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id="toc-First_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Followers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Followers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Followers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Followers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhineland_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhineland_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Rhineland massacres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhineland_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disintegration_of_Emicho's_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disintegration_of_Emicho's_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Disintegration of Emicho's army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disintegration_of_Emicho's_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_legend_of_Emicho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_legend_of_Emicho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The legend of Emicho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_legend_of_Emicho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emich_de_Flonheim" title="Emich de Flonheim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Emich de Flonheim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerich_z_Leiningenu" title="Emerich z Leiningenu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Emerich z Leiningenu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho_(Kreuzfahrer)" title="Emicho (Kreuzfahrer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Emicho (Kreuzfahrer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emich_de_Flonheim" title="Emich de Flonheim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emich de Flonheim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Emicho" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emicho" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emich_von_Flonheim" title="Emich von Flonheim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Emich von Flonheim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho_av_Leiningen" title="Emicho av Leiningen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Emicho av Leiningen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Emicho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Emicho" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Емих од Лајнингена – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Емих од Лајнингена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Emich" title="Emich">Emich</a>.</div> <p><b>Emicho</b> was a count in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> in the late 11th century. He is also commonly referred to as <b>Emicho of Leiningen</b> or <b>Emich of Flonheim,</b> and not to be confused with Bishop Emicho of Leiningen. In 1096, he was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (sometimes referred to as the "German Crusade of 1096") which were a series of mass murders of Jews that took place during the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Crusade">First Crusade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First Crusade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Emicho" title="Special:EditPage/Emicho">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The original idea for the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> that had been preached by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Clermont" title="Council of Clermont">Council of Clermont</a> in 1095 had already turned into a much different popular movement, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a>. Peter's preaching of the Crusade spread much more quickly than the official versions of Urban's call. Peter's version influenced Emicho, who spread his own story that Christ had appeared to him. Infused with the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> he felt chosen to fulfill the "<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of times</a>" prophecy. Emicho envisioned that he would march on <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and overcome the forces there, taking over the title of "last World Emperor" in accordance with canonical prophetic tradition. All Christian armies, Latin and Greek, would then unite and march to seize <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> thus prompting the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> and denouement with the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>. Inspired by such exulting promises, a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">Germans</a> merged and marched east in April 1096. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Followers">Followers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Followers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emicho's army attracted many unusual followers, including a group who worshipped a goose they believed to be filled with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Crusades#Nuns_of_the_First_Crusade" title="Women in the Crusades">Women in the Crusades</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army included noblemen and knights such as <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Nesle" title="Drogo of Nesle">Drogo Count of Nesle</a>, