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Bush</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:George_W._Bush" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=George+W.+Bush" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 43rd president of the United States. For his father, the 41st president, see <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>George Walker Bush<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 2001 to 2009. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, he is the eldest son of the 41st president, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and was the 46th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">governor of Texas</a> from 1995 to 2000. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George W. Bush</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George-W-Bush.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bush's official presidential portrait, 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/220px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/330px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/440px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2003</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">46th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 17, 1995 – December 21, 2000</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a></li> <li>Rick Perry</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Walker Bush</div> (1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 78) <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Welch">Laura Welch</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1977)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">MBA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>businessman</li><li>painter</li><li>author</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George W. Bush's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/128px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/192px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/256px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="220"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgewbush.com">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu">Presidential Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bushcenter.org">Presidential Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/index.html">White House Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Dubya</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Air_National_Guard" title="Alabama Air National Guard">Alabama Air National Guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1968–1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant (United States)">First Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/147th_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="147th Reconnaissance Wing">147th Reconnaissance Wing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/187th_Fighter_Wing" title="187th Fighter Wing">187th Fighter Wing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">Air Force Pilot's Badge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outstanding_Unit_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstanding Unit Award">Outstanding Unit Award</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a></li></ul></div>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" title="File:George W. Bush addresses the nation following the September 11th attacks.ogg">George W. Bush's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg/George_W._Bush_addresses_the_nation_following_the_September_11th_attacks.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source></audio></div> <div class="description">George W. Bush addresses the nation following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. Recorded September 11, 2001</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"> He flew warplanes in the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a> in his twenties. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a> in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. He later co-owned the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> team <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> before being elected governor of Texas <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">in 1994</a>. <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">As governor</a>, Bush successfully sponsored legislation for tort reform, increased education funding, set higher standards for schools, and reformed the criminal justice system. He also helped make Texas the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">leading producer of wind-generated electricity</a> in the United States. In the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a>, he won over Democratic incumbent vice president <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, while <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">losing the popular vote</a> after a narrow and contested <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> win, which involved <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">a Supreme Court decision</a> to stop <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">a recount in Florida</a>. In his first term, Bush signed <a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">a major tax-cut program</a> and an education-reform bill, the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. He pushed for socially conservative efforts such as the <a href="/wiki/Partial-Birth_Abortion_Ban_Act" title="Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act">Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith-based_initiatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith-based initiatives">faith-based initiatives</a>. He also initiated the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a>, in 2003, to address <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">the AIDS epidemic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_attacks_on_September_11,_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001">terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001</a> decisively reshaped his administration, resulting in the start of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a>. Bush ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">invasion of Afghanistan</a> in an effort to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, destroy <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and capture <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>. He signed the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> to authorize surveillance of suspected terrorists. He also ordered the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> to overthrow <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s regime on the false belief that the regime <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">possessed weapons of mass destruction</a> (WMDs) and had <a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">ties with al-Qaeda</a>. Bush later signed the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Modernization_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicare Modernization Act">Medicare Modernization Act</a>, which created <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Part_D" title="Medicare Part D">Medicare Part D</a>. In 2004, Bush <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">was re-elected president</a> in a close race, beating Democratic opponent <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> and winning the popular vote. During his second term, Bush made <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreements</a>. He appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> to the Supreme Court. He sought major changes to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> and immigration laws, but both efforts failed in Congress. Bush was widely criticized for <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">his administration's handling of Hurricane Katrina</a> and revelations of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">torture against detainees at Abu Ghraib</a>. Amid his unpopularity, the Democrats regained control of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_elections" title="2006 United States elections">2006 elections</a>. The Afghanistan and Iraq wars continued; in January 2007, Bush launched <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">a surge of troops in Iraq</a>. By December, the U.S. entered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, prompting the Bush administration to get congressional approval for economic programs intended to preserve the country's financial system, including the <a href="/wiki/Troubled_Asset_Relief_Program" title="Troubled Asset Relief Program">Troubled Asset Relief Program</a>. After his second term, Bush returned to Texas, where he has maintained a low public profile. At various points in his presidency, he was among both the most popular and the most unpopular presidents in U.S. history. He received the highest recorded approval ratings in the wake of the September 11 attacks, and one of the lowest ratings during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>. Bush initially left office as one of the most unpopular U.S. presidents, but <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">public opinion of him</a> has improved since then. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Scholars and historians rank</a> Bush in the lower half of presidents.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life_and_career">1 Early life and career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education">1.1 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Family_and_personal_life">1.2 Family and personal life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Alcohol_abuse">1.2.1 Alcohol abuse</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hobbies">1.2.2 Hobbies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Military_career">1.3 Military career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Business_career">1.4 Business career</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Early_political_involvement">1.5 Early political involvement</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Texas_governorship_(1995%E2%80%932000)">2 Texas governorship (1995–2000)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Presidential_campaigns">3 Presidential campaigns</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#2000_presidential_candidacy">3.1 2000 presidential candidacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Primary">3.1.1 Primary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#General_election">3.1.2 General election</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#2004_presidential_candidacy">3.2 2004 presidential candidacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Presidency_(2001%E2%80%932009)">4 Presidency (2001–2009)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Domestic_policy">4.1 Domestic policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Economic_policy">4.1.1 Economic policy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#2008_financial_crisis">4.1.2 2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Education_and_public_health">4.1.3 Education and public health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Social_services_and_Social_Security">4.1.4 Social services and Social Security</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Environmental_policies">4.1.5 Environmental policies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Energy_policies">4.1.6 Energy policies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto">4.1.7 Stem cell research and first veto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Immigration">4.1.8 Immigration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Hurricane_Katrina">4.1.9 Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys">4.1.10 Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Foreign_policy">4.2 Foreign policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#September_11,_2001,_attacks">4.2.1 September 11, 2001, attacks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#War_on_terror">4.2.2 War on terror</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Afghanistan_invasion">4.2.3 Afghanistan invasion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Iraq_invasion">4.2.4 Iraq invasion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Surveillance">4.2.5 Surveillance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Interrogation_policies">4.2.6 Interrogation policies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#North_Korea_condemnation">4.2.7 North Korea condemnation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Syria_sanctions">4.2.8 Syria sanctions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#AIDS_Relief">4.2.9 AIDS Relief</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Security_incidents">4.3 Security incidents</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#2001_White_House_shooting">4.3.1 2001 White House shooting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack">4.3.2 2005 Tbilisi grenade attack</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#2008_Baghdad_shoeing">4.3.3 2008 Baghdad shoeing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Judicial_appointments">4.4 Judicial appointments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#Supreme_Court">4.4.1 Supreme Court</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Other_courts">4.4.2 Other courts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Cultural_and_political_image">4.5 Cultural and political image</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="#Image">4.5.1 Image</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="#Job_approval">4.5.2 Job approval</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-47"><a href="#Foreign_perceptions">4.5.3 Foreign perceptions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Post-presidency_(2009%E2%80%93present)">5 Post-presidency (2009–present)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Residence">5.1 Residence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Publications_and_appearances">5.2 Publications and appearances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Collaborations">5.3 Collaborations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Art">5.4 Art</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Legacy">6 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Reception">6.1 Reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Honors_and_awards">6.2 Honors and awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-56"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#Academic">9.1 Academic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="#Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency">9.2 Reflections on the Bush presidency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="#Primary_sources">9.3 Primary sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-62"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeWBush1947.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/170px-GeorgeWBush1947.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1781"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/170px-GeorgeWBush1947.png" data-width="170" data-height="187" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/255px-GeorgeWBush1947.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/GeorgeWBush1947.png/340px-GeorgeWBush1947.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>George W. Bush with his parents, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947</figcaption></figure> George Walker Bush was born on July 6, 1946, at <a href="/wiki/Grace-New_Haven_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace-New Haven Hospital">Grace-New Haven Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> He was the first child of <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Walker_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Herbert Walker Bush">George Herbert Walker Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pierce" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Pierce">Barbara Pierce</a>. He was raised in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, with four siblings: <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy</a>. Another younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin</a>, died from <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> at the age of three in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> His paternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Prescott Bush</a>, was a U.S. senator from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> His father was <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s vice president from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. Bush has <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> ancestry, along with more distant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at <a href="/wiki/The_Kinkaid_School" title="The Kinkaid School">The Kinkaid School</a>, a <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">college-preparatory school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piney_Point_Village,_Texas" title="Piney Point Village, Texas">Piney Point Village, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Bush later attended <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a>, a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, where he played baseball and was the head cheerleader during his senior year.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> He attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> from 1964 to 1968, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history.<a href="#cite_note-whitehousebio-9">[8]</a> During this time, he was a cheerleader and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a>, serving as the president of the fraternity during his senior year.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Bush became <a href="/wiki/List_of_Skull_and_Bones_members" title="List of Skull and Bones members">a member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a> society as a senior.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Bush was a <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> player and was on Yale's 1st XV.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> He characterized himself as an average student.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Grade_point_average" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade point average">grade point average</a> during his first three years at Yale was 77, and he had a similar average under a nonnumerical rating system in his final year.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/180px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 251px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/180px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="251" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/270px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg/360px-George_W._Bush_in_1964_Pot_Pourri.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bush's <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> yearbook photo, 1964</figcaption></figure> In the fall of 1973, Bush entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>. He graduated in 1975 with an MBA degree, and is the only U.S. president to have earned an MBA.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Bush family</a></div> Bush was engaged to Cathryn Lee Wolfman in 1967, but the engagement did not last. Bush and Wolfman remained on good terms after the end of the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> While Bush was at a backyard barbecue in 1977, friends introduced him to <a href="/wiki/Laura_Welch" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Welch">Laura Welch</a>, a schoolteacher and librarian. After a three-month courtship, she accepted his marriage proposal and they wed on November 5 of that year.<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> The couple settled in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>. Bush left his family's <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> to join his wife's <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-um-20">[19]</a> On November 25, 1981, Laura Bush gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_twin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal twin">fraternal twin</a> daughters, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> Bush describes being challenged by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> to consider faith in Jesus "Christ as the risen Lord", how he began to read the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> daily, "surrendering" to the "Almighty", that "faith is a walk" and that he was "moved by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s love".<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alcohol_abuse">Alcohol abuse</h4></div> Before his marriage, Bush repeatedly <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">abused alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Life-changing-22">[21]</a> On September 4, 1976, he was pulled over near his <a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">family's summer home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kennebunkport,_Maine" title="Kennebunkport, Maine">Kennebunkport, Maine</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence_of_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving under the influence of alcohol">driving under the influence of alcohol</a>. He was arrested for <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">DUI</a>, was fined $150, and received a brief suspension of his Maine driver's license.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Bush said that his wife has had a stabilizing effect on his life,<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> and he attributes his decision to give up alcohol in 1986 to her influence.<a href="#cite_note-turningpoint-24">[23]</a> While governor of Texas, Bush said of his wife, "I saw an elegant, beautiful woman who turned out not only to be elegant and beautiful, but very smart and willing to put up with my rough edges, and I must confess has smoothed them off over time."<a href="#cite_note-readherlips-19">[18]</a> Bush also says that his faith in God was critical in abstaining: "I believe that God helped open my eyes, which were closing because of booze".<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hobbies">Hobbies</h4></div> Bush has been an avid reader throughout his adult life, preferring biographies and histories.<a href="#cite_note-wp-cohen-25">[24]</a> During his presidency, Bush read the Bible daily,<a href="#cite_note-bushmuseumofthebible-26">[25]</a> though at the end of his second term he said on television that he is "not a literalist" about Bible interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walt_Harrington" title="Walt Harrington">Walt Harrington</a>, a journalist, recalled seeing "books by <a href="/wiki/John_Fowles" title="John Fowles">John Fowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gore_Vidal" title="Gore Vidal">Gore Vidal</a> lying about, as well as biographies of <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>" in his home when Bush was a Texas oilman. Other activities include cigar smoking and golf.<a href="#cite_note-harrington2011-29">[28]</a> Bush has also painted many paintings. One of his best-known projects is a collection of 43 paintings of immigrants, titled Out of Many, One.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Another painting project was Portraits of Courage: A Commander in Chief's Tribute to America's Warrior.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_career">Military career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">George W. Bush military service controversy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">Killian documents authenticity issues</a></div> In May 1968, Bush was commissioned into the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Air_National_Guard" title="Texas Air National Guard">Texas Air National Guard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a> After two years of training in active-duty service,<a href="#cite_note-lardner19990728-33">[32]</a> he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, flying <a href="/wiki/Convair_F-102" class="mw-redirect" title="Convair F-102">Convair F-102s</a> with the <a href="/wiki/147th_Reconnaissance_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="147th Reconnaissance Wing">147th Reconnaissance Wing</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Ellington_Field_Joint_Reserve_Base" title="Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base">Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Critics, including former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> Chairman <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a>, have alleged that Bush was favorably treated due to his father's political standing as a member of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">the House of Representatives</a>, citing his selection as a pilot despite his low pilot aptitude test scores and his irregular attendance.