The most remarkable building of the 21st century is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall" title="Great Amber Concert Hall">Great Amber Concert Hall</a>. New-age construction is characterised by the use of new materials and technologies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">functionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"></p><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_sailors_and_fishermen_perished_in_the_sea_(Liep%C4%81ja)" class="mw-redirect" title="Monument to the sailors and fishermen perished in the sea (Liepāja)">Monument to the sailors and fishermen lost at sea</a> – 1977</li> <li>Monument to the Defenders of Liepāja in 1941–1960</li> <li>Monument to 1919 Freedom Fighters</li> <li>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Mirdza_%C4%B6empe" title="Mirdza Ķempe">Mirdza Ķempe</a> – 1989</li> <li>Monument to <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%92valds_Rimbenieks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ēvalds Rimbenieks (page does not exist)">Ēvalds Rimbenieks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92valds_Rimbenieks" class="extiw" title="lv:Ēvalds Rimbenieks">lv</a>]</span> – 2008</li> <li>Memorial wall in <a href="/wiki/Za%C4%BC%C4%81_birze" title="Zaļā birze">Zaļā birze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Dedaev_Monument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Dedaev Monument (page does not exist)">Nikolay Dedaev Monument</a></li> <li>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> (Lielā iela 10)</li> <li>1 Rock Café Guitar</li> <li>The Amber clock</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_monuments">Former monuments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Former monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Imants_Sudmalis" title="Imants Sudmalis">Imants Sudmalis</a> – 1978 (partially dismantled and relocated)</li> <li>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> – 1970 (dismantled)</li> <li>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Stepanyan" title="Nelson Stepanyan">Nelson Stepanyan</a> (relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li>Monument to the 11 sailors of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_L-3" title="Soviet submarine L-3">Soviet submarine L-3</a> (relocated to Moscow)</li> <li>Monument to the submariners of the Baltic Sea (partially dismantled)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Museum" title="Liepāja Museum">Liepāja Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-museum_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-museum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Department of Liepāja Museum "Liepāja during the occupational regimes"</li> <li>Museum "History of Liepāja Community of Jews"</li> <li>Museum "Liepājas Metalurgs" (founded in 2007)</li> <li>Museum "Karosta Prison"<sup id="cite_ref-karosta_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karosta-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul">St. Paul</a>'s Baptist Church (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Anna">St. Anna</a>'s Lutheran Church (1587)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Holy_Trinity_Lutheran_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Liepāja Holy Trinity Lutheran Cathedral">Liepāja Holy Trinity Lutheran Cathedral</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph">St. Joseph</a>'s Catholic Cathedral (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> Orthodox Church (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Naval_Cathedral,_Karosta" class="mw-redirect" title="St Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Karosta">St Nicholas Naval Cathedral, Karosta</a> (1901–1903)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_buildings">Notable buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notable buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rose square (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Rožu laukums</i>)</li> <li>Swan Pond (remnant of river Līva)</li> <li>Hotel "Libava"</li> <li>Peter The Great house – the oldest house in Liepāja</li> <li>Graudu 45 – Graudu nams (<a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Jugendstil</a>)</li> <li>Graudu 42 – former "Bonic Café"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Amber_Concert_Hall" title="Great Amber Concert Hall">Great Amber Concert Hall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Koncertzāle "Lielais dzintars"</i>)</li> <li>Pētertirgus – Central market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81jas_teatris" class="mw-redirect" title="Liepājas teatris">Liepājas teatris</a></li> <li>City council building – former District court</li> <li>Restaurant "Vecais Kapteins"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liep%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liepāja">University of Liepāja</a> building</li> <li>1st Latvian Rock Café</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_(8447916322).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg/220px-Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg/330px-Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg/440px-Saeimas_Sporta_apak%C5%A1komisija_izbraukuma_s%C4%93d%C4%93_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%288447916322%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Current mayor Gunārs Ansiņš and former mayor <a href="/wiki/Uldis_Sesks" title="Uldis Sesks">Uldis Sesks</a></figcaption></figure><p>Fourteen deputies and a mayor make up the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja_City_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepāja City Council (page does not exist)">Liepāja City Council</a>. City's voters select a new government every four years, in June. The Council selects from its members the Chairman of City Council (also called City Mayor), the two Vice chairmen (Deputy Mayors) </p><p>which are full-time positions. City Council also appoints the members of four standing committees, which prepare issues to be discussed in the Council meetings: Finance Committee; City Economy and Development Committee; Social Affairs, Health Care, Education and Public Order Committee; Culture and Sports Committee. The City of Liepāja had an operating budget of 104 million euros in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, political leanings in Liepāja have been <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a>. In recent years the <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Party" title="Liepāja Party">Liepāja Party</a> has dominated the polls. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sest%C4%81_grupa_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Sestā grupa (Liepāja)">Sestā grupa</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1638 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+350.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1840 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+144.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">29,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+169.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1897 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">64,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+117.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1907<sup id="cite_ref-BE_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BE-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">81,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1914 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">94,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">51,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−45.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1940 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">64,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+21.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1959<sup id="cite_ref-BSE_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">71,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">92,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+30.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1975<sup id="cite_ref-gorod7_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorod7-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1989 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">114,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">100,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−12.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−11.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2007 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">85,300</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2011<sup id="cite_ref-csb_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csb-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">83,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">68,945</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−17.3%</td></tr></tbody></table><p>Liepāja's population structure has been multicultural and this impacted city's social life, economy and administration. Liepāja's population structure started to change after the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in 1817. The number of inhabitants in 1800 is 4500, but in 1840 there already were 11 000 citizens. The number of city inhabitants has doubled in 40 years. It continued to grow and in 1881 Liepāja already had 29 600 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liepāja's population grew fastest before World War I, almost tenfold in 50 years. It doubled during the 50 years of Soviet occupation, when population growth was hampered by the existence of the closed military port. Until World War I there was a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a>, until World War II there was a high proportion of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and during the Soviet occupation the number of <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> increased. The proportion of Latvians increased from 16% in 1863 to 85% in 1943 until World War II, but decreased again after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With 68,945 inhabitants in 2019, Liepāja is the third-largest city in Latvia. Its population has declined since the withdrawal of Soviet military forces; the last of which left in 1994. In addition, many ethnic Russians emigrated to Russia in 1991–2000. More recent causes include economic migration to Western European countries after Latvia joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> in 2004, and lower birth rates. The demographic situation in Liepāja is unfavourable, as the natural population growth is negative.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the trend of people leaving Liepāja is gradually decreasing, and in 2018 a positive migration balance was achieved for the first time in many years. Favourable migration trends are more and more significantly compensating for the negative natural increase, so the overall population decline trend has been significantly reversed in 2017 and 2018. The <a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">dependency load</a> is 690 children, adolescents and pensioners per 1000 inhabitants, which is the highest value among the major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population decreased by an average of 750 inhabitants per year between 2012 and 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg/146px-Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg/220px-Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg/293px-Liepaja_kosciol_sw_Anny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>St. Anne's Church</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Liepāja">Roman Catholic Diocese of Liepāja</a></div> <p>Liepāja has a number of churches. As elsewhere in central and western Latvia, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant churches</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, are predominant. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Liepāja">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> houses the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia">Lutheran</a> Bishop of Liepāja. Other Lutheran congregations are St. Anne, Church of the Cross and Church of Luther. There are four <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> congregations in the city, among them are St. Paul church and Church of Zion. </p><p>Owing to the regional importance of Liepāja during the last decades of the Russian Empire, a number of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> churches were established in the city early in the twentieth century. Their congregations are chiefly drawn from the Russian-speaking population. </p><p>The Catholic faith is represented in Liepāja by a <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Cathedral,_Liep%C4%81ja" title="St. Joseph Cathedral, Liepāja">St. Joseph Cathedral</a> – the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Liepāja">Roman Catholic Diocese of Liepāja</a>, Catholic primary school and the Catholic centre. The structure of the Catholic centre was used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> in <a href="/wiki/Expo_2000" title="Expo 2000">Expo 2000</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> and was transferred to Liepāja after the event. </p><p>Other Christian sects include <a href="/wiki/Old_Ritualists" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Ritualists">Old Ritualists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, who have single congregations and churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg/220px-Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg/330px-Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg/440px-Dry_docks_of_the_Liep%C4%81ja_Northern_Shipyard_in_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry docks</a> of the Liepāja Northern Shipyard, established in 1900<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">USSR's centrally planned economy</a>, Liepāja had to deal with issues of rundown infrastructure. To provide business incubation and development for the city, Liepāja Special Economic Zone (Liepāja SEZ) was established. According to the law, Liepāja SEZ was established on March 1, 1997, and it will exist until December 31, 2035. The purpose of the Liepāja SEZ is to develop a business environment, manufacturing, shipping and air traffic, as well as international trade through Latvia. The aim of the Liepāja SEZ is to attract investment for expanding of manufacturing and infrastructure, and to create new work places and to ensure the development of the region. In the beginning, investment growth remained slow due to a shortage of a skilled labour force, but the scheme proved to be successful as positive tendencies can be seen with formation of new businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After joining the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 2004, many companies were faced with strict European rules and tense competition. In 2007 <i>Liepājas cukurfabrika</i> and <i>Liepājas sērkociņi</i> closed down; <i>Līvu alus</i>, <i>Liepājas maiznieks</i> and <i>Lauma</i> have been sold to European investors. in 2013, the steel production company Liepājas Metalurgs went bankrupt, which was one of the largest economic disasters in modern Latvian history, costing the state around 230 million LVL (327 million EUR).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the city's economic development is mainly driven by Liepāja Special Economic Zone, Trade Port and the companies placed there. In 2021, the companies in Liepāja with the largest turnover are TOLMETS, AE Partner, and Jensen Metal<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG/220px-Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG/330px-Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG/440px-Mirdzas_Kempes_iela_-_galapunkts_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2765" data-file-height="2074" /></a><figcaption>Public transport in Liepāja</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja's transport system consists of 31 bus lines (5 of which are connected to Grobiņa), as well as one Liepāja tram line, which is 7 kilometres long. The tram line was founded after the opening of the first Liepāja power plant in 1899, which makes it the oldest electric tram line in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is now operated by the municipal company <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81jas_tramvajs" title="Liepājas tramvajs">Liepājas tramvajs</a>. In 2013, the tram line was extended by 1.7 km from the <a href="/wiki/Dienvidrietumu_rajons_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Dienvidrietumu rajons (Liepāja)">Dienvidrietumu</a> residential area (Klaipėda Street) to the <a href="/wiki/Ezerkrasts" title="Ezerkrasts">Ezerkrasts</a> residential area with a turnaround at the end of Mirdzas Ķempes Street. Liepāja has direct bus connections to <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> and other destinations. </p><p>Liepāja has a railway connection to Jelgava and Riga and through them to the rest of Latvia's railway network. There is just one passenger station in the <a href="/wiki/Jaunliep%C4%81ja" title="Jaunliepāja">New Town</a>, but the railway extends further and links to the port. There is also a northward railway track leading to <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>, but in recent decades it has fallen into disuse for economic reasons. The railway provides the main means of delivering cargo to the port. Two main highways, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Roads_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Roads in Latvia">A9 and A11</a>, connect the city and its port to the rest of the country. The A9 leads north-west towards <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and central Latvia and the A11 leads south to the border with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and its only port <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Palanga_International_Airport" title="Palanga International Airport">Palanga International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city also hosts <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_International_Airport" title="Liepāja International Airport">Liepāja International Airport</a>, one of three international airports in Latvia; it is located outside the city limits, north of the Lake of Liepāja near <a href="/wiki/Cimdenieki" title="Cimdenieki">Cimdenieki</a>. However, as of 2020 the airport only serves private, military flights or <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a> as the national carrier <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">airBaltic</a> no longer has any low capacity fleet to facilitate flights from the airport.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Port of Liepāja">Port of Liepāja</a> has a wide water area and consists of three main parts. The Winter harbour is located in the Trade channel and serves small local fishing vessels as well as medium cargo ships. Immediately north of the Trade channel is the main area of the port, separated from the open sea by a line of <a href="/wiki/Breakwater_(structure)" title="Breakwater (structure)">breakwaters</a>. This part of the port can accommodate large ships and ferries. Further north is Karosta harbour, also called Karosta channel, which was formerly a military harbour but is now used for ship repairs and other commercial purposes. Liepāja also welcomes <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yachts</a> and other leisure vessels which can enter the Trade channel and moor almost in the center of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG/220px-Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG/330px-Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG/440px-Liep%C4%81ja_University_2008-08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liep%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liepāja">University of Liepāja</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea to open a school was born in 1560 during a church survey, and schools existed in Liepāja before 1625. However, it was the granting of city rights that encouraged the further development of schools, as the maintenance of schools was considered one of the city's responsibilities. Both German and <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonian</a> children were encouraged to attend the newly founded school. It was announced to the "non-Germans" that those children who were sent to the school would be freed from all servitude and even freed from serfdom; they would also be given help for further education. At the beginning the school was a one-class school; the second class was opened in 1638; from 1650 the school had 3 classes, and in 1750 the 4th class was opened. In 1788 a new school building was built, and in 1806 the town school was transformed into the county's highest school after 250 years of existence. This county school was attended by <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%A1j%C4%81nis_Valdem%C4%81rs" title="Krišjānis Valdemārs">Krišjānis Valdemārs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atis_Kronvalds" title="Atis Kronvalds">Kronvaldu Atis</a>. In 1866, the county school was converted into the Nikolai Gymnasium. In 1861, a maritime class was opened at the county school, which was added to the Liepāja Maritime School in 1876. The first girls' high school was opened in 1871, and by 1874 there were already 2 girls' high schools, one of which was turned into a gymnasium in 1886. In the following years, the <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of schools, which started with the law of 1889, turned all schools into Russian schools, however, there were schools attended by Latvian children in their majority, where Latvian was taught as a subject and religious studies were taught in Latvian. Schools with Latvian as the only language only appeared after Latvia gained independence.