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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F77736554%2FWhat_is_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_A_case_study_in_southern_Spain%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F77736554%2FWhat_is_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_A_case_study_in_southern_Spain%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":85024711,"identifier":"Attachment_85024711","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":77736554,"created_at":"2022-04-26T21:57:06.447-07:00","from_world_paper_id":203407221,"updated_at":"2024-11-23T18:54:43.784-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Springer Nature","grobid_abstract":"Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution or other forms of environmental degradation associated with fossil fuel technologies. However, their use impacts on the environment, and the current rate at which they are being put into operation, combined with poor understanding of their medium-and long-term impact, is a cause of concern. Wind farms represent a new source of impact and disturbance for birds that adds to the long list of disturbance factors caused by human activity, such as power lines, radio and television towers, highways, glass windows, the practice of poisoning, illegal hunting and overexploitation. Due to the precarious situation of several bird species and their decline, any additional cause of mortality may be significant and should give rise to increased attention and research. The aim of the present work is to analyse the effect of the ''Sierra de Aguas'' wind farm on bird density and abundance, flight behaviour, and bird mortality. Mortality rates did not increase due to the presence of the wind turbines. The results suggest that the presence and operation of the wind turbines did not have a clearly negative effect on passerine birds present in the region where wind farm is located. However, raptors used the space around the wind farm with lower frequency than prior to its existence, which represented a displacement of the home range of these species.","publication_date":"2009,,","publication_name":"Biodiversity and Conservation","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"85024711"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"What is the impact of wind farms on birds? A case study in southern Spain","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [39925462]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":85024711,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “What is the impact of wind farms on birds? A case study in southern Spain”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/85024711/mini_magick20220426-9603-518lw3.png?1651035575" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">What is the impact of wind farms on birds? A case study in southern Spain</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39925462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Farf%C3%A1nM"><img alt="Profile image of M. Farfán" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />M. Farfán</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2009, Biodiversity and Conservation</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":85024711,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/77736554/What_is_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_A_case_study_in_southern_Spain"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":85024711,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/77736554/What_is_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_A_case_study_in_southern_Spain"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="85024711" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/77736554/What_is_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_A_case_study_in_southern_Spain" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="21067009" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21067009/Evaluation_of_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_The_case_study_of_Lebanon">Evaluation of the impact of wind farms on birds: The case study of Lebanon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21027866" href="https://ulb.academia.edu/GhidaZoghbiHamade">Ghida AL Zohbi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Wind farming is a relatively new form of obtaining energy that does not cause air pollution in working conditions or other forms of environmental degradation associated with fossil fuel technologies. However , their use impacts the environment and the current rate at which they are being put into operation, combined with understanding of their medium-and long-term impact, is a cause of concern. Wind farms represent a new source of impact and disturbance for birds adds to the long list of disturbance factors caused by human activity, such as power lines, radio, television and cell phone towers, highways, glass windows or the practice of fishing and illegal hunting. Due to the precarious situation of several bird species and their decline, any additional cause of mortality may be significant and should give rise to increased attention and analysis. The aim of the present work is to analyse the impact of wind turbines located in five selected optimal sites for the installation of wind farms on birds in Lebanon. The results suggest that the presence of the wind turbines will not have a clearly negative effect on birds in the sites where wind farms could be installed. Some sites are closed to natural reserves such as Cedars and Quaraoun or near roads used by migratory birds such as Marjyoun, Klaiaat Quaraoun, but the impacts can be reduced by taking preventive measures.