<a href="#cite_note-wpbushguardquestion-32">[31]</a> In June 2005, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">the Department of Defense</a> released all the records of Bush's Texas Air National Guard service, which remain in its official archives.<a href="#cite_note-USDoDbushrecords-35">[34]</a> In late 1972 and early 1973, he drilled with the <a href="/wiki/187th_Fighter_Wing" title="187th Fighter Wing">187th Fighter Wing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Air_National_Guard" title="Alabama Air National Guard">Alabama Air National Guard</a>. He had moved to <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, to work on the unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign of Republican <a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In 1972, Bush was suspended from flying for failure to take a scheduled physical exam.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> He was honorably discharged from the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Force Reserve">Air Force Reserve</a> on November 21, 1974.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Bush remains the most recent president to have served in the military.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_career">Business career</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/330px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg/440px-Gerald_Ford_greets_George_W._Bush.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bush and former President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> in August 1984</figcaption></figure> In 1977, Bush established <a href="/wiki/Arbusto_Energy" title="Arbusto Energy">Arbusto Energy</a>, a small oil exploration company, which began operations in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-Lardner-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> He later changed the name to Bush Exploration. In 1984, his company merged with the larger <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_7" title="Spectrum 7">Spectrum 7</a>, and Bush became chairman. The company was hurt by decreased oil prices, and it folded into <a href="/wiki/Harken_Energy_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Harken Energy Corporation">Harken Energy Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> with Bush becoming a member of Harken's board of directors. Questions of <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_insider_trading_allegations" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush insider trading allegations">possible insider trading</a> involving Harken arose, but a <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> investigation concluded that the information Bush had at the time of his stock sale was not sufficient to constitute insider trading.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> In April 1989, Bush arranged for a group of investors to purchase a controlling interest of Major League Baseball's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> for $89 million and invested $500,000 himself to start. He then was managing general partner for five years.<a href="#cite_note-TexRngrs-45">[44]</a> He actively led the team's projects and regularly attended its games, often choosing to sit in the open stands with fans.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Bush's sale of his shares in the Rangers in 1998 brought him over $15 million from his initial $800,000 investment.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In the early or mid 1990s, before his gubernatorial campaign, Bush briefly considered a candidacy to become the <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Baseball" title="Commissioner of Baseball">Commissioner of Baseball</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_involvement">Early political involvement</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a>, Bush ran for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 19th congressional district">Texas's 19th congressional district</a>. The retiring member, <a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">George H. Mahon</a>, had held the district for the Democratic Party since 1935. Bush's opponent, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hance" title="Kent Hance">Kent Hance</a>, portrayed him as out of touch with rural Texans, and Bush lost the election, receiving 46.8 percent of the vote to Hance's 53.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-NewsMine-51">[50]</a> Bush and his family moved to Washington, D.C., in 1988 to work on <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1988_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1988 presidential campaign">his father's campaign for the U.S. presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> He was a campaign advisor and liaison to the media, and assisted his father by campaigning across the country.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> In December 1991, Bush was one of seven people named by his father to run his father's 1992 presidential <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">re-election campaign</a> as a campaign advisor.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The previous month, his father had asked him to tell White House chief of staff <a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a> to resign.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Texas_governorship_(1995–2000)">Texas governorship (1995–2000)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of George W. Bush</a></div> Bush declared his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994 Texas gubernatorial election</a> at the same time his brother Jeb <a href="/wiki/1994_Florida_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Florida gubernatorial election">sought the governorship in Florida</a>. His campaign focused on four themes: welfare reform, <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a>, crime reduction, and education improvement.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush's campaign advisers were <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SlaterBrain-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_H._W._Bush,_Laura_Bush,_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/250px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/250px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/330px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg/500px-George_H._W._Bush%2C_Laura_Bush%2C_George_W._Bush_1997.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Governor Bush (right) with father, former president George H. W. Bush, and wife, Laura, at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a>, 1997</figcaption></figure> After easily winning the Republican primary, Bush faced popular Democratic incumbent Governor <a href="/wiki/Ann_Richards" title="Ann Richards">Ann Richards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph-58">[57]</a> In the course of the campaign, Bush pledged to sign a bill allowing Texans to obtain <a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Concealed carry permit">permits to carry concealed weapons</a>. Richards had vetoed the bill, but Bush signed it into law after he became governor.<a href="#cite_note-concealed_carry-59">[58]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>, the race "featured a rumor that she was a lesbian, along with a rare instance of such a tactic's making it into the public record – when a regional chairman of the Bush campaign allowed himself, perhaps inadvertently, to be quoted criticizing Richards for 'appointing avowed <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">homosexual activists</a>' to state jobs".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> The Atlantic, and others, connected the lesbian rumor to Karl Rove,<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> but Rove denied being involved.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent of the vote against Richards' 45.9 percent.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Bush used a budget surplus to push through Texas's largest <a href="/wiki/Tax_cut" title="Tax cut">tax cut</a>, $2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-SlaterBrain-57">[56]</a> He extended government funding for organizations providing education on the dangers of alcohol and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug use and abuse</a>, and helping to reduce <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> His administration lowered the age at which juveniles can be sent to adult court for serious crimes to 14.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Bush presided over 152 executions,<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> more than any previous governor in modern American history; critics such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Prejean" title="Helen Prejean">Helen Prejean</a> argue that he failed to give serious consideration to <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">clemency</a> requests.<a href="#cite_note-executions-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Critics also contended that during his tenure, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations. Supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the salaries of teachers and improve educational test scores.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> In 1999, Bush signed a law that required electric retailers to buy a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">certain amount of energy from renewable sources</a> (RPS),<a href="#cite_note-txlaw-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> which helped <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">Texas</a> eventually become the <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">leading producer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind powered</a> electricity in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-mighty_wind-73">[72]</a> In <a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a>, Bush won re-election with a record<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> 68 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> During his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and enjoyed high <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval ratings</a>, which ranged between 62 and 81 percent.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> He proclaimed June 10, 2000, to be <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Day" title="Jesus Day">Jesus Day</a> in Texas, a day on which he urged all Texans to "answer the call to serve those in need".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Throughout Bush's first term, he was the focus of national attention as a potential future presidential candidate. Following his re-election, speculation soared, and within a year he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Presidential_campaigns">Presidential campaigns</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000_presidential_candidacy">2000 presidential candidacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">2000 Republican Party presidential primaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4></div> Bush portrayed himself as a <a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassionate conservative">compassionate conservative</a>, implying he was more centrist than other Republicans. He campaigned on a platform that included bringing integrity and honor back to the White House, increasing the size of the military, cutting taxes, improving education, and aiding minorities.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> By early 2000, the race had centered on Bush and Arizona Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush won the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a> and, although heavily favored to win the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="New Hampshire primary">New Hampshire primary</a>, trailed McCain by 19 percent and lost. Despite this, he regained momentum and effectively became the front runner after the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 2000">South Carolina primary</a>, which according to <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a> made history for his campaign's negativity. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described it as a <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anatomy-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_election">General election</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/ElectoralCollege2000.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege2000.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2000 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> On July 25, 2000, Bush surprised some observers when he selected <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> – a former <a href="/wiki/White_House_chief_of_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="White House chief of staff">White House chief of staff</a>, U.S. representative, and secretary of defense – to be his running mate. At the time, Cheney was serving as head of Bush's vice presidential search committee. Soon after at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>, Bush and Cheney were officially nominated by the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Bush continued to campaign across the country and touted his record as Governor of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> During his campaign, Bush criticized his Democratic opponent, incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">gun control</a> and taxation.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> When the election returns were tallied on November 7, Bush had won 29 states, including Florida. The closeness of the Florida outcome led to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election in Florida, 2000">recount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> The initial recount also went to Bush, but the outcome was tied up in lower courts for a month until eventually reaching the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> On December 9, in the controversial <a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a> ruling,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> the Court reversed a <a href="/wiki/Florida_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Supreme Court">Florida Supreme Court</a> decision that had ordered a third count, and stopped an ordered statewide hand recount based on the argument that the use of different standards among Florida's counties violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> The machine recount showed that Bush had won the Florida vote by a margin of 537 votes out of six million casts.<a href="#cite_note-2000results-84">[83]</a> Although he had received 543,895 fewer individual nationwide votes than Gore, Bush won the election, receiving 271 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> to Gore's 266 (Gore had actually been awarded 267 votes by the states pledged to him plus the District of Columbia, but one D.C. elector abstained). Bush was the first person to <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">win a U.S. presidential election with fewer popular votes</a> than another candidate since <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-2000results-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2004_presidential_candidacy">2004 presidential candidacy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/500px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ElectoralCollege2004.svg/960px-ElectoralCollege2004.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>2004 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/250px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/250px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg/500px-George_W._Bush_30_Oct_2004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>George W. Bush re-election campaign stop in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>, October 2004</figcaption></figure> In his 2004 bid for re-election, Bush commanded broad support in the Republican Party and did not encounter a primary challenge. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Ken Mehlman</a> as campaign manager, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> devised a political strategy.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Bush and the Republican platform emphasized a strong commitment to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> support for the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> a renewed shift in policy for constitutional amendments banning abortion and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> reforming <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> to create private investment accounts,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> creation of an <a href="/wiki/Ownership_society" title="Ownership society">ownership society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> and opposing mandatory carbon emissions controls.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Bush also called for the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">guest worker program</a> for immigrants,<a href="#cite_note-platform04-86">[85]</a> which was criticized by conservatives.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> The Bush campaign advertised across the U.S. against Democratic candidates, including Bush's emerging opponent, Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>. Kerry and other Democrats attacked Bush on the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and accused him of failing to stimulate the economy and job growth. The Bush campaign portrayed Kerry as a staunch <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> who would raise taxes and increase the size of government. The Bush campaign continuously criticized Kerry's seemingly contradictory statements on the war in Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> and argued that Kerry lacked the decisiveness and vision necessary for success in the War on Terror. Following the resignation of CIA director <a href="/wiki/George_Tenet" title="George Tenet">George Tenet</a> in 2004, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Porter_Goss" title="Porter Goss">Porter Goss</a> to head the agency. The White House ordered Goss to purge agency officers who were disloyal to the administration.<a href="#cite_note-salon-91">[90]</a> After Goss' appointment, many of the CIA's senior agents were fired or quit. The CIA has been accused of deliberately leaking classified information to undermine the 2004 election.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-92">[91]</a> In the election, Bush carried 31 of 50 states, receiving 286 electoral votes. He won an absolute majority of the popular vote (50.7 percent to Kerry's 48.3 percent).<a href="#cite_note-16_years-93">[92]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Presidency_(2001–2009)">Presidency (2001–2009)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">List of George W. Bush legislation and programs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/250px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/250px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/330px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg/500px-Bush_2001_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bush on January 20, 2001, in Washington D.C., the day of his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first inauguration</a> as President of the United States</figcaption></figure> Bush had originally outlined an ambitious domestic agenda, but his priorities were significantly altered following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Wars were begun in Afghanistan and Iraq, and there were significant domestic debates regarding immigration, healthcare, Social Security, economic policy, and treatment of terrorist detainees. Over an eight-year period, Bush's once-high approval ratings<a href="#cite_note-gallup_high-95">[94]</a> steadily declined, while his disapproval numbers increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-wapo_ratings-96">[95]</a> In 2007, the United States entered the longest post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> recession.<a href="#cite_note-longest1-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> Bush took office during a period of economic recession in the wake of the bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The September 11 terrorist attacks also <a href="/wiki/Economic_effects_of_the_September_11_attacks" title="Economic effects of the September 11 attacks">impacted the economy</a>. His administration increased federal <a href="/wiki/Government_spending" title="Government spending">government spending</a> from $1.789 trillion to $2.983 trillion (66 percent), while revenues increased from $2.025 trillion to $2.524 trillion (from 2000 to 2008). Individual income tax revenues increased by 14 percent, corporate tax revenues by 50 percent, and customs and duties by 40 percent. Discretionary defense spending was increased by 107 percent, discretionary domestic spending by 62 percent, Medicare spending by 131 percent, social security by 51 percent, and income security spending by 130 percent. Cyclically adjusted, revenues rose by 35 percent and spending by 65 percent.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The increase in spending was more than under any predecessor since <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">economic regulation</a> governmental workers increased by 91,196.<a href="#cite_note-bushregulation-101">[100]</a> The surplus in fiscal year 2000 was $237 billion – the third consecutive surplus and the largest surplus ever.<a href="#cite_note-omb-102">[101]</a> In 2001, Bush's budget estimated that there would be a $5.6 trillion surplus over the next ten years.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Facing congressional opposition, Bush held town hall-style meetings across the U.S. to increase public support for his plan for a $1.35 trillion <a href="/wiki/Economic_Growth_and_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2001" title="Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001">tax cut program</a>, one of the largest tax cuts in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Bush argued that unspent government funds should be returned to taxpayers, saying "the surplus is not the government's money. The surplus is the people's money."<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> Federal Reserve chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> warned of a recession and Bush stated that a tax cut would stimulate the economy and create jobs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a>, opposed some of the tax cuts on the basis that they would contribute to budget deficits and undermine <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> O'Neill disputes the claim, made in Bush's book Decision Points, that he never openly disagreed with him on planned tax cuts.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> By 2003, the economy showed signs of improvement, though job growth remained stagnant.<a href="#cite_note-msn-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jobs_and_Growth_Tax_Relief_Reconciliation_Act_of_2003" title="Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003">Another tax cut</a> was passed that year.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Between 2001 and 2008, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 2.125 percent,<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> less than for past business cycles.<a href="#cite_note-Price_&_Ratner-109">[108]</a> Bush entered office with the <a href="/wiki/Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average" title="Dow Jones Industrial Average">Dow Jones Industrial Average</a> at 10,587, and the average peaked in October 2007 at over 14,000. When Bush left office, the average was at 7,949, one of the lowest levels of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Only four other U.S. presidents have left office with the stock market lower than when they began.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/330px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/330px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/500px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png/960px-Deficits_vs._Debt_Increases_-_2009.