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Cette position g\u00e9ographique totalement excentr\u00e9e par rapport au reste du pays a une cause historique. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, l'actuelle capitale danoise a longtemps \u00e9t\u00e9 au centre du royaume, depuis le r\u00e8gne de Knut le Grand, au d\u00e9but du xi e \u00a0si\u00e8cle, jusqu'\u00e0 la paix de Roskilde, en 1658. Plusieurs provinces du sud de l'actuel territoire su\u00e9dois, entre autres la Scanie , appartenaient alors \u00e0 la couronne danoise. 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Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>COPENHAGUE</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070984_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC070984_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT005303" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Danemark : carte administrative" href="/media/danemark-carte-administrative-at005303/"><img id="AT005303" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_at005303_aa1c3e87e7.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Danemark : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative du Danemark." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1882" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Danemark : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> La ville de Copenhague est située sur la côte est de l'île de Seeland, le long du détroit du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le plus oriental des détroits danois, qui sépare la Seeland de la Scanie ; il se situe entre la Baltique et le Kattegat. La longueur du Sund (Øresund en danois) est de 110 kilomètres environ, et sa largeur varie de 4,5 kilomètres entre Elseneur et Hälsingborg à une soixantaine au niveau de la baie de Køge. On y trouve trois îles : Ven, Saltholme et Amager. Siège d'un trafic transvers..." title="Article : SUND ou ØRESUND" href="/encyclopedie/sund-oresund/">Sund</a>, à quelques kilomètres de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Suède est restée plus longtemps que les autres pays scandinaves dépourvue d'histoire écrite. Les temps archaïques, sur lesquels la documentation se limite aux données de l'archéologie, de l'épigraphie runique et de quelques traditions plus ou moins mythiques consignées dans les pays étrangers, s'y prolongent jusqu'au milieu du xii e siècle.. Ainsi s'expliquent les incertitudes q..." title="Article : SUÈDE" href="/encyclopedie/suede/">Suède</a>. Cette position géographique totalement excentrée par rapport au reste du pays a une cause historique. En réalité, l'actuelle capitale danoise a longtemps été au centre du royaume, depuis le règne de Knut le Grand, au début du <span class="pc">xi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, jusqu'à la paix de Roskilde, en 1658. Plusieurs provinces du sud de l'actuel territoire suédois, entre autres la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Région la plus méridionale de la Suède , la Scanie comprend les comtés de Kristianstad et de Malmöhus, et rassemble 1 184 500 habitants (2007) sur 11 000 kilomètres carrés. La Scanie est un morceau de l'Europe centrale dont la sépare le Sund et elle a été rattachée à la Suède par les fluctuations du niveau des mers à l'époque quaternaire ; elle est formée de calcaires camb..." title="Article : SCANIE" href="/encyclopedie/scanie/">Scanie</a>, appartenaient alors à la couronne danoise. Depuis l'an 2000, un pont relie <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Troisième ville de Suède , après Stockholm et Göteborg , située à l'extrémité méridionale du pays, sur le Sund , en face de Copenhague , Malmö est le principal centre urbain de la Scanie , la province agricole la plus riche de Suède ; c'est par là que passent la plupart des liaisons avec ce que les Suédois appellent le continent grâce aux deux grandes lignes ferroviaires vers..." title="Article : MALMÖ" href="/encyclopedie/malmo/">Malmö</a> à Copenhague, participant ainsi à la création d'une dynamique régionale qui a déjà existé par le passé, à un moment où le tracé des frontières était bien différent.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC070984_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC070984_1"></i><h2>Histoire</h2><p>C'est dans des documents datant du <span class="pc">xi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle que la ville a commencé à être mentionnée, sous le nom de <em>Hafn</em> (port). Elle prit par la suite le nom de <em>Kaupmannahafn</em> (port des marchands), qui a donné København (Copenhague) en danois. La pêche au hareng, très abondant dans l'Øresund à l'époque, et le commerce du poisson ont joué un rôle déterminant dans sa création. Une agglomération existait déjà lorsque Valdemar le Grand (1131-1182) fit don de ce territoire à son frère de lait, l'évêque Absalon, en 1167. Ce dernier fit alors construire une forteresse sur l'île de Slotsholmen, et il intégra celle-ci avec le reste de la ville à l'évêché de Roskilde en 1186. Vers l'an 1200, il fonda l'église Notre-Dame (Vor Frue Kirke), en dehors du territoire de la ville, qui connut ensuite une croissance rapide. Elle avait déjà quatre églises au <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. À la fin du <span class="pc">xiv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, elle semble avoir eu quelque 4 000 habitants.</p><p> Le roi Christian IV (1577-1648) a joué un rôle privilégié dans l'histoire de Copenhague. Grand bâtisseur, il y fit faire d'importants travaux d'aménagement (nouveaux quartiers de Christianshavn et Nyboder) qui ont presque doublé la superficie de la ville. Celle-ci lui doit plusieurs de ses plus beaux monuments : le château de Rosenborg, la Bourse, la tour Ronde, le palais de Charlottenborg, construits dans le style de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="André Chastel faisait remarquer un jour que la Renaissance était la seule période de l'histoire qui se fût donné un nom dès les premières manifestations de son essence (les humanistes italiens du Quattrocento parlaient déjà de Rinascità ), et Alphonse Dupront commençait un célèbre article intitulé « Espace et humanisme » en identifiant la Renaissance à une idée ou à un mythe ..." title="Article : RENAISSANCE" href="/encyclopedie/renaissance/">Renaissance</a> hollandaise.</p><p>Près de deux siècles plus tard, la perspective d'une alliance entre le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Danemark proprement dit se situe entre 54 0 et 58 0 de latitude nord et entre 8 0 et 15 0 de longitude est. Deux territoires autonomes font toutefois partie intégrante du royaume : les îles Féroé , en plein océan Atlantique, au nord de l' Écosse , et le Groenland ( Grønland ), la plus grande île du monde, le long de la côte est du continent nord-américain.. Le pays est ento..." title="Article : DANEMARK" href="/encyclopedie/danemark/">Danemark</a> et la France napoléonienne coûtera cher à la ville : en 1807, la flotte anglaise la bombarda pendant quatre jours, provoquant un immense incendie.