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg/220px-Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg/330px-Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg/440px-Liep%C4%81jas_%C4%A3imn%C4%81zija_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Liepāja State Gymnasium No. 1</figcaption></figure> <p>During the First Free State there were three secondary schools, 25 primary schools, two technical schools, a trade school, a secondary school of applied arts, a trade institute, a technical evening craft school, a Jewish craft school, a fishing and fish farming school. There was also a folk conservatory and various evening courses. In December 1919, a separate children's section was opened in the library – the first in Latvia. </p><p>After World War II, Liepāja was home to the Liepāja Pedagogical Institute (founded in 1954; in 1945 as the Pedagogical School, in 1950 as the Liepāja Teachers' Institute), the General Technical Faculty of the Riga Polytechnic Institute, a maritime school, a medical school, a polytechnic, the Liepāja Applied Arts High School (founded in 1926), a music school, ten comprehensive schools, two vocational-technical high schools and two technical schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Karla_Uliha_iela_5_-_Liepajas_Jurniecibas_koledza_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Liepāja Maritime College</figcaption></figure><p>Liepāja has wide educational resources. In March 2019, the Liepāja City Council decided to merge Secondary School No. 2 with Secondary School No. 12 to form a new secondary school, taking full advantage of the modernised learning environment of Secondary School No. 2,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the city has 21 kindergartens, twelve general education institutions and two private schools, 2 music schools and two boarding schools providing education in the city's largest residential districts.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest education for children and youth is available in 8 municipal institutions: Children and Youth Centre, Youth Centre, Centre for Young Technicians, Art and Creation Centre "Vaduguns", Complex Sport School, Gymnastics School, Tennis Sports School, Sports School "Daugava" (football, track-and-field athletics) and Basketball Sports School. Liepāja Central Library has six branches and audio record library. Literature fund consists of about 460,000 copies and online catalogue.<sup id="cite_ref-library_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average annual number of visitors – 25000. </p><p>Liepāja also has several higher education institutions represented by<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liep%C4%81ja" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Liepāja">University of Liepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Technical_University" title="Riga Technical University">Riga Technical University</a> Liepāja branch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stradi%C5%86%C5%A1_University" title="Riga Stradiņš University">Rīga Stradiņš University</a> Liepāja branch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_International_Academy" title="Baltic International Academy">Baltic International Academy</a> Liepāja branch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur%C4%ABba_University" title="Turība University">Turība University</a> Liepāja branch</li> <li>Riga Technical College Liepāja branch</li> <li>College of Law Liepāja branch</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja_Maritime_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepāja Maritime College (page does not exist)">Liepāja Maritime College</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja_Medical_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepāja Medical College (page does not exist)">Liepāja Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja_Applied_Art_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liepāja Applied Art School (page does not exist)">Liepāja Applied Art School</a></li> <li>Liepāja Carpentry School</li> <li>Liepāja Tourism and Textile Design School</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/220px-Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/330px-Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg/440px-Inner_yard_of_Zivju_iela_3_in_Liep%C4%81ja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Rome Garden</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja is known as a city rich in deep cultural and historical traditions, and has a very important place in the cultural landscape of Latvia and the region. Liepāja is home to both state and municipal institutions, as well as the University of Liepāja and privately funded artistic groups and departments. The city has a remarkable legacy in terms of its historical cultural environment, buildings, monuments, visual art collections, museums and libraries. Liepāja has a strong tradition of <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> and intangible cultural heritage – <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">crafts</a>, folk art, traditional culture – in both Latvian and minority groups. Cultural tourism and creative industries are developing. There is a strong cultural education base (in its professional forms). Certain sectors are relatively underdeveloped in Liepāja (fine arts, literature, declining cinema, etc.). </p><p>Liepāja took part in the competition for the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture (ECOC)</a> status in 2014, but on 15 September 2009 the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> jury recommended that <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> be awarded the status.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having taken part in the competition for the European Capital of Culture status in 2027, on 10 May 2022 the jury awarded the status to Liepāja.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoku_koks_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg/220px-Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg/330px-Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg/440px-Spoku_koks_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>"Spoku koks" (Ghost tree), an object dedicated to the Latvian rock group <a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABvi_(band)" title="Līvi (band)">Līvi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja has three officially approved symbols: a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a>. The coat of arms was adopted four days after the jurisdiction gained <a href="/wiki/City_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="City rights">city rights</a> on 18 March 1625,<sup id="cite_ref-siteliepaja_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteliepaja-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the present version is introduced in 1925;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the flag was first officially proclaimed in 1938 with the <i>Law on the Flag of the City of Liepāja</i>. The coat of arms of Liepāja is described as: "on a silver background, the lion of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> with a divided tail, who leans upon a <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: <i lang="lv">Liepa</i>) tree with its forelegs". The flag of Liepāja has the coat of arms in the center, with red in the top half and green in the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-siteliepaja_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siteliepaja-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthem <i>The City where the Wind is Born</i> (<i>Pilsētā, kurā piedzimst vējš</i>) was approved in 1999 and premiered in the first hour of 2000. <a href="/wiki/Imants_Kalni%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Imants Kalniņš">Imants Kalniņš</a> wrote the song "In the City where the Wind is Born" in 1973, dedicating it to Liepāja and the people of Liepāja, with lyrics by <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ris_%C4%8Caklais" title="Māris Čaklais">Māris Čaklais</a>. It was first performed by Austra Pumpure, and even then the song gained the status of an unofficial anthem of Liepāja residents. Liepāja also has its own special dish – 'Liepājas menciņi' (smoked, dried <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> with potatoes, onions and <a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">dill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">heavy cream</a>, fried in a ceramic pot), which is based on an ancient recipe from South Courland.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dried, smoked or lightly dried codfish was used in the diet of the coastal inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> – even before the arrival of German settlers in the 13th century. </p><p>The use of Liepāja's symbols is regulated by the Binding Regulations adopted by the City Council on 25 February 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_(29269901903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg/170px-Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg/255px-Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg/340px-Baltu_vien%C4%ABbas_dienas_pas%C4%81kumi_Liep%C4%81j%C4%81_%2829269901903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Liepāja">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Liepāja is known as the music capital of Latvia. The Liepāja Symphony Orchestra, the oldest orchestra in the Baltic States, performs in Liepāja. It remains the only professional orchestra in Latvia outside Riga.<sup id="cite_ref-orchestra_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orchestra-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liepāja is home to bands such as <a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABvi_(band)" title="Līvi (band)">Līvi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Credo_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Credo (band) (page does not exist)">Credo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2xBBM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2xBBM (page does not exist)">2xBBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumsa" title="Tumsa">Tumsa</a>, as well as composers such as <a href="/wiki/Zigmars_Liepi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Zigmars Liepiņš">Zigmars Liepiņš</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_L%C5%ABs%C4%93ns" class="mw-redirect" title="Jānis Lūsēns">Jānis Lūsēns</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uldis_Marhil%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uldis Marhilēvičs (page does not exist)">Uldis Marhilēvičs</a>. Music festivals such as Summer Sound, International Star Festival, VIA Baltica Festival, International Organ Music Festival and others are organised.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1964 to 2006, Liepājas Dzintars, the longest-running and most tradition-rich popular music festival in Latvia, was held in the <i>Pūt, vējiņi</i> concert garden.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liepāja's art scene has a long and rich tradition. The oldest and most outstanding work of art in Liepāja is the altar of St Anne's Church, built in 1697. The most significant work of art of the 18th century is the organ of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral, Liepāja">Holy Trinity Cathedral</a> The interior decoration of the Old Catholic Church is also noteworthy – ornamental formations in plaster (1762) and the altar retable – a typical late Baroque work, paintings of columns, walls and ceilings, stained glass windows. Works of applied art masters are in the <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Museum" title="Liepāja Museum">Liepāja Museum</a>. There are 18th-century door sashes from the house at 13 Stendera Street and works by tin foundrymen. The most outstanding sculpture of the 19th century is the sculpture by Fabiani for the chapel in the Old Cemetery, but the sculpture in the city is mainly memorial works. In the Northern Cemetery there is a monument to the memory of the soldiers who died in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a>, there is also a memorial marker to Colonel <a href="/wiki/Oskars_Kalpaks" title="Oskars Kalpaks">Oskars Kalpaks</a> at his first burial site, and in the Jewish burial section of the Līva Cemetery there is a monument to the memory of the Jewish soldiers who died in the Latvian War of Independence near Liepāja. In Jūrmala Park, there is a <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_sailors_and_fishermen_perished_in_the_sea" title="Monument to the sailors and fishermen perished in the sea">monument to the sailors and fishermen perished in the sea</a> and to the 16 January 1905 rally. Nearby is a monument to the poet <a href="/wiki/Mirdza_%C4%B6empe" title="Mirdza Ķempe">Mirdza Ķempe</a>. Until the restoration of independence, the city had several monuments created during the Soviet occupation, of which the monument to the 1941 defenders of Liepāja remains in place,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is being dismantled in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1996, the town has been decorated with memorial sculptures to the bed of the River Līva, created in a plenary workshop led by Ģirts Burvis. The Liepāja anthem "In the City where the Wind is Born" is reproduced in <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculptures</a> along the entire length of Kūrmāja Prospect.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a rich tradition of painting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_42-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907 the Liepāja Latvian Dramatic Society was founded. Together with other societies, in March 1907 it established and maintained the Liepāja Latvian Theatre (now <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_Theatre" title="Liepāja Theatre">Liepāja Theatre</a>), which is the oldest Latvian professional theatre still in existence. In 1918 the theatre moved to its present premises – the City Theatre on the then Hagedorna (now Teātra) Street.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg/220px-Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg/330px-Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg/440px-Olympic_centre_liepaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Liepāja's Olympic Centre</figcaption></figure><p>In 1998, the first ice hockey rink built in Latvia during the years of independence was opened in Liepāja which has since hosted regular <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> games including two youth <a href="/wiki/Ice_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Ice Hockey World Championships">World championship</a> games. <a href="/wiki/HK_Liep%C4%81jas_Metalurgs" title="HK Liepājas Metalurgs">HK Liepājas Metalurgs</a> became the home team of the Olympic Ice Arena. The team won eight <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Hockey_Higher_League" title="Latvian Hockey Higher League">Latvian championship</a> gold medals, and also won the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Hockey_League" title="Eastern European Hockey League">Eastern European Hockey League</a> tournament. Due to problems at the metallurgical company, the hockey team ceased operations in the summer of 2013. In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/HK_Liep%C4%81ja" title="HK Liepāja">HK Liepāja</a> was founded and they became champions of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Hockey_Higher_League" title="Latvian Hockey Higher League">Latvian Hockey Higher League</a> in 2015–16 season. </p><p>In January 2014, the <a href="/wiki/FK_Liep%C4%81jas_Metalurgs" title="FK Liepājas Metalurgs">FK Liepājas Metalurgs</a> ceased operations and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/FK_Liep%C4%81ja" title="FK Liepāja">FK Liepāja</a>, who became Latvian champions in 2015. Their home stadium is the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_Stadium_(Liep%C4%81ja)" title="Daugava Stadium (Liepāja)">Daugava Stadium</a>. Liepāja is home to <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Basketbola_l%C4%ABga" title="Latvijas Basketbola līga">Latvian Basketball League</a> club Betsafe/Liepāja. </p><p>On 2 August 2008, a new multipurpose sports arena – Liepāja Olympic Centre was officially opened. It has been established as one of the most modern multipurpose sports and cultural complexes in Latvia. Liepāja regularly hosts various sporting events, such as the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">World</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">European Basketball Championships</a>, and the 2009 Women's European Basketball Championship Subgroup A and B matches were played at the Liepāja Olympic Centre. The <a href="/wiki/European_Rally_Championship" title="European Rally Championship">European Rally Championship</a> stage "<a href="/wiki/Rally_Liep%C4%81ja" title="Rally Liepāja">Rally Liepāja</a>", the International <a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a> Competition and others are also held.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liepāja has a regional newspaper <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Kurzemes vārds</i></span> and a regional TV channel <i>TV Kurzeme.</i> The city also has several regional Internet <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">portals</a>; there is an <a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio" title="Amateur radio">amateur radio</a> community<sup id="cite_ref-amatieri_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amatieri-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a citywide wireless <a href="/wiki/Video_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitoring">video monitoring</a> system. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, digital terrestrial television is fully operational; <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">mobile television</a> and broadband wireless networks are implemented. All four Latvian mobile operators have stable zones of coverage (<a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> 900/1800, <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a>, 2100 <a href="/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Code division multiple access">CDMA450</a>) and client service centers in Liepāja. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1979 a part of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Moonzund_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonzund (film)">Moonzund</a></i> was filmed in the town.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woldemar_Kernig" title="Woldemar Kernig">Woldemar Kernig</a> (1840—1917) — Russian and German <a href="/wiki/Neurologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurologist">neurologist</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Dov_Dessler" title="Reuven Dov Dessler">Reuven Dov Dessler</a> (1863–1935) – <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%B7elis_Valters" title="Miķelis Valters">Miķelis Valters</a> (1874—1968) — politician, first Latvian Minister of Interior;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Stern" title="Lina Stern">Lina Stern</a> (1878—1968) — <a href="/wiki/Biochemist" title="Biochemist">biochemist</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanka_Maur" title="Yanka Maur">Yanka Maur</a> (1883—1971) — <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusian</a> writer;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Eliezer_Dessler" title="Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler">Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler</a> (1892–1953) – rabbi;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusts_Annuss" title="Augusts Annuss">Augusts Annuss</a> (1893—1984) — painter;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Tisse" title="Eduard Tisse">Eduard Tisse</a> (1897—1961) — cameraman;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Josephson" title="Leon Josephson">Leon Josephson</a> (1898–1966) – American lawyer and Soviet spy;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Klein_(philosopher)" title="Jacob Klein (philosopher)">Jacob Klein</a> (1899–1978) – Russian-American Jewish philosopher;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herberts_Cukurs" title="Herberts Cukurs">Herberts Cukurs</a> (1900—1965) — aviator and Nazi collaborator;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdem%C4%81rs_Baumanis" title="Valdemārs Baumanis">Valdemārs Baumanis</a> (1905—1992) — basketball coach;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balys_Dvarionas" title="Balys Dvarionas">Balys Dvarionas</a> (1905—1972) — <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> composer;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ja%C5%9Bkiewicz" title="Stanisław Jaśkiewicz">Stanisław Jaśkiewicz</a> (1907—1980) — <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> actor;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirdza_%C4%B6empe" title="Mirdza Ķempe">Mirdza Ķempe</a> (1907—1974) — poet;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arv%C4%ABds_Jansons" title="Arvīds Jansons">Arvīds Jansons</a> (1914—1984) — conductor, father of <a href="/wiki/Mariss_Jansons" title="Mariss Jansons">Mariss Jansons</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81livaldis_%C4%B6eni%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Tālivaldis Ķeniņš">Tālivaldis Ķeniņš</a> (1919—2008) — composer;<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Halle" title="Morris Halle">Morris Halle</a> (1923—2018) — <a href="/wiki/Latvian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian-American">Latvian-American</a> Jewish <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Harry_Hurwitz" title="Zvi Harry Hurwitz">Zvi Harry Hurwitz</a> (1924—2008) — South African <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adviser" title="Adviser">adviser</a> to two prime ministers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Foldats" title="Ernesto Foldats">Ernesto Foldats</a> (1925—2003) — biologist;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Schwab" title="George D. Schwab">George D. Schwab</a> (1931) — American political scientist, editor, Holocaust survivor, and academic;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovs_Lipmans" title="Kirovs Lipmans">Kirovs Lipmans</a> (1940) — businessman;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teofils_Bi%C4%B7is" title="Teofils Biķis">Teofils Biķis</a> (1950—2000) — pianist;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigmars_Liepi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Zigmars Liepiņš">Zigmars Liepiņš</a> (1952) — composer:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Vanags" title="Jānis Vanags">Jānis Vanags</a> (1958) — Archbishop of Riga in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Pakalni%C5%86a" title="Laila Pakalniņa">Laila Pakalniņa</a> (1962) — film director;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igo_(singer)" title="Igo (singer)">Igo</a> (1962) — singer and composer;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1_Freimanis" title="Mārtiņš Freimanis">Mārtiņš Freimanis</a> (1977—2011) — musician and actor;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Konstantinovs" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstantin Konstantinovs">Konstantin Konstantinovs</a> (1978—2018) — Latvian-Russian powerlifter;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ris_Verpakovskis" title="Māris Verpakovskis">Māris Verpakovskis</a> (1979) — football player;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C4%81ns_Miloslavskis" title="Romāns Miloslavskis">Romāns Miloslavskis</a> (1983) — swimmer and