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dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation)">Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"President Lincoln" redirects here. For the troopship, see <a href="/wiki/USS_President_Lincoln" title="USS President Lincoln">USS President Lincoln</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Abraham Lincoln (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɪŋkən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LINK-ən</a>; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1861 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">his assassination</a> in 1865. He led the United States through the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, playing a major role in the <a href="/wiki/End_of_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="End of slavery in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>, expanding the power of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>, and modernizing the <a href="/wiki/U.S._economy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. economy">U.S. economy</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Abraham Lincoln</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_1863_Portrait_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2835"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lincoln in 1863</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Andrew Johnson (Mar–Apr. 1865)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">7th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(representative)" title="John Henry (representative)">John Henry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Harris" title="Thomas L. Harris">Thomas L. Harris</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamon County">Sangamon County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achilles_Morris" title="Achilles Morris">Achilles Morris</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 <a href="/wiki/Hodgenville,_Kentucky" title="Hodgenville, Kentucky">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination by gunshot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (before 1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (after 1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a> (1864–1865)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">6 ft 4 in (193 cm)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1842)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">Willie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Tad</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks (d. 1818)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Johnston" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Bush Johnston">Sarah Bush Johnston</a> (stepmother from 1819)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Lincoln family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abraham Lincoln's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/128px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/192px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg/256px-Abraham_Lincoln_1862_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="95"></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">April–July 1832</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a><a href="#cite_note-Ranks-2">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Private (United States)">Private</a><a href="#cite_note-Ranks-2">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">4th Mounted Volunteer Regiment</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Iles" title="Elijah Iles">Iles Mounted Volunteers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a> (non-combatant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a> (non-combatant)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Lincoln was born into <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and was raised on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">frontier</a>. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> state <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">legislator</a>, and <a href="/wiki/U.S._representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. representative">U.S. representative</a>. Angered by the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which opened the territories to slavery, he became a leader of the new <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. He reached a national audience in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">1858 Senate campaign debates</a> against <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>. Lincoln ran for <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">president in 1860</a>, sweeping the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> to gain victory. Pro-slavery elements in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> viewed his election as a threat to slavery, and Southern states began <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">seceding from the nation</a>. They formed the Confederate States of America, which began seizing federal military bases in the South. A little over one month after Lincoln assumed the presidency, Confederate forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attacked Fort Sumter</a>, a U.S. fort in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the union. Lincoln, a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">moderate Republican</a>, had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents from both the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and Republican parties. His allies, the <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, demanded harsh treatment of the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. Anti-war Democrats (called "<a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a>") despised Lincoln, and some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to plot his assassination. His <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> became one of the most famous speeches in American history. Lincoln closely supervised the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals, and implemented a <a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">naval blockade</a> of the South's trade. He suspended <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">elsewhere</a>, and he averted war with Britain by defusing the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>. In 1863, he issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It also directed the Army and Navy to "recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons" and to receive them "into the armed service of the United States." Lincoln pressured <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> to outlaw slavery, and he promoted the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>, which abolished slavery, except as punishment for a crime. Lincoln managed his own successful <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">re-election campaign</a>. He sought to heal the war-torn nation through reconciliation. On April 14, 1865, just five days after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Confederate surrender at Appomattox</a>, he was attending a play at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a> in Washington, D.C., with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary</a>, when he was fatally shot by Confederate sympathizer <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>. Lincoln is remembered as a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a> and a national hero for his wartime leadership and for his efforts to preserve the Union and abolish slavery. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#Scholar_survey_summary" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">He is often ranked</a> in both popular and scholarly polls as the greatest president in American history.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Family_and_childhood">1 Family and childhood</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Early_life">1.1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mother's_death">1.2 Mother's death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Education_and_move_to_Illinois">1.3 Education and move to Illinois</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Marriage_and_children">1.4 Marriage and children</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_vocations_and_militia_service">1.5 Early vocations and militia service</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_political_offices_and_prairie_lawyer">2 Early political offices and prairie lawyer</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Illinois_state_legislature_(1834%E2%80%931842)">2.1 Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847%E2%80%931849)">2.2 U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Political_views">2.2.1 Political views</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Prairie_lawyer">2.3 Prairie lawyer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Republican_politics_(1854%E2%80%931860)">3 Republican politics (1854–1860)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Emergence_as_Republican_leader">3.1 Emergence as Republican leader</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#1856_campaign">3.1.1 1856 campaign</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dred_Scott_v._Sandford">3.1.2 Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech">3.2 Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#1860_presidential_election">3.3 1860 presidential election</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Presidency_(1861%E2%80%931865)">4 Presidency (1861–1865)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#First_term">4.1 First term</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Secession_and_inauguration">4.1.1 Secession and inauguration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Personnel">4.1.2 Personnel</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="#Supreme_Court_appointments">4.1.2.1 Supreme Court appointments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Commander-in-Chief">4.1.3 Commander-in-Chief</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#Union_military_strategy">4.1.3.1 Union military strategy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#General_McClellan">4.1.3.2 General McClellan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-26"><a href="#Emancipation_Proclamation">4.1.3.3 Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-27"><a href="#Gettysburg_Address_(1863)">4.1.3.4 Gettysburg Address (1863)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-28"><a href="#Promoting_General_Grant">4.1.3.5 Promoting General Grant</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Native_Americans">4.1.4 Native Americans</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Second_term">4.2 Second term</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Reelection">4.2.1 Reelection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Reconstruction">4.2.2 Reconstruction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Assassination">4.2.3 Assassination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Funeral_and_burial">4.2.4 Funeral and burial</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Philosophy_and_religious_views">5 Philosophy and religious views</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Philosophy_of_republicanism">5.1 Philosophy of republicanism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Political_philosophy_of_reunification">5.2 Political philosophy of reunification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Religious_skepticism_and_providence">5.3 Religious skepticism and providence</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#Health">6 Health</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Legacy">7 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Historical_reputation">7.1 Historical reputation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Memorials_and_commemorations">7.2 Memorials and commemorations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Bibliography">10.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Organizations">11.1 Organizations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Media_coverage">11.2 Media coverage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Libraries_and_archives">11.3 Libraries and archives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Digital_collections">11.3.1 Digital collections</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Others">11.4 Others</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <link 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Family_and_childhood">Family and childhood</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809 in a log cabin on <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Sinking Spring Farm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hodgenville,_Kentucky" title="Hodgenville, Kentucky">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199620%E2%80%9322-3">[2]</a> The second child of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks Lincoln</a>, he was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" title="Samuel Lincoln">Samuel Lincoln</a>, an Englishman who migrated from <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Norfolk" title="Hingham, Norfolk">Hingham, Norfolk</a>, to its namesake, <a href="/wiki/Hingham,_Massachusetts" title="Hingham, Massachusetts">Hingham, Massachusetts</a>, in 1638. The family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20173%E2%80%934-4">[3]</a> Lincoln was also a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Harrison_family_of_Virginia" title="Harrison family of Virginia">Harrison family of Virginia</a>; his paternal grandfather and namesake, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(captain)" title="Abraham Lincoln (captain)">Captain Abraham Lincoln</a> and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the family from Virginia to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Kentucky" title="Jefferson County, Kentucky">Jefferson County, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> The captain was killed in an <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Indian raid</a> in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20174-7">[5]</a> His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199621-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> Thomas then worked at odd jobs in Kentucky and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> before the family settled in <a href="/wiki/Hardin_County,_Kentucky" title="Hardin County, Kentucky">Hardin County, Kentucky</a>, in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199621-8">[6]</a> Lincoln's mother <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Lincoln</a> is widely assumed to have been the daughter of Lucy Hanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200879-11">[8]</a> Thomas and Nancy married on June 12, 1806, in Washington County, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">Elizabethtown, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179-12">[9]</a> They had three children: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lincoln_Grigsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lincoln Grigsby">Sarah</a>, Abraham, and Thomas, who died as an infant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren20179%E2%80%9310-13">[10]</a> Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> but could not get clear <a href="/wiki/Recording_(real_estate)" title="Recording (real estate)">property titles</a> to any, losing hundreds of acres in legal disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199622%E2%80%9324-14">[11]</a> In 1816, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, where the land surveys and titles were more reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201713-15">[12]</a> They settled in an "unbroken forest"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201726-16">[13]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a>, Hurricane Township, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Perry_County,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Perry County, Indiana">Perry County, Indiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren201716,_43-17">[14]</a> When the Lincolns moved to Indiana it had just been <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted to the Union</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">"free" (non-slaveholding)</a> state,<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> except that, though "no new enslaved people were allowed, ... currently enslaved individuals remained so".<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[d]</a> In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account of slavery", but mainly due to land title difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199623%E2%80%9324-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked as a farmer, cabinetmaker, and carpenter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200834,_156-24">[20]</a> At various times he owned farms, livestock, and town lots, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served on county patrols. Thomas and Nancy were members of a <a href="/wiki/Separate_Baptists" title="Separate Baptists">Separate Baptist Church</a>, which "condemned profanity, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, and dancing." Most of its members opposed slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199624-25">[21]</a> Overcoming financial challenges, Thomas in 1827 obtained <a href="/wiki/Clear_title" title="Clear title">clear title</a> to 80 acres (32 ha) in Indiana, an area that became known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200824,_104-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother's_death">Mother's death</h3></div> On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from <a href="/wiki/Milk_sickness" title="Milk sickness">milk sickness</a>, leaving 11-year-old Sarah in charge of a household including her father, nine-year-old Abraham, and Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200822%E2%80%9323,_77-27">[23]</a> Ten years later, on January 20, 1828, Sarah died while giving birth to a stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199634,_116-28">[24]</a> On December 2, 1819, Thomas married <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Lincoln" title="Sarah Bush Lincoln">Sarah Bush Johnston</a>, a widow from Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three children of her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200823,_83-29">[25]</a> Abraham became close to his stepmother and called her "Mother".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199626%E2%80%9327-30">[26]</a> Dennis Hanks said he was lazy, for all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> His stepmother acknowledged he did not enjoy "physical labor" but loved to read.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200866-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200930-33">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_move_to_Illinois">Education and move to Illinois</h3></div> Lincoln was largely self-educated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200810,_33-34">[30]</a> His formal schooling was from <a href="/wiki/Itinerant_teacher" title="Itinerant teacher">itinerant teachers</a>. It included two short stints in Kentucky, where he learned to read, but probably not to write. In Indiana at age seven,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199623-35">[31]</a> due to farm chores, he attended school only sporadically, for a total of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199629-36">[32]</a> Nonetheless, he remained an avid reader and retained a lifelong interest in learning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadison2014110-37">[33]</a> Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that his readings included the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin" title="The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin">The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199629%E2%80%9331,_38%E2%80%9343-38">[34]</a> Despite being self-educated, Lincoln was the recipient of <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary degrees</a> later in life, including an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Law" title="Doctor of Law">Doctor of Laws</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in June 1861.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a> When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to depend on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' necessary to keep the family afloat. He also regularly hired his son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the boy earned until he came of age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199632-40">[36]</a> Lincoln was tall, strong, and athletic, and became adept at using an ax.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren2017134%E2%80%93135-41">[37]</a> He was an active wrestler during his youth and trained in the rough <a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch-as-catch-can</a> style (also known as catch wrestling). He became county wrestling champion at the age of 21.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> He gained a reputation for his strength and audacity after winning a wrestling match with the renowned leader of ruffians known as the Clary's Grove boys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199640%E2%80%9341-43">[39]</a> In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Macon_County,_Illinois" title="Macon County, Illinois">Macon County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199636-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[e]</a> Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part, due to his father's lack of interest in education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200871-47">[42]</a> In 1831, as Thomas and other family members prepared to move to a <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Log_Cabin_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site">new homestead</a> in <a href="/wiki/Coles_County,_Illinois" title="Coles County, Illinois">Coles County, Illinois</a>, Abraham struck out on his own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197415%E2%80%9317-48">[43]</a> He made his home in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">New Salem, Illinois</a>, for six years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200823%E2%80%9353-49">[44]</a> Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, by <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboat</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, where he first witnessed slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg1926202Donald199638-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Lincoln family</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Health of Abraham Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:364px;max-width:364px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:A%26TLincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A seated Lincoln holding a book as his young son looks at it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/192px-A%26TLincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3351" data-file-height="3696"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 192px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/192px-A%26TLincoln.jpg" data-alt="A seated Lincoln holding a book as his young son looks at it" data-width="192" data-height="212" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/288px-A%26TLincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A%26TLincoln.jpg/384px-A%26TLincoln.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">President Lincoln with his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Tad</a>, in 1864</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black and white photo of Mary Todd Lincoln's shoulders and head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/164px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1803"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/164px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg" data-alt="Black and white photo of Mary Todd Lincoln's shoulders and head" data-width="164" data-height="212" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/246px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg/328px-Mary_Todd_Lincoln2crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, Lincoln's wife, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1861</div></div></div></div></div> Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic interest was <a href="/wiki/Ann_Rutledge" title="Ann Rutledge">Ann Rutledge</a>, whom he met when he moved to New Salem. However, witness testimony, given decades afterward, showed a lack of any specific recollection of a romance between the two.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> Rutledge died on August 25, 1835, most likely of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>; Lincoln took the death very hard, saying that he could not bear the idea of rain falling on Ann's grave. Lincoln sank into a serious episode of depression, and this gave rise to speculation that he had been in love with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199655%E2%80%9358-52">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlanticoct2005-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> In the early 1830s, he met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Owens_(Abraham_Lincoln_fianc%C3%A9e)" title="Mary Owens (Abraham Lincoln fiancée)">Mary Owens</a> from Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200856%E2%80%9357,_69%E2%80%9370-55">[50]</a> Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem. Owens arrived that November and he courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199667-56">[51]</a> In 1839, Lincoln met <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, and the following year they became engaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199680%E2%80%9386-57">[52]</a> She was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_Todd" title="Robert Smith Todd">Robert Smith Todd</a>, a wealthy lawyer and businessman in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambSwain20083-58">[53]</a> Their wedding, which was set for January 1, 1841, was canceled because Lincoln did not appear, but they reconciled and married on November 4, 1842, in the Springfield home of Mary's sister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg1926260,_290%E2%80%93291-59">[54]</a> While anxiously preparing for the nuptials, he was asked where he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199693-60">[55]</a> In 1844, the couple bought <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">a house</a> in Springfield near his law office. Mary kept house with the help of a hired servant and a relative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1989142-61">[56]</a> Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home. The eldest, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, was born in 1843, and was the only child to live to maturity. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward Baker Lincoln</a> (Eddie), born in 1846, died February 1, 1850, probably of tuberculosis. Lincoln's third son, <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">"Willie" Lincoln</a>, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of a fever at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on February 20, 1862. The youngest, <a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Thomas "Tad" Lincoln</a>, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, but died of heart failure at age 18 on July 16, 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009179%E2%80%93181,_476-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[f]</a> Lincoln "was remarkably fond of children"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009126-65">[59]</a>, and the Lincolns were not considered to be strict with their own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker1989120-66">[60]</a> In fact, Lincoln's law partner <a href="/wiki/William_H._Herndon" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Herndon">William H. Herndon</a> would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office, and they misbehaved. Their father, it seemed, was often too absorbed in his work to notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt many and many a time that I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet out of respect for Lincoln I kept my mouth shut. Lincoln did not note what his children were doing or had done."<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> The deaths of their sons Eddie and Willie had profound effects on both parents. Lincoln suffered from "<a href="/wiki/History_of_depression" title="History of depression">melancholy</a>", a condition now thought to be <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">clinical depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atlanticoct2005-53">[48]</a> Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and in 1875 Robert committed her to an asylum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010341-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_vocations_and_militia_service">Early vocations and militia service</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War</a></div> During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">New Salem, Illinois</a>. In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a>, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Militia">Illinois Militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle200186%E2%80%9395-69">[63]</a> When Lincoln returned home from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general store on credit. Because a license was required to sell customers beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for Lincoln and himself, and in 1833 the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Berry_General_Store" title="Lincoln-Berry General Store">Lincoln-Berry General Store</a> became a tavern as well.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Berry were able to sell spirits, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint. They offered a wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, including takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often too drunk to work, and Lincoln ended up running the store by himself.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> Although the economy was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, causing Lincoln to sell his share.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> In his first campaign speech after returning from his military service, Lincoln observed a supporter in the crowd under attack, grabbed the assailant by his "neck and the seat of his trousers", and tossed him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199636-44">[40]</a> In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on the <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_River" title="Sangamon River">Sangamon River</a>. He could draw crowds as a <a href="/wiki/Raconteur" class="mw-redirect" title="Raconteur">raconteur</a>, but lacked the requisite formal education, powerful friends, and money, and lost the election.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinkle2001114%E2%80%93116-74">[68]</a> Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided to become a lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-Zofia-75">[69]</a> Rather than studying in the office of an established attorney, as was the custom, Lincoln borrowed legal texts from attorneys <a href="/wiki/John_Todd_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="John Todd Stuart">John Todd Stuart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drummond_(judge)" title="Thomas Drummond (judge)">Thomas Drummond</a>, purchased books including <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chitty" title="Joseph Chitty">Chitty</a>'s Pleadings, and <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read law</a> on his own.<a href="#cite_note-Zofia-75">[69]</a> He later said of his legal education that "I studied with nobody."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199653%E2%80%9355-76">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Early_political_offices_and_prairie_lawyer">Early political offices and prairie lawyer</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illinois_state_legislature_(1834–1842)">Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abes_House.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/220px-Abes_House.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/220px-Abes_House.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/330px-Abes_House.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Abes_House.JPG/440px-Abes_House.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, where he resided from 1844 until becoming the nation's 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> in 1861</figcaption></figure> Lincoln's second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200959-77">[71]</a> Then followed his four terms in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangamon County">Sangamon County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1990283-78">[72]</a> He championed construction of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_and_Michigan_Canal" title="Illinois and Michigan Canal">Illinois and Michigan Canal</a>, and later was a Canal Commissioner.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> He voted to expand suffrage beyond white landowners to all white males, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon1990130-80">[74]</a> In 1837, he declared, "[The] Institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy, but the promulgation of abolition doctrines tends rather to increase than abate its evils."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996134-81">[75]</a> He echoed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>'s support for the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> which advocated a program of abolition in conjunction with settling freed slaves in <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner201017%E2%80%9319,_67-82">[76]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted</a> to the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199664-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under <a href="/wiki/John_T._Stuart" title="John T. Stuart">John T. Stuart</a>, Mary Todd's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite200971,_79,_108-85">[79]</a> Lincoln emerged as a formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_T._Logan" title="Stephen T. Logan">Stephen T. Logan</a>, and in 1844, began <a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Herndon_Law_Offices_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln-Herndon Law Offices State Historic Site">his practice</a> with <a href="/wiki/William_Herndon_(lawyer)" title="William Herndon (lawyer)">William Herndon</a>, "a studious young man".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199617-86">[80]</a> On January 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, then 28 years old, delivered his <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">first major speech at the Lyceum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield, Illinois</a>, after the murder of newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a> in Alton. Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever crush the U.S. as a nation. "It cannot come from abroad. If destruction be our lot, we must ourselves be its author and finisher", said Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> Prior to that, on April 28, 1836, a black man, <a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Francis_McIntosh" title="Lynching of Francis McIntosh">Francis McIntosh</a>, was burned alive in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1847–1849)">U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd,_1846-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Middle-aged clean-shaven Lincoln from the hips up." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2849"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 215px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg" data-alt="Middle-aged clean-shaven Lincoln from the hips up." data-width="170" data-height="215" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln in his late 30s as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1846</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/150px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="49"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 230px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/150px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png" data-width="150" data-height="230" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/225px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg/300px-1846_Illinois_US_House_District_7_results.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1846 Illinois U.S. House District 7 results by county <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Lincoln</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 30%-40% 50%-60% 60%-70% 70%-80%</li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Cartwright</div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 50%-60%</li></ul> </div></figcaption></figure> True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be "an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996222-90">[84]</a> Their party favored economic modernization in banking, tariffs to fund <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> including railroads, and urbanization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002137%E2%80%93153-91">[85]</a> In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">Illinois's 7th district seat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>; he was defeated by <a href="/wiki/John_J._Hardin" title="John J. Hardin">John J. Hardin</a>, though he prevailed with the party in limiting Hardin to one term. Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of gaining the nomination in 1846, but also won the election. He was the only Whig in the Illinois delegation, but as dutiful as any participated in almost all votes and made speeches that toed the party line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197479-92">[86]</a> He was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Post_Roads" title="United States House Committee on Post Office and Post Roads">Committee on Post Office and Post Roads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Expenditures_in_the_War_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Expenditures in the War Department">Committee on Expenditures in the War Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Lincoln teamed with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_R._Giddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua R. Giddings">Joshua R. Giddings</a> on a bill to abolish slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves, and a popular vote on the matter. He dropped the bill when it eluded Whig support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200754Foner201057-94">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_views">Political views</h4></div> On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, which he imputed President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>'s desire for "military glory — that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidler2006181%E2%80%93183-96">[90]</a> He supported the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, a failed proposal to ban slavery in any U.S. territory won from Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzer200463-97">[91]</a> Lincoln emphasized his opposition to Polk by drafting and introducing his <a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a>. The war had begun with a killing of American soldiers by Mexican cavalry patrol in disputed territory, and Polk insisted that Mexican soldiers had "invaded our territory and shed the blood of our fellow-citizens on our own soil".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates197479%E2%80%9380-98">[92]</a> Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959199%E2%80%93202-99">[93]</a> The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district. One Illinois newspaper derisively nicknamed him "spotty Lincoln".<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996128-101">[95]</a> Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House. Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, he supported General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> for the Whig nomination in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996124%E2%80%93126-102">[96]</a> Taylor won and Lincoln hoped in vain to be appointed Commissioner of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996140-103">[97]</a> The administration offered to appoint him secretary or governor of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> as consolation.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed his law practice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200755%E2%80%9357-105">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prairie_lawyer">Prairie lawyer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cases_involving_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln">List of cases involving Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3215" data-file-height="4226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Hesler%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln in February 1857</figcaption></figure> In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled "every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199696-106">[100]</a> Twice a year he appeared for 10 consecutive weeks in county seats in the Midstate county courts; this continued for 16 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996105%E2%80%93106,_158-107">[101]</a> Lincoln handled transportation cases in the midst of the nation's western expansion, particularly river barge conflicts under the many new railroad bridges. As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996142%E2%80%93143-108">[102]</a> He later represented a bridge company against a riverboat company in <a href="/wiki/Hurd_v._Rock_Island_Bridge_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company">Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company</a>, a landmark case involving a canal boat that sank after hitting a bridge.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> In 1849 he received <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">a patent for a flotation device</a> for the movement of boats in shallow water. The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.<a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Lincoln appeared before the Illinois Supreme Court in 175 cases; he was sole counsel in 51 cases, of which 31 were decided in his favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2015440-111">[105]</a> From 1853 to 1860, one of his largest clients was the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996155%E2%80%93156,_196%E2%80%93197-112">[106]</a> His legal reputation gave rise to the nickname "Honest Abe".<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a> In an 1858 criminal trial, Lincoln represented William "Duff" Armstrong, who was on trial for the murder of James Preston Metzker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150%E2%80%93151-114">[108]</a> The case is famous for Lincoln's use of a fact established by <a href="/wiki/Judicial_notice" title="Judicial notice">judicial notice</a> to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness. After an opposing witness testified to seeing the crime in the moonlight, Lincoln produced a <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Almanac" title="Farmers' Almanac">Farmers' Almanac</a> showing the Moon was at a low angle, drastically reducing visibility. Armstrong was acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150%E2%80%93151-114">[108]</a> In an 1859 murder case, leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile with his defense of Simeon Quinn "Peachy" Harrison, who was a third cousin;<a href="#cite_note-116">[g]</a> Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln's political opponent, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cartwright_(revivalist)" title="Peter Cartwright (revivalist)">Rev. Peter Cartwright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935-117">[110]</a> Harrison was charged with the murder of Greek Crafton who, as he lay dying of his wounds, confessed to Cartwright that he had provoked Harrison.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a> Lincoln angrily protested the judge's initial decision to exclude Cartwright's testimony about the confession as inadmissible <a href="/wiki/Hearsay" title="Hearsay">hearsay</a>. Lincoln argued that the testimony involved a <a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">dying declaration</a> and was not subject to the hearsay rule. Instead of holding Lincoln in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court#United_States" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> as expected, the judge, a Democrat, reversed his ruling and admitted the testimony into evidence, resulting in Harrison's acquittal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996150%E2%80%93151-114">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Republican_politics_(1854–1860)">Republican politics (1854–1860)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1849%E2%80%931861)" title="Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)">Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_Republican_leader">Emergence as Republican leader</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers,_1858_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="1230"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="225" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Byers%2C_1858_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln in May 1858, the year of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">his debates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> over slavery</figcaption></figure> The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, a legislative package designed to address the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009175%E2%80%93176-119">[112]</a> In his 1852 eulogy for Clay, Lincoln highlighted the latter's support for gradual emancipation and opposition to "both extremes" on the slavery issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009182%E2%80%93185-120">[113]</a> As the slavery debate in the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States#Emergence_of_the_term_%22popular_sovereignty%22_and_its_pejorative_connotation" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> as a compromise; the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery. The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the spread of slavery that could result, but Douglas's <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> narrowly passed Congress in May 1854.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009188%E2%80%93190-121">[114]</a> Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his "<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria Speech</a>" of October 1854. Lincoln then declared his opposition to slavery, which he repeated en route to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008148%E2%80%93152-122">[115]</a> He said the Kansas Act had a "declared indifference, but as I must think, a covert real zeal for the spread of slavery. I cannot but hate it. I hate it because of the monstrous injustice of slavery itself. I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world...."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959255-123">[116]</a> Lincoln's attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203%E2%80%93205-124">[117]</a> Nationally, the Whigs were irreparably split by the Kansas–Nebraska Act and other efforts to compromise on the slavery issue. Reflecting on the demise of his party, Lincoln wrote in 1855, "I think I am a Whig, but others say there are no Whigs, and that I am an abolitionist. ... I do no more than oppose the extension of slavery."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009215%E2%80%93216-125">[118]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> was formed as a northern party dedicated to antislavery, drawing from the antislavery wing of the Whig Party and combining <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty</a>, and antislavery <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGovern200938%E2%80%9339-126">[119]</a> Lincoln resisted early Republican entreaties, fearing that the new party would become a platform for extreme abolitionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203%E2%80%93204-127">[120]</a> Lincoln held out hope for rejuvenating the Whigs, though he lamented his party's growing closeness with the nativist <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009191%E2%80%93194-128">[121]</a> In 1854, Lincoln was elected to the Illinois legislature, but before the term began the following January he declined to take his seat so that he would be eligible to be a candidate in the upcoming U.S. Senate election.<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> The year's elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath Lincoln sought election to the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009203%E2%80%93205-124">[117]</a> At that time, senators were elected by state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974119-131">[124]</a> After leading in the first six rounds of voting, he was unable to obtain a majority. Lincoln instructed his backers to vote for <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a>. Trumbull was an antislavery Democrat and had received few votes in the earlier ballots; his supporters, also antislavery Democrats, had vowed not to support any Whig. Lincoln's decision to withdraw enabled his Whig supporters and Trumbull's antislavery Democrats to combine and defeat the mainstream Democratic candidate, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Aldrich_Matteson" title="Joel Aldrich Matteson">Joel Aldrich Matteson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009205%E2%80%93208-132">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1856_campaign">1856 campaign</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Violent political confrontations in Kansas</a> continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North. As the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_elections" title="1856 United States elections">1856 elections</a> approached, Lincoln joined the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a> and attended the <a href="/wiki/Bloomington_Convention" title="Bloomington Convention">Bloomington Convention</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois Republican Party</a> was established . The convention platform endorsed Congress's right to regulate slavery in the territories and backed the admission of Kansas as a free state. Lincoln gave the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">final speech</a> of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009216%E2%80%93221-133">[126]</a> At the June <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a>, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Dayton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dayton">William Dayton</a> were on the ticket, which Lincoln supported throughout Illinois. The Democrats nominated former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> and the Know-Nothings nominated former Whig President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009224%E2%80%93228-134">[127]</a> Buchanan prevailed, while Republican <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bissell" title="William Henry Bissell">William Henry Bissell</a> won election as Governor of Illinois, and Lincoln became a leading Republican in Illinois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009229%E2%80%93230-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dred_Scott_v._Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott" title="Dred Scott">Dred Scott</a> was a slave whose master took him from a slave state to a territory that was free as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>. After Scott was returned to the slave state, he petitioned a federal court for his freedom. His petition was denied in <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857).<a href="#cite_note-139">[i]</a> In his opinion, Supreme Court Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> wrote that black people were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional for infringing upon slave owners' "property" rights. While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009236%E2%80%93238-140">[131]</a> Lincoln denounced it as the product of a conspiracy of Democrats to support the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZarefsky199369%E2%80%93110-141">[132]</a> He argued the decision was at variance with the Declaration of Independence; he said that while the founding fathers did not believe all men equal in every respect, they believed all men were equal "in certain inalienable rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000299%E2%80%93300-142">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lincoln–Douglas_debates_and_Cooper_Union_speech">Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a></div> In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him. Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln's 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247%E2%80%93248-143">[134]</a> Some eastern Republicans supported Douglas for his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> and admission of Kansas as a <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974138%E2%80%93139-144">[135]</a> Many Illinois Republicans resented this eastern interference. For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247%E2%80%93250-145">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady,_1860.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/220px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1011"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 353px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/220px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png" data-width="220" data-height="353" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/330px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png/440px-Lincoln_O-17_by_Brady%2C_1860.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Abraham Lincoln, a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> taken February 27, 1860, the day of Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a> in New York City</figcaption></figure> Lincoln accepted the nomination with great enthusiasm and zeal. After his nomination he delivered his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided Speech</a>, with the biblical reference <a href="/wiki/Mark_3#A_house_divided" title="Mark 3">Mark 3:25</a>, "A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009251-146">[137]</a> The speech created a stark image of the danger of disunion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200798-147">[138]</a> The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996209-148">[139]</a> When informed of Lincoln's nomination, Douglas stated, "[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party ... and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009257%E2%80%93258-149">[140]</a> The Senate campaign featured seven <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">debates</a> between Lincoln and Douglas. These were the most famous political debates in American history; they had an atmosphere akin to a prizefight and drew crowds in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214%E2%80%93218-150">[141]</a> The principals stood in stark contrast both physically and politically. Lincoln warned that the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a> was threatening the values of republicanism, and he accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers' premise that <a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">all men are created equal</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/Freeport_Doctrine" title="Freeport Doctrine">Freeport Doctrine</a>, Douglas argued that, despite the <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott</a> decision, which he claimed to support,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996202,_219,_232-151">[142]</a> local settlers, under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a>, should be free to choose whether to allow slavery within their territory, and he accused Lincoln of having joined the abolitionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996214%E2%80%93224-152">[143]</a> Lincoln's argument assumed a moral tone, as he claimed that Douglas represented a conspiracy to promote slavery. Douglas's argument was more legal in nature, claiming that Lincoln was defying the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court as exercised in the Dred Scott decision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996223-153">[144]</a> Though the Republican legislative candidates won more popular votes, the Democrats won more seats, and the legislature re-elected Douglas. However, Lincoln's articulation of the issues had given him a national political presence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200389%E2%80%9390-154">[145]</a> In May 1859, Lincoln purchased the Illinois Staats-Anzeiger, a German-language newspaper that was consistently supportive; most of the state's 130,000 German Americans voted for Democrats, but the German-language paper mobilized Republican support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996242,_412-155">[146]</a> In the aftermath of the 1858 election, newspapers frequently mentioned Lincoln as a potential Republican presidential candidate, rivaled by <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>. While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek the office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009291%E2%80%93293-156">[147]</a> In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the presidential nomination if offered and, in the following months, several local papers endorsed his candidacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009307%E2%80%93308-157">[148]</a> Over the coming months Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail. By the quality and simplicity of his rhetoric, he quickly became the champion of the Republican party. However, despite his overwhelming support in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>, he was less appreciated in the east. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln's compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge the court's Dred Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996200-158">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse1893112-159">[150]</a> On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">speech at Cooper Union</a>, in which he argued that the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a> had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery. He insisted that morality required opposition to slavery and rejected any "groping for some middle ground between the right and the wrong".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000473-160">[151]</a> Many in the audience thought he appeared awkward and even ugly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolzer2004108%E2%80%93111-161">[152]</a> But Lincoln demonstrated intellectual leadership, which brought him into contention. Journalist <a href="/wiki/Noah_Brooks" title="Noah Brooks">Noah Brooks</a> reported, "No man ever before made such an impression on his first appeal to a New York audience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200397Holzer2004157-162">[153]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">David Herbert Donald</a> described the speech as "a superb political move for an unannounced presidential aspirant. Appearing in Seward's home state, sponsored by a group largely loyal to Chase, Lincoln shrewdly made no reference to either of these Republican rivals for the nomination."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996240-163">[154]</a> In response to an inquiry about his ambitions, Lincoln said, "The taste is in my mouth a little".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996241-164">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1860_presidential_election">1860 presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rail_Candidate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Lincoln being carried by two men on a long board." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/220px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="3544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/220px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg" data-alt="Lincoln being carried by two men on a long board." data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/330px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_Rail_Candidate.jpg/440px-The_Rail_Candidate.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Rail Candidate, a critical <a href="/wiki/Currier_and_Ives" title="Currier and Ives">Currier and Ives</a> illustration, which depictied Lincoln's platform in the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential campaign</a> as being held up by a slave and his party</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning the North-east and West, Breckinridge winning the South, Douglas winning Missouri, and Bell winning Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 128px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/220px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png" data-alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning the North-east and West, Breckinridge winning the South, Douglas winning Missouri, and Bell winning Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky." data-width="220" data-height="128" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/330px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/440px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a>, northern and western <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral</a> votes (shown in red) put Lincoln into the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> On May 9–10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996244-165">[156]</a> Lincoln's followers organized a campaign team led by <a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_B._Judd" title="Norman B. Judd">Norman Judd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Swett" title="Leonard Swett">Leonard Swett</a>, and Jesse DuBois, and Lincoln received his first endorsement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974175%E2%80%93176-166">[157]</a> Exploiting his embellished frontier legend (clearing land and splitting fence rails), Lincoln's supporters adopted the label of "The Rail Candidate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996245-167">[158]</a> In 1860, Lincoln described himself: "I am in height, six feet, four inches, nearly; lean in flesh, weighing, on an average, one hundred and eighty pounds; dark complexion, with coarse black hair, and gray eyes."<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> Michael Martinez wrote about the effective imaging of Lincoln by his campaign. At times he was presented as the plain-talking "Rail Splitter" and at other times he was "Honest Abe", unpolished but trustworthy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> On May 18 at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago, Lincoln won the nomination on the third ballot, beating candidates such as Seward and Chase. A former Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> of Maine, was nominated for vice president to <a href="/wiki/Ticket_balance" title="Ticket balance">balance the ticket</a>. Lincoln's success depended on his campaign team, his reputation as a moderate on the slavery issue, and his strong support for internal improvements and the tariff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuthin1944609%E2%80%93629-170">[161]</a> Pennsylvania put him over the top, led by the state's iron interests who were reassured by his tariff support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofstadter193850%E2%80%9355-171">[162]</a> Lincoln's managers had focused on this delegation while honoring Lincoln's dictate to "Make no contracts that will bind me".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996247%E2%80%93250-172">[163]</a> As the Slave Power tightened its grip on the national government, most Republicans agreed with Lincoln that the North was the aggrieved party. Throughout the 1850s, Lincoln had doubted the prospects of civil war, and his supporters rejected claims that his election would incite secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker200210,_13,_18-173">[164]</a> When Douglas was selected as the candidate of the Northern Democrats, delegates from eleven slave states walked out of the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">Democratic convention</a>; they opposed Douglas's position on popular sovereignty, and selected incumbent Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> as their candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996253-174">[165]</a> A group of former Whigs and Know Nothings formed the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a> and nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> of Tennessee. Lincoln and Douglas competed for votes in the North, while Bell and Breckinridge primarily found support in the South.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009247%E2%80%93248-143">[134]</a> Before the Republican convention, the Lincoln campaign began cultivating a nationwide youth organization, the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Awakes" title="Wide Awakes">Wide Awakes</a>, which it used to generate popular support throughout the country to spearhead voter registration drives, thinking that new voters and young voters tended to embrace new parties.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> People of the Northern states knew the Southern states would vote against Lincoln and rallied supporters for Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> As Douglas and the other candidates campaigned, Lincoln gave no speeches, relying on the enthusiasm of the Republican Party. The party did the leg work that produced majorities across the North and produced an abundance of campaign posters, leaflets, and newspaper editorials. Republican speakers focused first on the party platform, and second on Lincoln's life story, emphasizing his childhood poverty. The goal was to demonstrate the power of "free labor", which allowed a common farm boy to work his way to the top by his own efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254%E2%80%93256-177">[168]</a> The Republican Party's production of campaign literature dwarfed the combined opposition; a Chicago Tribune writer produced a pamphlet that detailed Lincoln's life and sold 100,000–200,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996254-178">[169]</a> Though he did not give public appearances, many sought to visit him and write him. In the runup to the election, he took an office in the Illinois state capitol to deal with the influx of attention. He also hired <a href="/wiki/John_George_Nicolay" title="John George Nicolay">John George Nicolay</a> as his personal secretary, who would remain in that role during the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996251%E2%80%93252-179">[170]</a> On November 6, 1860, Lincoln was elected the 16th president. He was the first Republican president and his victory was entirely due to his support in the North and West. No ballots were cast for him in 10 of the 15 Southern slave states, and he won only two of 996 counties in all the Southern states, an omen of the impending Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMansch200561-180">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996256-181">[172]</a> Lincoln received 1,866,452 votes, or 39.8% of the total in a four-way race, carrying the free Northern states, as well as California and Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009350-182">[173]</a> His victory in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> was decisive: Lincoln had 180 votes to 123 for his opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:312-183">[174]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Presidency_(1861–1865)">Presidency (1861–1865)</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/211px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="3805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/211px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" data-alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars." data-width="211" data-height="212" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/317px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/422px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">Lincoln's first inaugural</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> on March 4, 1861 with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Capitol dome</a> above the rotunda still under construction.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:211px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/273px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 273px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/273px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="273" data-height="212" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/410px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg/546px-18610304_Affairs_of_the_Nation_-_Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_-_The_New_York_Times.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Headines in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> following Lincoln's first inauguration portended imminent hostilities; less than six weeks later, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, launching the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term">First term</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secession_and_inauguration">Secession and inauguration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Secession_winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Secession winter">Secession winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">Baltimore Plot</a></div> The South was outraged by Lincoln's election, and in response secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdgar1998350-185">[176]</a> On December 20, 1860, South Carolina took the lead by adopting an ordinance of secession; by February 1, 1861, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267Potter1977-186">[177]</a> Six of these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, and adopted a constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996267-187">[178]</a> The upper South and border states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas) initially rejected the secessionist appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009362-188">[179]</a> President Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln refused to recognize the Confederacy, declaring secession illegal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter1977520,_569%E2%80%93570-189">[180]</a> The Confederacy selected <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> as its provisional president on February 9, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009369-190">[181]</a> Attempts at compromise followed but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected the proposed <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> as contrary to the Party's platform of free-soil in the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009360%E2%80%93361-191">[182]</a> Lincoln said, "I will suffer death before I consent ... to any concession or compromise which looks like buying the privilege to take possession of this government to which we have a constitutional right".