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Deficit</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_public_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="United States public debt">debt</a> increased from 2001 to 2009. Gross debt increased over $500 billion each year after the 2003 fiscal year.</figcaption></figure> Unemployment originally rose from 4.2 percent in January 2001 to 6.3 percent in June 2003, but subsequently dropped to 4.5 percent in July 2007.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Adjusted for inflation, <a href="/wiki/Median_household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Median household income">median household income</a> dropped by $1,175 between 2000 and 2007,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> while Professor Ken Homa of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> noted that "Median real after-tax household income went up two percent".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The poverty rate increased from 11.3 percent in 2000 to 12.3 percent in 2006 after peaking at 12.7 percent in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> By October 2008, due to increases in spending,<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 273 the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a> had risen to $11.3 trillion,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> more than doubling it since 2000.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] Most debt was accumulated as a result of what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Bush_tax_cuts" title="Bush tax cuts">Bush tax cuts</a>" and increased national security spending.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In March 2006, then-Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said when he voted against raising the <a href="/wiki/United_States_debt_ceiling" title="United States debt ceiling">debt ceiling</a>: "The fact that we are here today to debate raising America's debt limit is a sign of leadership failure."<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> By the end of Bush's presidency, unemployment climbed to 7.2 percent.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_financial_crisis">2008 financial crisis</h4></div> In December 2007, the United States entered the longest post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> recession,<a href="#cite_note-longest1-97">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_Great_Recession" title="Causes of the Great Recession">caused</a> by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="United States housing market correction">housing market correction</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">soaring oil prices</a>, and other factors. In February 2008, 63,000 jobs were lost, a five-year record,<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> and in November, over 500,000 jobs were lost, which marked the largest loss of jobs in the United States in 34 years.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> reported that in the last four months of 2008, 1.9 million jobs were lost.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> By the end of 2008, the U.S. had lost 2.6 million jobs.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> To aid with the situation, Bush signed a $170 billion economic stimulus package which was intended to improve the economic situation by sending tax rebate checks to many Americans and providing tax breaks for struggling businesses.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The Bush administration pushed for significantly increased regulation of <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a> in 2003,<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> and after two years, the regulations passed the House but died in the Senate. Many Republican senators, as well as influential members of the Bush Administration, feared that the agency created by these regulations would merely be mimicking the private sector's risky practices.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-admin_crisis-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In September 2008, <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–08">the crisis became much more serious</a> beginning with the government takeover of <a href="/wiki/Federal_takeover_of_Fannie_Mae_and_Freddie_Mac" title="Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac">Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac</a> followed by the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Lehman_Brothers" title="Lehman Brothers">Lehman Brothers</a> and a federal bailout of <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Group</a> for $85 billion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Many economists and world governments determined that the situation had become the worst financial crisis since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Additional regulation over the housing market would have been beneficial, according to former Federal Reserve chairman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Bush, meanwhile, proposed a <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Economic_Stabilization_Act_of_2008" title="Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008">financial rescue plan</a> to buy back a large portion of the U.S. mortgage market.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Vince Reinhardt, a former Federal Reserve economist now at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a>, said "it would have helped for the Bush administration to empower the folks at Treasury and the Federal Reserve and the comptroller of the currency and the <a href="/wiki/FDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FDIC">FDIC</a> to look at these issues more closely", and additionally, that it would have helped "for Congress to have held hearings".<a href="#cite_note-admin_crisis-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education_and_public_health">Education and public health</h4></div> Bush undertook many educational agendas, such as increasing the funding for the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> in his first years of office and creating education programs to strengthen the grounding in science and mathematics for American high school students. Funding for the NIH was cut in 2006, the first such cut in 36 years, due to rising inflation.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/250px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="337"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/250px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/330px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg/500px-No_Child_Left_Behind_Act.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush signing the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> into law, January 8, 2002</figcaption></figure> One of the administration's early major initiatives was the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>, which aimed to measure and close the gap between rich and poor student performance, provide options to parents with students in low-performing schools, and target more federal funding to low-income schools. This landmark education initiative passed with broad bipartisan support, including that of Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> of Massachusetts.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> It was signed into law by Bush in early 2002.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Many contend that the initiative has been successful, as cited by the fact that students in the U.S. have performed significantly better on state reading and math tests since Bush signed "No Child Left Behind" into law.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Critics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] argue that it is underfunded<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] and that NCLBA's focus on "high-stakes testing" and quantitative outcomes is counterproductive.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> On November 1, 2005, Bush launched a National Strategy for <a href="/wiki/Flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flu pandemic">Pandemic Influenza</a>, which culminated in an implementation plan published by the Homeland Security Council in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> After being re-elected, Bush signed into law a <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> drug benefit program that, according to <a href="/wiki/Jan_Crawford" title="Jan Crawford">Jan Crawford</a>, resulted in "the greatest expansion in America's <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> in forty years" – the bill's costs approached $7 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 274 In 2007, Bush opposed and vetoed <a href="/wiki/State_Children%27s_Health_Insurance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="State Children's Health Insurance Program">State Children's Health Insurance Program</a> (SCHIP) legislation, which was added by the Democrats onto a war funding bill and passed by Congress. The SCHIP legislation would have significantly expanded federally funded healthcare benefits and plans to children of some low-income families. It was to be funded by an increase in the cigarette tax.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Bush viewed the legislation as a move toward <a href="/wiki/Socialized_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialized health care">socialized health care</a>, and asserted that the program could benefit families making as much as $83,000 per year who did not need the help.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> On May 21, 2008, Bush signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_Information_Nondiscrimination_Act" title="Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act">Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act</a>, aimed to protect Americans against health insurance and employment discrimination based on a person's genetic information. The issue had been debated for 13 years before it finally became law. The measure is designed to protect citizens without hindering genetic research.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_services_and_Social_Security">Social services and Social Security</h4></div> Following Republican efforts to pass the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Act of 2003</a>, Bush signed the bill, which included major changes to the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> program by providing beneficiaries with some assistance in paying for prescription drugs, while relying on private insurance for the delivery of benefits.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> The retired persons lobby group <a href="/wiki/AARP" title="AARP">AARP</a> worked with the Bush Administration on the program and gave their endorsement. Bush said the law, estimated to cost $400 billion over the first ten years, would give the elderly "better choices and more control over their health care".<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Bush began his second term by outlining a major initiative to <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Social Security debate in the United States">reform</a> Social Security,<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> which was facing record deficit projections beginning in 2005. Bush made it the centerpiece of his domestic agenda despite opposition from some in the U.S. Congress.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush discussed the potential impending bankruptcy of the program and outlined his new program, which included partial privatization of the system, personal Social Security accounts, and options to permit Americans to divert a portion of their Social Security tax (<a href="/wiki/FICA" class="mw-redirect" title="FICA">FICA</a>) into secured investments.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> Democrats opposed the proposal to partially privatize the system.<a href="#cite_note-ss-msnbc-151">[150]</a> Bush embarked on a 60-day national tour, campaigning for his initiative in media events known as "Conversations on Social Security" in an attempt to gain public support.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Nevertheless, public support for the proposal declined,<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> and the House Republican leadership decided not to put Social Security reform on the priority list for the remainder of their 2005 legislative agenda.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> The proposal's legislative prospects were further diminished by autumn 2005 due to political fallout from the response to <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_policies">Environmental policies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration#Environment" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration § Environment</a></div> Upon taking office in 2001, Bush stated his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a>, an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> which seeks to impose mandatory targets for reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, citing that the treaty exempted 80 percent of the world's population<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> and would have cost tens of billions of dollars per year.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> He also cited that the Senate had voted 95–0 in 1997 on a resolution expressing its disapproval of the protocol. In May 2001, Bush signed an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> to create an interagency task force to streamline energy projects,<a href="#cite_note-eo13212-158">[157]</a> and later signed two other executive orders to tackle environmental issues.<a href="#cite_note-sovaWater-159">[158]</a> In 2002, Bush proposed the <a href="/wiki/Clear_Skies_Act_of_2003" title="Clear Skies Act of 2003">Clear Skies Act of 2003</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EXsummary-160">[159]</a> which aimed at amending the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> to reduce air pollution through the use of <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> programs. Many experts argued that this legislation would have weakened the original legislation by allowing higher emission rates of pollutants than were previously legal.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The initiative was introduced to Congress, but failed to make it out of committee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later in 2006, Bush declared the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern Hawaiian Islands</a> a national monument, creating the largest <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserve</a> to date. The <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> comprises 84 million acres (340,000 km2) and is home to 7,000 species of fish, birds, and other marine animals, many of which are specific to only those islands.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The move was hailed by conservationists for "its foresight and leadership in protecting this incredible area".<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> Bush has said he believes that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> is real<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> and has noted that it is a serious problem, but he asserted there is a "debate over whether it's man-made or naturally caused".<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The Bush Administration's stance on global warming remained controversial in the scientific and environmental communities. Critics have alleged that the administration<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> misinformed the public and did not do enough to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas#Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_human_activities" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon emissions</a> and deter global warming.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_policies">Energy policies</h4></div> In his <a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush declared, "America is addicted to oil" and launched his Advanced Energy Initiative to increase <a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">energy development</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/220px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="342"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/220px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/330px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg/440px-20080618_Bush_Kempthorne_oil_exploration_speech.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bush delivering a statement urging Congress to end a ban on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_oil_and_gas_in_the_United_States" title="Offshore oil and gas in the United States">offshore oil drilling</a>, June 18, 2008</figcaption></figure> In his <a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush renewed his pledge to work toward diminished reliance on foreign oil by reducing <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> consumption and increasing <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> Amid high gasoline prices in 2008, Bush lifted a ban on <a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">offshore drilling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-drilling-cnn-170">[169]</a> However, the move was largely symbolic because there was still a federal law banning offshore drilling. Bush said: "This means that the only thing standing between the American people and these vast oil reserves is action from the U.S. Congress."<a href="#cite_note-drilling-cnn-170">[169]</a> Bush had said in June 2008, "In the long run, the solution is to reduce demand for oil by promoting alternative energy technologies. My administration has worked with Congress to invest in gas-saving technologies like advanced batteries and hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> ... In the short run, the American economy will continue to rely largely on oil. And that means we need to increase supply, especially here at home. So my administration has repeatedly called on Congress to expand domestic oil production."<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008 State of the Union Address</a>, Bush committed $2 billion over the next three years to a new international fund to promote clean energy technologies and fight climate change, saying, "Along with contributions from other countries, this fund will increase and accelerate the deployment of all forms of cleaner, more efficient technologies in developing nations like India and China, and help leverage substantial private-sector capital by making clean energy projects more financially attractive." He also presented plans to reaffirm the United States' commitment to work with major economies, and, through the UN, to complete an international agreement that will slow, stop, and eventually reverse the growth of greenhouse gases; he stated, "This agreement will be effective only if it includes commitments by every major economy and gives none a free ride."<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stem_cell_research_and_first_veto">Stem cell research and first veto</h4></div> Federal funding for medical research involving the creation or destruction of human embryos through the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> has been forbidden by law since the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dickey%E2%80%93Wicker_Amendment" title="Dickey–Wicker Amendment">Dickey–Wicker Amendment</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> Bush has said he supports adult <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> research and has supported federal legislation that finances adult stem cell research. However, Bush did not support <a href="/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell" title="Embryonic stem cell">embryonic stem cell</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> On August 9, 2001, Bush signed an executive order lifting the ban on federal funding for the 71 existing "lines" of stem cells,<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> but the ability of these existing lines to provide an adequate medium for testing has been questioned. Testing can be done on only 12 of the original lines, and all approved lines have been cultured in contact with mouse cells, which creates safety issues that complicate development and approval of therapies from these lines.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> On July 19, 2006, Bush used his veto power for the first time in his presidency to veto the <a href="/wiki/Stem_Cell_Research_Enhancement_Act" title="Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act">Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act</a>. The bill would have repealed the Dickey–Wicker Amendment, thereby permitting federal money to be used for research where stem cells are derived from the destruction of an embryo.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Immigration">Immigration</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/220px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/220px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/330px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg/440px-Bush_delivers_statement_at_Mexican_border.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush discussing border security with Secretary of Homeland Security <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> near <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, November 2005</figcaption></figure> Nearly eight million immigrants came to the U.S. from 2000 to 2005, more than in any other five-year period in the nation's history.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> Almost half entered illegally.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In 2006, Bush urged Congress to allow more than twelve million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants">illegal immigrants</a> to work in the United States with the creation of a "temporary guest-worker program". Bush also urged Congress to provide additional funds for border security and committed to deploying 6,000 <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> troops to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> From May to June 2007, Bush strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007</a>, which was written by a bipartisan group of Senators with the active participation of the Bush administration.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The bill envisioned a legalization program for illegal immigrants, with an eventual path to citizenship; establishing a guest worker program; a series of border and worksite enforcement measures; a reform of the <a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">green card</a> application process and the introduction of a point-based "merit" system for green cards; elimination of "<a href="/wiki/Chain_migration" title="Chain migration">chain migration</a>" and of the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Diversity Immigrant Visa</a>; and other measures. Bush argued that the lack of legal status denies the protections of U.S. laws to millions of people who face dangers of poverty and exploitation, and penalizes employers despite a demand for immigrant labor.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Bush contended that the proposed bill did not amount to amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> A heated public debate followed, which resulted in a substantial rift within the Republican Party, most conservatives opposed it because of its legalization or amnesty provisions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> The bill was eventually defeated in the Senate on June 28, 2007, when a <a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">cloture</a> motion failed on a 46–53 vote.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Bush expressed disappointment upon the defeat of one of his signature domestic initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> The Bush administration later proposed a series of immigration enforcement measures that do not require a change in law.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> On September 19, 2010, former Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> said that Bush offered to accept 100,000 Palestinian refugees as American citizens if a permanent settlement had been reached between Israel and the Palestinian Authority.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hurricane_Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">Political effects of Hurricane Katrina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/220px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="379"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/220px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/330px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg/440px-President_Bush_Biloxi_after_Katrina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush with hurricane victims in <a href="/wiki/Biloxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biloxi">Biloxi</a>, September 2, 2005</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> struck early in Bush's second term and was one of the most damaging natural disasters in U.S. history. Katrina formed in late August during the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> hurricane season and devastated much of the north-central <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast of the United States</a>, particularly New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Bush declared a state of emergency in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> on August 27<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> The eye of the hurricane made landfall on August 29, and New Orleans began to flood due to <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> breaches; later that day, Bush declared a major disaster in Louisiana,<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> officially authorizing FEMA to start using federal funds to assist in the recovery effort. On August 30, DHS Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> declared it "an incident of national significance",<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> triggering the first use of the newly created <a href="/wiki/National_Response_Plan" title="National Response Plan">National Response Plan</a>. Three days later, on September 2, National Guard troops first entered the city of New Orleans.<a href="#cite_note-tpm-194">[193]</a> The same day, Bush toured parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama and declared that the success of the recovery effort up to that point was "not enough".<a href="#cite_note-USAToday-Katrina-195">[194]</a> As the disaster in New Orleans intensified, Bush received <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">widespread criticism</a> for downplaying his administration's role in the inadequate response. Leaders attacked Bush for having appointed incompetent leaders to positions of power at FEMA, notably <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Brown" title="Michael D. Brown">Michael D. Brown</a>;<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> federal resources to respond were also limited as a result of being allocated to the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> and Bush himself did not act upon warnings of floods.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Bush responded to mounting criticism by claiming to accept full responsibility for the federal government's failures in its handling of the emergency.<a href="#cite_note-tpm-194">[193]</a> It has been argued that with Katrina, Bush passed a political tipping point from which he would not recover.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midterm_dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys">Midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/220px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="348"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/220px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/330px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg/440px-George_W_Bush_and_Alberto_Gonzales.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush nominating Alberto Gonzales as the next U.S. Attorney General, November 10, 2004</figcaption></figure> During Bush's second term, a controversy arose over the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department's</a> midterm dismissal of seven <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorneys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> The White House maintained that they were fired for poor performance.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> later resigned over the issue, along with other senior members of the Justice Department.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a> issued subpoenas for advisers <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josh_Bolten" class="mw-redirect" title="Josh Bolten">Josh Bolten</a> to testify regarding this matter, but Bush directed Miers and Bolten not to comply with those subpoenas, invoking his right of <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a>. Bush maintained that all his advisers were covered under a broad executive privilege protection to receive candid advice. The Justice Department determined that the President's order was legal.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> Although Congressional investigations focused on whether the Justice Department and the White House were using the U.S. Attorney positions for political advantage, no official findings have been released. On March 10, 2008, the Congress filed a federal lawsuit to enforce their issued subpoenas.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> On July 31, 2008, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district court</a> judge ruled that Bush's top advisers were not immune from Congressional subpoenas.<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> In all, twelve Justice Department officials resigned rather than testify under oath before Congress. They included Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> and his chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Sampson" title="Kyle Sampson">Kyle Sampson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Gonzales' liaison to the White House <a href="/wiki/Monica_Goodling" title="Monica Goodling">Monica Goodling</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> aide to the president <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> and his senior aide <a href="/wiki/Sara_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Taylor">Sara Taylor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2007-212">[211]</a> In addition, legal counsel to the president <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a><a href="#cite_note-twssffwe-213">[212]</a> and deputy chief of staff to the president <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> were both found in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">contempt of Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost2007-212">[211]</a> In 2010, the Justice Department investigator concluded that though political considerations did play a part in as many as four of the attorney firings,<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> the firings were "inappropriately political" but not criminal. According to the prosecutors, there was insufficient evidence to pursue prosecution for any criminal offense.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/250px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 112px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/250px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="112" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg/500px-George_W_Bush_Overseas_Visits.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries visited by President George W. Bush during his time in office</figcaption></figure> During his presidential campaign, Bush's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a> platform included support for stronger economic and political relationships with Latin America, especially Mexico, and a reduction of involvement in "<a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a>" and other small-scale military engagements. The administration pursued a <a href="/wiki/National_missile_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="National missile defense">national missile defense</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a> Bush was an advocate of China's entry into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> Bush began his second term with an emphasis on improving strained relations with European nations. He appointed long-time adviser <a href="/wiki/Karen_Hughes" title="Karen Hughes">Karen Hughes</a> to oversee a global public relations campaign. Bush lauded the pro-democracy struggles in Georgia and Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> In March 2006, Bush visited India in a trip focused particularly on areas of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear energy</a>, counter-terrorism co-operation, and discussions that would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> This was in stark contrast to decades of U.S. policy, such as the stance taken by his predecessor, Bill Clinton, whose approach and response to India after the 1998 nuclear tests has been characterized as "sanctions and hectoring".<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a> Midway through Bush's second term, questions arose whether Bush was retreating from his freedom and democracy agenda, which was highlighted in policy changes toward some oil-rich former Soviet republics in central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-13.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> in Shanghai, October 21, 2001. Russia had cooperated with the U.S. in the war on terror.</figcaption></figure> Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a> with Russia. He withdrew U.S. support for several international agreements, including, in 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a> (ABM) with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> This marked the first time in post-World War II history that the United States had withdrawn from a major international arms treaty.<a href="#cite_note-acaabm-225">[224]</a> Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> stated that American withdrawal from the ABM Treaty was a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-226">[225]</a> Bush emphasized a careful approach to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians; he denounced <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> for his support of violence, but sponsored dialogues between Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> and Palestinian National Authority President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>. Bush supported Sharon's unilateral disengagement plan, and lauded the democratic elections held in Palestine after Arafat's death. Bush also expressed U.S. support for the defense of Taiwan following the stand-off in April 2001 with China over the <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a>, when an <a href="/wiki/EP-3E_Aries_II" class="mw-redirect" title="EP-3E Aries II">EP-3E Aries II</a> surveillance aircraft collided with a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">People's Liberation Army Air Force</a> jet, leading to the detention of U.S. personnel. From 2003 to 2004, Bush authorized U.S. military intervention in Haiti and Liberia to protect U.S. interests. Bush condemned the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">militia attacks Darfur</a> and denounced the killings in Sudan as genocide.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a> Bush said an international peacekeeping presence was critical in Darfur, but he opposed referring the situation to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>. On June 10, 2007, Bush met with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Prime Minister">Albanian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a> and became the first president to visit Albania.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> He later voiced his support for the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">independence of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> In early 2008, Bush vowed full support for admitting <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> into <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> despite Russia's opposition to the further <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_NATO" title="Enlargement of NATO">enlargement of NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2008_Russo-Georgian_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis">2008 Russo-Georgian diplomatic crisis</a>, Bush condemned Russia for recognizing the separatist government of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> When Russian troops invaded Georgia later that summer, Bush said: "Bullying and intimidation are not acceptable ways to conduct foreign policy in the 21st century."<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11,_2001,_attacks">September 11, 2001, attacks</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_3905_-_Photograph_by_SFC_Thomas_R._Roberts_taken_on_09-14-2001_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush, beside firefighter <a href="/wiki/Bob_Beckwith" title="Bob Beckwith">Bob Beckwith</a>, addressing rescue workers at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a></figcaption></figure> The September 11 terrorist attacks were a major turning point in Bush's presidency. That evening, he addressed the nation from the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, promising a strong response to the attacks. He also emphasized the need for the nation to come together and comfort the families of the victims. Three days after the attacks, Bush visited <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">Ground Zero</a> and met with then-New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, firefighters, police officers, and volunteers. Bush addressed the gathering via a megaphone while standing on rubble: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon."<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" title="File:Bush Addresses Congress 9-20-01.ogg">President Bush declares "freedom at war with fear", September 20, 2001</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="2058" data-mwtitle="Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg/Bush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABush_Addresses_Congress_9-20-01.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr>Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> In a September 20 speech, Bush condemned <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and his organization <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, and issued an ultimatum to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, where bin Laden was operating, to "hand over the terrorists, or ... share in their fate".<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The Taliban's leader, <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>, refused to hand over bin Laden.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Bergen-236">[235]</a> The continued presence of U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> after the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> was one of the stated motivations behind the September 11 attacks. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Watch" title="Operation Southern Watch">the U.S. withdrew</a> most of its troops from Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="War_on_terror">War on terror</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/330px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/330px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png" data-width="330" data-height="205" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/495px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg/660px-Major_military_operations_of_the_War_on_Terror.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries with major military operations throughout the war on terror launched by Bush, including those launched after his presidency</figcaption></figure> In Bush's September 20 speech, he declared that "our war on terror begins with Al Qaeda, but it does not end there."<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> In his January 29, <a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002 State of the Union Address</a>, he asserted that an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>" consisting of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'athist Iraq</a> was "arming to threaten the peace of the world" and "pose[d] a grave and growing danger".<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> The Bush Administration asserted both a right and the intention to wage <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_war" title="Preemptive war">preemptive war</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Preventive_war" title="Preventive war">preventive war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> This became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a> which weakened the unprecedented levels of international and domestic support for the United States which had followed the September 11 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> Dissent and criticism of Bush's leadership in the War on Terror increased as the war in Iraq continued.<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> The Iraq war sparked many protests and riots in different parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> In 2006, a <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">National Intelligence Estimate</a> concluded that the Iraq War had become the "<a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihadists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afghanistan_invasion">Afghanistan invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg/220px-GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="321"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg/220px-GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg/330px-GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/GW_Bush_and_Hamid_Karzai_in_Kabul_2006-03-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush and President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> of Afghanistan in Kabul, March 1, 2006</figcaption></figure> On October 7, 2001, U.S. and British forces initiated bombing campaigns that led to the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Alliance" title="Northern Alliance">Northern Alliance</a> troops in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> on November 13. The main goals of the war were to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, drive <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> out of Afghanistan, and capture key al-Qaeda leaders. In December 2001, the Pentagon reported that the Taliban had been defeated,<a href="#cite_note-taliband-249">[248]</a> but cautioned that the war would go on to continue weakening Taliban and al-Qaeda leaders.<a href="#cite_note-taliband-249">[248]</a> Later that month the UN had installed the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Transitional_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan Transitional Administration">Afghan Transitional Administration</a> chaired by <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> Efforts to kill or capture al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden failed as he escaped <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tora_Bora" title="Battle of Tora Bora">a battle in December 2001</a> in the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Tora_Bora" title="Tora Bora">Tora Bora</a>, which the Bush Administration later acknowledged to have resulted from a failure to commit enough U.S. ground troops.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> It was not until May 2011, two years after Bush left office, that bin Laden was killed by U.S. forces under the Obama administration. Despite the initial success in driving the Taliban from power in Kabul, by early 2003 the Taliban was regrouping, amassing new funds and recruits.<a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> The 2005 failure of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings" title="Operation Red Wings">Operation Red Wings</a> showed that the Taliban had returned.<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> appeared larger, fiercer and better organized than expected, with large-scale allied offensives such as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Mountain_Thrust" title="Operation Mountain Thrust">Operation Mountain Thrust</a> attaining limited success.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> As a result, Bush commissioned 3,500 additional troops to the country in March 2007.<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iraq_invasion">Iraq invasion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/170px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="664"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/170px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/255px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg/340px-George_W._Bush_walks_with_Ryan_Phillips_to_Navy_One.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>President Bush, with <a href="/wiki/Naval_Flight_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Flight Officer">Naval Flight Officer</a> Lieutenant Ryan Philips, after landing on the USS Abraham Lincoln prior to his <a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished speech</a>, May 1, 2003</figcaption></figure> Beginning with his January 29, 2002 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union</a> address, Bush began publicly focusing attention on Iraq, which he labeled as part of an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>" allied with terrorists and posing "a grave and growing danger" to U.S. interests through possession of <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> In the latter half of 2002, CIA <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Estimate" title="National Intelligence Estimate">reports</a> contained assertions of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s intent of reconstituting nuclear weapons programs, not properly accounting for Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a>, and that some Iraqi missiles had a range greater than allowed by the UN sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> Contentions that the Bush Administration manipulated or exaggerated the threat and evidence of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction capabilities would eventually become a major point of criticism for the president.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> In late 2002 and early 2003, Bush urged the United Nations to enforce Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">disarmament</a> mandates, precipitating a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_crisis" title="Iraq disarmament crisis">diplomatic crisis</a>. In November 2002, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> led UN weapons inspectors in Iraq, but were advised by the U.S. to depart the country four days prior to the U.S. invasion, despite their requests for more time to complete their tasks.<a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a> The U.S. initially sought a <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> resolution authorizing the use of military force but dropped the bid for UN approval due to vigorous opposition from several countries.<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The Bush administration's claim that the Iraq War was part of the War on Terror had been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">questioned and contested</a> by political analysts.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> More than 20 nations (most notably the United Kingdom) designated the "<a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition of the willing</a>" joined the United States<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a> in invading Iraq. They launched the invasion on March 20, 2003. The Iraqi military was quickly defeated. The capital, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, fell on April 9, 2003. On May 1, Bush declared the end of major combat operations in Iraq. The initial success of U.S. operations increased his popularity, but the U.S. and allied forces faced a growing insurgency led by sectarian groups; Bush's "<a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission Accomplished">Mission Accomplished</a>" speech was later criticized as premature.<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> From 2004 until 2007, the situation in Iraq deteriorated further, with some observers arguing that there was a full-scale <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_in_Iraq_(2006%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian violence in Iraq (2006–07)">civil war in Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> Bush's policies met with criticism, including demands domestically to set a timetable to withdraw troops from Iraq. The 2006 report of the bipartisan <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a>, concluded that the situation in Iraq was "grave and deteriorating". While Bush admitted there were strategic mistakes made in regard to the stability of Iraq,<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> he maintained he would not change the overall Iraq strategy.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Body_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Body Count">Iraq Body Count</a>, some 251,000 Iraqis have been killed in the civil war following the U.S.-led invasion, including at least 163,841 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> In January 2005, elections recognized by the West as free and fair were held in Iraq for the first time in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-iraq_votes-274">[273]</a> This led to the election of <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a> as president and <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> as Prime Minister of Iraq. A referendum to approve a constitution in Iraq was held in October 2005, supported by most <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiites</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> On January 10, 2007, Bush launched a <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">surge of 21,500 more troops for Iraq</a>, as well as a job program for Iraqis, more reconstruction proposals, and $1.2 billion (equivalent to $1.8 billion in 2024) for these programs.<a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> On May 1, 2007, Bush used his second-ever veto to reject a bill setting a deadline for the withdrawal of U.S. troops,<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> saying the debate over the conflict was "understandable" but insisting that a continued U.S. presence there was crucial.<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a> In March 2008, Bush praised the Iraqi government's "bold decision" to launch the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basra_(2008)" title="Battle of Basra (2008)">Battle of Basra</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_Army" title="Mahdi Army">Mahdi Army</a>, calling it "a defining moment in the history of a free Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> He said he would carefully weigh recommendations from his commanding General <a href="/wiki/David_Petraeus" title="David Petraeus">David Petraeus</a> and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Crocker" title="Ryan Crocker">Ryan Crocker</a> about how to proceed after the end of the military buildup in the summer of 2008. He also praised the Iraqis' legislative achievements, including a pension law, a revised de-Baathification law, a new budget, an amnesty law, and a provincial powers measure that, he said, set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/2009_Iraqi_governorate_elections" title="2009 Iraqi governorate elections">Iraqi elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> By July 2008, American troop deaths had reached their lowest number since the war began,<a href="#cite_note-cuts-nyt-281">[280]</a> and due to increased stability in Iraq, Bush withdrew of additional American forces.<a href="#cite_note-cuts-nyt-281">[280]</a> During Bush's last visit to Iraq in December 2008, Iraqi journalist <a href="/wiki/Muntadhar_al-Zaidi" title="Muntadhar al-Zaidi">Muntadhar al-Zaidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush shoeing incident">threw both of his shoes at him</a> during an official press conference with Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Al-Zaidi yelled that the shoes were a "farewell kiss" and "for the widows and orphans and all those killed in Iraq".<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> In March 2010, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a> released a report that President Bush's administration had made more than 900 false pretenses in a two-year period about the alleged threat of Iraq against the United States, as his rationale to engage in war in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></div> Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, Bush issued an executive order that authorized the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program" title="President's Surveillance Program">President's Surveillance Program</a>. The new directive allowed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> to monitor communications between suspected terrorists outside the U.S. and parties within the U.S. without obtaining a warrant, which previously had been required by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&action=edit">[update]</a>, the other provisions of the program remained highly classified.<a href="#cite_note-IG-286">[285]</a> Once the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a> questioned its original legal opinion that FISA did not apply in a time of war, the program was subsequently re-authorized by the President on the basis that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_Against_Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists">Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> The program proved to be <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance_(2001%E2%80%9307)" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–07)">controversial</a>; critics of the administration and organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> argued that it was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> In August 2006, a U.S. district court judge ruled that the <a href="/wiki/NSA_electronic_surveillance_program" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA electronic surveillance program">NSA electronic surveillance program</a> was unconstitutional,<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> but on July 6, 2007, that ruling was <a href="/wiki/Vacated" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacated">vacated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a> on the grounds that the plaintiffs lacked <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> On January 17, 2007, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> informed U.S. Senate leaders that the program would not be reauthorized by the President, but would be subjected to judicial oversight.<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> Later in 2007, the NSA launched a replacement for the program, referred to as <a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">PRISM</a>, which was subject to the oversight of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> This program was not publicly revealed until reports by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenwald1-293">[292]</a> emerged in June 2013.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo1-292">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interrogation_policies">Interrogation policies</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Senate_Intelligence_Committee_report_on_CIA_torture" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture">Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture_Memos" title="Torture Memos">Torture Memos</a></div> Bush authorized the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> to use <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> and several other "<a href="/wiki/Enhanced_interrogation_techniques" title="Enhanced interrogation techniques">enhanced interrogation techniques</a>" that several critics, including Barack Obama, would label as torture.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> Between 2002 and 2003, the CIA considered certain enhanced interrogation techniques, such as waterboarding, to be legal based on secret Justice Department legal opinions arguing that terror detainees were not protected by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>' ban on torture, which was described as "an unconstitutional infringement of the President's authority to conduct war".<a href="#cite_note-cbs-waterboard-298">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> The CIA had exercised the technique on certain key terrorist suspects under authority given to it in the <a href="/wiki/Bybee_Memo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bybee Memo">Bybee Memo</a> from the Attorney General, though that memo was later withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-certain_olc-300">[299]</a> While not permitted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Field_Manuals" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Field Manuals">U.S. Army Field Manuals</a> which assert "that harsh interrogation tactics elicit unreliable information",<a href="#cite_note-cbs-waterboard-298">[297]</a> the Bush administration believed these enhanced interrogations "provided critical information" to preserve American lives.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> Critics, such as former CIA officer <a href="/wiki/Bob_Baer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Baer">Bob Baer</a>, have stated that information was suspect, "you can get anyone to confess to anything if the torture's bad enough."<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> On October 17, 2006, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a> into law.<a href="#cite_note-detainee-303">[302]</a> The new rule was enacted in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court's</a> decision in <a href="/wiki/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld" title="Hamdan v. Rumsfeld">Hamdan v. Rumsfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_548" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 548">548</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/548/557/">557</a> (2006),<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> which allowed the U.S. government to prosecute <a href="/wiki/Unlawful_enemy_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlawful enemy combatants">unlawful enemy combatants</a> by military commission rather than a standard trial. The law also denied the detainees access to <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> and barred the torture of prisoners. The provision of the law allowed the president to determine what constitutes "torture".<a href="#cite_note-detainee-303">[302]</a> On March 8, 2008, Bush vetoed H.R. 2082,<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> a bill that would have expanded congressional oversight over the intelligence community and banned the use of waterboarding as well as other forms of interrogation not permitted under the <a href="/wiki/FM_34-52_Intelligence_Interrogation" title="FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation">United States Army Field Manual on Human Intelligence Collector Operations</a>, saying that "the bill Congress sent me would take away one of the most valuable tools in the War on Terror".<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> In April 2009, the ACLU sued and won release of the secret memos that had authorized the Bush administration's interrogation tactics.<a href="#cite_note-Ass'tAtt'yGen'lBybeeMemo-307">[306]</a> One memo detailed specific interrogation tactics including a footnote that described waterboarding as torture as well as that the form of waterboarding used by the CIA was far more intense than authorized by the Justice Department.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea_condemnation">North Korea condemnation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea–United States relations</a></div> Bush publicly condemned <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a> of North Korea and identified North Korea as one of three states in an "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a>". He said that "the United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons."<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> Within months, "both countries had walked away from their respective commitments under the U.S.–DPRK <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a> of October 1994."<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> North Korea's October 9, 2006, <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">detonation</a> of a nuclear device further complicated Bush's foreign policy, which centered for both terms of his presidency on "[preventing] the terrorists and regimes who seek chemical, biological, or nuclear weapons from threatening the United States and the world".<a href="#cite_note-sotu2002-240">[239]</a> Bush condemned North Korea's position, reaffirmed his commitment to "a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula", and said that "transfer of nuclear weapons or material by North Korea to states or non-state entities would be considered a grave threat to the United States", for which North Korea would be held accountable.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-310">[309]</a> On May 7, 2007, North Korea agreed to shut down its nuclear reactors immediately pending the release of frozen funds held in a foreign bank account. This was a result of a series of three-way talks initiated by the United States and including China.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> On September 2, 2007, North Korea agreed to disclose and dismantle all its nuclear programs by the end of 2007.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> By May 2009, North Korea had restarted its nuclear program and threatened to attack South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> On June 22, 2010, Bush said: "While South Korea prospers, the people of North Korea have suffered profoundly," adding that communism had resulted in dire poverty, mass starvation, and brutal suppression. "In recent years," he went on to say, "the suffering has been compounded by the leader who wasted North Korea's precious few resources on personal luxuries and nuclear weapons programs."<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syria_sanctions">Syria sanctions</h4></div> Bush expanded economic sanctions on Syria.<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> In 2003, Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/Syria_Accountability_Act" title="Syria Accountability Act">Syria Accountability Act</a>, which expanded sanctions on Syria. In early 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a>, acting on a June 2005 <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a>, froze American bank accounts of Syria's Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology, Electronics Institute, and National Standards and Calibration Laboratory. Bush's order prohibits Americans from doing business with these institutions suspected of helping spread <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> and being supportive of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> Under separate executive orders signed by Bush in 2004 and later 2007, the Treasury Department froze the assets of two Lebanese and two Syrians, accusing them of activities to "undermine the legitimate political process in Lebanon" in November 2007. Those designated included: <a href="/wiki/Assaad_Hardan" title="Assaad Hardan">Assaad Halim Hardan</a>, a member of Lebanon's parliament and former leader of the Syrian Socialist National Party; <a href="/wiki/Wiam_Wahhab" title="Wiam Wahhab">Wi'am Wahhab</a>, a former member of Lebanon's government (Minister of the Environment) under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Omar_Karami" title="Omar Karami">Omar Karami</a> (2004–2005); <a href="/wiki/Hafez_Makhlouf" title="Hafez Makhlouf">Hafiz Makhluf</a>, a colonel and senior official in the <a href="/wiki/General_Intelligence_Directorate_(Syria)" title="General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)">Syrian General Intelligence Directorate</a> and a cousin of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nasif_Kheirbek" title="Mohammed Nasif Kheirbek">Muhammad Nasif Khayrbik</a>, identified as a close adviser to Assad.<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AIDS_Relief">AIDS Relief</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">State of the Union address in January 2003</a>, Bush outlined a five-year strategy for global emergency AIDS relief, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a> (PEPFAR). Bush announced $15 billion for this effort,<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> which directly supported life-saving antiretroviral treatment for more than 3.2 million men, women and children worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> The U.S. government had spent some $44 billion on the project since 2003 (a figure that includes $7 billion contributed to the <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria</a>, a multilateral organization),<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> which saved an estimated five million lives by 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-322">[321]</a> The New York Times correspondent <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Baker (author)">Peter Baker</a> wrote in 2013 that "Bush did more to stop AIDS and more to help Africa than any president before or since."<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Policy-322">[321]</a> By 2023, PEPFAR was estimated to have saved over 25 million lives, alleviating the severity of the <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS epidemic">HIV/AIDS epidemic</a> especially in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and was called "George W. Bush's greatest accomplishment" by <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-323">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-324">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_incidents">Security incidents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Security_incidents_involving_George_W._Bush" title="Security incidents involving George W. Bush">Security incidents involving George W. Bush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2001_White_House_shooting">2001 White House shooting</h4></div> On February 7, 2001, while Bush was in the residence area of the White House, Robert W. Pickett, standing outside the perimeter fence, discharged a number of shots from a Taurus .38 Special revolver "in the general direction" of the White House. Pickett was shot in the knee by a <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secret_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secret Service">U.S. Secret Service</a> agent and arrested. Furthermore, he was initially charged with discharging a firearm during a crime, carrying a 10-year mandatory sentence, but following a plea agreement, Pickett instead entered a guilty plea to a firearms violation and an <a href="/wiki/Alford_plea" title="Alford plea">Alford plea</a> to assaulting a federal officer. He was sentenced to three years at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Rochester" title="Federal Medical Center, Rochester">Federal Medical Center, Rochester</a> followed by three years of probation.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2005_Tbilisi_grenade_attack">2005 Tbilisi grenade attack</h4></div> On May 10, 2005, while President Bush was giving a speech in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Arutyunian" title="Vladimir Arutyunian">Vladimir Arutyunian</a>, a native <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgian</a> who was born to a family of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, threw a live Soviet-made RGD-5 hand grenade toward the podium. It landed in the crowd about 61 feet (19 m) from the podium after hitting a girl, but it did not detonate because a red tartan handkerchief was wrapped tightly around it, preventing the safety lever from detaching.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> Georgian President <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> was seated nearby. After escaping that day, Arutyunian was arrested in July 2005. During his arrest, he killed an Interior Ministry agent. He was convicted in January 2006 and given a <a href="/wiki/Life_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sentence">life sentence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_Baghdad_shoeing">2008 Baghdad shoeing</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_shoeing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush shoeing incident">George W. Bush shoeing incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/220px-seek%3D218-POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="829" data-mwtitle="POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq,_Part_2.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq,_Part_2.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:30" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm#t=00:03:30" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="240" data-height="180"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm/POTUS_George_W._Bush_with_Prime_Minister_of_Iraq%2C_Part_2.webm.360p.webm#t=00:03:30" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="240" data-height="180"></source></video><figcaption>Shoeing incident in Baghdad, Iraq, December 2008</figcaption></figure> On December 14, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Muntadhar_al-Zaidi" title="Muntadhar al-Zaidi">Muntadhar al-Zaidi</a>, an Iraqi journalist, threw both of his shoes at Bush during a press conference in Baghdad. Bush was not injured, having ducked the pair of shoes.<a href="#cite_note-Karadsheh-334">[333]</a> However, White House press secretary <a href="/wiki/Dana_Perino" title="Dana Perino">Dana Perino</a> received a bruise on her face after being hit by a microphone boom knocked over by security.<a href="#cite_note-335">[334]</a> Al-Zaidi received a three-year prison sentence which was reduced to one year. On September 15, 2009, he was released early for good behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Karadsheh-334">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberts,_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/250px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/250px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/330px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg/500px-Roberts%2C_Bush_SCOTUS_announcement.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on,_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-With_President_George_W._Bush_Looking_on%2C_Judge_Samuel_A._Alito_Acknowledges_his_Nomination_as_Associate_Justice_of_the_U.S._Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Supreme Court Justice nominees John Roberts and Samuel Alito, 2005</div></div></div></div> On July 19, 2005, following the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> on July 1, Bush nominated federal appellate judge <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> as her replacement; however, following the death of Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> on September 3, that still-pending nomination was withdrawn on September 5, with Bush instead nominating Roberts to be the next <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>. He was confirmed by the Senate on September 29, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-roll_call_roberts-336">[335]</a> On October 3, 2005, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a> to succeed O'Connor; however, Miers withdrew her nomination on October 27 after encountering significant opposition from both parties, who found her to be ill-prepared and uninformed on the law.<a href="#cite_note-greenburg-116">[115]</a>: 278 Finally, on October 31, Bush nominated federal appellate judge <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, who was confirmed by the Senate to replace O'Connor on January 31, 2006.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_courts">Other courts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush</a></div> In addition to his two Supreme Court appointments, Bush appointed 62 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">United States courts of appeals</a> and 261 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_political_image">Cultural and political image</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image of George W. Bush</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach George W. Bush</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image">Image</h4></div> Bush's upbringing in <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, his accent, his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Presidential_vacations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Presidential vacations">vacations</a> to his Texas ranch, and his penchant for country metaphors contribute to his folksy, American cowboy image.<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCcowboy-339">[338]</a> "I think people look at him and think <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>", said <a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Piers Morgan</a>, editor of the British <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> Bush has been <a href="/wiki/Parodied" class="mw-redirect" title="Parodied">parodied</a> by the media,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> comedians, and other politicians.