politician;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mareks_Mejeris" title="Mareks Mejeris">Mareks Mejeris</a> (1991) – basketball player for <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Jerusalem_B.C." title="Hapoel Jerusalem B.C.">Hapoel Jerusalem</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League" title="Israeli Basketball Premier League">Israeli Basketball Premier League</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasija_Sevastova" title="Anastasija Sevastova">Anastasija Sevastova</a> (1990) — tennis player;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristaps_Porzi%C5%86%C4%A3is" title="Kristaps Porziņģis">Kristaps Porziņģis</a> (1995) — basketball player;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABdolfs_Balcers" title="Rūdolfs Balcers">Rūdolfs Balcers</a> (1997) — ice hockey player</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Latvia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Latvia</a></div> <p>Liepāja is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nyn%C3%A4shamn_Municipality" title="Nynäshamn Municipality">Nynäshamn</a>, Sweden (1990)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, Poland (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington" title="Bellevue, Washington">Bellevue</a>, United States (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany (1993)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>, Lithuania (1997)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gdynia" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, Poland (1999)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rstad,_Bergen" title="Årstad, Bergen">Årstad (Bergen)</a>, Norway (2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>, Lithuania (2001)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg_Municipality" title="Helsingborg Municipality">Helsingborg</a>, Sweden (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guldborgsund_Municipality" title="Guldborgsund Municipality">Guldborgsund</a>, Denmark</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_market.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pētertirgus"><img alt="Pētertirgus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_market.JPG/329px-Liepaja_market.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_market.JPG/495px-Liepaja_market.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Liepaja_market.JPG/659px-Liepaja_market.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pētertirgus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Naval Cathedral (1901–1903), architect Vasily Kosyakov"><img alt="St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Naval Cathedral (1901–1903), architect Vasily Kosyakov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG/184px-Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG/277px-Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG/369px-Liepaja_Orthodoxe_Kathedrale_St._Nikolaus_Fassade_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="4564" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Nicholas Russian Orthodox Naval Cathedral (1901–1903), architect <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Kosyakov" title="Vasily Kosyakov">Vasily Kosyakov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Anna"><img alt="Church of St. Anna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg/185px-Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg/278px-Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg/370px-Church_of_St._Ana_in_Liepaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Anna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Liepāja railway station"><img alt="Liepāja railway station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG/329px-Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG/495px-Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG/659px-Station_Liepaja_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liepāja railway station</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of the southern forts"><img alt="The ruins of the southern forts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg/329px-Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg/495px-Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg/659px-Remains_of_old_fortifications_in_Liepaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of the southern forts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Joseph church"><img alt="St. Joseph church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg/329px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg/495px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg/659px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B2._%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Joseph church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liepāja border marker."><img alt="Liepāja border marker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg/329px-Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg/495px-Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg/659px-Liep%C4%81jas_robe%C5%BEz%C4%ABme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Liepāja border marker.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja#Q167668" class="extiw" title="voy:Liepāja">Liepāja</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Ports of the Baltic Sea">Ports of the Baltic Sea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-27cf1cd5713706cad9fc3510860267b55112caf4-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-27cf1cd5713706cad9fc3510860267b55112caf4-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/">"Reģionu, novadu, pilsētu un pagastu kopējā un sauszemes platība gada sākumā"</a>. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%C4%A3ionu%2C+novadu%2C+pils%C4%93tu+un+pagastu+kop%C4%93j%C4%81+un+sauszemes+plat%C4%ABba+gada+s%C4%81kum%C4%81&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Bureau+of+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Flv%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__ENV__DR__DRT%2FDRT011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-d63fe4f9b7d344c580a498a73197df380eb506ae-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d63fe4f9b7d344c580a498a73197df380eb506ae-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE071/">"Iedzīvotāju skaits pēc tautības reģionos, pilsētās, novados, pagastos, apkaimēs un blīvi apdzīvotās teritorijās gada sākumā (pēc administratīvi teritoriālās reformas 2021. gadā)"</a>. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81ja+wins+the+title+of+European+Capital+of+Culture+2027&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja2027.lv%2Fnews%2Fliepaja-wins-the-title-of-european-capital-of-culture-2027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KNAB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KNAB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KNAB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eki.ee/knab/p_mm_en.htm">"KNAB, the Place Names Database of EKI"</a>. Eki.ee<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Warszawa. 1884. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+geograficzny+Kr%C3%B3lestwa+Polskiego+i+innych+kraj%C3%B3w+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skich%2C+Tom+V&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=202&rft.date=1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSE-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BSE_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSE_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSE_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article070208.html">"Лиепая"</a>. <i>Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i>. 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No. 39. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2084-7319">2084-7319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pami%C4%99%C4%87.pl&rft.atitle=Polacy+w+Finlandii%3A+pierwsi+przeciw+bolszewikom&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2084-7319&rft.aulast=Jaworski&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiden, John, <i>The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik</i>, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1987, p.101-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiden & Salmon, 1991, p.78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmabouthol-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmabouthol_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_fi.php?MediaId=183">"Crimes of Einsatzgruppen in Liepāja"</a>. 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crimes+of+Einsatzgruppen+in+Liep%C4%81ja&rft.date=1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Fmedia_fi.php%3FMediaId%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dochol-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dochol_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dochol_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mroRsZ5ygUY">Mass murder of Jews in Liepaja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> channel, YouTube)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slimnica-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slimnica_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepajasslimnica.lv">"Site of Liepājas slimnica"</a> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Site+of+Liep%C4%81jas+slimnica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepajasslimnica.lv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latvia.travel/en/sight/liepaja-naval-port">"Liepāja Naval Port"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81ja+Naval+Port&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latvia.travel%2Fen%2Fsight%2Fliepaja-naval-port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/defense/liepaja-to-host-military-base-with-nato-standard-docks.a210448/">"Liepāja to host military base with NATO-standard docks"</a>. <i>Lsm.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lsm.lv&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81ja+to+host+military+base+with+NATO-standard+docks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.lsm.lv%2Farticle%2Fsociety%2Fdefense%2Fliepaja-to-host-military-base-with-nato-standard-docks.a210448%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-letonika-lv.datubazes.lanet.lv/groups/default.aspx?r=1&q=liepāja&id=948380&&g=1">"Letonika.lv – Liepāja"</a>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letonika.lv+%E2%80%93+Liep%C4%81ja&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-letonika-lv.datubazes.lanet.lv%2Fgroups%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fr%3D1%26q%3Dliep%C4%81ja%26id%3D948380%26%26g%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSIA_"GRUPA_93"2012" class="citation web cs1">SIA "GRUPA 93" (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faili.liepaja.lv/Strategiskais_ietekemes_uz_vidi_novertejums.pdf">"STRATĒĢISKAIS IETEKMES UZ VIDI NOVĒRTĒJUMS. Vides pārskats"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STRAT%C4%92%C4%A2ISKAIS+IETEKMES+UZ+VIDI+NOV%C4%92RT%C4%92JUMS.+Vides+p%C4%81rskats&rft.date=2012&rft.au=SIA+%22GRUPA+93%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaili.liepaja.lv%2FStrategiskais_ietekemes_uz_vidi_novertejums.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edu.lu.lv/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=39525">"4. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1981-2010&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FLatvia%2FWMO_Normals_Excel_Template_Latvia_Liepaja.