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268-192">[183]</a> Lincoln supported the <a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>, which passed Congress and was awaiting ratification by the states when Lincoln took office. That doomed amendment would have protected slavery in states where it already existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVorenberg200122Vile2003280%E2%80%93281-193">[184]</a> On March 4, 1861, in his <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">first inaugural address</a>, Lincoln said that, because he holds "such a provision to now be implied constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable".<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> A few weeks before the war, Lincoln sent a letter to every governor informing them Congress had passed a joint resolution to amend the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELupton200634-195">[186]</a> On February 11, 1861, Lincoln gave a particularly emotional <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_farewell_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's farewell address">farewell address</a> upon leaving Springfield; he would never again return to Springfield alive.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> Lincoln traveled east on a special train. Due to secessionist plots, unprecedented attention to security was given to him and his train. En route to his inauguration, Lincoln addressed crowds and legislatures across the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273%E2%80%93277-198">[189]</a> The president-elect evaded suspected <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">assassins in Baltimore</a>. He traveled in disguise, wearing a soft felt hat instead of his customary stovepipe hat and draping an overcoat over his shoulders while hunching slightly to conceal his height. His friend Congressman <a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a> recognized him on the platform upon arrival and loudly called out to him.<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> On February 23, 1861, he arrived in Washington, D.C., which was placed under substantial military guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277%E2%80%93279-200">[191]</a> Lincoln directed <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">his inaugural address</a> to the South, proclaiming once again that he had no inclination to abolish slavery in the Southern states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Apprehension seems to exist among the people of the Southern States, that by the accession of a Republican Administration, their property, and their peace, and personal security, are to be endangered. There has never been any reasonable cause for such apprehension. Indeed, the most ample evidence to the contrary has all the while existed, and been open to their inspection. It is found in nearly all the published speeches of him who now addresses you. I do but quote from one of those speeches when I declare that "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First inaugural address</a>, 4 March 1861<a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212-202">[193]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Lincoln cited his plans for banning the expansion of slavery as the key source of conflict between North and South, stating "One section of our country believes slavery is right and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is wrong and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute." The president ended his address with an appeal to the people of the South: "We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.... The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield, and patriot grave, to every living heart and hearthstone, all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union, when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283%E2%80%93284-203">[194]</a> The failure of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a> signaled that legislative compromise was impossible. By March 1861, no leaders of the insurrection had proposed rejoining the Union on any terms. Meanwhile, Lincoln and the Republican leadership agreed that the dismantling of the Union could not be tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279-204">[195]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a>, Lincoln looked back on the situation at the time and said: "Both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the Nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personnel">Personnel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Foreign_policy" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln § Foreign policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy of the American Civil War</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Lincoln cabinet<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a></th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">Abraham Lincoln</th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">William P. Fessenden</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">Hugh McCulloch</a></th><td>1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></th><td>1861–1862</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a></th><td>1862–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a></th><td>1861–1864</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison Jr.</a></th><td>1864–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a></th><td>1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleb Blood Smith">Caleb Blood Smith</a></th><td>1861–1862</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Palmer_Usher" title="John Palmer Usher">John Palmer Usher</a></th><td>1863–1865</td></tr></tbody></table> Lincoln named his main political rival, William H. Seward, as Secretary of State and left most diplomatic issues in Seward's portfolio. However, Lincoln did select some top diplomats as part of his patronage policy.<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> He also closely watched the handling of the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a> in late 1861 to make sure the situation did not escalate into war with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a> Seward's main role was to keep Britain and France from supporting the Confederacy. He was successful after indicating to Britain and France that the Union would declare war on them if they supported the South.<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> In the selection and use of his cabinet Lincoln employed the strengths of his rivals in a manner that emboldened his presidency. Lincoln commented on his thought process, "We need the strongest men of the party in the Cabinet. We needed to hold our own people together. I had looked the party over and concluded that these were the very strongest men. Then I had no right to deprive the country of their services."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319-209">[200]</a> Goodwin described the group in her biography as a <a href="/wiki/Team_of_Rivals" title="Team of Rivals">Team of Rivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005-210">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Supreme_Court_appointments">Supreme Court appointments</h5></div> Lincoln's philosophy on court nominations was that "we cannot ask a man what he will do, and if we should, and he should answer us, we should despise him for it. Therefore we must take a man whose opinions are known."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-211">[202]</a> Lincoln made five appointments to the Supreme Court. <a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> was an anti-slavery lawyer who was committed to the Union. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> supported Lincoln in the 1860 election and was an avowed abolitionist. David Davis was Lincoln's campaign manager in 1860 and had served as a judge in the Illinois court circuit where Lincoln practiced. Democrat <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a>, a previous California Supreme Court justice, provided geographic and political balance. Finally, Lincoln's Treasury Secretary, Salmon P. Chase, became Chief Justice. Lincoln believed Chase was an able jurist, would support Reconstruction legislation, and that his appointment united the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245-212">[203]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Supreme Court Justices </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Justice </th> <th>Nominated </th> <th>Appointed </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Noah Haynes Swayne</a> </td> <td>January 21, 1862 </td> <td>January 24, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> </td> <td>July 16, 1862 </td> <td>July 16, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">David Davis</a> </td> <td>December 1, 1862 </td> <td>December 8, 1862 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a> </td> <td>March 6, 1863 </td> <td>March 10, 1863 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon Portland Chase</a> (Chief Justice) </td> <td>December 6, 1864 </td> <td>December 6, 1864 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-55,_1861-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="President Abraham Lincoln in 1861" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1036"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg" data-alt="President Abraham Lincoln in 1861" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The first portrait of President Lincoln in 1861</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Major Robert Anderson</a>, commander of the Union's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in Charleston, South Carolina, sent a request for provisions to Washington, and Lincoln's order to meet that request was seen by the secessionists as an act of war. On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Union troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">at Fort Sumter</a> and began the fight. Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> argued that the newly inaugurated Lincoln made three miscalculations: underestimating the gravity of the crisis, exaggerating the strength of Unionist sentiment in the South, and overlooking <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a> opposition to an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29-213">[204]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a> talked to Lincoln during inauguration week and was "sadly disappointed" at his failure to realize that "the country was sleeping on a volcano" and that the South was preparing for war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990185%E2%80%93186-214">[205]</a> Donald concludes, "His repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Fort Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he had also vowed not to surrender the forts.... The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the Confederates to fire the first shot". They did just that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293-215">[206]</a> On April 15, Lincoln called on the states to send a total of <a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">75,000 volunteer troops</a> to recapture forts, protect Washington, and "preserve the Union", which, in his view, remained intact despite the seceding states. This call forced states to choose sides. Virginia seceded and was rewarded with the designation of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> as the Confederate capital, despite its exposure to Union lines. North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas followed over the following two months. Secession sentiment was strong in Missouri and Maryland, but did not prevail; Kentucky remained neutral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974226-216">[207]</a> The Fort Sumter attack rallied Americans north of the <a href="/wiki/Mason-Dixon_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason-Dixon line">Mason-Dixon line</a> to defend the nation. As states sent Union regiments south, on April 19 Baltimore mobs in control of the rail links <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">attacked Union troops</a> who were changing trains. Local leaders' groups later burned critical rail bridges to the capital and the Army responded by arresting <a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War#Imposition_of_martial_law" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">local Maryland</a> officials. Lincoln suspended the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States#Suspension_during_the_Civil_War" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">habeas corpus</a> in an effort to protect the troops trying to reach Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174-217">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Merryman" title="John Merryman">John Merryman</a>, one Maryland official hindering the U.S. troop movements, petitioned Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney to issue a writ of habeas corpus. In June, in <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a>, Taney, not ruling on behalf of the Supreme Court,<a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> issued the writ, believing that Article I, section 9 of the Constitution authorized only Congress and not the president to suspend it. But Lincoln invoked <a href="/wiki/Nonacquiescence" title="Nonacquiescence">nonacquiescence</a> and persisted with the policy of suspension in select areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201159%E2%80%9371-219">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely19923%E2%80%9331-220">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Union_military_strategy">Union military strategy</h5></div> Lincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> by exercising unprecedented authority. He expanded his war powers, imposed a blockade on Confederate ports, disbursed funds before appropriation by Congress, suspended habeas corpus, and arrested and imprisoned thousands of suspected Confederate sympathizers. Lincoln gained the support of Congress and the northern public for these actions. Lincoln also had to reinforce Union sympathies in the border slave states and keep the war from becoming an international conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303%E2%80%93304Carwardine2003163%E2%80%93164-221">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A group of men sitting at a table as another man creates money on a wooden machine." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/220px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1124"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/220px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg" data-alt="A group of men sitting at a table as another man creates money on a wooden machine." data-width="220" data-height="161" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/330px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg/440px-RunningtheMachine-LincAdmin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Running the Machine, an 1864 political cartoon satirizing Lincoln and his administration, including <a href="/wiki/William_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fessenden">William Fessenden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>, Lincoln, and others</figcaption></figure> It was clear from the outset that bipartisan support was essential to success, and that any compromise alienated factions on both sides of the aisle, such as the appointment of Republicans and Democrats to command positions. Copperheads criticized Lincoln for refusing to compromise on slavery. The Radical Republicans criticized him for moving too slowly in abolishing slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315%E2%80%93339,_417-222">[213]</a> On August 6, 1861, Lincoln signed the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a>, which authorized judicial proceedings to confiscate and free slaves who were used to support the Confederates. The law had little practical effect, but it signaled political support for abolishing slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178-223">[214]</a> In August 1861, General John C. Frémont, the 1856 Republican presidential nominee, without consulting Washington, issued a martial edict freeing slaves of the rebels. Lincoln canceled the proclamation as violating the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a> and beyond Frémont's authority to issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314%E2%80%93317-224">[215]</a> As a result, Union enlistments from Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri increased by over 40,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181-225">[216]</a> Internationally, Lincoln wanted to forestall foreign military aid to the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213%E2%80%93214-226">[217]</a> He relied on his combative Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Seward">William Seward</a> while working closely with <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a> chairman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322-227">[218]</a> In the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a>, which threatened war with Great Britain, the U.S. Navy illegally intercepted a British mail ship, the Trent, on the high seas and seized two Confederate envoys; Britain protested vehemently while the U.S. cheered. Lincoln ended the crisis by releasing the two diplomats. Biographer <a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">James G. Randall</a> dissected Lincoln's successful techniques:<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">his restraint, his avoidance of any outward expression of truculence, his early softening of State Department's attitude toward Britain, his deference toward Seward and Sumner, his withholding of his paper prepared for the occasion, his readiness to arbitrate, his golden silence in addressing Congress, his shrewdness in recognizing that war must be averted, and his clear perception that a point could be clinched for America's true position at the same time that full satisfaction was given to a friendly country.</blockquote> Lincoln painstakingly monitored the telegraph reports coming into the War Department. He tracked all phases of the effort, consulting with governors and selecting generals based on their success, their state, and their party. In January 1862, after complaints of inefficiency and profiteering in the War Department, Lincoln replaced <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War Secretary</a> Simon Cameron with <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>. Stanton centralized the War Department's activities, auditing and canceling contracts, saving the federal government $17,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974115-229">[220]</a> Stanton was a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat who gravitated toward the Radical Republican faction. He worked more often and more closely with Lincoln than did any other senior official. "Stanton and Lincoln virtually conducted the war together", say Thomas and Hyman.<a href="#cite_note-230">[221]</a> Lincoln's war strategy had two priorities: ensuring that Washington was well-defended and conducting an aggressive war effort for a prompt, decisive victory.<a href="#cite_note-232">[j]</a> Twice a week, Lincoln met with his cabinet in the afternoon. Occasionally Mary prevailed on him to take a carriage ride, concerned that he was working too hard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996391%E2%80%93392-233">[223]</a> For his edification Lincoln relied upon a book by his chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> entitled Elements of Military Art and Science; Halleck was a disciple of the European strategist <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Jomini" title="Antoine-Henri Jomini">Antoine-Henri Jomini</a>. Lincoln began to appreciate the critical need to control strategic points, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose19967,_66,_159-234">[224]</a> Lincoln saw the importance of <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a> and understood the necessity of defeating the enemy's army, rather than merely capturing territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996432%E2%80%93436-235">[225]</a> In directing the Union's war strategy, Lincoln valued the advice of <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Gen. Winfield Scott</a>, even after his retirement as <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Commanding General of the United States Army</a>. On June 23–24, 1862, Lincoln made an unannounced visit to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a>, where he spent five hours consulting with Scott regarding the handling of the Civil War and the staffing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="General_McClellan">General McClellan</h5></div> After the Union rout at <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">Bull Run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>'s retirement, Lincoln appointed Major General <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> general-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996318%E2%80%93319-238">[228]</a> McClellan then took months to plan his Virginia <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a>. McClellan's slow progress frustrated Lincoln, as did his position that no troops were needed to defend Washington. McClellan, in turn, blamed the failure of the campaign on Lincoln's reservation of troops for the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996349%E2%80%93352-239">[229]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:225px;max-width:225px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maryland,_Antietam,_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Lincoln among a group of soldiers in a military camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/223px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="2187"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 223px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/223px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg" data-alt="Lincoln among a group of soldiers in a military camp" data-width="223" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/335px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg/446px-Maryland%2C_Antietam%2C_President_Lincoln_on_the_Battlefield_-_NARA_-_533297.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photograph of Lincoln and McClellan sitting at a table in a field tent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/211px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 211px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/211px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg" data-alt="Photograph of Lincoln and McClellan sitting at a table in a field tent" data-width="211" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/317px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg/422px-Lincoln_and_McClellan_1862-10-03.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">On the left, Lincoln meeting with <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> officers on October 3, 1862 following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, including left to right: Col. <a href="/wiki/Delos_Bennett_Sackett" title="Delos Bennett Sackett">Delos Sackett</a>; 4. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Morell" title="George W. Morell">George W. Morell</a>; 5. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Alexander S. Webb</a>, Chief of Staff, V Corps; 6. McClellan;. 8. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Letterman" title="Jonathan Letterman">Jonathan Letterman</a>; 10. Lincoln; 11. <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Hunt">Henry J. Hunt</a>; 12. <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>; 15. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>; 16. Capt. <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>. On right, Lincoln meeting with <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a> the same day.</div></div></div></div> In 1862, Lincoln removed McClellan for the general's continued inaction. He elevated Henry Halleck in July and appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a> as head of the new <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> Pope satisfied Lincoln's desire to advance on Richmond from the north, thereby protecting Washington from counterattack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947159%E2%80%93162-241">[231]</a> But in the summer of 1862 Pope was soundly defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, forcing the Army of the Potomac back to defend Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1959159%E2%80%93162-242">[232]</a> Despite his dissatisfaction with McClellan's failure to reinforce Pope, Lincoln restored him to command of all forces around Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478%E2%80%93479-243">[233]</a> Two days after McClellan's return to command, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> into Maryland, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005478%E2%80%93480-244">[234]</a> That battle, a Union victory, was among the bloodiest in American history; it facilitated Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in January.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005481-245">[235]</a> McClellan then resisted the president's demand that he pursue Lee's withdrawing army, while General <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a> likewise refused orders to move the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> against rebel forces in eastern Tennessee. Lincoln replaced Buell with <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a>, and after the <a href="/wiki/1862_and_1863_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1862 and 1863 United States House of Representatives elections">1862 midterm elections</a> he replaced McClellan with <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>. The appointments were both politically neutral and adroit on Lincoln's part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996389%E2%80%93390-246">[236]</a> Against presidential advice Burnside launched an offensive across the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">defeated by Lee at Fredericksburg</a> in December. Desertions during 1863 came in the thousands and only increased after Fredericksburg, so Lincoln replaced Burnside with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947433%E2%80%93444Donald1996429%E2%80%93431-247">[237]</a> In the 1862 midterm elections, the Republicans suffered severe losses due to rising inflation, high taxes, rumors of corruption, suspension of habeas corpus, <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">military draft law</a>, and fears that freed slaves would come North and undermine the labor market. The Emancipation Proclamation gained votes for Republicans in rural New England and the upper Midwest but cost votes in the Irish and German strongholds and in the lower Midwest, where many Southerners had lived for generations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947322-248">[238]</a> In the spring of 1863, Lincoln was sufficiently optimistic about upcoming military campaigns to think the end of the war could be near. Combat plans included attacks by Hooker on Lee north of Richmond, Rosecrans on Chattanooga, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> on Vicksburg, and a naval assault on Charleston.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996422%E2%80%93423-249">[239]</a> Hooker was routed by Lee at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a> in May, then resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1947432%E2%80%93450-250">[240]</a> Meade followed Lee north into Pennsylvania and defeated him in the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a> but then failed to follow up, despite Lincoln's demands. At the same time, Grant captured Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River, splitting the far western rebel states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996444%E2%80%93447-251">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Emancipation_Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Abraham Lincoln and slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><noscript><img alt="A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/280px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" usemap="#ImageMap_ab2b7974f65b6987" resource="/wiki/File:Emancipation_proclamation.jpg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/280px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" data-alt="A dark-haired, bearded, middle-aged man holding documents is seated among seven other men." data-width="280" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/420px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/560px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_ab2b7974f65b6987"> <map name="ImageMap_ab2b7974f65b6987"><area href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" shape="poly" coords="50,167,47,145,36,138,24,135,8,114,4,90,9,85,14,81,11,70,21,64,25,68,27,79,40,99,57,123,67,126,76,164" alt="Edwin Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton"><area href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" shape="poly" coords="32,53,32,46,46,38,46,28,49,22,55,23,57,31,57,38,60,44,66,55,70,65,63,74,64,88" alt="Salmon Chase" title="Salmon Chase"><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" shape="poly" coords="106,167,100,132,80,114,67,105,70,85,73,75,87,66,84,59,88,48,97,48,102,53,99,63,98,70,104,75,111,80,119,92,134,101,129,103,129,108,125,102,116,103,111,115,130,117,127,159" alt="Abraham Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><area href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" shape="poly" coords="129,96,138,82,147,76,144,65,149,57,155,55,161,61,162,71,162,76,171,80,171,88,158,99,152,100,132,100" alt="Gideon Welles" title="Gideon Welles"><area href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" shape="poly" coords="131,146,140,144,154,117,169,116,173,106,169,100,165,105,156,105,163,94,174,84,195,76,195,73,193,71,195,68,198,63,196,62,196,61,202,59,210,63,212,70,208,77,211,87,214,95,209,110,203,118,202,132" alt="William Seward" title="William Seward"><area href="/wiki/Caleb_Blood_Smith" shape="poly" coords="169,78,176,61,184,55,186,53,183,46,185,38,193,39,195,46,196,53,199,58,200,59,196,61,195,66,193,72,193,76,172,85" alt="Caleb Smith" title="Caleb Smith"><area href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" shape="poly" coords="202,58,206,48,204,41,204,34,207,30,214,30,218,36,215,42,215,46,224,50,230,58,231,70,231,83,228,91,210,84,209,77,212,71,210,64" alt="Montgomery Blair" title="Montgomery Blair"><area href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" shape="poly" coords="229,89,242,78,244,71,242,61,247,58,254,61,256,67,256,72,256,74,264,79,266,93,269,105,252,104,230,97" alt="Edward Bates" title="Edward Bates"><area href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" shape="poly" coords="117,104,111,116,131,117,136,103" alt="Emancipation Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation"><area href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" shape="poly" coords="22,15,22,56,1,56,1,15" alt="Portrait of Simon Cameron" title="Portrait of Simon Cameron"><area href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" shape="poly" coords="140,37,179,35,177,1,137,2" alt="Portrait of Andrew Jackson" title="Portrait of Andrew Jackson"></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a>, an 1864 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bicknell_Carpenter" title="Francis Bicknell Carpenter">Francis Bicknell Carpenter</a> (clickable image—use cursor to identify)</figcaption></figure> The federal government's power to end slavery was limited by the Constitution, which before 1865, was understood to reserve the issue to the individual states. Lincoln believed that slavery would be rendered obsolete if its expansion into new territories were prevented, because these territories would be admitted to the Union as free states, and free states would come to outnumber slave states. He sought to persuade the states to agree to <a href="/wiki/Compensated_emancipation" title="Compensated emancipation">compensation</a> for emancipating their slaves.<a href="#cite_note-252">[242]</a> Lincoln rejected Major General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>'s August 1861 <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9mont_Emancipation" title="Frémont Emancipation">emancipation</a> attempt, as well as one by Major General <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a> in May 1862, on the grounds that it was not within their power and might upset loyal border states enough for them to secede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999290%E2%80%93291-253">[243]</a> In June 1862, Congress passed an act banning slavery on all federal territory, which Lincoln signed. In July, the <a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a> was enacted, providing court procedures to free the slaves of those convicted of aiding the rebellion; Lincoln approved the bill despite his belief that it was unconstitutional. He felt such action could be taken only within the war powers of the commander-in-chief, which he planned to exercise. On July 22, 1862, Lincoln reviewed a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996364%E2%80%93365-254">[244]</a> Peace Democrats (Copperheads) argued that emancipation was a stumbling block to peace and reunification, but Republican editor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a>, in his public letter, "The Prayer of Twenty Millions", implored Lincoln to embrace emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson1992124-255">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[246]</a> In a public letter of August 22, 1862, Lincoln replied to Greeley, writing that while he personally wished all men could be free, his first obligation as president was to preserve the Union:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo2004147%E2%80%93153-257">[247]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the colored race, I do because I believe it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear because I do not believe it would help to save the Union ... [¶] I have here stated my purpose according to my view of official duty; and I intend no modification of my oft-expressed personal wish that all men everywhere could be free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraebner1959388-258">[248]</a></blockquote> When Lincoln published his reply to Greeley, he had already decided to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation and therefore had already chosen the third option he mentioned in his letter to Greeley: to free some of the slaves, namely those in the states in rebellion. Some scholars, therefore, believe that his reply to Greeley was disingenuous and was intended to reassure white people who would have opposed a war for emancipation that emancipation was merely a means to preserve the Union.<a href="#cite_note-259">[249]</a> On September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation,<a href="#cite_note-260">[250]</a> which announced that, in states still in rebellion on January 1, 1863, the slaves would be freed. He spent the next 100 days, between September 22 and January 1, preparing the army and the nation for emancipation, while Democrats rallied their voters by warning of the threat that freed slaves posed to northern whites.<a href="#cite_note-261">[251]</a> At the same time, during those 100 days, Lincoln made efforts to end the war with slavery intact, suggesting that he still took seriously the first option he mentioned in his letter to Greeley: saving the Union without freeing any slave.<a href="#cite_note-262">[252]</a> But, on January 1, 1863, keeping his word, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation,<a href="#cite_note-263">[253]</a> freeing the slaves in 10 states not then under Union control,<a href="#cite_note-264">[254]</a> with exemptions specified for areas under such control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996379-265">[255]</a> Lincoln's comment on signing the Proclamation was: "I never, in my life, felt more certain that I was doing right, than I do in signing this paper."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996407-266">[256]</a> With the abolition of slavery in the rebel states now a military objective, Union armies advancing south "enable[d] thousands of slaves to escape to freedom".<a href="#cite_note-267">[257]</a> The Emancipation Proclamation having stated that freedmen would be "received into the armed service of the United States," enlisting these freedmen became official policy. By the spring of 1863, Lincoln was ready to recruit black troops in more than token numbers. In a letter to Tennessee military governor <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> encouraging him to lead the way in raising black troops, Lincoln wrote, "The bare sight of fifty thousand armed, and drilled black soldiers on the banks of the Mississippi would end the rebellion at once".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431-268">[258]</a> By the end of 1863, at Lincoln's direction, General <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a> "had enrolled twenty regiments of African Americans" from the Mississippi Valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996431-268">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gettysburg_Address_(1863)">Gettysburg Address (1863)</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address,_Gettysburg,_highlighted_version.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Large group of people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/280px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7499" data-file-height="6064"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/280px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png" data-alt="Large group of people" data-width="280" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/420px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png/560px-Lincoln%27s_Gettysburg_Address%2C_Gettysburg%2C_highlighted_version.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln (absent his usual <a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top hat</a> and highlighted in red) at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg</a> on November 19, 1863. Roughly three hours later, he delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, one of the best-known speeches in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[260]</a></figcaption></figure> Lincoln spoke at the dedication of the Gettysburg battlefield cemetery on November 19, 1863.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996453%E2%80%93460-271">[261]</a> In 272 words, taking only three minutes, Lincoln asserted that the nation was born not in 1789, but in 1776, "conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal". He defined the war as dedicated to the principles of liberty and equality for all. He declared that the deaths of so many brave soldiers would not be in vain, that the future of democracy would be assured, and that "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996460%E2%80%93466Wills201220,_27,_105,_146-272">[262]</a> Defying his prediction that "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010222-273">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Promoting_General_Grant">Promoting General Grant</h5></div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><noscript><img alt="Painting of four men conferring in a ship's cabin, entitled "The Peacemakers"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/280px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2254" usemap="#ImageMap_7b6a39bccc9d9f4f" resource="/wiki/File:The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 210px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/280px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg" data-alt="Painting of four men conferring in a ship's cabin, entitled "The Peacemakers"." data-width="280" data-height="210" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/420px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg/560px-The_Peacemakers_1868.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_7b6a39bccc9d9f4f"> <map name="ImageMap_7b6a39bccc9d9f4f"><area href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" shape="poly" coords="45,66,54,63,62,69,64,80,61,87,54,90,69,106,73,97,75,89,85,84,84,96,80,122,54,114,48,128,58,129,64,137,79,141,94,190,108,200,81,199,67,157,62,157,59,187,68,189,46,195,47,168,34,166,25,159,21,141,24,114,25,98,30,88,40,85,45,81,42,73" alt="General Sherman" title="General Sherman"><area href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" shape="poly" coords="102,74,110,77,111,83,108,90,114,95,124,110,133,108,138,114,129,140,134,144,130,146,130,167,133,170,129,174,121,171,119,147,116,143,116,138,102,139,92,148,86,106,90,96,98,92,96,85,96,78" alt="General Grant" title="General Grant"><area href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" shape="poly" coords="152,75,160,72,167,77,168,89,180,90,205,100,204,111,197,126,189,130,190,144,156,144,162,182,142,181,147,175,151,173,149,161,146,176,130,180,131,175,136,169,145,124,146,118,149,110,156,91,151,83" alt="President Lincoln" title="President Lincoln"><area href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" shape="poly" coords="244,73,256,72,257,83,256,92,266,99,267,123,261,132,258,141,262,149,259,181,248,179,240,167,234,166,233,160,229,163,233,191,219,200,215,198,219,190,214,164,208,194,184,194,186,190,192,187,195,183,203,143,230,133,229,120,220,129,213,125,214,120,220,112,225,110,233,106,237,100,239,92,242,78" alt="Admiral Porter" title="Admiral Porter"></map><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Peacemakers" title="The Peacemakers">The Peacemakers</a>, an 1868 painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a> depicting events aboard the <a href="/wiki/River_Queen_(steamboat)" title="River Queen (steamboat)">River Queen</a> in March 1865 (clickable image—use cursor to identify)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">General Ulysses Grant's</a> victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg campaign</a> impressed Lincoln. Responding to criticism of Grant after Shiloh, Lincoln had said, "I can't spare this man. He fights."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008315-274">[264]</a> With Grant in command, Lincoln felt the Union Army could advance in multiple theaters, while also including black troops. Meade's failure to capture Lee's army after Gettysburg and the continued passivity of the Army of the Potomac persuaded Lincoln to promote Grant to supreme commander. Grant then assumed command of Meade's army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:6%E2%80%9317-275">[265]</a> Lincoln was concerned that Grant might be considering a presidential candidacy in 1864. He arranged for an intermediary to inquire into Grant's political intentions, and once assured that he had none, Lincoln promoted Grant to the newly revived rank of Lieutenant General, a rank which had been unoccupied since <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996490%E2%80%93492-276">[266]</a> Authorization for such a promotion "with the advice and consent of the Senate" was provided by a new bill which Lincoln signed the same day he submitted Grant's name to the Senate. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on March 2, 1864.<a href="#cite_note-277">[267]</a> Grant in 1864 waged the bloody <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, which exacted heavy losses on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009113-278">[268]</a> When Lincoln asked what Grant's plans were, the persistent general replied, "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501-279">[269]</a> Grant's army moved steadily south. Lincoln traveled to Grant's headquarters at <a href="/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia" title="City Point, Virginia">City Point, Virginia</a>, to confer with Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman.<a href="#cite_note-280">[270]</a> Lincoln reacted to Union losses by mobilizing support throughout the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008422%E2%80%93424-281">[271]</a> Lincoln authorized Grant to target infrastructure—plantations, railroads, and bridges—hoping to weaken the South's morale and fighting ability. He emphasized defeat of the Confederate armies over destruction (which was considerable) for its own sake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely2004434%E2%80%93458-282">[272]</a> Lincoln's engagement became distinctly personal on one occasion in 1864 when Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Battle of Fort Stevens">raided Washington, D.C.</a> Legend has it that while Lincoln watched from an exposed position, Union Captain (and future <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court Justice</a>) <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> shouted at him, "Get down, you damn fool, before you get shot!" But this story is commonly regarded as apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-283">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008434-285">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[276]</a> As Grant continued to weaken Lee's forces, efforts to discuss peace began. Confederate Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a> led a group meeting with Lincoln, Seward, and others at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads</a>. Lincoln refused to negotiate with the Confederacy as a coequal; his objective to end the fighting was not realized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996565-287">[277]</a> On April 1, 1865, Grant nearly encircled Petersburg in a siege. The Confederate government evacuated Richmond and Lincoln visited the conquered capital. On April 9, Lee surrendered to Grant at <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox</a>, officially ending the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996589-288">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4></div> Lincoln's relationship with Native Americans started before he was born, with their killing of his grandfather in front of his sons, including Lincoln's father Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-289">[279]</a> Lincoln himself served as a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard" title="Illinois National Guard">state militia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> but saw no combat.<a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a> Lincoln used appointments to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Indian Bureau</a> as a reward to supporters from <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>. While in office his administration faced difficulties guarding Western settlers, railroads, and telegraphs, from Indian attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19743%E2%80%934-291">[281]</a> On August 17, 1862, the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War</a> broke out in Minnesota. Hundreds of settlers were killed, 30,000 were displaced from their homes, and Washington was deeply alarmed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010480-292">[282]</a> Some feared incorrectly that it might represent a Confederate conspiracy to start a war on the Northwestern frontier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19744%E2%80%935,_7-293">[283]</a> Lincoln ordered thousands of Confederate prisoners of war sent by railroad to put down the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008481Nichols19747-294">[284]</a> When the Confederates protested forcing Confederate prisoners to fight Indians, Lincoln revoked the policy and none arrived in Minnesota. Lincoln sent General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(general)" title="John Pope (general)">John Pope</a> as commander of the new <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Northwest" title="Department of the Northwest">Department of the Northwest</a> two weeks into the hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENichols19747-295">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481-296">[286]</a> Before he arrived, the <a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond Du Lac band of Chippewa</a> sent Lincoln a letter asking to go to war for the United States against the Sioux, so Lincoln could send Minnesota's troops to fight the South.<a href="#cite_note-297">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurlingame2008702-298">[288]</a> Shortly after, a <a href="/wiki/Mille_Lacs_Band_of_Ojibwe" title="Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe">Mille Lacs Band</a> Chief offered the same at <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud,_Minnesota" title="St. Cloud, Minnesota">St. Cloud, Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[290]</a> In it the Chippewa specified they wanted to use the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">rules of warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[291]</a> That meant there would be no <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrender (military)">surrender</a>, no <a href="/wiki/Peace_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace agreement">peace agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[292]</a> Lincoln did not accept the Chippewa offer, as he could not control the Chippewa, and women and children were considered legitimate casualties in native American warfare.<a href="#cite_note-303">[293]</a> Serving under Gen. Pope was Minnesota Congressman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry H. Sibley</a>. Minnesota's Governor had made Sibley a Colonel <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a> to command the U.S. force tasked with fighting the war and that eventually defeated <a href="/wiki/Little_Crow" title="Little Crow">Little Crow</a>'s forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wood_Lake" title="Battle of Wood Lake">Battle of Wood Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullaBorchard2010481-296">[286]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">war</a>, Dakota men attacked and killed over 500 white settlers, causing thousands to flee the area<a href="#cite_note-anderson2019-304">[294]</a>: 107 and took hundreds of "mixed-blood" and white hostages, almost all women and children.<a href="#cite_note-305">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[296]</a> By the end of the war, 358 settlers had been killed, in addition to 77 soldiers and 36 volunteer militia and armed civilians.<a href="#cite_note-307">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[298]</a> The total number of Dakota casualties is unknown, but 150 Dakota men died in battle. On September 26, 1862, 269 "mixed-blood" and white hostages were released to Sibley's troops at <a href="/wiki/Surrender_at_Camp_Release" title="Surrender at Camp Release">Camp Release</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[299]</a> Interned at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a>, approximately 2,000 Dakota surrendered or were taken into custody,<a href="#cite_note-310">[300]</a> including at least 1,658 non-combatants, as well as those who had opposed the war and helped to free the hostages.<a href="#cite_note-311">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-anderson2019-304">[294]</a>: 233 In less than six weeks, a <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military commission</a>, composed of officers from the Minnesota volunteer infantry, sentenced 303 Dakota men to death. Sibley ordered a <a href="/wiki/Military_commissions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military commissions in the United States">military commission</a> to review the actions of the captured, to try those that had committed <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. The legitimacy of military commissions trying opposing combatants had been established during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[302]</a> Sibley thought he had 16-20 of the men he wanted for trial, while Gen. Pope ordered all detained be tried. The 303 were given death sentences that were subject to presidential review, of which <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Whipple">Henry Whipple</a>, a bishop from Minnesota wrote, "We can not hang men by the hundreds".<a href="#cite_note-313">[303]</a> Lincoln pardoned all but 38, and the remaining 38 were executed in the largest mass execution in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996394-314">[304]</a> Questions arose concerning three executions that have not been answered.<a href="#cite_note-315">[305]</a> Less than 4 months afterwards, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Lieber_Code" title="Lieber Code">Lieber Code</a>, which governed wartime conduct of the Union Army, by defining command responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Alexander Ramsey</a> told Lincoln in 1864 that he would have gotten more re-election support in Minnesota had he executed all 303 of the Mdewakanton. Lincoln responded, "I could not afford to hang men for votes."<a href="#cite_note-316">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reelection">Reelection</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1864.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern states are not included." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 169px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png" data-alt="Map of the U.S. showing Lincoln winning all the Union states except for Kentucky, New Jersey, and Delaware. The Southern states are not included." data-width="290" data-height="169" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/ElectoralCollege1864.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1864.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral</a> landslide (in red) in the <a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 presidential election</a>; southern states (brown) and territories (gray) not in play</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/220px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="5052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/220px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/330px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg/440px-Republican_presidential_ticket_1864b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A poster of the 1864 election campaign with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> as the candidate for vice president</figcaption></figure> Lincoln ran for reelection in 1864, while uniting the main Republican factions along with <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> and Andrew Johnson. Lincoln used conversation and his patronage powers—greatly expanded from peacetime—to build support and fend off the Radicals' efforts to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFish190253%E2%80%9369Tegeder194877%E2%80%9390-317">[307]</a> At its convention, the Republican Party selected Johnson as his running mate. To broaden his coalition to include War Democrats as well as Republicans, Lincoln ran under the label of the new <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996494%E2%80%93507-318">[308]</a> Grant's bloody stalemates damaged Lincoln's re-election prospects, and many Republicans feared defeat. Lincoln confidentially pledged in writing that if he should lose the election, he would still defeat the Confederacy before turning over the White House;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180-319">[309]</a> Lincoln did not show the pledge to his cabinet, but asked them to sign the sealed envelope. The pledge read as follows:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This morning, as for some days past, it seems exceedingly probable that this Administration will not be re-elected. Then it will be my duty to so co-operate with the President elect, as to save the Union between the election and the inauguration; as he will have secured his election on such ground that he cannot possibly save it afterward.<a href="#cite_note-320">[310]</a></blockquote> The Democratic platform followed the "Peace wing" of the party and called the war a "failure"; but their candidate, McClellan, supported the war and repudiated the platform. Meanwhile, Lincoln emboldened Grant with more troops and Republican party support. Sherman's capture of Atlanta in September and <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a>'s capture of Mobile ended defeatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531-321">[311]</a> The Democratic Party was deeply split, with some leaders and most soldiers openly for Lincoln. The National Union Party was united by Lincoln's support for emancipation. State Republican parties stressed the <a href="/wiki/Perfidy" title="Perfidy">perfidy</a> of the Copperheads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307-322">[312]</a> On November 8, Lincoln carried all but three states, including 78 percent of Union soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274%E2%80%93293-323">[313]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5534" data-file-height="4007"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg" data-alt="A large crowd in front of a large building with many pillars" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_second_inaugural_address.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a> at the nearly completed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> on March 4, 1865</figcaption></figure> On March 4, 1865, Lincoln delivered his <a href="/wiki/Second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a>. In it, he deemed the war casualties to be God's will. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Mark Noll</a> places the speech "among the small handful of semi-sacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world;" it is inscribed in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002426-324">[314]</a> Lincoln said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Fondly do we hope—fervently do we pray—that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bondman" class="extiw" title="wikt:bondman">bond-man's</a> two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether". With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.<a href="#cite_note-325">[315]</a></blockquote> Among those present for this speech was actor <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, who, on April 14, 1865, just over a month after <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's second inauguration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassinated him</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></div> Reconstruction preceded the war's end, as Lincoln and his associates considered the reintegration of the nation, and the fates of Confederate leaders and freed slaves. When a general asked Lincoln how the defeated Confederates were to be treated, Lincoln replied, "Let 'em up easy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509%E2%80%93512-326">[316]</a> Lincoln was determined to find meaning in the war in its aftermath, and did not want to continue to outcast the southern states. His main goal was to keep the union together, so he proceeded by focusing not on whom to blame, but on how to rebuild the nation as one.<a href="#cite_note-327">[317]</a> Lincoln led the moderates in Reconstruction policy and was opposed by the Radicals, under Rep. <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, Sen. Charles Sumner and Sen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a>, who otherwise remained Lincoln's allies. Determined to reunite the nation and not alienate the South, Lincoln urged that speedy elections under generous terms be held. His <a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Amnesty Proclamation</a> of December 8, 1863, offered pardons to those who had not held a Confederate civil office and had not mistreated Union prisoners, if they were willing to sign an oath of allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471%E2%80%93472-328">[318]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Cartoon of Lincoln and Johnson attempting to stitch up the broken Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3571" data-file-height="2780"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg" data-alt="Cartoon of Lincoln and Johnson attempting to stitch up the broken Union" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_Johnsond.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 1865 political cartoon, The 'Rail Splitter' At Work Repairing the Union, depicting Vice President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, a former tailor, and Lincoln, with Johnson saying, "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever", and Lincoln responding, "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended."</figcaption></figure> As Southern states fell, they needed leaders while their administrations were restored. In Tennessee and Arkansas, Lincoln respectively appointed Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele" title="Frederick Steele">Frederick Steele</a> as military governors. In Louisiana, Lincoln ordered General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> to promote a plan that would reestablish statehood when 10 percent of the voters agreed, and only if the reconstructed states abolished slavery. Democratic opponents accused Lincoln of using the military to ensure his and the Republicans' political aspirations. The Radicals denounced his policy as too lenient, and passed their own plan, the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a>, which Lincoln vetoed. The Radicals retaliated by refusing to seat elected representatives from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485%E2%80%93486-329">[319]</a> Lincoln's appointments were designed to harness both moderates and Radicals. To fill Chief Justice Taney's seat on the Supreme Court, he named the Radicals' choice, Salmon P. Chase, whom Lincoln believed would uphold his emancipation and paper money policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206-330">[320]</a> After implementing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln increased pressure on Congress to outlaw slavery throughout the nation with a constitutional amendment. He declared that such an amendment would "clinch the whole subject" and by December 1863 an amendment was brought to Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554-331">[321]</a> The Senate passed it on April 8, 1864, but the first vote in the House of Representatives fell short of the required two-thirds majority. Passage became part of Lincoln's reelection platform, and after his successful reelection, the second attempt in the House passed on January 31, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562%E2%80%93563-332">[322]</a> With ratification, it became the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> on December 6, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-333">[323]</a> Lincoln believed the federal government had limited responsibility to the millions of freedmen. He signed Senator Charles Sumner's <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a> bill that set up a temporary federal agency designed to meet the immediate needs of former slaves. The law opened land for a lease of three years with the ability to purchase title for the freedmen. Lincoln announced a Reconstruction plan that involved short-term military control, pending readmission under the control of southern Unionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242%E2%80%93243-334">[324]</a> Historians agree that it is impossible to predict how Reconstruction would have proceeded had Lincoln lived. Biographers James G. Randall and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Current" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Current">Richard Current</a>, according to David Lincove, argue that:<a href="#cite_note-335">[325]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's mistakes.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> argues that:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335-336">[326]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Unlike Sumner and other Radicals, Lincoln did not see Reconstruction as an opportunity for a sweeping political and social revolution beyond emancipation. He had long made clear his opposition to the confiscation and redistribution of land. He believed, as most Republicans did in April 1865, that voting requirements should be determined by the states. He assumed that political control in the South would pass to white Unionists, reluctant secessionists, and forward-looking former Confederates. But time and again during the war, Lincoln, after initial opposition, had come to embrace positions first advanced by abolitionists and Radical Republicans. ... Lincoln undoubtedly would have listened carefully to the outcry for further protection for the former slaves. ... It is entirely plausible to imagine Lincoln and Congress agreeing on a Reconstruction policy that encompassed federal protection for basic civil rights plus limited black suffrage, along the lines Lincoln proposed just before his death.</blockquote> Lincoln vetoed only four bills during his presidency, including the <a href="/wiki/Wade-Davis_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Wade-Davis Bill">Wade-Davis Bill</a> with its harsh Reconstruction program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137-337">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1862_Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1862 Homestead Act">1862 Homestead Act</a> made millions of acres of Western government-held land available for purchase at low cost. The 1862 <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act">Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act</a> provided government grants for <a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">agricultural colleges</a> in each state. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railway_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Railway Acts">Pacific Railway Acts</a> of 1862 and 1864 granted federal support for the construction of the United States' <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a>, which was completed in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116-338">[328]</a> The passage of the Homestead Act and the Pacific Railway Acts was enabled by the absence of Southern congressmen and senators who had opposed the measures in the 1850s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450%E2%80%93452-339">[329]</a> There were two measures passed to raise revenues for the federal government: tariffs (a policy with long precedent), and a <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income tax</a>. In 1861, Lincoln signed the second and third <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">Morrill Tariffs</a>, following the first enacted by Buchanan. He also signed the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">Revenue Act of 1861</a>, creating the first U.S. income tax—a flat tax of 3 percent on incomes above $800 (equivalent to $27,997 in 2024<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-340">[330]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-341">[331]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1862" title="Revenue Act of 1862">Revenue Act of 1862</a> adopted rates that increased with income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111-342">[332]</a> The Lincoln Administration presided over the expansion of the federal government's economic influence in other areas. The <a href="/wiki/National_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Banking Act">National Banking Act</a> created the system of national banks. The U.S. issued paper currency for the first time, known as <a href="/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)" title="Greenback (1860s money)">greenbacks</a>—printed in green on the reverse side.<a href="#cite_note-343">[333]</a> In 1862, Congress created the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-341">[331]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_Proclamation_(1863)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Thanksgiving Proclamation (1863)">Thanksgiving Proclamation (1863)</a></div></div></div> </div> In response to rumors of a renewed draft, the editors of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Commerce" title="The Journal of Commerce">Journal of Commerce</a> published a false draft proclamation that created an opportunity for the editors and others to corner the gold market. Lincoln attacked the media for such behavior, and ordered a military seizure of the two papers which lasted for two days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501%E2%80%93502-344">[334]</a> Lincoln is largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving holiday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-211">[202]</a> Thanksgiving had become a regional holiday in New England in the 17th century. It had been sporadically proclaimed by the federal government on irregular dates. The prior proclamation had been during <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>'s presidency 50 years earlier. In 1863, Lincoln declared the final Thursday in November of that year to be a day of Thanksgiving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-211">[202]</a> In June 1864 Lincoln approved the Yosemite Grant enacted by Congress, which provided unprecedented federal protection for the area now known as <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-345">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assassination">Assassination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Painting of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1780"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 206px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" data-alt="Painting of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth." data-width="220" data-height="206" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An illustration of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's assassination</a> on April 14, 1865, in the presidential booth at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>, featuring (left to right): assassin <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, Abraham Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Harris" title="Clara Harris">Clara Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rathbone" title="Henry Rathbone">Henry Rathbone</a>, published in 1900</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> was a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland; though he never joined the Confederate army, he had contacts with the Confederate secret service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586%E2%80%93587-346">[336]</a> After attending Lincoln's last public address, on April 11, 1865, in which Lincoln stated his preference that the franchise be conferred on some black men, specifically "on the very intelligent, and on those who serve our cause as soldiers",<a href="#cite_note-347">[337]</a> Booth hatched a plot to assassinate the President.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103%E2%80%934-348">[338]</a> When Booth learned of the Lincolns' intent to attend a play with General Grant, he planned to assassinate Lincoln and Grant at <a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>. "Booth had attended a dress rehearsal the day before to better rehearse his scheme for shooting Lincoln ... and then escaping."<a href="#cite_note-349">[339]</a> Lincoln and his wife attended the play <a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a> on the evening of April 14, just five days after the Union victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Appomattox Courthouse">Battle of Appomattox Courthouse</a>. At the last minute, Grant decided to go to New Jersey to visit his children instead of attending the play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594%E2%80%93597-350">[340]</a> At 10:15 in the evening, Booth entered the back of Lincoln's theater box, crept up from behind, and fired at the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln's guest, Major <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rathbone" title="Henry Rathbone">Henry Rathbone</a>, momentarily grappled with Booth, but Booth stabbed him and escaped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010-351">[341]</a> After being attended by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leale" title="Charles Leale">Doctor Charles Leale</a> and two other doctors, Lincoln was taken across the street to <a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a>. After remaining in a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> for nine hours, Lincoln died at 7:22 in the morning on April 15.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153-352">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[k]</a> Stanton saluted and said, "Now he belongs to the ages."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598%E2%80%93599,_686-358">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[l]</a> Lincoln's body was placed in a flag-wrapped coffin, which was loaded into a hearse and escorted to the White House by Union soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-360">[348]</a> President Johnson was sworn in later that same day.<a href="#cite_note-361">[349]</a> Two weeks later, Booth, refusing to surrender, was tracked to a farm in Virginia. He was mortally shot by Sergeant <a href="/wiki/Boston_Corbett" title="Boston Corbett">Boston Corbett</a> and died on April 26. Secretary of War Stanton had issued orders that Booth be taken alive, so Corbett was initially arrested to be court martialed. After a brief interview, Stanton declared him a patriot and dismissed the charge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599-362">[350]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funeral_and_burial">Funeral and burial</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">State funeral of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> From April 19 to 21, the late President lay in state, first in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and then in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a>. The caskets containing Lincoln's body and the body of his third son <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">Willie</a> then traveled for three weeks on the Lincoln Special <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Funeral_train_to_Springfield,_Illinois" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral train</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231%E2%80%9358-363">[351]</a> The train followed a circuitous route from Washington D.C. to Springfield, Illinois, stopping at many cities for memorials attended by hundreds of thousands. Many others gathered along the tracks as the train passed with bands, bonfires, and hymn singing<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231%E2%80%9358Goodrich2005231%E2%80%93238-364">[352]</a> or in silent grief. Poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> composed "<a href="/wiki/When_Lilacs_Last_in_the_Dooryard_Bloom%27d" title="When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a>" to eulogize Lincoln by comparing Lincoln's completed life with the transient and short-lived beauty of flowers in full bloom; it is one of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_and_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln">four poems he wrote about Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[353]</a> African Americans were especially moved; they had lost their "<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164-366">[354]</a> In a larger sense, the reaction was in response to the deaths of so many men in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197%E2%80%93199-367">[355]</a> Historians emphasized the widespread shock and sorrow, but noted that some Lincoln haters celebrated his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96%E2%80%9397-368">[356]</a> Lincoln's body was buried at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Cemetery" title="Oak Ridge Cemetery">Oak Ridge Cemetery</a> in Springfield and now lies within the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[357]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_religious_views">Philosophy and religious views</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Lincoln sitting with his hand on his chin and his elbow on his leg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/170px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="2970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/170px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg" data-alt="Lincoln sitting with his hand on his chin and his elbow on his leg." data-width="170" data-height="226" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/255px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg/340px-AbrahamLincolnOilPainting1869Restored.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Healy)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Healy)">Abraham Lincoln</a>, an 1869 portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Peter Alexander Healy</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_republicanism">Philosophy of republicanism</h3></div> Lincoln's redefinition of the political philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism in the United States</a> has been stressed by historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">John Patrick Diggins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Harry V. Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Burton" title="Vernon Burton">Vernon Burton</a>, Eric Foner, and Herman J. Belz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200861-370">[358]</a> Lincoln called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>—which emphasized freedom and equality for all—the "<a href="/wiki/Sheet_anchor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheet anchor">sheet anchor</a>" of republicanism beginning in the 1850s. He did this at a time when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, which "tolerated slavery", was the focus of most political discourse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000399Thomas200861-371">[359]</a> Diggins notes, "Lincoln presented Americans a theory of history that offers a profound contribution to the theory and destiny of republicanism itself" in the 1860 Cooper Union speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiggins1986307Thomas200861-372">[360]</a> Instead of focusing on the legality of an argument, he focused on the moral basis of republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010215Thomas200861-373">[361]</a> His position on war was founded on a legal argument regarding the Constitution as essentially a contract among the states, and all parties must agree to pull out of the contract. Furthermore, it was a national duty to ensure the republic stands in every state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000263Thomas200861-374">[362]</a> Many soldiers and religious leaders from the north, though, felt the fight for liberty and freedom of slaves was ordained by their moral and religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-375">[363]</a> As a Whig activist Lincoln was a spokesman for business interests, favoring high tariffs, banks, infrastructure improvements, and railroads, in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian democrats">Jacksonian democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002196%E2%80%93198,_229%E2%80%93231,_301-376">[364]</a> Lincoln shared the sympathies that the Jacksonians professed for the common man, but he disagreed with the Jacksonian view that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">the government should be divorced from economic enterprise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrent1999-377">[365]</a> Nevertheless, Lincoln admired <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s steeliness as well as his patriotism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012-378">[366]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Sean Wilentz</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012-378">[366]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Just as the Republican Party of the 1850s absorbed certain elements of Jacksonianism, so Lincoln, whose Whiggery had always been more egalitarian than that of other Whigs, found himself absorbing some of them as well. And some of the Jacksonian spirit resided inside the Lincoln White House.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">William C. Harris</a> found that Lincoln's "reverence for the Founding Fathers, the Constitution, the laws under it, and the preservation of the Republic and its institutions strengthened his conservatism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20072-379">[367]</a> James G. Randall emphasizes his tolerance and moderation "in his preference for orderly progress, his distrust of dangerous agitation, and his reluctance toward ill digested schemes of reform." Randall concludes that "he was conservative in his complete avoidance of that type of so-called 'radicalism' which involved abuse of the South, hatred for the slaveholder, thirst for vengeance, partisan plotting, and ungenerous demands that Southern institutions be transformed overnight by outsiders."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1962175-380">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_philosophy_of_reunification">Political philosophy of reunification</h3></div> In Lincoln's first inaugural address, he explored the nature of democracy. He denounced secession as anarchy, and he explained that majority rule had to be balanced by constitutional restraints. He said, "A majority held in restraint by constitutional checks and limitations, and always changing easily with deliberate changes of popular opinions and sentiments, is the only true sovereign of a free people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz199886-381">[369]</a> The successful reunification of the states had consequences for how people viewed the country. The term "the United States" has historically been used sometimes in the plural ("these United States") and other times in the singular. The Civil War was a significant force in the eventual dominance of the singular usage by the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-382">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_skepticism_and_providence">Religious skepticism and providence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner,_1865.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1761"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 258px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png" data-width="220" data-height="258" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-116_by_Gardner%2C_1865.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lincoln in February 1865, two months prior to his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Religious views of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> As a young man Lincoln was a <a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">religious skeptic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984-383">[371]</a> He was deeply familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, quoting and praising it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648%E2%80%9349,_514%E2%80%93515-384">[372]</a> He was private about his position on organized religion and respected the beliefs of others.<a href="#cite_note-385">[373]</a> He never made a clear profession of Christian beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll1992-386">[374]</a> Throughout his public career, Lincoln often quoted Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-387">[375]</a> His three most famous speeches—<a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">the House Divided Speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">the Gettysburg Address</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">his second inaugural</a>—all contain direct allusions to Providence and quote from Scripture. In the 1840s Lincoln subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Philosophical_Necessity_Illustrated" title="The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated">Doctrine of Necessity</a>, a belief that the human mind was controlled by a higher power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648%E2%80%9349-388">[376]</a> With the death of his son Edward in 1850 he more frequently expressed a dependence on God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrillo2000227%E2%80%93253-389">[377]</a> He never joined a church, although he frequently attended <a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Springfield,_Illinois)" title="First Presbyterian Church (Springfield, Illinois)">First Presbyterian Church</a> in Springfield, Illinois, with his wife beginning in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2009180-390">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[m]</a> When he was president, Lincoln and his wife often attended services at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Avenue_Presbyterian_Church" title="New York Avenue Presbyterian Church">New York Avenue Presbyterian Church</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-392">[379]</a> In the 1850s Lincoln asserted his belief in "providence" in a general way and rarely used the language or imagery of the evangelicals; instead, he regarded the republicanism of the Founding Fathers with an almost religious reverence.<a href="#cite_note-393">[380]</a> The death of his son Willie in February 1862 may have caused him to look toward religion for solace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999251%E2%80%93254-394">[381]</a> After Willie's death, he questioned the divine necessity of the war's severity. He wrote at this time that God "could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds."<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_[httpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_"Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will",_September_2,_1862?]_395-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1999254,_quoting_Lincoln,_Abraham,_%5Bhttpsquodlibumichedullincolnlincoln51893rgndiv1sortoccursubviewdetailtypesimpleviewfulltextq1Yetthecontestbegan_%22Meditation_on_the_Divine_Will%22,_September_2,_1862?%5D-395">[382]</a> Lincoln believed in an all-powerful God who shaped events and by 1865 was expressing that belief in major speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll1992-386">[374]</a> By the end of the war, he increasingly appealed to the Almighty for solace and to explain events, writing on April 4, 1864, to a newspaper editor in Kentucky: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me. Now, at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what either party, or any man devised, or expected. God alone can claim it. Whither it is tending seems plain. If God now wills the removal of a great wrong, and wills also that we of the North as well as you of the South, shall pay fairly for our complicity in that wrong, impartial history will find therein new cause to attest and revere the justice and goodness of God.<a href="#cite_note-396">[383]</a></blockquote>This spirituality can best be seen in his second inaugural address, considered by some scholars<a href="#cite_note-397">[384]</a> as the greatest such address in American history, and by Lincoln himself as his own greatest speech, or one of them at the very least.<a href="#cite_note-398">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[385]</a> Lincoln explains therein that the cause, purpose, and result of the war was God's will.<a href="#cite_note-400">[386]</a> Lincoln's frequent use of religious imagery and language toward the end of his life may have reflected his own personal beliefs or might have been a device to reach his audiences, who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine200327%E2%80%9355-401">[387]</a> On the day Lincoln was assassinated, he reportedly told his wife he desired to visit the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuelzo1999434-402">[388]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Health of Abraham Lincoln</a></div>Lincoln is believed to have had depression, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[389]</a> He took <a href="/wiki/Blue_mass" title="Blue mass">blue mass</a> pills, which contained <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-404">[390]</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[391]</a> It is unknown to what extent this may have resulted in <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-406">[392]</a> Several claims have been made that Lincoln's health was declining before the assassination. These are often based on <a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln">photographs of Lincoln</a> appearing to show weight loss and muscle wasting.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-407">[393]</a> It is also suspected that he might have had a rare genetic disease such as <a href="/wiki/Marfan_syndrome" title="Marfan syndrome">Marfan syndrome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multiple_endocrine_neoplasia_type_2B" title="Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B">multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B</a>.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-407">[393]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 167px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 165px; height: 195px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -33px; left: -31px; width: 226px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:LINCOLN,_Abraham-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Lincoln as president" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/226px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6314" data-file-height="7226"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 226px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/226px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" data-alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Lincoln as president" data-width="226" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/339px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/452px-LINCOLN%2C_Abraham-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:LINCOLN,_Abraham-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:LINCOLN, Abraham-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> portrait of Lincoln as president </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">surveys of U.S. scholars ranking presidents</a> conducted since 1948, the top three presidents are generally Lincoln, George Washington, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>, although the order varies.<a href="#cite_note-408">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[o]</a> Between 1999 and 2011, Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> were the top-ranked presidents in eight <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> surveys, according to Gallup.<a href="#cite_note-411">[396]</a> A 2004 study found that scholars in the fields of history and politics ranked Lincoln number one, while legal scholars placed him second after George Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarantoLeo2004264-412">[397]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> stated that in "his company, I was never reminded of my humble origin, or of my unpopular color.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglass2008259%E2%80%93260-413">[398]</a> Lincoln's assassination made him a national martyr. He was viewed by abolitionists as a champion of human liberty. Republicans linked Lincoln's name to their party. Many, though not all, in the South considered Lincoln as a man of outstanding ability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChesebrough199476,_79,_106,_110-414">[399]</a> Historians have said he was "a <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical liberal">classical liberal</a>" in the 19th-century sense. <a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Allen C. Guelzo</a> states that Lincoln was a "classical liberal democrat—an enemy of artificial hierarchy, a friend to trade and business as ennobling and enabling, and an American counterpart to <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a> (whose portrait Lincoln hung in his White House office)".<a href="#cite_note-415">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall196265%E2%80%9387-416">[401]</a> Union nationalism, as envisioned by Lincoln, "helped lead America to the nationalism of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002222-417">[402]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> era, liberals honored Lincoln not so much as the <a href="/wiki/Self-made_man" title="Self-made man">self-made man</a> or the great war president, but as the advocate of the common man who they claimed would have supported the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91%E2%80%9398-418">[403]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Barry_Schwartz_(sociologist)" title="Barry Schwartz (sociologist)">Barry Schwartz</a> argues that in the 1930s and 1940s the memory of Abraham Lincoln was practically sacred and provided the nation with "a moral symbol inspiring and guiding American life." During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, he argues, Lincoln served "as a means for seeing the world's disappointments, for making its sufferings not so much explicable as meaningful." Franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, "What would Lincoln do?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9,_24-419">[404]</a> However, Schwartz also finds that since World War II Lincoln's symbolic power has lost relevance, and this "fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness." He suggested that <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> have diluted greatness as a concept.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008xi,_9-420">[405]</a> Schwartz argues that Lincoln's American reputation grew slowly from the late 19th century until the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a> (1900–1920s), when he emerged as one of America's most venerated heroes, even among white Southerners. The high point came in 1922 with the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2000109-421">[406]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> years Lincoln's image shifted to a symbol of freedom who brought hope to those oppressed by <a href="/wiki/Communist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist regime">Communist regimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz200823,_91%E2%80%9398-418">[403]</a> Barry Schwartz wrote in 2009 that Lincoln's image suffered "erosion, fading prestige, benign ridicule" in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz2008146-422">[407]</a> Lincoln had long been known as the Great Emancipator,<a href="#cite_note-423">[408]</a> but, by the late 1960s, some African American intellectuals, led by <a href="/wiki/Lerone_Bennett_Jr." title="Lerone Bennett Jr.">Lerone Bennett Jr.</a>, denied that Lincoln deserved that title.<a href="#cite_note-424">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[410]</a> Bennett won wide attention when he called Lincoln a <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacist</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett196835%E2%80%9342-426">[411]</a> He noted that Lincoln used ethnic slurs and told jokes that ridiculed blacks. Bennett argued that Lincoln opposed social equality and proposed that freed slaves voluntarily move to another country. The emphasis shifted away from Lincoln the emancipator to an argument that blacks had freed themselves from slavery, or at least were responsible for pressuring the government to emancipate them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228-427">[412]</a> Defenders of Lincoln retorted that he was a "moral visionary" who deftly advanced the abolitionist cause, as fast as politically possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStriner20061-428">[413]</a> Brian Dirck stated that few Civil War scholars take Bennett (or <a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">Thomas DiLorenzo</a>)<a href="#cite_note-429">[414]</a> seriously, pointing to their "narrow political agendas and faulty research".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382-430">[415]</a> By the 1970s Lincoln had become a hero to <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">political conservatives</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[416]</a>—apart from <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">neo-Confederates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mel_Bradford" title="Mel Bradford">Mel Bradford</a>, who denounced his treatment of the white South—for his intense nationalism, his support for business, his insistence on stopping the spread of slavery, his acting on <a href="/wiki/Lockean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockean">Lockean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burkean" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean">Burkean</a> principles on behalf of both liberty and tradition, and his devotion to the principles of the Founding Fathers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514%E2%80%93518Graebner195967%E2%80%9394Smith201043%E2%80%9345-432">[417]</a> Lincoln became a favorite of liberal intellectuals across the world.<a href="#cite_note-433">[418]</a> David Herbert Donald opined in his 1996 biography that Lincoln was distinctly endowed with the personality trait of <a href="/wiki/Negative_capability" title="Negative capability">negative capability</a>, defined by the poet <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> and attributed to extraordinary leaders who were "capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199615-434">[419]</a> In the 21st century President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> named Lincoln his favorite president and insisted on using the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Lincoln Bible</a> for his inaugural ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-435">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[422]</a> Lincoln has often been portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light.<a href="#cite_note-438">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[424]</a> Lincoln has also been admired by political figures outside the U.S., including <a href="/wiki/Address_of_the_International_Working_Men%27s_Association_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Address of the International Working Men's Association to Abraham Lincoln">German political theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>,<a href="#cite_note-440">[425]</a> Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-441">[426]</a> former <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-442">[427]</a> leader of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[428]</a> and Libyan revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-444">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_commemorations">Memorials and commemorations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">Memorials to Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> Lincoln's portrait appears on two denominations of <a href="/wiki/United_States_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States currency">United States currency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">penny</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">$5 bill</a>. He appears on postage stamps across the world.<a href="#cite_note-c980-445">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[431]</a> While he is usually portrayed bearded, he did not grow a beard until 1860 at the suggestion of 11-year-old <a href="/wiki/Grace_Bedell" title="Grace Bedell">Grace Bedell</a>. He was the first of five presidents to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollea201813%E2%80%9314-447">[432]</a> He has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018194-448">[433]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">capital</a> of Nebraska.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDennis2018197-449">[434]</a> The United States Navy <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Nimitz-class aircraft carrier">Nimitz-class</a> aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)</a> is named after Lincoln, the second Navy ship to bear his name.<a href="#cite_note-450">[435]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> is one of the most visited monuments in the nation's capital<a href="#cite_note-451">[436]</a> and is one of the most visited <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> sites in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_-_Nyce-452">[437]</a> Ford's Theatre, among the most visited sites in Washington, D.C.,<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_-_Nyce-452">[437]</a> is across the street from <a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a>, where Lincoln died.<a href="#cite_note-453">[438]</a> Memorials in Springfield, Illinois, include the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln's home</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">his tomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-454">[439]</a> A portrait carving of Lincoln appears with those of three other presidents on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a>, which receives about 3 million visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-455">[440]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man">statue of Lincoln</a> that influenced later sculptors<a href="#cite_note-456">[441]</a> stands in <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park</a>, Chicago, with recastings given as diplomatic gifts standing in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a>, London, and <a href="/wiki/Parque_Lincoln" title="Parque Lincoln">Parque Lincoln</a>, Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-457">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-459">[444]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Portrait" title="Lincoln Portrait">Lincoln Portrait</a> is a 1942 classical <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchestral work">orchestral work</a> written by the American composer <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a> to commemorate five speeches and writings of Lincoln. The work involves a full <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestra</a>, with particular emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> section at climactic moments and the work is narrated by prominent politicians and actors periodically invited to perform with the orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-460">[445]</a> In 2019, Congress officially dedicated room H-226 in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> to Abraham Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-461">[446]</a> The room is located off <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a> and served as the <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a> of the House while then-Representative Abraham Lincoln served in Congress from 1847 to 1849.<a href="#cite_note-462">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[448]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln's image carved into the stone of Mount Rushmore"><noscript><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/138px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 138px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/138px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg" data-alt="See caption" data-width="138" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/206px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg/275px-Head_of_Abraham_Lincoln_at_Mount_Rushmore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lincoln's image carved into the stone of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abraham Lincoln, a 1909 bronze statue by Adolph Weinman, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky."><noscript><img alt="See caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 125px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="See caption" data-width="125" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg/251px-Lincoln_Heritage_Scenic_Highway_-_Adolph_Weinman%27s_Abraham_Lincoln_Statue_-_NARA_-_7720071_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Hodgenville,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)">Abraham Lincoln</a>, a 1909 bronze statue by <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Alexander_Weinman" title="Adolph Alexander Weinman">Adolph Weinman</a>, sits before a historic church in Hodgenville, Kentucky.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination."><noscript><img alt="The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/140px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="685"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/140px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg" data-alt="The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination." data-width="140" data-height="172" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/210px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg/280px-Lincoln_1866_Issue-15c.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Lincoln memorial postage stamp of 1866 was issued by the U.S. Post Office exactly one year after Lincoln's assassination.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C."><noscript><img alt="An aerial photo a large white building with big pillars." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5842" data-file-height="4062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 97px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/140px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg" data-alt="An aerial photo a large white building with big pillars." data-width="140" data-height="97" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/210px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_west_side.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_penny,_obverse,_2002.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln"><noscript><img alt="The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/140px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="901"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 140px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/140px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png" data-alt="The Lincoln cent, an American coin portraying Lincoln" data-width="140" data-height="140" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/210px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png/280px-United_States_penny%2C_obverse%2C_2002.