<a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> Detractors tended to cite linguistic errors made by Bush during his public speeches, which are colloquially referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> In contrast to his father, who was perceived as having troubles with an overarching unifying theme, Bush embraced larger visions and was seen as a man of larger ideas and associated huge risks.<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> wrote in 2010 that the caricature of Bush as being dumb is "ludicrous" and that Bush is "very smart".<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a>, The New York Times columnist <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a> said Bush "was 60 IQ points smarter in private than he was in public. He doesn't want anybody to think he's smarter than they are, so he puts on a Texas act."<a href="#cite_note-rogers2012-346">[345]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Job_approval">Job approval</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 111px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/220px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="111" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/330px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg/440px-George_W_Bush_approval_ratings.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup</a>/<a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a> Bush public opinion polling from February 2001 to January 2009:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Approve</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Disapprove</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Unsure</div></figcaption></figure> Bush began his presidency with <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_approval_rating" title="United States presidential approval rating">approval ratings</a> near 60 percent.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Bush gained an approval rating of 90 percent,<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> maintaining 80–90 percent approval for four months after the attacks. It remained over 50 percent during most of his first term<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> and then fell to as low as 19 percent in his second term.<a href="#cite_note-jobapp19-350">[349]</a> In 2000 and again in 2004, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named George W. Bush as its <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Person of the Year</a>, a title awarded to someone who the editors believe "has done the most to influence the events of the year".<a href="#cite_note-351">[350]</a> In May 2004, <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> reported that 89 percent of the Republican electorate approved of Bush.<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> However, the support waned due mostly to a minority of Republicans' frustration with him on issues of spending, illegal immigration, and Middle Eastern affairs.<a href="#cite_note-353">[352]</a> Within the United States armed forces, according to an unscientific survey, the president was strongly supported in the 2004 presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> While 73 percent of military personnel said they would vote for Bush, 18 percent preferred his Democratic rival, <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Feaver" title="Peter Feaver">Peter Feaver</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> political scientist who has studied the political leanings of the U.S. military, members of the armed services supported Bush because they found him more likely than Kerry to complete the War in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-military_support-354">[353]</a> Bush's approval rating surged to 74 percent at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, up 19 points from his pre-war rating of 55 percent.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> Bush's approval rating went below the 50 percent mark in <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos</a> polling in December 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_Times-356">[355]</a> Thereafter, his approval ratings and approval of his handling of domestic and foreign policy issues steadily dropped. After his re-election in 2004, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the political spectrum<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker-359">[358]</a> for his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Political_effects_of_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Political effects of Hurricane Katrina">response to Hurricane Katrina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-362">[361]</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prisoner_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSA_warrantless_surveillance" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA warrantless surveillance">NSA warrantless surveillance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">Plame affair</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay detention camp</a> controversies.<a href="#cite_note-Unchecked_and_Unbalanced-363">[362]</a> Amid this criticism, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> regained control of Congress in the <a href="/wiki/2006_midterm_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 midterm elections">2006 midterm elections</a>. Polls conducted in 2006 showed an average of 37 percent approval ratings for Bush,<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> the lowest for any second-term president at that point in his term since <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> in March 1951 (when Truman's approval rating was 28 percent),<a href="#cite_note-Taipei_Times-356">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> which contributed to what Bush called the "thumping" of the Republican Party in the 2006 elections.<a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> Throughout most of 2007, Bush's approval rating hovered in the mid-thirties;<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> the average for his entire second term was 37 percent, according to Gallup.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesters_3,_May_23,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/220px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/330px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg/440px-Protesters_3%2C_May_23%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Protest against the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> in New London, Connecticut on May 23, 2007</figcaption></figure> By the beginning of 2008, his final year in office, Bush's approval rating had dropped to a low of just 19 percent, largely from the loss of support among Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-jobapp19-350">[349]</a> Commenting on his low poll numbers and accusations of being "the worst president",<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> Bush would say, "I make decisions on what I think is right for the United States based upon principles. I frankly don't give a damn about the polls."<a href="#cite_note-Fox_News-371">[370]</a> There were <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">calls for Bush's impeachment</a>, though most polls showed a plurality of Americans would not support such an action.<a href="#cite_note-372">[371]</a> The arguments offered for impeachment usually centered on the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy,<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> the Bush administration's justification for the war in Iraq, and alleged violations of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>), who had run against Bush during the 2004 presidential campaign, introduced 35 articles of impeachment on the floor of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> against Bush on June 9, 2008, but <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> (D-<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>) declared that impeachment was "off the table".<a href="#cite_note-375">[374]</a> In April 2008, Bush's disapproval ratings reached the highest ever recorded for any president in the 70-year history of the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a>, with 69 percent of those polled disapproving of the job Bush was doing as president and 28 percent approving – although the majority (66 percent) of Republicans still approved of his job performance.<a href="#cite_note-USAToday_April_21,_2008-bushrating-376">[375]</a> In polls conducted in the fall, just before the 2008 election, his approval ratings remained at record lows of 19 to 20 percent,<a href="#cite_note-CBSNYTfinalpolls-377">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARGbushpolls-378">[377]</a> while his disapproval ratings ranged from 67 percent to as high as 75 percent.<a href="#cite_note-ARGbushpolls-378">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-379">[378]</a> In polling conducted January 9–11, 2009, his final job approval rating by Gallup was 34 percent, which placed him on par with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, the other presidents whose final Gallup ratings measured in the low 30s (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s final Gallup approval rating was even lower, at 24 percent).<a href="#cite_note-saadgall-380">[379]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>/New York Times poll conducted January 11–15, 2009, Bush's final approval rating in office was 22 percent, the lowest in American history.<a href="#cite_note-CBSNYTfinalpolls-377">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_perceptions">Foreign perceptions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_military_in_the_world_2007.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/250px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 96px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/250px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png" data-width="220" data-height="96" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/330px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/US_military_in_the_world_2007.png/500px-US_military_in_the_world_2007.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries with a <a href="/wiki/United_States_military_deployments" title="United States military deployments">U.S. military presence</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> Bush was criticized internationally and targeted by the global <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a> movements for his administration's foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-381">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[381]</a> Views of him within the international community – even in France, a close ally of the United States – were more negative than those of most previous American presidents.<a href="#cite_note-383">[382]</a> Bush was described as having especially close personal relationships with Tony Blair of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> of Mexico, although formal relations were sometimes strained.<a href="#cite_note-384">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[385]</a> Other leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> of Afghanistan,<a href="#cite_note-387">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> of Uganda,<a href="#cite_note-388">[387]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> of Spain,<a href="#cite_note-389">[388]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> of Venezuela,<a href="#cite_note-390">[389]</a> openly criticized the president. Later in Bush's presidency, tensions arose between him and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, which led to a cooling of their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-LeeryofPutin-391">[390]</a> In 2006, most respondents in 18 of 21 countries surveyed around the world were found to hold an unfavorable opinion of Bush. Respondents indicated that they judged his administration as negative for world security.<a href="#cite_note-392">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[392]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Global_Attitudes_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Global Attitudes Project">Pew Global Attitudes Project</a> reported that during the Bush presidency, attitudes towards the United States, and towards Americans, became less favorable around the world.<a href="#cite_note-394">[393]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s 2007 Global Attitudes poll found that in only nine countries of 47 did most respondents express "a lot of confidence" or "some confidence" in Bush: Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Israel, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, and Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-pew_research-395">[394]</a> A March 2007 survey of public opinion in six Arab nations conducted by Zogby International and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a> found that Bush was the most disliked world leader.<a href="#cite_note-396">[395]</a> During a June 2007 visit to the predominantly Muslim<a href="#cite_note-397">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, Bush was greeted enthusiastically. Albania has a population of 2.8 million,<a href="#cite_note-398">[397]</a> has troops in both Iraq and Afghanistan, and the country's government is highly supportive of American foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-albania-399">[398]</a> A huge image of the President was hung in the middle of the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> flanked by Albanian and American flags while a local street was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-400">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-401">[400]</a> A shirt-sleeved statue of Bush was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB-Kruj%C3%AB" title="Fushë-Krujë">Fushë-Krujë</a>, a few kilometers northwest of Tirana.<a href="#cite_note-402">[401]</a> The Bush administration's support for the unilateral <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> of Albanian-majority <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, while endearing him to the Albanians, troubled U.S. relations with Serbia, leading to the February 2008 torching of the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[402]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(2009–present)">Post-presidency (2009–present)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence">Residence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/220px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/220px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/330px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg/440px-Obamas_escort_Bushes_to_helicopter.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former President George W. Bush and his wife being escorted to a waiting helicopter by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> on January 20, 2009</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a>, Bush and his family flew from <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a> to a homecoming celebration in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>, and then returned to their ranch in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leaving-404">[403]</a> They bought a home in the <a href="/wiki/Preston_Hollow" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston Hollow">Preston Hollow</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> where they live.<a href="#cite_note-405">[404]</a> Bush made regular appearances at various events throughout the Dallas–Fort Worth area, including the opening coin toss at the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>' first game in the new <a href="/wiki/Cowboys_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboys Stadium">Cowboys Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[405]</a> and an April 2009 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> game, where he thanked the people of Dallas for helping him settle in, which was met with a standing ovation.<a href="#cite_note-407">[406]</a> He also attended every home playoff game during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Texas_Rangers_season" title="2010 Texas Rangers season">Rangers' 2010 season</a> and, accompanied by his father, threw out the ceremonial first pitch at the <a href="/wiki/Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangers Ballpark in Arlington">Rangers Ballpark in Arlington</a> for Game 4 of the <a href="/wiki/2010_World_Series" title="2010 World Series">2010 World Series</a> on October 31.<a href="#cite_note-408">[407]</a> He also threw the first pitch in Game 1 of the <a href="/wiki/2023_World_Series" title="2023 World Series">2023 World Series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[408]</a> On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_blockage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery blockage">coronary artery blockage</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Coronary_stent" title="Coronary stent">stent</a>. The blockage had been found during an <a href="/wiki/Annual_medical_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual medical examination">annual medical examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> In reaction to the <a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Dallas police officers">2016 shooting of Dallas police officers</a>, Bush said: "Laura and I are heartbroken by the heinous acts of violence in our city last night. Murdering the innocent is always evil, never more so than when the lives taken belong to those who protect our families and communities."<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications_and_appearances">Publications and appearances</h3></div> Since leaving office, Bush has kept a relatively low profile.<a href="#cite_note-412">[411]</a> Bush has spoken in favor of increased global participation of women in politics and societal matters in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> In March 2009, he delivered his first post-presidency speech in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta,<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[415]</a> appeared via video on <a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> during which he praised U.S. troops for earning a "special place in American history",<a href="#cite_note-417">[416]</a> and attended the funeral of Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pols-418">[417]</a> Bush made his debut as a motivational speaker on October 26 at the "Get Motivated" seminar in Dallas.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Fort_Hood_shooting" title="2009 Fort Hood shooting">Fort Hood shooting</a> on November 5, 2009, the Bushes paid an undisclosed visit to the survivors and the victims' families the day following the shooting, having contacted the base commander requesting that the visit be private and not involve press coverage.<a href="#cite_note-420">[419]</a> Bush released his memoirs, <a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a>, on November 9, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-421">[420]</a> During a pre-release appearance promoting the book, Bush said he considered his biggest accomplishment to be keeping "the country safe amid a real danger", and his greatest failure to be his inability to secure the passage of <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Security reform">Social Security reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-422">[421]</a> He also made news defending his administration's enhanced interrogation techniques, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Waterboarding" title="Waterboarding">waterboarding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Sheikh_Mohammed" title="Khalid Sheikh Mohammed">Khalid Sheikh Mohammed</a>, saying, "I'd do it again to save lives."<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a> In 2012, he wrote the foreword of <a href="/wiki/The_4%25_Solution:_Unleashing_the_Economic_Growth_America_Needs" class="mw-redirect" title="The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs">The 4% Solution: Unleashing the Economic Growth America Needs</a>, an economics book published by the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lubbockfourpercent-424">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-soniasmithfourpercent-425">[424]</a> He also presented the book at the <a href="/wiki/Parkland_Memorial_Hospital" title="Parkland Memorial Hospital">Parkland Memorial Hospital</a> in Dallas, Texas.<a href="#cite_note-booktvfourpercent-426">[425]</a> Bush did not physically appear in that year's <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> obtained the party's nomination for president), instead appearing in a videotape, in which he –alongside his father and immediate family– explains his motives to support Romney.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> Bush appeared on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno" title="The Tonight Show with Jay Leno">The Tonight Show with Jay Leno</a> on November 19, 2013, along with his wife Laura. When asked by Leno why he does not comment publicly about the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a>, Bush said: "I don't think it's good for the country to have a former president criticize his successor."<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> Despite this statement, Bush vocally disagreed with Obama's withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq in 2011, calling it a "strategic blunder".<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a> In December, Bush travelled with President Obama to the memorial service of South African president and civil rights leader <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a> There, they joined former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/250px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/250px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/330px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg/500px-Charlie_Strong_with_George_W._Bush_and_Jesse_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Strong" title="Charlie Strong">Charlie Strong</a> (left), Texas Longhorns head football coach, George W. Bush and Reverend <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> hold up a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football" title="Texas Longhorns football">Texas Longhorns football</a> jersey at the <a href="/wiki/LBJ_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="LBJ Presidential Library">LBJ Presidential Library</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> Alongside the 2014 <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Africa_Leaders_Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–Africa Leaders Summit">United States–Africa Leaders Summit</a>, Bush, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, the State Department, and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Institute">George W. Bush Institute</a> hosted a daylong forum on education and health with the spouses of the African leaders attending the summit. Bush urged African leaders to avoid discriminatory laws that make the treatment of <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> On November 2, Bush spoke at an event to 200 business and civic leaders at the George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum to raise awareness for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Bible" title="Museum of the Bible">Museum of the Bible</a> in Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-bushmuseumofthebible-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> On November 11, Bush published a biography of <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">his father</a> titled <a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> In an interview published by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a> magazine on June 12, 2015, Bush said "boots on the ground" would be needed to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIS). He added that people had said during his presidency that he should withdraw American troops from Iraq, but he chose the opposite, sending 30,000 more troops to defeat <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda in Iraq">Al Qaeda in Iraq</a>, and that they indeed were defeated. Bush was also asked about Iran but declined to answer, stating that any answer he gives would be interpreted as undermining Obama.<a href="#cite_note-IsraelHayom-435">[434]</a> During the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">2016 Republican presidential primaries</a>, Bush spoke and campaigned for his brother <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> at a South Carolina rally.