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/latvia/liepaja/climate">"Climate & Weather Averages in Liepāja"</a>. Time and Date<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+%26+Weather+Averages+in+Liep%C4%81ja&rft.pub=Time+and+Date&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fweather%2Flatvia%2Fliepaja%2Fclimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425073235/https://seatemperature.net/current/latvia/liepaja-sea-temperature">"Liepāja Sea Temperature"</a>. <i>seatemperature.net</i>. 25 April 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seatemperature.net/current/latvia/liepaja-sea-temperature">the original</a> on 25 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seatemperature.net&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81ja+Sea+Temperature&rft.date=2023-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseatemperature.net%2Fcurrent%2Flatvia%2Fliepaja-sea-temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_42-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauneK̦īsis1999" class="citation book cs1">Caune, Māra; K̦īsis, Aleksis (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50383143"><i>Latvijas pilsētas : enciklopēdija</i></a>. Riga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-00-357-4" title="Special:BookSources/9984-00-357-4"><bdi>9984-00-357-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50383143">50383143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvijas+pils%C4%93tas+%3A+enciklop%C4%93dija&rft.place=Riga&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50383143&rft.isbn=9984-00-357-4&rft.aulast=Caune&rft.aufirst=M%C4%81ra&rft.au=K%CC%A6%C4%ABsis%2C+Aleksis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50383143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdzejaprozamaterialiberniem2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">dzejaprozamaterialiberniem (13 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dzejaprozaizzinosimateriali.wordpress.com/2017/08/13/liepajas-arhitektura-gadsimtu-griezos/">"Liepājas arhitektūra gadsimtu griežos"</a>. <i>Mani raksti</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mani+raksti&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+arhitekt%C5%ABra+gadsimtu+grie%C5%BEos&rft.date=2017-08-13&rft.au=dzejaprozamaterialiberniem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzejaprozaizzinosimateriali.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F08%2F13%2Fliepajas-arhitektura-gadsimtu-griezos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/koka-apbuve/">"Koka apbūve"</a>. <i>Koka apbūve</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Koka+apb%C5%ABve&rft.atitle=Koka+apb%C5%ABve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fkoka-apbuve%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSāne-Alksne1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sāne-Alksne, Līga (1991). <i>Ceļvedis Liepājas arhitektūrā</i> (in Latvian). Liepāja: Liepājas pilsētas arhitektūras un pilsētbūvniecības pārvalde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ce%C4%BCvedis+Liep%C4%81jas+arhitekt%C5%ABr%C4%81&rft.place=Liep%C4%81ja&rft.pub=Liep%C4%81jas+pils%C4%93tas+arhitekt%C5%ABras+un+pils%C4%93tb%C5%ABvniec%C4%ABbas+p%C4%81rvalde&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=S%C4%81ne-Alksne&rft.aufirst=L%C4%ABga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-building.lv-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-building.lv_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-building.lv_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://building.lv/raksts/Jūgendstils-kā-Liepājas-arhitektūras-īstā-rota">"Jūgendstils kā Liepājas arhitektūras īstā rota"</a>. <i>building.lv</i> (in Latvian). 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=building.lv&rft.atitle=J%C5%ABgendstils+k%C4%81+Liep%C4%81jas+arhitekt%C5%ABras+%C4%ABst%C4%81+rota&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuilding.lv%2Fraksts%2FJ%C5%ABgendstils-k%C4%81-Liep%C4%81jas-arhitekt%C5%ABras-%C4%ABst%C4%81-rota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/jugendstils/">"Jūgendstils"</a>. <i>Jūgendstils</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=J%C5%ABgendstils&rft.atitle=J%C5%ABgendstils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fjugendstils%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.net/48484578-Janis-krastins-cosmopolitan-atmosphere-and-latvian-jugendstil-in-liepaja.html">"Jānis Krastiņš Cosmopolitan Atmosphere and Latvian Jugendstil in Liepāja – PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>docplayer.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.net&rft.atitle=J%C4%81nis+Krasti%C5%86%C5%A1+Cosmopolitan+Atmosphere+and+Latvian+Jugendstil+in+Liep%C4%81ja+%E2%80%93+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.net%2F48484578-Janis-krastins-cosmopolitan-atmosphere-and-latvian-jugendstil-in-liepaja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-museum-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-museum_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepajasmuzejs.lv">"Site of the Liepāja museum"</a> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Site+of+the+Liep%C4%81ja+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepajasmuzejs.lv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karosta-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karosta_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karostascietums.lv">"Site of Karosta prison museum"</a>. <i>karostascietums.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=karostascietums.lv&rft.atitle=Site+of+Karosta+prison+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.karostascietums.lv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/liepajas-pilsetas-budzets/budzets-2022-gadam/">"Budžets 2022. gadam"</a>. <i>Budžets 2022. gadam</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bud%C5%BEets+2022.+gadam&rft.atitle=Bud%C5%BEets+2022.+gadam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fliepajas-pilsetas-budzets%2Fbudzets-2022-gadam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BE-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BE_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gatchina3000.ru/brockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary/060/60433.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Либава</bdi></a>. <i>Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</i> (in Russian). St. Peterburg: Брокгаузъ-Ефронъ. 1907<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=1907&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgatchina3000.ru%2Fbrockhaus-and-efron-encyclopedic-dictionary%2F060%2F60433.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorod7-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorod7_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> <bdi lang="ru">Город родной на семи ветрах</bdi> (in Russian). Liesma. 1976. p. 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Liesma&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#cite_web_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csb-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csb_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.csb.gov.lv/dialog/varval.asp?ma=IS0200&ti=IS20%2E+PAST%C2V%CEGO+IEDZ%CEVOT%C2JU+NACION%C2LAIS+SAST%C2VS+RE%CCIONOS+UN+REPUBLIKAS+PILS%C7T%C2S+GADA++S%C2KUM%C2&path=%2E%2E%2FDATABASE%2FIedzsoc%2FIkgad%E7jie+statistikas+dati%2FIedz%EEvot%E2ji%2F&xu=&yp=&lang=16">"PASTĀVĪGO IEDZĪVOTĀJU NACIONĀLAIS SASTĀVS REĢIONOS UN REPUBLIKAS PILSĒTĀS GADA SĀKUMĀ"</a>. <i>csb.gov.lv</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=csb.gov.lv&rft.atitle=PAST%C4%80V%C4%AAGO+IEDZ%C4%AAVOT%C4%80JU+NACION%C4%80LAIS+SAST%C4%80VS+RE%C4%A2IONOS+UN+REPUBLIKAS+PILS%C4%92T%C4%80S+GADA+S%C4%80KUM%C4%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.csb.gov.lv%2Fdialog%2Fvarval.asp%3Fma%3DIS0200%26ti%3DIS20%252E%2BPAST%25C2V%25CEGO%2BIEDZ%25CEVOT%25C2JU%2BNACION%25C2LAIS%2BSAST%25C2VS%2BRE%25CCIONOS%2BUN%2BREPUBLIKAS%2BPILS%25C7T%25C2S%2BGADA%2B%2BS%25C2KUM%25C2%26path%3D%252E%252E%252FDATABASE%252FIedzsoc%252FIkgad%25E7jie%2Bstatistikas%2Bdati%252FIedz%25EEvot%25E2ji%252F%26xu%3D%26yp%3D%26lang%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.csb.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/Sociala/Sociala__ikgad__iedz__iedzskaits/IS0010.px/table/tableViewLayout2/?rxid=cdcb978c-22b0-416a-aacc-aa650d3e2ce0">Platība, iedzīvotāju blīvums un pastāvīgo iedzīvotāju skaits reģionos, republikas pilsētās un novados gada sākumā. Centrālās statistikas pārvaldes datubāzes</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liepajasczb.lv&rft.atitle=Catalog+of+Liep%C4%81ja+central+library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkatalogs.liepajasczb.lv%2Falise%2F%3Flang%3Den%26opty%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/augstaka-izglitiba/">"Augstākā izglītība"</a>. <i>Augstākā izglītība</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Augst%C4%81k%C4%81+izgl%C4%ABt%C4%ABba&rft.atitle=Augst%C4%81k%C4%81+izgl%C4%ABt%C4%ABba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Faugstaka-izglitiba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ljk.lv/">"Liepājas Jūrniecības koledža"</a>. <i>Ljk.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Commission+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft.atitle=Press+corner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fcommission%2Fpresscorner%2Fhome%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siteliepaja-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-siteliepaja_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-siteliepaja_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepaja.lv/page.php?id=819">"Liepājas vēsture"</a>. <i>liepaja.lv</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liepaja.lv&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+v%C4%93sture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fpage.php%3Fid%3D819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja">"Liepāja"</a>. <i>Heraldry of the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldry+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81ja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldry-wiki.com%2Fwiki%2FLiep%25C4%2581ja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcatchsmartsolution.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">catchsmartsolution.com, CatchSmart |. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liepaja.travel/edinasana/liepajas-ipasais-ediens-ar-kurzemes-smeki-liepajas-mencini/">"Liepājas īpašais ēdiens ar Kurzemes smeķi – "Liepājas menciņi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81jas+%C4%ABpa%C5%A1ais+%C4%93diens+ar+Kurzemes+sme%C4%B7i+%E2%80%93+%22Liep%C4%81jas+menci%C5%86i%22&rft.aulast=catchsmartsolution.com&rft.aufirst=CatchSmart+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliepaja.travel%2Fedinasana%2Fliepajas-ipasais-ediens-ar-kurzemes-smeki-liepajas-mencini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orchestra-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orchestra_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lso.lv">"Liepājas simfoniskais orķestris"</a>. <i>lso.lv</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lso.lv&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+simfoniskais+or%C4%B7estris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lso.lv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://enciklopedija.lv/skirklis/59570">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Liepājas dzintars"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>enciklopedija.