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln cent</a>, an American coin portraying Lincoln</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(film)" title="Lincoln (film)">Lincoln (film)</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linconia" title="Linconia">Linconia</a>, proposed colony in Central America named for Lincoln</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Outline of Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Towers_(Ohio_State)" title="The Towers (Ohio State)">The Towers (Ohio State)</a>, Lincoln Tower</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ranks-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ranks_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ranks_2-1">b</a> Discharged from command-rank of Captain and re-enlisted at rank of Private. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The identity of Lincoln's grandmother Bathsheba Herring, though without certainty, is the consensus of multiple Lincoln biographers. She was the daughter of Alexander and Abigail Herring (née Harrison).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935276-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Thomas, born January 1778, would have been 8 at the attack, May 1786. Older sources use six.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon199835%E2%80%9336-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Later, this land became part of a separate county in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt20083,_5,_16-20">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Historians disagree on who initiated the move; Thomas Lincoln had no obvious reason to do so. One possibility is that other members of the family, including Dennis Hanks, may not have matched Thomas's stability and steady income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartelt200838%E2%80%9340-45">[41]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The Lincolns' last descendant, great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith">Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith</a>, died in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Lincoln was a descendant of the Harrisons through his grandmother, Bathsheba Herring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1935280%E2%80%93286,_350%E2%80%93351-115">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans of the Northeast, who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans, who thought it was bad because it hurt <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism principles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a>, especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner201084%E2%80%9388-136">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Although the name of the Supreme Court case is Dred Scott v. Sandford, the respondent's <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> was actually "Sanford". A <a href="/wiki/Court_clerk" title="Court clerk">clerk</a> misspelled the name, and the court never corrected the error.<a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Major Northern newspapers, however, demanded more—they expected victory within 90 days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996295%E2%80%93296-231">[222]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> At the moment of death some observers said his face seemed to relax into a smile.<a href="#cite_note-353">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[346]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Other versions of the quotation have been offered, including "He now belongs to the ages," "He is a man for the ages," and "Now he belongs to the angels." Gopnik, Adam, "Angels and Ages: Lincoln's language and its legacy," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/angels-and-ages">The New Yorker, May 21, 2007.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> On claims that Lincoln was baptized by an associate of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Campbell (clergyman)">Alexander Campbell</a>, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Jim (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019204330/http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html">"The secret baptism of Abraham Lincoln"</a>. Restoration Quarterly. 38 (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_38_no_2_contents/martin.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Restoration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+secret+baptism+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acu.edu%2Fsponsored%2Frestoration_quarterly%2Farchives%2F1990s%2Fvol_38_no_2_contents%2Fmartin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> Lincoln wrote to Thurlow Weed on March 4, 1865, "on the recent Inaugeral [sic] Address. I expect the latter to wear as well as—perhaps better than—any thing I have produced...." </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> While the book Rating The Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. Leaders, From the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent acknowledges that polls have rated Lincoln among the top presidents since 1948, the authors find him to be among the two best presidents, along with Franklin Delano Roosevelt.<a href="#cite_note-409">[395]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter1866" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixmonthsatwhit02carpgoog">Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture</a>. 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Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks. pp. 147–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-4756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4022-4756-9"><bdi>978-1-4022-4756-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+for+President%3A+An+Unlikely+Candidate%2C+An+Audacious+Strategy%2C+and+the+Victory+No+One+Saw+Coming&rft.place=Naperville%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4022-4756-9&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PQqZzyw4uAC%26pg%3DPAl49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Murrin, John (2006). Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People. 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Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thehenryford.org&rft.atitle=Broadside%2C+%27President+Lincoln%27s+Farewell+Address+to+His+Old+Neighbors%2C+Springfield%2C+February+12%2C+1861%27+%E2%80%93+The+Henry+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fcollections-and-research%2Fdigital-collections%2Fartifact%2F236607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publish.illinois.edu/ihlc-blog/2018/01/27/lincolns-farewell-address/">"Lincoln's Farewell Address – Illinois History & Lincoln Collections"</a>. January 27, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Farewell+Address+%E2%80%93+Illinois+History+%26+Lincoln+Collections&rft.date=2018-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublish.illinois.edu%2Fihlc-blog%2F2018%2F01%2F27%2Flincolns-farewell-address%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273–277-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996273%E2%80%93277_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 273–277. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/lincoln-arrives-in-washington">"Abraham Lincoln arrives in Washington, D.C. | February 23, 1861"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+arrives+in+Washington%2C+D.C.+%26%23124%3B+February+23%2C+1861&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Flincoln-arrives-in-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277–279-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996277%E2%80%93279_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 277–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (March 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/lincoln4">Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 4</a>. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+4.&rft.pages=333&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2Flincoln4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandburg2002212_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandburg2002">Sandburg 2002</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283–284-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996283%E2%80%93284_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 283–284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996268,_279_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 268, 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers,_Robert" class="citation web cs1">Summers, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002203536/http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html">"Abraham Lincoln"</a>. Internet Public Library 2 (IPL2). U. Michigan and Drexel U. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/alincoln.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Public+Library+2+%28IPL2%29&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.au=Summers%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipl.org%2Fdiv%2Fpotus%2Falincoln.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Neill F. Sanders, "'When A House Is on Fire': The English Consulates and Lincoln's Patronage Policy." Lincoln Herald (1981), 83#4, pp. 579–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Kevin Peraino, Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power (2014), pp. 138–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Peraino, Lincoln in the World, pp. 3–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005319_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin 2005</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2005_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2005">Goodwin 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_211-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471_211-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlue1987245_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlue1987">Blue 1987</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19595:29_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1959">Nevins 1959</a>, p. 5:29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman1990185–186-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherman1990185%E2%80%93186_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSherman1990">Sherman 1990</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996293_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974226-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974226_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidlerHeidlerColes2002174_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeidlerHeidlerColes2002">Heidler, Heidler & Coles 2002</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> "One significant point of disagreement among historians and political scientists is whether Roger Taney heard Ex parte Merryman as a U.S. circuit judge or as a Supreme Court justice in chambers." White, Jonathan W., Abraham Lincoln and Treason in the Civil War: The Trials of John Merryman, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris201159–71-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris201159%E2%80%9371_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2011">Harris 2011</a>, pp. 59–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeely19923–31-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeely19923%E2%80%9331_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeely1992">Neely 1992</a>, pp. 3–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303–304Carwardine2003163–164-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996303%E2%80%93304Carwardine2003163%E2%80%93164_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 303–304; <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315–339,_417-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996315%E2%80%93339,_417_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 315–339, 417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314Carwardine2003178_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 314; <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314–317-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996314%E2%80%93317_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 314–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003181_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213–214-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002213%E2%80%93214_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorittPinsker2002">Boritt & Pinsker 2002</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996322_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1946" class="citation book cs1">Randall, James Garfield (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vi8aAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA50">Lincoln the President: Springfield to Gettysburg</a>. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80754-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80754-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80754-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+President%3A+Springfield+to+Gettysburg&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80754-1&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVi8aAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> quoted in Peraino, Kevin (2013) Lincoln in the World: The Making of a Statesman and the Dawn of American Power. pp. 160–61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-88720-7">978-0-307-88720-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974115-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974115_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasHyman1962" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Benjamin Platt; Hyman, Harold Melvin (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WTGTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA385">Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War</a>. 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Volume 7</a>. p. 514.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memorandum+Concerning+His+Probable+Failure+of+Re-election&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+7&rft.pages=514&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln7%2F1%3A1124%3Frgn%3Ddiv1%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996531_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307-322"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandallCurrent1955307_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandallCurrent1955">Randall & Current 1955</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274–293-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimsleySimpson200180Paludan1994274%E2%80%93293_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001">Grimsley & Simpson 2001</a>, p. 80; <a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, pp. 274–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoll2002426-324"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoll2002426_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoll2002">Noll 2002</a>, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1953" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (February 13, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln8/1:711.1?hi=0;rgn=div2;singlegenre=All;size=25;sort=occur;start=1;subview=detail;type=simple;view=fulltext;q1=fondly">Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln. Volume 8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Abraham+Lincoln.+Volume+8.&rft.date=1953-02-13&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fl%2Flincoln%2Flincoln8%2F1%3A711.1%3Fhi%3D0%3Brgn%3Ddiv2%3Bsinglegenre%3DAll%3Bsize%3D25%3Bsort%3Doccur%3Bstart%3D1%3Bsubview%3Ddetail%3Btype%3Dsimple%3Bview%3Dfulltext%3Bq1%3Dfondly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509–512-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas2008509%E2%80%93512_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, pp. 509–512. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehn2017" class="citation book cs1">Koehn, Nancy (2017). Forged in Crisis: The Making of Five Legendary Leaders. NY: Scribner. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7444-5"><bdi>978-1-5011-7444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+in+Crisis%3A+The+Making+of+Five+Legendary+Leaders&rft.place=NY&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-7444-5&rft.aulast=Koehn&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471–472-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996471%E2%80%93472_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 471–472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485–486-329"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996485%E2%80%93486_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 485–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins19474:206_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1947">Nevins 1947</a>, p. 4:206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996554_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562–563-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996562%E2%80%93563_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 562–563. </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">"Primary Documents in American History: 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010110013/http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+Documents+in+American+History%3A+13th+Amendment+to+the+U.S.+Constitution&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fprogram%2Fbib%2Fourdocs%2F13thamendment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242–243-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003242%E2%80%93243_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincove2000" class="citation book cs1">Lincove, David A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EQcT7-Dpi0C&pg=PA80">Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography</a>. Greenwood. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29199-9"><bdi>978-0-313-29199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+in+the+United+States%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29199-9&rft.aulast=Lincove&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EQcT7-Dpi0C%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2010335_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner 2010</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137-337"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996137_337-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994116_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450–452-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPherson2009450%E2%80%93452_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcPherson2009">McPherson 2009</a>, pp. 450–452. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-340"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_340-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996424_341-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaludan1994111_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaludan1994">Paludan 1994</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2011" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3IweU12jH0C">Greenback Planet: How the Dollar Conquered the World and Threatened Civilization as We Know It</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73933-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73933-8"><bdi>978-0-292-73933-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenback+Planet%3A+How+the+Dollar+Conquered+the+World+and+Threatened+Civilization+as+We+Know+It&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73933-8&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3IweU12jH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501–502-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996501%E2%80%93502_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 501–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-244-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89997-244-2"><bdi>978-0-89997-244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yosemite+National+Park%3A+A+Natural+History+Guide+to+Yosemite+and+Its+Trails&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Wilderness+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89997-244-2&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586–587-346"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996586%E2%80%93587_346-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 586–587. </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/last.htm">"Abraham Lincoln's Last Public Address"</a>. www.abrahamlincolnonline.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abrahamlincolnonline.org&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln%27s+Last+Public+Address&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abrahamlincolnonline.org%2Flincoln%2Fspeeches%2Flast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103–4-348"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison20103%E2%80%934_348-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison2010">Harrison 2010</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Doris Kearns (September 26, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK8u_h8aAOkC&q=dress+rehearsal">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7075-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7075-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-7075-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-7075-5&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK8u_h8aAOkC%26q%3Ddress%2Brehearsal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594–597-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996594%E2%80%93597_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 594–597. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996597Martin2010_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 597; <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteers2010">Steers 2010</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2015" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Richard (2015). Lincoln's Body: A Cultural History. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24724-4"><bdi>978-0-393-24724-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Body%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24724-4&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel2015" class="citation book cs1">Abel, E. Lawrence (2015). A Finger in Lincoln's Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath. ABC-CLIO. Chapter 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3118-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-3118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Finger+in+Lincoln%27s+Brain%3A+What+Modern+Science+Reveals+about+Lincoln%2C+His+Assassination%2C+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pages=Chapter+14&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3118-8&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=E.+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html">"OUR GREAT LOSS; The Assassination of President Lincoln"</a>. The New York Times. April 17, 1865. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113072328/http://www.nytimes.com/1865/04/17/news/our-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=OUR+GREAT+LOSS%3B+The+Assassination+of+President+Lincoln.&rft.date=1865-04-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1865%2F04%2F17%2Fnews%2Four-great-loss-assassination-president-lincolndetails-fearful-crimeclosing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay1915" class="citation book cs1">Hay, John (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt">The Life and Letters of John Hay Volume 1</a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809132012/https://archive.org/stream/lifeandlettersof007751mbp/lifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved July 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+John+Hay+Volume+1&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company.&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifeandlettersof007751mbp%2Flifeandlettersof007751mbp_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> Quote's original source is Hay's diary which is quoted in "Abraham Lincoln: A History", Volume 10, Page 292 by John G. Nicolay and John Hay </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598–599,_686-358"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald1996598%E2%80%93599,_686_358-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 598–599, 686. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoch2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoch, Bradley R. (September 4, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VKaCgAAQBAJ&q=lincoln+body+escorted+%22white+house%22&pg=PA123">The Lincoln Trail in Pennsylvania: A History and Guide</a>. Penn State Press. pp. 121–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07222-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07222-7"><bdi>978-0-271-07222-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Trail+in+Pennsylvania%3A+A+History+and+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07222-7&rft.aulast=Hoch&rft.aufirst=Bradley+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VKaCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlincoln%2Bbody%2Bescorted%2B%2522white%2Bhouse%2522%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrefousse1989" class="citation book cs1">Trefousse, Hans L. (1989). Andrew Johnson: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Johnson%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Trefousse&rft.aufirst=Hans+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteers2010153Donald1996599_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteers2010">Steers 2010</a>, p. 153; <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, p. 599. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58-363"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231%E2%80%9358_363-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrostel2002">Trostel 2002</a>, pp. 31–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrostel200231–58Goodrich2005231–238-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrostel200231%E2%80%9358Goodrich2005231%E2%80%93238_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrostel2002">Trostel 2002</a>, pp. 31–58; <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich2005">Goodrich 2005</a>, pp. 231–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2015" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Garrett (2015). Walt Whitman in Washington, D.C.: The Civil War and America's Great Poet. Charleston, SC: The History Press. pp. 118–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62619-973-6"><bdi>978-1-62619-973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman+in+Washington%2C+D.C.%3A+The+Civil+War+and+America%27s+Great+Poet&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-62619-973-6&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Garrett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164-366"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015164_366-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197–199-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes2015197%E2%80%93199_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, pp. 197–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96–97-368"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHodes201584,_86,_96%E2%80%9397_368-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHodes2015">Hodes 2015</a>, pp. 84, 86, 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830182658/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm">"Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings – Lincoln Tomb, Illinois"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/Presidents/site19.htm">the original</a> on August 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Historic+Sites+and+Buildings+%E2%80%93+Lincoln+Tomb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2FPresidents%2Fsite19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas200861-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas200861_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000399Thomas200861-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000399Thomas200861_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffa2000">Jaffa 2000</a>, p. 399; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiggins1986307Thomas200861-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiggins1986307Thomas200861_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiggins1986">Diggins 1986</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2010215Thomas200861-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoner2010215Thomas200861_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoner2010">Foner 2010</a>, p. 215; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000263Thomas200861-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffa2000263Thomas200861_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffa2000">Jaffa 2000</a>, p. 263; <a href="#CITEREFThomas2008">Thomas 2008</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2008" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Orville Vernon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zaSs2HzEEwC&pg=PA243">The Age of Lincoln: A History</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3955-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-3955-3"><bdi>978-1-4299-3955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Lincoln%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-3955-3&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Orville+Vernon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_zaSs2HzEEwC%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002196–198,_229–231,_301-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorittPinsker2002196%E2%80%93198,_229%E2%80%93231,_301_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorittPinsker2002">Boritt & Pinsker 2002</a>, pp. 196–198, 229–231, 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrent1999-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrent1999_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurrent1999">Current 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz2012_378-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilentz2012">Wilentz 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20072-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20072_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2007">Harris 2007</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1962175-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandall1962175_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandall1962">Randall 1962</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz199886-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelz199886_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelz1998">Belz 1998</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Burt, Andrew (May 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/05/these-united-states-how-obamas-vocal-tic-reveals-a-polarized-america/275739/">"'These United States': How Obama's Vocal Tic Reveals a Polarized America"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved February 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%27These+United+States%27%3A+How+Obama%27s+Vocal+Tic+Reveals+a+Polarized+America&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2013%2F05%2Fthese-united-states-how-obamas-vocal-tic-reveals-a-polarized-america%2F275739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine20034Wilson199984_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFWilson1999">Wilson 1999</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald199648–49,_514–515-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald199648%E2%80%9349,_514%E2%80%93515_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonald1996">Donald 1996</a>, pp. 48–49, 514–515. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln2001" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham (2001) [1953]. 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Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 2 (1). Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Association: 22–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025185706/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jala/2629860.0002.104/--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Problem+of+Race%3A+A+Decade+of+Interpretations&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Zilversmit&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fj%2Fjala%2F2629860.0002.104%2F--lincoln-and-the-problem-of-race-a-decade-of-interpretations%3Frgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-425"><a href="#cite_ref-425">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2014" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, John M. 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Springfield, Illinois: Abraham Lincoln Association: 43–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Abraham+Lincoln+Association&rft.atitle=Holding+Up+a+Flawed+Mirror+to+the+American+Soul%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+in+the+Writings+of+Lerone+Bennett+Jr.&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fj%2Fjala%2F2629860.0035.105%2F--holding-up-a-flawed-mirror-to-the-american-soul-abraham%3Fkeywords%3Drgn...%3Brgn%3Dmain%3Bview%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett196835–42-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennett196835%E2%80%9342_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBennett1968">Bennett 1968</a>, pp. 35–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECashin200261KelleyLewis2005228_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCashin2002">Cashin 2002</a>, p. 61; <a href="#CITEREFKelleyLewis2005">Kelley & Lewis 2005</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStriner20061-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStriner20061_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStriner2006">Striner 2006</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> DiLorenzo, Thomas, <a href="/wiki/The_Real_Lincoln" title="The Real Lincoln">The Real Lincoln</a>: A New Look at Abraham Lincoln, His Agenda, and an Unnecessary War, Roseville, California: Prima, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDirck2009382_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDirck2009">Dirck 2009</a>, p. 382. </li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="#cite_ref-431">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavers2009" class="citation book cs1">Havers, Grant N. 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University of Missouri Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1857-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1857-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-1857-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Politics+of+Christian+Love&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1857-5&rft.aulast=Havers&rft.aufirst=Grant+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6yMTe4j_YEC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514–518Graebner195967–94Smith201043–45-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelz2014514%E2%80%93518Graebner195967%E2%80%9394Smith201043%E2%80%9345_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelz2014">Belz 2014</a>, pp. 514–518; <a href="#CITEREFGraebner1959">Graebner 1959</a>, pp. 67–94; <a href="#CITEREFSmith2010">Smith 2010</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardineSexton2011" class="citation book cs1">Carwardine, Richard; Sexton, Jay, eds. 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New York City: <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822114242/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-obama-lincoln-parallel-a-closer-look/">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2016. 