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] However, the party's nomination eventually went to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, whom Bush <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republicans_who_opposed_the_Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="List of Republicans who opposed the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">refused to endorse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[436]</a> Furthermore, he did not attend <a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">the party's convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> On the eve of Trump's nomination, it was reported that Bush had privately expressed concern about the current direction of the Republican Party, telling a group of his former aides and advisors that "I'm worried that I will be the last Republican president."<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a> According to a spokesperson for the Bush family, he did not vote for Trump in <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">the general election</a>, instead choosing to leave his presidential ballot blank.<a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> After the 2016 elections, Bush, his father, and his brother Jeb called Trump on the phone to congratulate him on his victory.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> On January 20, 2017, Bush and his wife attended <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's first inauguration</a>. Images of Bush struggling to put on a rain <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">poncho</a> during the ceremony became an <a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">internet meme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[443]</a> While leaving the event, Bush allegedly described the ceremony, and Trump's inaugural address in particular, as "some weird shit".<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> In February 2017, Bush released a book of his own portraits of veterans called <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpresidentwbush-446">[445]</a> In August, following the white nationalist <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">Unite the Right rally</a>, Bush and his father released a joint statement condemning the violence and ideologies present there.<a href="#cite_note-447">[446]</a> Subsequently, Bush gave a speech in New York where he noted of the current political climate, "Bigotry seems emboldened. Our politics seems more vulnerable to conspiracy theories and outright fabrication." He continued, "Bigotry in any form is blasphemy against the American creed and it means the very identity of our nation depends on the passing of civic ideals to the next generation", while urging citizens to oppose threats to American democracy and be positive role models for young people.<a href="#cite_note-Trumprebuke-448">[447]</a> The speech was widely interpreted as a denouncement of Donald Trump and <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">his ideologies</a>, despite Bush not mentioning Trump by name.<a href="#cite_note-Trumprebuke-448">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[450]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_(45291482165).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/220px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/220px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/330px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg/440px-The_Funeral_of_President_George_H.W._Bush_%2845291482165%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bush eulogizing his father at the National Cathedral, December 5, 2018</figcaption></figure> On September 1, 2018, Bush and Laura Bush attended the funeral of <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> in Washington, D.C., where Bush spoke.<a href="#cite_note-452">[451]</a> On November 30, his father <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">died at his home</a>. Shortly before his death, Bush was able to talk with his father on the phone; his father responded with what would be his last words, "I love you too".<a href="#cite_note-453">[452]</a> Bush attended his father's funeral on December 5, delivering a eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-454">[453]</a> In May 2019, the tenth anniversary of former South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>'s death, Bush visited South Korea to pay respects to Roh, delivering a short eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-:5-455">[454]</a> On June 1, 2020, Bush released a statement addressing the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a> and the subsequent nationwide <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">reaction and protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-456">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[456]</a> In the statement, Bush wrote that he and former first lady <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> "are anguished by the brutal suffocation of George Floyd and disturbed by the injustice and fear that suffocate our country".<a href="#cite_note-458">[457]</a> He also elaborated on the racial injustices perpetrated by the police saying, that "it is time for America to examine our tragic failures", adding "Many doubt the justice of our country, and with good reason. Black people see the repeated violation of their rights without an urgent and adequate response from American institutions".<a href="#cite_note-459">[458]</a> On July 30, Bush and his wife, along with former presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama, attended and spoke at the funeral for civil rights leader and congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a> at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-460">[459]</a> Bush did not give any endorsements during <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">the 2020 presidential election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-461">[460]</a> but held a virtual fundraiser for U.S. Senators <a href="/wiki/Susan_Collins" title="Susan Collins">Susan Collins</a> (R-ME), <a href="/wiki/Cory_Gardner" title="Cory Gardner">Cory Gardner</a> (R-CO), <a href="/wiki/Martha_McSally" title="Martha McSally">Martha McSally</a> (R-AZ), and <a href="/wiki/Thom_Tillis" title="Thom Tillis">Thom Tillis</a> (R-NC). All four were <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2020 United States Senate elections">up for reelection</a> and were struggling in the polls.<a href="#cite_note-462">[461]</a> He also did not attend the <a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 Republican National Convention</a> where President Trump was re-nominated.<a href="#cite_note-463">[462]</a> In April 2021, Bush told <a href="/wiki/People_(magazine)" title="People (magazine)">People</a> magazine that he did not vote for either Trump or <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the election. Instead, he wrote in <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, who served as his national security advisor from 2001 to 2005 and as his secretary of state from 2005 to 2009.<a href="#cite_note-464">[463]</a> When the election was called for Biden, Bush congratulated him and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a>. He also congratulated Trump and his supporters "on a hard-fought campaign". Bush's outreach to Biden was notable since Republican candidate Donald Trump had not yet conceded. Bush then issued a statement saying that while Trump was within his rights to call for recounts, he believed the election was "fundamentally fair" and that "its outcome is clear", and said he would offer Biden "my prayers for his success, and my pledge to help in any way I can", as he had for Trump and Obama.<a href="#cite_note-Bradner-465">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baker2020-466">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-467">[466]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:210120-D-WD757-1212_(50861341812).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg/220px-210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8135" data-file-height="5423"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg/220px-210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg/330px-210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg/440px-210120-D-WD757-1212_%2850861341812%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>George W. Bush and Laura at the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021</figcaption></figure> On January 6, 2021, following the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">U.S. Capitol attack</a>, Bush denounced the violence and attack alongside the three other living former presidents, Obama, Clinton, and Carter,<a href="#cite_note-468">[467]</a> releasing a statement saying that "this is how election results are disputed in a <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a>, not our <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a>",<a href="#cite_note-469">[468]</a> and that "it is a sickening and heartbreaking sight".<a href="#cite_note-470">[469]</a> He also echoed President-elect Biden's message stating that what occurred at the capitol was an "insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-471">[470]</a> On January 20, Bush and his wife attended <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Joe_Biden" title="Inauguration of Joe Biden">Biden's inauguration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[471]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg/220px-Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6032" data-file-height="4021"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg/220px-Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg/330px-Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg/440px-Former_president_George_W._Bush_and_former_first_lady_Laura_Bush_make_their_way_to_the_Capitol_Rotunda_to_attend_the_60th_Presidential_Inauguration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>George W. Bush and Laura at the second inauguration of Donald Trump on January 20, 2025</figcaption></figure> Bush opposed President Biden's <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Afghanistan_(2020%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)">withdrawal of American troops from Afghanistan</a>, saying that the withdrawal made him "concerned" and that it had the potential to "create a vacuum, and into that vacuum is likely to come people who treat women as second class citizens".<a href="#cite_note-473">[472]</a> During an interview with <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> on July 14, 2021, Bush reaffirmed his opposition to the troop withdrawal, calling the plan "a mistake".<a href="#cite_note-474">[473]</a> On September 11, 2021, the 20th anniversary of the September 11 attacks, Bush gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/Flight_93_National_Memorial" title="Flight 93 National Memorial">Flight 93 National Memorial</a>, praising the heroism of the people on <a href="/wiki/Flight_93" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight 93">Flight 93</a> and the spirit of America. He also said that he "saw millions of people instinctively grab for a neighbor's hand and rally to the cause of one another. That is the America I know."<a href="#cite_note-475">[474]</a> Bush condemned the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump_in_Pennsylvania" title="Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania">assassination attempt</a> on former President Trump on July 13, 2024, calling it "cowardly" and applauded the Secret Service's response.<a href="#cite_note-476">[475]</a> However, Bush did not participate in that year's <a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a>, which took place two days after the attempt, and where Trump was renominated for a third time.<a href="#cite_note-477">[476]</a> He also chose not to endorse any candidate in the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[477]</a> Following Trump and <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>'s victory, Bush offered his congratulations. He stated that the large turnout for the election was a "sign of the health of our republic and the strength of our democratic institutions". He also congratulated Biden and Harris on their years of public office.<a href="#cite_note-479">[478]</a> On January 20, 2025, Bush and his wife attended <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's second inauguration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[479]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collaborations">Collaborations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/220px--Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="866" data-mwtitle="Presidents_Obama,_Bush,_&_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Presidents_Obama,_Bush,_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm/Presidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3APresidents_Obama%2C_Bush%2C_%26_Clinton-_Help_for_Haiti.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>President Obama with former presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> and Bush present the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a> after the 2010 earthquake.</figcaption></figure> In January 2010, at President Obama's request, Bush and Bill Clinton established the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a> to raise contributions for relief and recovery efforts following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a> earlier that month.<a href="#cite_note-481">[480]</a> On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden had been killed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-482">[481]</a> The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read <a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">a letter</a> that President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> wrote to a widow who had lost five sons during the Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-483">[482]</a> On September 7, 2017, Bush partnered with former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama to work with <a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a> to help the victims of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Hurricane Irma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-484">[483]</a> Over the years, President Bush has had a good-natured friendship with Michelle Obama. "President Bush and I, we are forever seatmates because of protocol, and that's how we sit at all the official functions," Obama told the <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today Show</a>. "He's my partner in crime at every major thing where all the 'formers' gather. So we're together all the time."<a href="#cite_note-485">[484]</a> Bush famously passed mints to Obama during the McCain funeral in September 2018 and gave them to her again during the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral of his father</a> in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-486">[485]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> After serving as president, Bush began painting as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a> after reading <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s essay "Painting as a Pastime". Subjects have included people, dogs, and <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">still life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-487">[486]</a> He has also painted self-portraits and portraits of world leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[487]</a><a href="#cite_note-489">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-490">[489]</a> In February 2017, Bush released a book of portraits of veterans, <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nbcpresidentwbush-446">[445]</a> The net proceeds from his book are donated to the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>. In May 2019, on the tenth anniversary of former South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a>'s death, George Bush drew a portrait of Roh to give to his family.<a href="#cite_note-:5-455">[454]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/220px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/220px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/330px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG/440px-George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center_081_-_jpfagerback_-_2013-04-28.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">George W. Bush Presidential Center</a>, on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a></figcaption></figure> Bush's legacy continues to develop, as time passing allows the development of a more nuanced historical perspective. Supporters credit his counterterrorism policies with preventing another major terrorist attack from occurring in the U.S. after the September 11 attacks and also praise individual policies such as the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> prescription drug benefit and the AIDS relief program known as <a href="/wiki/PEPFAR" class="mw-redirect" title="PEPFAR">PEPFAR</a>. Critics often point to his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, specifically the failure to find <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> after claiming they were in Iraq, as well as Bush's handling of <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">tax policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a>, as proof that he was unfit to be president.<a href="#cite_note-491">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-492">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-493">[492]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ferencz" title="Ben Ferencz">Ben Ferencz</a>, former chief prosecutor for the United States Army at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>, has stated that Bush likely committed <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> in relation to the Iraq War.<a href="#cite_note-494">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[495]</a> Several historians and commentators hold that Bush was one of the most consequential presidents in American history. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> scholar Julian Zelizer described Bush's presidency as a "transformative" one, and said that "some people hate him, some people love him, but I do think he'll have a much more substantive perception as time goes on".<a href="#cite_note-497">[496]</a> Bryon Williams of <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a> referred to Bush as "the most noteworthy president since <a href="/wiki/FDR" class="mw-redirect" title="FDR">FDR</a>" and said the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> "increased authority of the executive branch at the expense of judicial opinions about when searches and seizures are reasonable" as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-498">[497]</a> Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-499">[498]</a> and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-500">[499]</a> Bush has been <a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">widely portrayed in film and television</a>, both during and since his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-501">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-502">[501]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[502]</a> He has had <a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames of presidents of the United States">various nicknames</a>, including "Dubya", "GWB" and "Shrub".<a href="#cite_note-504">[503]</a><a href="#cite_note-505">[504]</a><a href="#cite_note-506">[505]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3></div> The George W. Bush presidency has been ranked as below-average in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">surveys of presidential scholars</a> published in the late 2000s and 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-US_News-507">[506]</a><a href="#cite_note-Austin-508">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mann-509">[508]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Siena_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Siena Research Institute">Siena Research Institute</a> survey of the opinions of historians, political scientists, and presidential scholars ranked him 39th out of 43 presidents. The survey respondents gave President Bush low ratings on his handling of the U.S. economy, communication, ability to compromise, foreign policy accomplishments, and intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Siena_2010-510">[509]</a> Bush said in 2013, "Ultimately history will judge the decisions I made, and I won't be around because it will take time for the objective historians to show up. So I am pretty comfortable with it. I did what I did."<a href="#cite_note-511">[510]</a> C-SPAN's 2021 survey of historians ranked Bush as the 29th-best president; Bush had initially been ranked the 36th in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-CSPAN_Survey-512">[511]</a> Among the public, his reputation has improved since his presidency ended in 2009. In February 2012, Gallup reported that "Americans still rate George W. Bush among the worst presidents, though their views have become more positive in the three years since he left office."<a href="#cite_note-gallup0212-513">[512]</a> Gallup had earlier noted that Bush's favorability ratings in public opinion surveys had begun to rise a year after he had left office, from 40 percent in January 2009 and 35 percent in March 2009, to 45 percent in July 2010, a period during which he had remained largely out of the news.<a href="#cite_note-514">[513]</a> A poll conducted in June 2013 marked the first time recorded by Gallup where his ratings have been more positive than negative, with 49 percent viewing him favorably compared to 46 percent unfavorably.<a href="#cite_note-515">[514]</a> Other pollsters have noted similar trends of slight improvement in Bush's personal favorability since the end of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport.com-516">[515]</a> In April 2013, Bush's approval rating stood at 47 percent approval and 50 percent disapproval in a poll jointly conducted for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, his highest approval rating since December 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:6-517">[516]</a> Bush had achieved notable gains among seniors, non-college whites, and moderate and conservative Democrats since leaving office, although majorities disapproved of his handling of the economy (53 percent) and the Iraq War (57 percent).<a href="#cite_note-George_W._Bush's_approval_rating_just_hit_a_7-year_high._Here's_how.-518">[517]</a> His 47 percent approval rating was equal to that of President Obama's in the same polling period.<a href="#cite_note-:6-517">[516]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> poll conducted that same month found that 55 percent of Americans said Bush's presidency had been a failure, with opinions divided along party lines, and 43 percent of independents calling it a success.<a href="#cite_note-519">[518]</a> Bush's public image saw greater improvement in 2017, with a <a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a> survey showing 51 percent of favorability from Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-520">[519]</a> A 2018 CNN poll subsequently found that 61 percent of respondents held of a favorable view of Bush, an increase of nine points from 2015.<a href="#cite_note-521">[520]</a> The improvement has been interpreted as Democrats viewing him more favorably in response to <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Donald Trump's first presidency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-522">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[522]</a><a href="#cite_note-524">[523]</a> an assessment that has also been expressed by Bush himself.<a href="#cite_note-525">[524]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honors_and_awards_received_by_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honors and awards received by George W. Bush">List of honors and awards received by George W. Bush</a></div> A street in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana, Albania</a>, located directly outside the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Parliament">Albanian Parliament</a> and formerly known as Rruga Punëtorët e Rilindjes, was renamed after Bush a few days before he made the first-ever visit by an American president to Albania in June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:4-401">[400]</a> In 2012, Estonian President <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> awarded Bush the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a> for his work in expanding NATO.