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enciklopedija.lv&rft.atitle=%22Liep%C4%81jas+dzintars%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenciklopedija.lv%2Fskirklis%2F59570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepajniekiem.lv/tv-kurzeme/sizeti/liepaja-demontes-tris-padomju-okupacijas-laika-piemineklus/">"Liepājā demontēs trīs padomju okupācijas laika pieminekļus"</a>. <i>liepajniekiem.lv</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liepajniekiem.lv&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81j%C4%81+demont%C4%93s+tr%C4%ABs+padomju+okup%C4%81cijas+laika+pieminek%C4%BCus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepajniekiem.lv%2Ftv-kurzeme%2Fsizeti%2Fliepaja-demontes-tris-padomju-okupacijas-laika-piemineklus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcatchsmartsolution.com" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">catchsmartsolution.com, CatchSmart |. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liepaja.travel/darit-un-redzet/liepajas-himnas-telu-skulpturas/">"Liepājas himnas tēlu skulptūras"</a> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81jas+himnas+t%C4%93lu+skulpt%C5%ABras&rft.aulast=catchsmartsolution.com&rft.aufirst=CatchSmart+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliepaja.travel%2Fdarit-un-redzet%2Fliepajas-himnas-telu-skulpturas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vietas.lv/objekts/liepajas_teatris/">"Liepājas teātris :: Teātra iela 4, Vecliepāja, Liepāja, Kurzemes reģ. :: Vietas.lv"</a>. <i>Vietas.lv – Latvijas ceļvedis, Latvijas karte, pilsētas, rajoni, tūrisma un citi interesanti objekti, pasākumi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vietas.lv+%E2%80%93+Latvijas+ce%C4%BCvedis%2C+Latvijas+karte%2C+pils%C4%93tas%2C+rajoni%2C+t%C5%ABrisma+un+citi+interesanti+objekti%2C+pas%C4%81kumi&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+te%C4%81tris+%3A%3A+Te%C4%81tra+iela+4%2C+Vecliep%C4%81ja%2C+Liep%C4%81ja%2C+Kurzemes+re%C4%A3.+%3A%3A+Vietas.lv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vietas.lv%2Fobjekts%2Fliepajas_teatris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/par-sporta-dzivi-liepaja/">"Par sporta dzīvi Liepājā"</a>. <i>Par sporta dzīvi Liepājā</i> (in Latvian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Par+sporta+dz%C4%ABvi+Liep%C4%81j%C4%81&rft.atitle=Par+sporta+dz%C4%ABvi+Liep%C4%81j%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fpar-sporta-dzivi-liepaja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amatieri-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amatieri_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrg.lv">"Site of Liepājas radio amatieru grupa"</a>. <i>lrg.lv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrg.lv&rft.atitle=Site+of+Liep%C4%81jas+radio+amatieru+grupa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrg.lv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmic.lv/core.php?pageId=722&id=3699&">Tālivaldis Ķeniņš</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042033/http://www.lmic.lv/core.php?pageId=722&id=3699&">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmic.lv/">Latvijas Mūzikas informācijas centrs</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liepaja.lv/sadraudzibas-pilsetas/">"Sadraudzības pilsētas"</a>. <i>liepaja.lv</i> (in Latvian). Liepāja<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liepaja.lv&rft.atitle=Sadraudz%C4%ABbas+pils%C4%93tas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liepaja.lv%2Fsadraudzibas-pilsetas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМелконов2005" class="citation book cs1">Мелконов, Юрий (2005). <i>Пушки Курляндского Берега</i>. Riga, LV: GVARDS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-19-772-7" title="Special:BookSources/9984-19-772-7"><bdi>9984-19-772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.place=Riga%2C+LV&rft.pub=GVARDS&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9984-19-772-7&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКондратенко1997" class="citation journal cs1">Кондратенко, Р. В. (1997). "Военный порт Александра III в Лиепае". Saint-Peterburg, RU: Исторический альманах "Цитадель", No. 2(5), изд. "ОСТРОВ".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0+III+%D0%B2+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0.+%D0%92.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВушкан1976" class="citation journal cs1">Вушкан, Янис Владиславович (1976). "Город родной на семи ветрах". Riga, LV: Liesma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooms2003–2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tooms, Viljars (2003–2007). "Liepājnieku biogrāfiskā vārdnīca". Riga, LV: Tilde Letonika.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jnieku+biogr%C4%81fisk%C4%81+v%C4%81rdn%C4%ABca&rft.date=2003%2F2007&rft.aulast=Tooms&rft.aufirst=Viljars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSāne_(Alksne)1991" class="citation journal cs1">Sāne (Alksne), Līga (1991). "Ceļvedis Liepājas arhitektūrā". Liepāja, LV: Liepājas pilsētas TDP IK Arhitektūras un pilsētbūvniecības pārvalde.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ce%C4%BCvedis+Liep%C4%81jas+arhitekt%C5%ABr%C4%81&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=S%C4%81ne+%28Alksne%29&rft.aufirst=L%C4%ABga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJāņa_sēta.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jāņa sēta. (2003). <i>Liepājas pilsētas plāns</i>. Riga, LV: Karšu izdevniecība Jāņa sēta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-07-330-0" title="Special:BookSources/9984-07-330-0"><bdi>9984-07-330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81jas+pils%C4%93tas+pl%C4%81ns&rft.place=Riga%2C+LV&rft.pub=Kar%C5%A1u+izdevniec%C4%ABba+J%C4%81%C5%86a+s%C4%93ta&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9984-07-330-0&rft.au=J%C4%81%C5%86a+s%C4%93ta.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGintners2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gintners, Jānis (2004). "Liepājas gadsimti". Liepāja, LV: Liepājas muzejs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+gadsimti&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gintners&rft.aufirst=J%C4%81nis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGintners2008" class="citation book cs1">Gintners, Jānis, Uļa (2008). <i>Liepāja Latvijas sākotnē</i>. Liepāja, LV: Liepājas muzejs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-39-723-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-39-723-8"><bdi>978-9984-39-723-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81ja+Latvijas+s%C4%81kotn%C4%93&rft.place=Liep%C4%81ja%2C+LV&rft.pub=Liep%C4%81jas+muzejs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9984-39-723-8&rft.aulast=Gintners&rft.aufirst=J%C4%81nis%2C+U%C4%BCa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGintnere2005" class="citation book cs1">Gintnere, Uļa (2005). <i>Liepāja laikmetu dzirnavās</i>. Liepāja, LV: Kurzemes Vārds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-9190-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/9984-9190-4-8"><bdi>9984-9190-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81ja+laikmetu+dzirnav%C4%81s&rft.place=Liep%C4%81ja%2C+LV&rft.pub=Kurzemes+V%C4%81rds&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9984-9190-4-8&rft.aulast=Gintnere&rft.aufirst=U%C4%BCa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancmanis1983" class="citation journal cs1">Lancmanis, Imants (1983). "Liepāja no baroka līdz klasicismam". Rīga, LV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81ja+no+baroka+l%C4%ABdz+klasicismam&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lancmanis&rft.aufirst=Imants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Liepājas 300 gadu jubilejas piemiņai: 1625–1925". Liepāja, LV. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+300+gadu+jubilejas+piemi%C5%86ai%3A+1625%E2%80%931925&rft.date=1925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWegner1970" class="citation book cs1">Wegner, Alexander (1970) [1878]. <i>Geschichte der Stadt Libau</i>. Libau: v. Hirschheydt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7777-0870-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7777-0870-4"><bdi>3-7777-0870-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Stadt+Libau&rft.place=Libau&rft.pub=v.+Hirschheydt&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=3-7777-0870-4&rft.aulast=Wegner&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTīre2007" class="citation book cs1">Tīre, Irina (2007). <i>Liepāja in graphics</i>. Latvia: Poligrāfijas infocentrs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-764-92-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-764-92-4"><bdi>978-9984-764-92-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liep%C4%81ja+in+graphics&rft.place=Latvia&rft.pub=Poligr%C4%81fijas+infocentrs&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9984-764-92-4&rft.aulast=T%C4%ABre&rft.aufirst=Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorenskis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dorenskis, Jaroslavs (2007). "Liepājas Metalurgs: Anno 1882". Liepāja, LV: Fotoimidžs: 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Liep%C4%81jas+Metalurgs%3A+Anno+1882&rft.pages=364&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dorenskis&rft.aufirst=Jaroslavs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКорклыш1966" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Корклыш, С. (1966). <bdi lang="ru">Лиепая</bdi> (in Russian). Rīga: Liesma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%8F&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%88&rft.aufirst=%D0%A1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Nicholas J. (2006). "The Port Jews of Libau, 1880–1914". In David Cesarani; Gemma Romain (eds.). <i>Jews and Port Cities: 1590–1990: Commerce, Community and Cosmopolitanism</i>. London, UK: Vallentine Mitchell & Co Ltd. pp. 197–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303-681-4"><bdi>978-0-85303-681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Port+Jews+of+Libau%2C+1880%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Port+Cities%3A+1590%E2%80%931990%3A+Commerce%2C+Community+and+Cosmopolitanism&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=197-214&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-85303-681-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberstein" class="citation book cs1">Eberstein, Ivan H. <i>The Amber Land: Libava's Tragic Fate and the Fall of the Russian Empire</i>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amber+Land%3A+Libava%27s+Tragic+Fate+and+the+Fall+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.aulast=Eberstein&rft.aufirst=Ivan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiep%C4%81ja" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liep%C4%81ja&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja#Q167668" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Liepāja">Liepāja</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Liep%C4%81ja" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Liepāja">Liepāja</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepaja.lv/">www.liepaja.lv</a> – Liepāja City Council official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlatvia.com/history-of-liepaja-593">History