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Retrieved June 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=LINCOLN%2C+Abraham+%7C+US+House+of+Representatives%3A+History%2C+Art+%26+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FListing%2FL%2FLINCOLN%2C-Abraham-%28L000313%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. 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Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-5539-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-5539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halleck%3A+Lincoln%27s+Chief+of+Staff&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-5539-4&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNYeG7Qrw7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_H._Baker" title="Jean H. Baker">Baker, Jean H.</a> (1989). Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30586-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30586-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30586-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Todd+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30586-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jean+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartelt2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Bartelt" title="William Bartelt">Bartelt, William E.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ed-NAAAAMAAJ">There I Grew Up: Remembering Abraham Lincoln's Indiana Youth</a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-263-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-263-9"><bdi>978-0-87195-263-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+I+Grew+Up%3A+Remembering+Abraham+Lincoln%27s+Indiana+Youth&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-263-9&rft.aulast=Bartelt&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEd-NAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelz1998" class="citation book cs1">Belz, Herman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbztAAAAMAAJ">Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era</a>. New York, New York: Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1768-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1768-7"><bdi>978-0-8232-1768-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+Constitutionalism%2C+and+Equal+Rights+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1768-7&rft.aulast=Belz&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbztAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelz2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Belz, Herman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1yOAwAAQBAJ">"Lincoln, Abraham"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Frohnen" title="Bruce Frohnen">Frohnen, Bruce</a>; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O. (eds.). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932236-43-9"><bdi>978-1-932236-43-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lincoln%2C+Abraham&rft.btitle=American+Conservatism%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-932236-43-9&rft.aulast=Belz&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT1yOAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1968" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lerone_Bennett_Jr." title="Lerone Bennett Jr.">Bennett, Lerone Jr.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H84DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35">"Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?"</a>. Ebony. Vol. 23, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9011">0012-9011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Was+Abe+Lincoln+a+White+Supremacist%3F&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0012-9011&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Lerone+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH84DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlue1987" class="citation book cs1">Blue, Frederick J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wyxj7Y3Fh7AC">Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics</a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-340-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-340-0"><bdi>978-0-87338-340-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salmon+P.+Chase%3A+A+Life+in+Politics&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-340-0&rft.aulast=Blue&rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWyxj7Y3Fh7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorittPinsker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabor_Boritt" title="Gabor Boritt">Boritt, Gabor S.</a>; Pinsker, Matthew (2002). "Abraham Lincoln". In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Graff" title="Henry Graff">Graff, Henry</a> (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80551-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80551-1&rft.aulast=Boritt&rft.aufirst=Gabor+S.&rft.au=Pinsker%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullaBorchard2010" class="citation book cs1">Bulla, David W.; Borchard, Gregory A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U67N0GsAUosC">Journalism in the Civil War Era</a>. New York, New York: Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0722-1"><bdi>978-1-4331-0722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journalism+in+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0722-1&rft.aulast=Bulla&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Borchard%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU67N0GsAUosC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burlingame_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Burlingame (historian)">Burlingame, Michael</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knox.edu/academics/research-and-creative-work/lincoln-studies-center/burlingame-abraham-lincoln-a-life">Abraham Lincoln: A Life</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Life&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Burlingame&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knox.edu%2Facademics%2Fresearch-and-creative-work%2Flincoln-studies-center%2Fburlingame-abraham-lincoln-a-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> (2 vols.) One-volume edition edited and abridged by Jonathan W. White (2023).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bicknell_Carpenter" title="Francis Bicknell Carpenter">Carpenter, F. B.</a>, Six Months at the White House with Abraham Lincoln: The Story of a Picture, New York: Hurd and Houghton (1866); also published as <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73522" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:73522">The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House</a>, New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1867, pubdate 1868.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Carwardine, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UrAOAQAAMAAJ">Lincoln</a>. London, England: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8"><bdi>978-0-582-03279-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03279-8&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUrAOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCashin2002" class="citation book cs1">Cashin, Joan E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XDGYzuPW3PoC">The War was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War</a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09174-7"><bdi>978-0-691-09174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+was+You+and+Me%3A+Civilians+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09174-7&rft.aulast=Cashin&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDGYzuPW3PoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesebrough1994" class="citation book cs1">Chesebrough, David B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHRNdDC54ooC">No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow: Northern Protestant Ministers and the Assassination of Lincoln</a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-491-9"><bdi>978-0-87338-491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Sorrow+Like+Our+Sorrow%3A+Northern+Protestant+Ministers+and+the+Assassination+of+Lincoln&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-491-9&rft.aulast=Chesebrough&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHRNdDC54ooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollea2018" class="citation book cs1">Collea, Joseph D. Collea Jr. (September 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6XFuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">New York and the Lincoln Specials: The President's Pre-Inaugural and Funeral Trains Cross the Empire State</a>. McFarland. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3324-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-3324-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-3324-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+and+the+Lincoln+Specials%3A+The+President%27s+Pre-Inaugural+and+Funeral+Trains+Cross+the+Empire+State&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2018-09-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-3324-4&rft.aulast=Collea&rft.aufirst=Joseph+D.+Collea+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6XFuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Hank H. (2005). Lincoln and the Sioux Uprising of 1862. Nashville, Tennessee: Cumberland House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58182-457-5"><bdi>978-1-58182-457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Sioux+Uprising+of+1862&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Cumberland+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58182-457-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Hank+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Current, Richard N.</a> (July 28, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abraham-Lincoln/Early-political-career">"Abraham Lincoln - Early political career"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+-+Early+political+career&rft.date=1999-07-28&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAbraham-Lincoln%2FEarly-political-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis2018" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JhDwAAQBAJ">Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: An American Calendar</a>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-2370-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-2370-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red%2C+White%2C+and+Blue+Letter+Days%3A+An+American+Calendar&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-2370-4&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6JhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Diggins" title="John Patrick Diggins">Diggins, John P.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O3vYavMFE2MC">The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14877-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14877-9"><bdi>978-0-226-14877-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Soul+of+American+Politics%3A+Virtue%2C+Self-Interest%2C+and+the+Foundations+of+Liberalism&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14877-9&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO3vYavMFE2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirck2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dirck, Brian (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/315139">"Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery, and: Act of Justice: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War, and: Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment (review)"</a>. Civil War History. 55 (3): 382–385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0090">10.1353/cwh.0.0090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143986160">143986160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Father+Abraham%3A+Lincoln%27s+Relentless+Struggle+to+End+Slavery%2C+and%3A+Act+of+Justice%3A+Lincoln%27s+Emancipation+Proclamation+and+the+Law+of+War%2C+and%3A+Lincoln+and+Freedom%3A+Slavery%2C+Emancipation%2C+and+the+Thirteenth+Amendment+%28review%29&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E382-%3C%2Fspan%3E385&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0090&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143986160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dirck&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F315139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dirck, Brian R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1FEs-pDrT8C">Lincoln the Lawyer</a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07614-5"><bdi>978-0-252-07614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+Lawyer&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07614-5&rft.aulast=Dirck&rft.aufirst=Brian+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1FEs-pDrT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Herbert_Donald" title="David Herbert Donald">Donald, David Herbert</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fuTY3mxs9awC">Lincoln</a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82535-9"><bdi>978-0-684-82535-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82535-9&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfuTY3mxs9awC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Douglass, Frederick</a> (2008). The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass. New York, New York: Cosimo Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-399-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60520-399-7"><bdi>978-1-60520-399-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Frederick+Douglass&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cosimo+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60520-399-7&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edgar" title="Walter Edgar">Edgar, Walter B.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFSbwGk2szgC">South Carolina: A History</a>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-255-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-255-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-255-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Carolina%3A+A+History&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-255-4&rft.aulast=Edgar&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFSbwGk2szgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Ellenberg" title="Jordan Ellenberg">Ellenberg, Jordan</a> (May 23, 2021). "What Honest Abe Learned from Geometry". The Wall Street Journal. Vol. 278, no. 119. pp. C3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=What+Honest+Abe+Learned+from+Geometry&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=119&rft.pages=C3&rft.date=2021-05-23&rft.aulast=Ellenberg&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"> Ellenberg's essay is adapted from his 2021 book, Shape: The Hidden Geometry of Information, Biology, Strategy, Democracy, and Everything Else, Penguin Press. ISBN 9781984879059</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1902" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Russell_Fish" title="Carl Russell Fish">Fish, Carl Russell</a> (1902). "Lincoln and the Patronage". The American Historical Review. 8 (1): 53–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832574">10.2307/1832574</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832574">1832574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Patronage&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832574&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832574%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Carl+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06618-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06618-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fiery+Trial%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+American+Slavery&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06618-0&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodrich, Thomas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fv6ngEACAAJ">The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy</a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34567-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34567-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34567-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkest+Dawn%3A+Lincoln%2C+Booth%2C+and+the+Great+American+Tragedy&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34567-7&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Fv6ngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MS3BQAAQBAJ">Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82490-1"><bdi>978-0-684-82490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82490-1&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MS3BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1959" class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Norman (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlxKAAAAMAAJ">"Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Roy_Basler" title="Roy Basler">Basler, Roy Prentice</a> (ed.). The enduring Lincoln: Lincoln sesquicentennial lectures at the University of Illinois. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/428674">428674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Conservative+Statesman&rft.btitle=The+enduring+Lincoln%3A+Lincoln+sesquicentennial+lectures+at+the+University+of+Illinois&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F428674&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlxKAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Grimsley" title="Mark Grimsley">Grimsley, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Brooks_D._Simpson" title="Brooks D. Simpson">Simpson, Brooks D.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joh3AAAAMAAJ">The Collapse of the Confederacy</a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2170-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2170-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-2170-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Confederacy&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2170-3&rft.aulast=Grimsley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Brooks+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Guelzo" title="Allen C. Guelzo">Guelzo, Allen C.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmB3AAAAMAAJ">Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3872-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Redeemer+President&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3872-8&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmB3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988">. Second edition, 2022. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7858-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7858-8">978-0-8028-7858-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuelzo2004" class="citation book cs1">Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJmTUq9hYUoC">Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America</a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2182-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-2182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Emancipation+Proclamation%3A+The+End+of+Slavery+in+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2182-5&rft.aulast=Guelzo&rft.aufirst=Allen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJmTUq9hYUoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1935" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, J. Houston (1935). Settlers by the Long Grey Trail. Joseph K. 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Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2940-2"><bdi>978-0-8131-2940-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+of+Kentucky&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2940-2&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYNsQ7iky2MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">Harris, William C.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bbt2AAAAMAAJ">Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1520-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-1520-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Rise+to+the+Presidency&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1520-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBbt2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Harris_(historian)" title="William C. Harris (historian)">Harris, William C.</a> (2011). Lincoln and the Border States: Preserving the Union. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Border+States%3A+Preserving+the+Union&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidlerColes2002" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T.; Coles, David J., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IhZngEACAAJ">Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5"><bdi>978-0-393-04758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04758-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IhZngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2006" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9hD60q4MsQC">The Mexican War</a>. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32792-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32792-6"><bdi>978-0-313-32792-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32792-6&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+Stephen&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9hD60q4MsQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodes2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Hodes" title="Martha Hodes">Hodes, Martha</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59ZtBgAAQBAJ">Mourning Lincoln</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21356-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21356-0"><bdi>978-0-300-21356-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourning+Lincoln&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21356-0&rft.aulast=Hodes&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59ZtBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofstadter1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Hofstadter, Richard</a> (1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". The American Historical Review. 44 (1): 50–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1840850">10.2307/1840850</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840850">1840850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Tariff+Issue+on+the+Eve+of+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1840850&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1840850%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hofstadter&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Holzer" title="Harold Holzer">Holzer, Harold</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQmUab8SnhQC">Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President</a>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9964-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-9964-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+at+Cooper+Union%3A+The+Speech+That+Made+Abraham+Lincoln+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9964-0&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlQmUab8SnhQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffa2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa, Harry V.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SzA4Zdd6mJoC">A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9952-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9952-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Birth+of+Freedom%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9952-0&rft.aulast=Jaffa&rft.aufirst=Harry+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzA4Zdd6mJoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyLewis2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley, Robin D. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Earl_Lewis" title="Earl Lewis">Lewis, Earl</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ua0dld3camgC">To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804006-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804006-4"><bdi>978-0-19-804006-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Make+Our+World+Anew%3A+Volume+I%3A+A+History+of+African+Americans+to+1880&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804006-4&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin+D.+G.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dua0dld3camgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambSwain2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Lamb" title="Brian Lamb">Lamb, Brian P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Swain" title="Susan Swain">Swain, Susan</a>, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolngr0000unse">Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President</a>. New York, New York: PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-676-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-676-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-676-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+Great+American+Historians+on+Our+Sixteenth+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-676-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabrahamlincolngr0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lupton, John A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html">"Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment"</a>. Illinois Heritage. 9 (5): 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824072958/http://www.lib.niu.edu/2006/ih060934.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Heritage&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Corwin+Amendment&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F2006%2Fih060934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuthin1944" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_H._Luthin" title="Reinhard H. Luthin">Luthin, Reinhard H.</a> (1944). "Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff". The American Historical Review. 49 (4): 609–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1850218">10.2307/1850218</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1850218">1850218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Tariff&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1850218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1850218%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Luthin&rft.aufirst=Reinhard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison2014" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James H. 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Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2DvwnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansch2005" class="citation book cs1">Mansch, Larry D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NMt-yrjVE50C">Abraham Lincoln, President-elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2026-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-2026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%2C+President-elect%3A+The+Four+Critical+Months+from+Election+to+Inauguration&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2026-1&rft.aulast=Mansch&rft.aufirst=Larry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNMt-yrjVE50C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Paul (April 8, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221216/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/Lincolns-Missing-Bodyguard.html">"Lincoln's Missing Bodyguard"</a>. 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New York, New York: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8345-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8345-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-8345-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series%3A+The+16th+President%2C+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8345-3&rft.aulast=McGovern&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoytingEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. 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New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507606-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Second+American+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507606-6&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvFNppNaal6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. 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New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537452-0"><bdi>978-0-19-537452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537452-0&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3BMSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Meacham" title="Jon Meacham">Meacham, Jon</a> (2022). And There Was Light: Abraham Lincoln and the American Struggle. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-55-339396-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-55-339396-5"><bdi>978-0-55-339396-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+There+Was+Light%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+American+Struggle&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-55-339396-5&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1893" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey_Morse" title="John Torrey Morse">Morse, John Torrey</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv1mors">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Vol. I. Cambridge, Mass., Riverside Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%2C+Riverside+Press&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=John+Torrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabrahamlincolnv1mors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="morse2" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Torrey_Morse" title="John Torrey Morse">Morse, John Torrey</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abrahamlincolnv2mors">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Vol. II. Cambridge, Mass. Riverside Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.+Riverside+Press&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=John+Torrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabrahamlincolnv2mors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Neely_Jr." title="Mark E. Neely Jr.">Neely, Mark E. Jr.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties">The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties</a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142532/https://www.questia.com/library/79055660/the-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Liberty%3A+Abraham+Lincoln+and+Civil+Liberties&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2F79055660%2Fthe-fate-of-liberty-abraham-lincoln-and-civil-liberties&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeely2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Neely_Jr." title="Mark E. Neely Jr.">Neely, Mark E. Jr.</a> (2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?". Civil War History. 50 (4): 434–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2004.0073">10.1353/cwh.2004.0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258106755">258106755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Was+the+Civil+War+a+Total+War%3F&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E434-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.2004.0073&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258106755%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Neely&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1959). The War for the Union. New York, New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-10416-4"><bdi>978-0-684-10416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Union&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-684-10416-4&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88PUvgEACAAJ">The War for the Union and Ordeal of the Union, and the Emergence of Lincoln</a>. New York, New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Union+and+Ordeal+of+the+Union%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88PUvgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols1974" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, David Allen (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf">"The Other Civil War: Lincoln and the Indians"</a> (PDF). Minnesota History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://collections.mnhs.org/MNHistoryMagazine/articles/44/v44i01p002-015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+History&rft.atitle=The+Other+Civil+War%3A+Lincoln+and+the+Indians&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=David+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.mnhs.org%2FMNHistoryMagazine%2Farticles%2F44%2Fv44i01p002-015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Noll" title="Mark Noll">Noll, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VGF3wbzzy9QC&pg=PA322">A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada</a>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0651-2"><bdi>978-0-8028-0651-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0651-2&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGF3wbzzy9QC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoll2002" class="citation book cs1">Noll, Mark A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4kRDAAAQBAJ">America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln</a>. New York, New York: Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515111-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515111-4"><bdi>978-0-19-515111-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+God%3A+From+Jonathan+Edwards+to+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515111-4&rft.aulast=Noll&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4kRDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates" title="Stephen B. Oates">Oates, Stephen B.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecKHAAAAMAAJ">"Abraham Lincoln 1861–1865"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, Comer Vann</a> (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York, New York: Dell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-440-05923-3"><bdi>978-0-440-05923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dell+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-440-05923-3&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecKHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phillip_S._Paludan" title="Phillip S. Paludan">Paludan, Phillip Shaw</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qi4aAQAAIAAJ">The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0671-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0671-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0671-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0671-9&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQi4aAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrillo2000" class="citation journal cs1">Parrillo, Nicholas (2000). "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War". Civil War History. 46 (3): 227–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2000.0073">10.1353/cwh.2000.0073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-6271">1533-6271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143755083">143755083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=Lincoln%27s+Calvinist+Transformation%3A+Emancipation+and+War&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143755083%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1533-6271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.2000.0073&rft.aulast=Parrillo&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S7Qk9nIwk14C">The Impending Crisis: America Before the Civil War, 1848–1861</a>. New York, New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131929-7"><bdi>978-0-06-131929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impending+Crisis%3A+America+Before+the+Civil+War%2C+1848%E2%80%931861&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-131929-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS7Qk9nIwk14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">Randall, James Garfield</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHUqAAAAYAAJ">Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman</a>. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0051VUQXO">B0051VUQXO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%3A+The+Liberal+Statesman&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0051VUQXO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHUqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandallCurrent1955" class="citation book cs1">Randall, James Garfield; <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Current, Richard Nelson</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBrdeG8hMhwC">Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure</a>. Vol. IV. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950556947">950556947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+the+President%3A+Last+Full+Measure&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950556947&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=James+Garfield&rft.au=Current%2C+Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBrdeG8hMhwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2015" class="citation book cs1">Richards, John T. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uEUswEACAAJ">Abraham Lincoln: The Lawyer-Statesman (Classic Reprint)</a>. London, England: Fb&c Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-331-28158-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-331-28158-0"><bdi>978-1-331-28158-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Lawyer-Statesman+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Fb%26c+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-331-28158-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uEUswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandburg1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg, Carl</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deFCAAAAIAAJ">Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years</a>. San Diego, California: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6579822">6579822</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Prairie+Years&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6579822&rft.aulast=Sandburg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeFCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandburg2002" class="citation book cs1">Sandburg, Carl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EPmfzxRags0C">Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602752-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-602752-6"><bdi>978-0-15-602752-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+The+Prairie+Years+and+the+War+Years&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-15-602752-6&rft.aulast=Sandburg&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEPmfzxRags0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Schwartz_(sociologist)" title="Barry Schwartz (sociologist)">Schwartz, Barry</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZwX9ANHHbUC">Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74197-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74197-0"><bdi>978-0-226-74197-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+the+Forge+of+National+Memory&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74197-0&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZwX9ANHHbUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2008" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Barry (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1p9T8drMHeYC">Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-74188-8"><bdi>978-0-226-74188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+in+the+Post-Heroic+Era%3A+History+and+Memory+in+Late+Twentieth-Century+America&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-226-74188-8&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1p9T8drMHeYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman, William T.</a> (1990). Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman. Charleston, South Carolina: BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-174-63172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-174-63172-6"><bdi>978-1-174-63172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+General+W.T.+Sherman&rft.place=Charleston%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-174-63172-6&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=William+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Simon_(politician)" title="Paul Simon (politician)">Simon, Paul</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSm1wQEACAAJ">Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Legislative Years</a>. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00203-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00203-8"><bdi>978-0-252-00203-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Preparation+for+Greatness%3A+The+Legislative+Years&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00203-8&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSm1wQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Smith_(political_scientist)" title="Robert C. Smith (political scientist)">Smith, Robert C.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ueQjmQEACAAJ">Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same</a>. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3233-5"><bdi>978-1-4384-3233-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+and+Racism%2C+and+Why+in+America+They+Are+the+Same&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3233-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DueQjmQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteers2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steers_Jr." title="Edward Steers Jr.">Steers, Edward Jr.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XbXsdrLwn8C">The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia</a>. New York, New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-178775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-178775-1"><bdi>978-0-06-178775-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Assassination+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-178775-1&rft.aulast=Steers&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XbXsdrLwn8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStriner2006" class="citation book cs1">Striner, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuR2AAAAMAAJ">Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery</a>. England, London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518306-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518306-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518306-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+Abraham%3A+Lincoln%27s+Relentless+Struggle+to+End+Slavery&rft.place=England%2C+London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518306-1&rft.aulast=Striner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEuR2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantoLeo2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Taranto" title="James Taranto">Taranto, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo, Leonard</a>, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myl2AAAAMAAJ">Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House</a>. New York, New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5433-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-5433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Leadership%3A+Rating+the+Best+and+the+Worst+in+the+White+House&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5433-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmyl2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegeder1948" class="citation journal cs1">Tegeder, Vincent G. (1948). "Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 35 (1): 77–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1895140">10.2307/1895140</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895140">1895140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Territorial+Patronage%3A+The+Ascendancy+of+the+Radicals+in+the+West&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1895140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1895140%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tegeder&rft.aufirst=Vincent+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P._Thomas" title="Benjamin P. Thomas">Thomas, Benjamin P.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkB_E9GM0XoC">Abraham Lincoln: A Biography</a>. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2887-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2887-1"><bdi>978-0-8093-2887-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2887-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkB_E9GM0XoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrostel2002" class="citation book cs1">Trostel, Scott D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712183544/http://lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html">The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln</a>. Fletcher, Ohio: Cam-Tech Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-925436-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-925436-21-4"><bdi>978-0-925436-21-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincolnfuneraltrain.com/html/funeral_train.html">the original</a> on July 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lincoln+Funeral+Train%3A+The+Final+Journey+and+National+Funeral+for+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Fletcher%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Cam-Tech+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-925436-21-4&rft.aulast=Trostel&rft.aufirst=Scott+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincolnfuneraltrain.com%2Fhtml%2Ffuneral_train.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVile2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vile, John R. (2003). "Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)". Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments: Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues 1789–2002 (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-428-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-428-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-428-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lincoln%2C+Abraham+%281809%E2%80%931865%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Constitutional+Amendments%3A+Proposed+Amendments%2C+and+Amending+Issues+1789%E2%80%932002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-428-8&rft.aulast=Vile&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVorenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Vorenberg, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f-UQWNPD5qgC">Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65267-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65267-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War%2C+the+Abolition+of+Slavery%2C+and+the+Thirteenth+Amendment&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65267-4&rft.aulast=Vorenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df-UQWNPD5qgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2017" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Louis A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1zo7tAEACAAJ">Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One, 1816–1830 (Classic Reprint)</a>. London, England: Fb&c Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-282-90830-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-282-90830-0"><bdi>978-0-282-90830-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Youth%3A+Indiana+Years%2C+Seven+to+Twenty-One%2C+1816%E2%80%931830+%28Classic+Reprint%29&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Fb%26c+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-282-90830-0&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1zo7tAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._White" title="Ronald C. White">White, Ronald C.</a> (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography. New York, New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-775-4"><bdi>978-1-58836-775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A.+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-775-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818082649/http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/lincoln/essays/abraham-lincoln-and-jacksonian-democracy">"Abraham Lincoln and Jacksonian Democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gilder_Lehrman_Institute_of_American_History" title="Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History">Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gilderlehrman.org/node/242">the original</a> on August 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gilder+Lehrman+Institute+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+and+Jacksonian+Democracy&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilderlehrman.org%2Fnode%2F242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWills2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garry_Wills" title="Garry Wills">Wills, Garry</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-aynIQRkYcC">Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words that Remade America</a>. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-2645-5"><bdi>978-1-4391-2645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+at+Gettysburg%3A+The+Words+that+Remade+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-2645-5&rft.aulast=Wills&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-aynIQRkYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L. (1997). Lincoln Before Washington: New Perspectives on the Illinois Years. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02331-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02331-5"><bdi>0-252-02331-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Before+Washington%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Illinois+Years&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-252-02331-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonDavisWilsonHerndon1998" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L.; Davis, Rodney O.; Wilson, Terry; Herndon, William Henry; Weik, Jesse William (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2gilcp4yYQC&pg=PA35">Herndon's Informants: Letters, Interviews, and Statements about Abraham Lincoln</a>. Univ of Illinois Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02328-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02328-6"><bdi>978-0-252-02328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herndon%27s+Informants%3A+Letters%2C+Interviews%2C+and+Statements+about+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Univ+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02328-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Rodney+O.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Terry&rft.au=Herndon%2C+William+Henry&rft.au=Weik%2C+Jesse+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2gilcp4yYQC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_L._Wilson" title="Douglas L. Wilson">Wilson, Douglas L.</a> (1999). Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76581-9"><bdi>978-0-307-76581-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honor%27s+Voice%3A+The+Transformation+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76581-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Douglas L. (2007). Lincoln's Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4039-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-4039-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Sword%3A+The+Presidency+and+the+Power+of+Words&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4039-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkle2001" class="citation book cs1">Winkle, Kenneth J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcEVAAAAQBAJ">The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3436-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3436-9"><bdi>978-1-4617-3436-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Eagle%3A+The+Rise+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Taylor+Trade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3436-9&rft.aulast=Winkle&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcEVAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarefsky1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Zarefsky" title="David Zarefsky">Zarefsky, David</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlCU9PS9VGcC">Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate</a>. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97876-5"><bdi>978-0-226-97876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%2C+Douglas%2C+and+Slavery%3A+In+the+Crucible+of+Public+Debate&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-97876-5&rft.aulast=Zarefsky&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlCU9PS9VGcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Abraham Lincoln at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="c:Abraham Lincoln">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="q:Abraham Lincoln">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Abraham_Lincoln" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Abraham Lincoln">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q91" class="extiw" title="d:Q91">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Abraham Lincoln <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Abraham+Lincoln&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Abraham Lincoln <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Abraham+Lincoln&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=L000313">"Abraham Lincoln (id: L000313)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Abraham+Lincoln+%28id%3A+L000313%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DL000313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbraham+Lincoln" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lincoln%2C%20Abraham%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Abraham%20Lincoln%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1865%22%20AND%20Lincoln%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Abraham Lincoln</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3">Works by Abraham Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2233">Works by Abraham Lincoln</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidentlincoln.illinois.gov/">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abrahamlincolnassociation.org/">Abraham Lincoln Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250123041941/http://www.lincolnbicentennial.org/">Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation (archived 2025)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/topic/person/abraham-lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_archives">Libraries and archives</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/abraham-lincoln-guide">Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mchistory.org/perch/resources/Finding%20Aid%20PDFs/lincoln-abraham-miscellaneous-publications-1.pdf">Abraham Lincoln Recollections and Newspaper Articles Collection</a> from McLean County Museum of History</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_collections">Digital collections</h4></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papersofabrahamlincoln.org/">Papers of Abraham Lincoln Digital Library</a> from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library</a> — A digitization of all documents written by or to Abraham Lincoln during his lifetime</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/">Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln – complete collected works as edited by Basler et al. (1958)</a> – an online edition available through <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> Library Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/The-Lincoln-Collection">Abraham Lincoln: Original Letters and Manuscripts</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shapell_Manuscript_Foundation" title="Shapell Manuscript Foundation">Shapell Manuscript Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.niu.edu/illinois/lincoln">Lincoln/Net: Abraham Lincoln Historical Digitization Project</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a> Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/alfred-whital-stern-lincolniana/about-this-collection/">The Alfred Whital Stern Collection of Lincolniana</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/">Rare Book and Special Collections Division</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (All items available online)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digicoll.lib.berkeley.edu/search?ln=en&cc=Abraham+Lincoln+Papers">Abraham Lincoln Papers</a> from <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> Library Digital Collecions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?125640-1/life-portrait-abraham-lincoln">"Life Portrait of Abraham Lincoln"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s American presidents: Life Portraits, June 28, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?164439-1/writings-abraham-lincoln">"Writings of Abraham Lincoln"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a>, June 18, 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210055506/http://edsitement.neh.gov/teaching-abraham-lincoln#node-19470">Teaching Abraham Lincoln (archived 2017)</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2023783988/">Our Noble Chief Has Passed Away</a> — Sheet music of a popular song composed by J. R. Thomas with lyrics by Geo. Cooper and published in 1865, available online at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&oldid=1278498948">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&oldid=1278498948</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 2 March 2025, at 20:56 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%80%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%A8%E1%8A%95" title="አብርሀም ሊንከን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አብርሀም ሊንከን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="أبراهام لينكون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبراهام لينكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Ապրահամ Լինքըլն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ապրահամ Լինքըլն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আব্ৰাহাম লিংকন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraam_Linkoln" title="Avraam Linkoln – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avraam Linkoln" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکولن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آبراهام لینکولن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8" title="আব্রাহাম লিংকন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আব্রাহাম লিংকন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Аўраам Лінкальн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўраам Лінкальн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Абрагам Лінкальн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абрагам Лінкальн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Ейбрахам Линкълн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ейбрахам Линкълн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="أبراهام لينكولن – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أبراهام لينكولن" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0_%DE%8D%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އަބްރަހަމް ލިންކަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަބްރަހަމް ލިންކަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD" title="Αβραάμ Λίνκολν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβραάμ Λίνκολν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکلن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبراهام لینکلن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亞伯拉罕·林肯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="亞伯拉罕·林肯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آبراهام لینکؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%A8" title="અબ્રાહમ લિંકન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અબ્રાહમ લિંકન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%ED%96%84_%EB%A7%81%EC%BB%A8" title="에이브러햄 링컨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에이브러햄 링컨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B6" title="Աբրահամ Լինքոլն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբրահամ Լինքոլն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="אברהם לינקולן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אברהם לינקולן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಬ್ರಹಮ್ ಲಿಂಕನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಬ್ರಹಮ್ ಲಿಂಕನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%A1_%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%8C%E0%BA%99" title="ເອບຣາແຮມ ລິງຄອລ໌ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເອບຣາແຮມ ລິງຄອລ໌ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamus_Lincoln" title="Abrahamus Lincoln – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abrahamus Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahams_Linkolns" title="Abrahams Linkolns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abrahams Linkolns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линколн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Абрахам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA" title="എബ്രഹാം ലിങ്കൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എബ്രഹാം ലിങ്കൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperehama_Ringikana" title="Aperehama Ringikana – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aperehama Ringikana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिंकन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अब्राहम लिंकन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრაამ ლინკოლნი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="ابراهام لينكولن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابراهام لينكولن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%86" title="آبراهام لینکلن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آبراهام لینکلن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линкольн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Абрахам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အေဘရာဟမ် လင်ကွန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अब्राहम लिङ्कन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिन्कन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अब्राहम लिन्कन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="エイブラハム・リンカーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エイブラハム・リンカーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%93%DF%91%DF%99%DF%A4%DF%8A%DF%A1_%DF%9F%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8F%DF%9F" title="ߊߓߑߙߤߊߡ ߟߌ߲ߞߏߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߓߑߙߤߊߡ ߟߌ߲ߞߏߟ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahaam_Liinken" title="Abrahaam Liinken – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Abrahaam Liinken" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਲਿੰਕਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਲਿੰਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparaham_Linken" title="Aparaham Linken – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Aparaham Linken" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہام لنکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابراہام لنکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86" title="ابراهم لینکولن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابراهم لینکولن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98_%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%93" title="អាប្រាហាម លីនខូន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាប្រាហាម លីនខូន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрагам Лінколн – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Абрагам Лінколн" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperaamo_Linikone" title="Aperaamo Linikone – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Aperaamo Linikone" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अब्राहम लिन्कन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अब्राहम लिन्कन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱝᱠᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱵᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱝᱠᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہام لنکن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابراہام لنکن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%92%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඒබ්‍රහම් ලින්කන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AA%D9%86" title="ابراهام لنڪن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابراهام لنڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ئەبراھام لینکن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبراھام لینکن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абрахам Линколн – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абрахам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆபிரகாம் லிங்கன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆபிரகாம் லிங்கன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Линкольн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Авраам Линкольн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అబ్రహం లింకన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అబ్రహం లింకన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="เอบราแฮม ลิงคอล์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอบราแฮม ลิงคอล์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Абраҳам Линколн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абраҳам Линколн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%86%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%82" title="ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎵᏂᎧᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏆᎭᎻ ᎵᏂᎧᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Линкольн, Авраам – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Линкольн, Авраам" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD" title="Авраам Лінкольн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авраам Лінкольн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ابراہم لنکن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابراہم لنکن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linzgenj" title="Linzgenj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Linzgenj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkol%27n_Avraam" title="Linkol'n Avraam – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Linkol'n Avraam" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="林肯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="林肯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亚伯拉罕·林肯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚伯拉罕·林肯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F" title="אברהם לינקאלן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אברהם לינקאלן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亞伯拉罕·林肯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞伯拉罕·林肯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahams_Linkolns" title="Abrahams Linkolns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Abrahams Linkolns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%82%AF" title="亚伯拉罕·林肯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚伯拉罕·林肯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibraham_Lingkolen" title="Ibraham Lingkolen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibraham Lingkolen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Abraham Lincoln" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Linkoln" title="Abraham Linkoln – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Abraham Linkoln" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 March 2025, at 20:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7d5db9ff5-sx9bd","wgBackendResponseTime":914,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.075","walltime":"5.851","ppvisitednodes":{"value":54863,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1259398,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":74689,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":51,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1062590,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4874.300 1 -total"," 18.47% 900.071 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.27% 890.427 282 Template:Sfn"," 18.07% 881.027 132 Template:Cite_book"," 12.21% 595.032 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 5.69% 277.502 54 Template:Cite_web"," 4.45% 216.883 28 Template:Navbox"," 3.86% 188.266 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 3.42% 166.527 322 Template:Main_other"," 2.55% 124.157 1 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadwick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesebrough1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollea2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConant2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrent1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellinger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDensen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiggins1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirck2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgar1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson,_Jason2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFish1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFornieriGabbard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreehling2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaines2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebner1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimsleySimpson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuelzo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavers2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHay1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidlerHeidlerColes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertz1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschhornFeldmanGreaves2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschkorn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofstadter1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolsinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolzer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHousemanKloetzelSnee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Avlon2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyLewis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambSwain2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1832\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1859\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln2001\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFLincove2000\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFPearson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPermanTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotter1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandallCurrent1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandburg1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandburg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaffer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel,_Robert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielbergKushnerKearns_Goodwin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStriner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSummers,_Robert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarantoLeo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegeder1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasHyman1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolles2013\"] = 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