<a href="#cite_note-526">[525]</a> Two elementary schools are named after him: one in <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Unified_School_District" title="Stockton Unified School District">Stockton Unified School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, California</a>,<a href="#cite_note-527">[526]</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Wylie_Independent_School_District_(Collin_County,_Texas)" title="Wylie Independent School District (Collin County, Texas)">Wylie Independent School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Collin_County,_Texas" title="St. Paul, Collin County, Texas">St. Paul, Texas</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth">Dallas-Fort Worth</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-528">[527]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> He also became commonly known as "Bush Junior", "Bush 43", and "Bush the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, who served as the 41st U.S. president from 1989 to 1993. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAhles2000" class="citation news cs1">Ahles, Dick (December 24, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/24/nyregion/bush-s-birthplace-it-s-deep-in-the-heart-of-new-haven.html">"Bush's Birthplace? 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Retrieved April 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry+of+George+W.+Bush&rft.pub=Wargs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargs.com%2Fpolitical%2Fbush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Bush, then the governor of Texas, was the commencement speaker at St. John's Academy in 1995: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tslac/40090/tsl-40090.html">"An Inventory of Press Office Speech Files at the Texas State Archives, 1986, 1989–2000, undated (bulk 1995–2000)"</a>. 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May 13, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517115554/http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0508/10316_Page3.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. <q>Q. Mr. President, for the record, is global warming real? A. 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William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117212-0"><bdi>978-0-06-117212-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/77537768">77537768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+or+High+Water&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F77537768&rft.isbn=978-0-06-117212-0&rft.aulast=Romm&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellhighwaterglo00romm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988">; Romm calls Bush's "don't rush to judgment" and "we need to ask more questions" stance a classic delay tactic. 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Bush</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush#Further_reading" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency of George W. Bush § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Berggren, D. Jason, and Nicol C. Rae. "Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36#4 2006. pp 606+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726110140/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018322436">Archived</a> July 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Brands, Hal, and Peter Feaver. "The case for Bush revisionism: Reevaluating the legacy of America's 43rd president". Journal of Strategic Studies 41.1–2 (2018): 234–274. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halbrands.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12___20___2017_The-case-f.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205194639/https://halbrands.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/12___20___2017_The-case-f.pdf">Archived</a> February 5, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Campbell, Colin, Bert A. Rockman, and Andrew Rudalevige, eds.. The George W. Bush Legacy Congressional Quarterly Press, 2007, 352pp; 14 essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0872893464">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Corrado, Anthony, E. J. Dionne Jr., Kathleen A. Frankovic. The Election of 2000: Reports and Interpretations (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120726084917/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99208680">Archived</a> July 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Daynes, Byron W. and Glen Sussman. "Comparing the Environmental Policies of presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush". White House Studies 2007 7(2): 163–179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Desch, Michael C. "Bush and the Generals". Foreign Affairs 2007 86(3): 97–108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0015-7120">0015-7120</a> Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">Ebsco</a></li> <li>Edwards III, George C. and Desmond King, eds. The Polarized Presidency of George W. Bush (2007), 478pp; essays by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0199217971">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Fortier, John C. and Norman J. Ornstein, eds. Second-term Blues: How George W. Bush Has Governed (2007), 146pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0815728840">excerpt and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li>Graham John D. Bush on the Home Front: Domestic Policy Triumphs and Setbacks (Indiana University Press, 2010) 425 pages; covers taxation, education, health care, energy, the environment, and regulatory reform.</li> <li>Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of George W. Bush. University Press of Kansas, 2021. 421 pp.</li> <li>Greenstein, Fred I. ed. The George W. Bush Presidency: An Early Assessment Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Greenstein" title="Fred Greenstein">Greenstein, Fred I.</a> "The Contemporary Presidency: The Changing Leadership of George W. Bush A Pre- and Post-9/11 Comparison" in Presidential Studies Quarterly v 32#2 2002 pp 387+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729221313/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000773171">Archived</a> July 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gregg II, Gary L. and Mark J. Rozell, eds. Considering the Bush Presidency Oxford University Press, 2004. 210 pp. British perspectives</li> <li>Hendrickson, Ryan C., and Kristina Spohr Readman, "From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Bush's NATO Enlargement". White House Studies. (2004) 4#3 pp: 319+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426162034/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5008838303">online edition</a></li> <li>Hilliard, Bryan, Tom Lansford, and Robert P Watson, eds. George W. Bush: Evaluating the President at Midterm SUNY Press 2004</li> <li>Jacobson, Gary C. "The Bush Presidency and the American Electorate" Presidential Studies Quarterly v 33 No.4 2003 pp 701+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410015920/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002052614">Archived</a> April 10, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. and Jesse H. Rhodes. "George W. Bush, the Party System, and American Federalism". Publius 2007 37(3): 478–503. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Moens, Alexander The Foreign Policy of George W. Bush: Values, Strategy, and Loyalty. Ashgate, 2004. 227 pp.</li> <li>Rabe, Barry. "Environmental Policy and the Bush Era: the Collision Between the Administrative Presidency and State Experimentation". Publius 2007 37(3): 413–431. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0048-5950">0048-5950</a></li> <li>Sabato, Larry J. ed. The Sixth Year Itch: The Rise and Fall of the George W. Bush Presidency (2007), experts on the 2006 elections in major states</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2016). Bush. Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Strozeski, Josh, et al. "From Benign Neglect to Strategic Interest: the Role of Africa in the Foreign Policies of Bush 41 and 43". White House Studies 2007 7(1): 35–51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li> <li>Wekkin, Gary D. "George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush: Puzzling Presidencies, or the Puzzle of the Presidency?" White House Studies 2007 7(2): 113–124. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-4768">1535-4768</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reflections_on_the_Bush_presidency">Reflections on the Bush presidency</h3></div> <ul><li>Barnes, Fred. Rebel-in-Chief: How George W. Bush Is Redefining the Conservative Movement and Transforming America (2006)</li> <li>Bartlett, Bruce. Impostor: How George W. Bush Bankrupted America and Betrayed the Reagan Legacy (2006)</li> <li>Cheney, Dick. In My Time: A Personal and Political Memoir (2011)</li> <li>Draper, Robert. Inside the Bush White House: The Presidency of George W. Bush (2007)</li> <li>Ferguson, Michaele L. and Lori Jo Marso. W Stands for Women: How the George W. Bush Presidency Shaped a New Politics of Gender (2007)</li> <li>Gerson, Michael J. Heroic Conservatism: Why Republicans Need to Embrace America's Ideals (And Why They Deserve to Fail If They Don't) (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/006134950X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Greenspan, Alan. The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (2007)</li> <li>Hayes, Stephen F. Cheney: The Untold Story of America's Most Powerful and Controversial Vice President (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0060723467">excerpts and online search</a></li> <li>Hughes, Karen. George W. Bush: Portrait of a Leader (2005)</li> <li>Mabry, Marcus. Twice as Good: Condoleezza Rice and Her Path to Power (2007)</li> <li>Moore, James. and Wayne Slater. Bush's Brain: How Karl Rove Made George W. Bush Presidential (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729112323/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107370497">Archived</a> July 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rice, Condoleezza. No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (2011)</li> <li>Rumsfeld, Donald. Known and Unknown: A Memoir (2011)</li> <li>Suskind, Ron. The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O'Neill (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0743255461">excerpts and online search from Amazon.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Bob</a>. Plan of Attack (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/074325547X">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1999" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George W. (1999). <a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17441-5"><bdi>978-0-688-17441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Charge+to+Keep&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-688-17441-5&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/title/45">Council of Economic Advisors, Economic Report of the President (annual 1947–)</a>, complete series online; important analysis of current trends and policies, plus statistical tables</li> <li>Bush, George W. George W. Bush on God and Country: The President Speaks Out About Faith, Principle, and Patriotism (2004)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2010" class="citation book cs1">Bush, George W. (2010). <a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59061-9"><bdi>978-0-307-59061-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+Points&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59061-9&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+W.+Bush" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> George W. Bush at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="c:George W. Bush">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="n:Category:George W. Bush">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" class="extiw" title="q:George W. Bush">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Walker_Bush" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Walker Bush">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgewbushlibrary.smu.edu/">George W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/george-w-bush/">White House biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#gwbush">Full audio of a number of Bush speeches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?3813">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/george_w_bush/index.html">George W. Bush</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/">Archived White House website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fraser.stlouisfed.org/author/4795#518873">Collection of George W. Bush's works on the Troubled Asset Relief Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0124133/">George W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1674">Works by George W. Bush</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/20px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 8px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg/20px-Blue_iPod_Nano.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="8" data-height="19" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:2000s" title="Portal:2000s">2000s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/20px-Baseball.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/20px-Baseball.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Baseball.svg/40px-Baseball.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Baseball" title="Portal:Baseball">Baseball</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/21px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/42px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&oldid=1281440058">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&oldid=1281440058</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Bush&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 March 2025, at 11:34 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज बुश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जॉर्ज बुश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_W._Bush" title="Georgius W. Bush – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgius W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86" title="جورج بوش الابن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج بوش الابن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W_Bush" title="George W Bush – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="George W Bush" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज बुश – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्ज बुश" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Volker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Volker Buş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Volker Buş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج دبلیو بوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج دبلیو بوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89._%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="জর্জ ডব্লিউ. বুশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ডব্লিউ. বুশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%8E%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Ўокер Буш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Ўокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокър Буш – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Уокър Буш" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج والكر بوش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جورج والكر بوش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%B0_%DE%88%DE%AF%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%83_%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%9D%DE%B0" title="ޖޯޖް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯޖް ވޯކަރ ބުޝް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्ज डब्ल्यू बुश" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_(%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Τζορτζ Μπους (νεότερος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Μπους (νεότερος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88._%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جرج دابلیو. بوش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج دابلیو. بوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="小布什 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="小布什" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B6_%F0%90%8D%85._%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BE" title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌳𐌶 𐍅. 𐌱𐌿𐍃𐌾" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush,_junior" title="George Bush, junior – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="George Bush, junior" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_W._%EB%B6%80%EC%8B%9C" title="조지 W. 부시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 W. 부시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%88%D6%82._%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7" title="Ջորջ Ու. Բուշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Ու. Բուշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज वॉकर बुश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज वॉकर बुश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B6" title="জর্জ ৱাকার বুশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জর্জ ৱাকার বুশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush" title="George Bush – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="George Bush" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш, Джордж Уокер – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буш, Джордж Уокер" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="ג'ורג' ווקר בוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' ווקר בוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81._%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಡಬ್ಲ್ಯು. ಬುಷ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ უოკერ ბუში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ უოკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жорж Уокер Буш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_W._Bush" title="Georgius W. Bush – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_V._Bu%C5%A1s" title="Džordžs V. Bušs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs V. Bušs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/djordj._ualker._buc" title="djordj. ualker. buc – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="djordj. ualker. buc" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जर्ज डब्लु बुश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज डब्लु बुश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ В. Буш – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bush" title="George Bush – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Bush" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഡബ്ല്യു. ബുഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82._%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू. बुश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज डब्ल्यू. बुश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ უოლკერ ბუში – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ უოლკერ ბუში" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج ووكر بوش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ووكر بوش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جرج واکر بوش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرج واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Жорж Буш – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Буш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝေါလ်ကာ ဘုရှ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="जर्ज डब्लू बुस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्ज डब्लू बुस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जोर्ज डबल्यु बुश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोर्ज डबल्यु बुश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BBW%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="ジョージ・W・ブッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・W・ブッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਕਰ ਬੁਸ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਕਰ ਬੁਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ڈبلیو بش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جورج واکر بوش – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج واکر بوش" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%85_%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%83%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F" title="ចច វ៉ឃ័រប៉ូស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចច វ៉ឃ័រប៉ូស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Voker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Corc Voker Buş – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Corc Voker Buş" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Буш, Джордж Уокер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буш, Джордж Уокер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Дьордь Уокер Буш – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьордь Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6" title="जार्ज डबल्यु बुश – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्ज डबल्यु बुश" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් ඩබ්. බුෂ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් ඩබ්. බුෂ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%94%D1%80%D1%8A_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Джорджь Вокєръ Боушь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Джорджь Вокєръ Боушь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4" title="جۆرج دەبلیوو بوش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج دەبلیوو بوش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92._%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Џорџ В. Буш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ В. Буш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் வாக்கர் புஷ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் வாக்கர் புஷ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Уокер Буш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джордж Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జ్ వాకర్ బుష్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జ్ వాకర్ బుష్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9._%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A" title="จอร์จ ดับเบิลยู. บุช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ ดับเบิลยู. บุช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Ҷорҷ Уокер Буш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷорҷ Уокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF_%E1%8F%8A%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏥ ᎡᏙᎯ ᏊᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj_Woker_Bu%C5%9F" title="Jorj Woker Buş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jorj Woker Buş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88" title="Джордж Вокер Буш – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Вокер Буш" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DA%88%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B4" title="جارج ڈبلیو بش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج ڈبلیو بش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%DB%8B%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%DB%90%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B4" title="جورج ۋولكېر بۇش – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جورج ۋولكېر بۇش" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushi_George_W." title="Bushi George W. – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Bushi George W." data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="小布什 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小布什" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%95._%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9" title="דזשארדזש וו. בוש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשארדזש וו. בוש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Walker_Bush" title="George Walker Bush – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="George Walker Bush" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E7%8D%B2%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E6%AE%8A" title="佐治獲加布殊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治獲加布殊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="George W. Bush" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="乔治·沃克·布什 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·沃克·布什" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-6d2br","wgBackendResponseTime":1150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.889","walltime":"5.391","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48223,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1409946,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":38051,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":64,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2050215,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4370.583 1 -total"," 30.69% 1341.121 299 Template:Cite_news"," 14.68% 641.660 171 Template:Cite_web"," 10.63% 464.652 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 2.82% 123.186 1 Template:Conservatism"," 2.60% 113.462 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 2.30% 100.536 1 Template:Birth_date_and_age"," 2.20% 95.935 25 Template:Party_color"," 2.15% 94.091 1 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