of Liepāja</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepajniekiem.lv/">www.liepajniekiem.lv</a> – Liepāja news in Latvian and Russian <span class="languageicon">(in Latvian and Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portofliepaja.lv/en/">www.portofliepaja.lv</a> – Port of Liepāja</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204101452/http://orkestris-liepaja.lv/">www.orkestris-liepaja.lv</a> – Liepāja Symphony orchestra</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurzemes-vards.lv/">Kurzemes Vārds </a> – Liepāja regional newspaper <span class="languageicon">(in Latvian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315110451/http://www.klaiks.lv/">Kursas Laiks</a> – Liepāja district newspaper <span class="languageicon">(in Latvian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liepaja.lv/modules/page/tmpl/camera.html">Rožu laukums</a> – Webcam showing "Rose square" in Liepāja</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=481">The murder of the Jews of Liepāja</a> during World War II, at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liepajainfo.lv">Liepaja Info – Mobile Application</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Latvia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">First-level <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">administrative divisions of Latvia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Latvia">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80da%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ādaži Municipality">Ādaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizkraukle_Municipality" title="Aizkraukle Municipality">Aizkraukle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C5%ABksne_Municipality" title="Alūksne Municipality">Alūksne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aug%C5%A1daugava_Municipality" title="Augšdaugava Municipality">Augšdaugava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvi_Municipality" title="Balvi Municipality">Balvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauska_Municipality" title="Bauska Municipality">Bauska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%93sis_Municipality" title="Cēsis Municipality">Cēsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobele_Municipality" title="Dobele Municipality">Dobele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbene_Municipality" title="Gulbene Municipality">Gulbene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava_Municipality" title="Jelgava Municipality">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils_Municipality" title="Jēkabpils Municipality">Jēkabpils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6ekava_Municipality" title="Ķekava Municipality">Ķekava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%81slava_Municipality" title="Krāslava Municipality">Krāslava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga_Municipality" title="Kuldīga Municipality">Kuldīga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Limbaži Municipality">Limbaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABv%C4%81ni_Municipality" title="Līvāni Municipality">Līvāni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludza_Municipality" title="Ludza Municipality">Ludza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madona_Municipality" title="Madona Municipality">Madona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81rupe_Municipality" title="Mārupe Municipality">Mārupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre_Municipality" title="Ogre Municipality">Ogre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaine_Municipality" title="Olaine Municipality">Olaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prei%C4%BCi_Municipality" title="Preiļi Municipality">Preiļi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne_Municipality" title="Rēzekne Municipality">Rēzekne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropa%C5%BEi_Municipality" title="Ropaži Municipality">Ropaži</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaspils_Municipality" title="Salaspils Municipality">Salaspils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldus_Municipality" title="Saldus Municipality">Saldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saulkrasti_Municipality" title="Saulkrasti Municipality">Saulkrasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigulda_Municipality" title="Sigulda Municipality">Sigulda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiltene_Municipality" title="Smiltene Municipality">Smiltene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kurzeme_Municipality" title="South Kurzeme Municipality">South Kurzeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsi_Municipality" title="Talsi Municipality">Talsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukums_Municipality" title="Tukums Municipality">Tukums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valka_Municipality" title="Valka Municipality">Valka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiera_Municipality" title="Valmiera Municipality">Valmiera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varak%C4%BC%C4%81ni_Municipality" title="Varakļāni Municipality">Varakļāni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils_Municipality" title="Ventspils Municipality">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/30px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/45px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/60px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">State cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne" title="Rēzekne">Rēzekne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils" title="Jēkabpils">Jēkabpils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogre,_Latvia" title="Ogre, Latvia">Ogre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a> are also state cities. However, they are also part of municipalities and serve as second-level administrative divisions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_municipalities_in_Kurzeme_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurzeme_Region" title="Template:Kurzeme Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurzeme_Region" title="Template talk:Kurzeme Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurzeme_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurzeme Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_municipalities_in_Kurzeme_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kurzeme_Planning_Region" title="Kurzeme Planning Region">Kurzeme Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liepāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga_Municipality" title="Kuldīga Municipality">Kuldīga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldus_Municipality_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saldus Municipality (2021–present)">Saldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kurzeme_Municipality" title="South Kurzeme Municipality">South Kurzeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talsi_Municipality" title="Talsi Municipality">Talsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventspils_Municipality" title="Ventspils Municipality">Ventspils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Template talk:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Capital_of_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Capital of Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Capitals_of_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">1985</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1986</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1987</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1988</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1989</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1990</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1991</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1992</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1993</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1994</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1995</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1996</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1997</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1998</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">1999</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2000</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2001</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2002</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2003</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2004</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2005</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2006</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Patras" title="Patras">Patras</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2007</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2008</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2009</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2010</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2011</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2012</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2013</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2014</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2015</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2016</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2017</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2018</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden" title="Leeuwarden">Leeuwarden</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2019</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Matera" title="Matera">Matera</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2020-April 2021</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2022</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2023</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elefsina" title="Elefsina">Elefsina</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2024</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bad_Ischl" title="Bad Ischl">Bad Ischl</a></b></dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></b></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2025</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2026</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">2027</span></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liepāja</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167668#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140516339">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1229159/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqk8B9GvjbYTHDDQYdYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liepāja"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5248529-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84120308">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liepāja (Lotyšsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1103878&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000041529&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567183105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c3c59c9c-c293-425d-bf78-cb6422a10678">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/229532438">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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