</p><p>Avec la révolution industrielle, dans la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, l'aspect de la ville changea profondément. À partir de la fin des années 1850, on commença à raser les remparts qui avaient jusque-là enserré Copenhague comme dans un étau. Une extension était désormais possible. De nouveaux quartiers furent créés pour loger la population ouvrière : Nørrebro et Vesterbro. Entre 1840 et 1890, la population de Copenhague passa de 123 100 à 359 800 habitants. Elle connut ensuite une véritable explosion démographique, puisque, en 1916, elle comptait 605 800 habitants, ce qui représentait 20,7 p. 100 de la population du pays.</p><p>Pour répondre à la crise du logement de l'entre-deux-guerres, de nombreux immeubles furent construits. Au cours des années 1930, alors que le social-démocrate Thorvald Stauning était Premier ministre et que son gouvernement prenait toute une série de mesures qui annonçaient déjà le futur État-providence, l'habitat ouvrier devint plus moderne, plus fonctionnel, en même temps que le niveau de vie s'améliorait. On reconnaît encore aujourd'hui ces logements sociaux à leur aspect extérieur : de longs bâtiments en brique entourent des cours carrées.</p><p> Un projet intitulé « le plan en doigts » (<em>Fingerplanen</em>) fut élaboré en 1947 par de jeunes urbanistes, à la demande d'un organisme officiel. Sans doute inspiré par des modèles britanniques, les<em> garden<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></em></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" 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</nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire par régions et pays" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/"> Histoire par régions et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire de l'Europe occidentale" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/"> Histoire de l'Europe occidentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Danemark, histoire"> <a title="Classification : Danemark, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-occidentale/danemark-histoire/"> Danemark, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070984_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT005303" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Danemark : carte administrative" href="/media/danemark-carte-administrative-at005303/"> <img id="AT005303" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/c/csm_at005303_aa1c3e87e7.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Danemark : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative du Danemark." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1882" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Danemark : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH00I269" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Canal de Nyhavn à Copenhague, Danemark" href="/media/canal-de-nyhavn-a-copenhague-danemark-ph00i269/"> <img id="PH00I269" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/8/csm_ph00i269_b7dba0b7ec.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Canal de Nyhavn à Copenhague, Danemark - crédits : Picture Partners/ easyFotostock/ Age Fotostock" data-description="Bordé de maisons des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, le canal de Nyhavn a été percé dans les années 1670 pour permettre aux bateaux d'accoster au cœur de Copenhague (Danemark)." data-copyright="Picture Partners/ easyFotostock/ Age Fotostock" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Canal de Nyhavn à Copenhague, Danemark </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Picture Partners/ easyFotostock/ Age Fotostock </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH997074" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Hojbroplads à Copenhague (Danemark)" href="/media/hojbroplads-a-copenhague-danemark-ph997074/"> <img id="PH997074" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/5/csm_ph997074_745d7546d0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Hojbroplads à Copenhague (Danemark) - crédits : Insight Guides" data-description="Au cœur du vieux quartier piétonnier de Stroget, Hojbroplads est l'un des endroits les plus animés de Copenhague (Danemark)." data-copyright="Insight Guides" width="800" height="532" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hojbroplads à Copenhague (Danemark) </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Insight Guides </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC070984_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/danemark/#c17061"> <span class="rg">DANEMARK</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marc AUCHET</span> , <span rel="author">Frederik Julius BILLESKOV-JANSEN</span> , <span rel="author">Jean Maurice BIZIÈRE</span> , <span rel="author">Régis BOYER</span> , <span rel="author">Georges CHABOT</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Lucien MUSSET</span> et <span rel="author">Claude NORDMANN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">19 519 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">14 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : DANEMARK" href="/encyclopedie/danemark/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Danemark : carte physique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/e/csm_at005304_bbac7a4a84.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...nouvelle subdivision administrative depuis le 1<sup>er</sup> janvier 2007, où habite plus d'un Danois sur trois, comptait 1 636 749 habitants en 2007, mais la ville proprement dite n'avait que 503 699 habitants. Les villes les plus importantes sont ensuite : Århus (plus grande ville du Jutland, 296 170... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/henri-nicolas-jardin/"> <span class="rg">JARDIN </span><span class="pc">HENRI NICOLAS </span><span class="rm">(1720-1799)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre MOUILLESEAUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">121 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Grand Prix d'architecture (1741), il séjourne à Rome puis est appelé à la cour de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Danemark proprement dit se situe entre 54 0 et 58 0 de latitude nord et entre 8 0 et 15 0 de longitude est. Deux territoires autonomes font toutefois partie intégrante du royaume : les îles Féroé , en plein océan Atlantique, au nord de l' Écosse , et le Groenland ( Grønland ), la plus grande île du monde, le long de la côte est du continent nord-américain.. 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Si ses origines remontent au Moyen Âge, la ville ne se limite dans un premier temps qu’à quelques ..." title="Article : LIVERPOOL" href="/encyclopedie/liverpool/">Liverpool</a>, se pose dans toute son ampleur le problème de la nouvelle révolution des transports... </div> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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