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluation of the impact of wind farms on birds: The case study of Lebanon","attachmentId":41698816,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21067009/Evaluation_of_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_The_case_study_of_Lebanon","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21067009/Evaluation_of_the_impact_of_wind_farms_on_birds_The_case_study_of_Lebanon"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="115899459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115899459/Differential_recovery_of_habitat_use_by_birds_after_wind_farm_installation_A_multi_year_comparison">Differential recovery of habitat use by birds after wind farm installation: A multi-year comparison</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="164139997" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MiguelFarf%C3%A1n5">Miguel Farfán</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2017</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Differential recovery of habitat use by birds after wind farm installation: A multi-year comparison","attachmentId":112178474,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115899459/Differential_recovery_of_habitat_use_by_birds_after_wind_farm_installation_A_multi_year_comparison","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115899459/Differential_recovery_of_habitat_use_by_birds_after_wind_farm_installation_A_multi_year_comparison"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="9514946" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9514946/Potential_impact_of_wind_farms_on_territories_of_large_eagles_in_southeastern_Spain">Potential impact of wind farms on territories of large eagles in southeastern Spain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22326643" href="https://independent.academia.edu/juanmanrique7">juan manrique</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Although wind farms in Spain have increased in numbers in recent years, their impact on birds, particularly large raptors, has received relatively little attention in the scientific literature. We study the potential impact of 72 wind energy developments planned for the south-east of Spain covering 128 golden eagle and 152 Bonelli’s eagle territories using nearest neighbour distances (NND) as an indicator of potential future interactions (abandonment, displacement and collision risk). Our analyses indicate low levels of potential interactions between wind farms and large eagles, and suggest that, of the two species studied, golden eagles will be the more affected because a greater proportion of wind farms will be constructed close to the breeding territories of this species. In the light of these findings, we discuss various management strategies in order to improve the compatibility of harvesting wind energy with the conservation of both species.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Potential impact of wind farms on territories of large eagles in southeastern Spain","attachmentId":47747364,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9514946/Potential_impact_of_wind_farms_on_territories_of_large_eagles_in_southeastern_Spain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9514946/Potential_impact_of_wind_farms_on_territories_of_large_eagles_in_southeastern_Spain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="22793011" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22793011/Effects_of_wind_farms_on_Montagus_harrier_Circus_pygargus_in_southern_Spain">Effects of wind farms on Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in southern Spain</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44439398" href="https://cademia.academia.edu/Jes%C3%BAsHern%C3%A1ndezPliego">Jesús Hernández-Pliego</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44761091" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManueladeLucas">Manuela de Lucas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To study the potential impact of wind turbines and associated structures on Montagu's harriers Circus pygargus, we located 111 nests over five years (18–28 nests per year) and compared their distances to several features (natural and anthropogenic) between wind farm pre- and post-construction periods using a before–after (BA) study design. We analysed abundance and density of nests and colonies through the study period. We also fitted a predictive model of nest occurrence using distance-to-feature variables and habitat as predictors. Lastly, Montagu's harrier fatalities from collision with wind turbines were estimated. No differences were detected between pre- and post-construction periods in nest or colony abundances. We found that harriers nested closer to the locations of wind turbines and power lines after wind farm construction, although distance to closest track did not change. We detected a higher spatial aggregation of Montagu's harrier nests after wind farms were installed, when the distribution of nests was mostly explained by habitat and distance to the closest track. Distance to wind turbine was apparently not influential. Fatality through collision was relatively uncommon during the study period. Our findings demonstrate that the construction, operation and maintenance of wind farms did not seem to adversely affect Montagu's harrier nesting decisions in our study area. However, we encourage further studies including reproductive parameters and foraging strategies of Montagu's harrier to provide a complete investigation of potential impacts of wind farms on this species.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effects of wind farms on Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in southern Spain","attachmentId":43346190,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22793011/Effects_of_wind_farms_on_Montagus_harrier_Circus_pygargus_in_southern_Spain","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22793011/Effects_of_wind_farms_on_Montagus_harrier_Circus_pygargus_in_southern_Spain"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="11593798" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11593798/Impact_of_wind_turbines_on_birds_in_Zeebrugge_Belgium_">Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28310354" href="https://inbo.academia.edu/JorisEveraert">Joris Everaert</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of wind turbines on birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium)","attachmentId":46615952,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11593798/Impact_of_wind_turbines_on_birds_in_Zeebrugge_Belgium_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11593798/Impact_of_wind_turbines_on_birds_in_Zeebrugge_Belgium_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="30050641" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30050641/CENTRE_FOR_EVIDENCE_BASED_CONSERVATION_Systematic_review_No_4_Working_title_the_effects_of_wind_turbines_on_birds">CENTRE FOR EVIDENCE BASED CONSERVATION Systematic review No. 4 Working title: the effects of wind turbines on birds</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32090135" href="https://bangor.academia.edu/AndrewPullin">Andrew Pullin</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CENTRE FOR EVIDENCE BASED CONSERVATION Systematic review No. 4 Working title: the effects of wind turbines on birds","attachmentId":50501899,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30050641/CENTRE_FOR_EVIDENCE_BASED_CONSERVATION_Systematic_review_No_4_Working_title_the_effects_of_wind_turbines_on_birds","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30050641/CENTRE_FOR_EVIDENCE_BASED_CONSERVATION_Systematic_review_No_4_Working_title_the_effects_of_wind_turbines_on_birds"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6965427" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6965427/Behavioural_and_environmental_correlates_of_soaring_bird_mortality_at_on_shore_wind_turbines_Bird_mortality_at_wind_power_plants">Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines: Bird mortality at wind power plants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11801440" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandroRodr%C3%ADguez9">Alejandro Rodríguez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Ecology, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1Wind power plants represent a risk of bird mortality, but the effects are still poorly quantified. We measured bird mortality, analysed the factors that led birds to fly close to turbines, and proposed mitigation measures at two wind farms installed in the Straits of Gibraltar, one of the most important migration bottlenecks between Europe and Africa.2Bird corpses were surveyed along turbine lines and an associated power line to estimate mortality rates. The behaviour of birds observed within 250 m of turbines was also recorded as a putative indicator of risk. The effects of location, weather and flight behaviour on risk situations (passes within 5 m of turbines) were analysed using generalized linear modelling (GLM).3Mortality caused by turbines was higher than that caused by the power line. Losses involved mainly resident species, mostly griffon vultures Gyps fulvus (0·15 individuals turbine−1 year−1) and common kestrels Falco tinnunculus (0·19 individuals turbine−1 year−1). Mortalities were not associated with either structural attributes of wind farms or visibility.4Vulture collisions occurred in autumn–winter and were aggregated at two turbine lines where risks of collisions were greatest. The absence of thermals in winter forced vultures to use slopes for lift, the most likely mechanism influencing both their exposure to turbines and mortality.5Kestrel deaths occurred during the annual peak of abundance in summer. Carcasses were concentrated in the open habitats around a single wind farm and risk may have resulted from hunting habitat preferences.6Synthesis and applications. We conclude that bird vulnerability and mortality at wind power facilities reflect a combination of site-specific (wind–relief interaction), species-specific and seasonal factors. Despite the large number of migrating birds in the study area, most follow routes that are displaced from the facilities. Consequently, only a small fraction of birds on migratory flights was actually exposed to turbines. New wind installations must be preceded by detailed behavioural observation of soaring birds as well as careful mapping of migration routes.Wind power plants represent a risk of bird mortality, but the effects are still poorly quantified. We measured bird mortality, analysed the factors that led birds to fly close to turbines, and proposed mitigation measures at two wind farms installed in the Straits of Gibraltar, one of the most important migration bottlenecks between Europe and Africa.Bird corpses were surveyed along turbine lines and an associated power line to estimate mortality rates. The behaviour of birds observed within 250 m of turbines was also recorded as a putative indicator of risk. The effects of location, weather and flight behaviour on risk situations (passes within 5 m of turbines) were analysed using generalized linear modelling (GLM).Mortality caused by turbines was higher than that caused by the power line. Losses involved mainly resident species, mostly griffon vultures Gyps fulvus (0·15 individuals turbine−1 year−1) and common kestrels Falco tinnunculus (0·19 individuals turbine−1 year−1). Mortalities were not associated with either structural attributes of wind farms or visibility.Vulture collisions occurred in autumn–winter and were aggregated at two turbine lines where risks of collisions were greatest. The absence of thermals in winter forced vultures to use slopes for lift, the most likely mechanism influencing both their exposure to turbines and mortality.Kestrel deaths occurred during the annual peak of abundance in summer. Carcasses were concentrated in the open habitats around a single wind farm and risk may have resulted from hunting habitat preferences.Synthesis and applications. We conclude that bird vulnerability and mortality at wind power facilities reflect a combination of site-specific (wind–relief interaction), species-specific and seasonal factors. Despite the large number of migrating birds in the study area, most follow routes that are displaced from the facilities. Consequently, only a small fraction of birds on migratory flights was actually exposed to turbines. New wind installations must be preceded by detailed behavioural observation of soaring birds as well as careful mapping of migration routes.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird mortality at on-shore wind turbines: Bird mortality at wind power plants","attachmentId":48650537,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6965427/Behavioural_and_environmental_correlates_of_soaring_bird_mortality_at_on_shore_wind_turbines_Bird_mortality_at_wind_power_plants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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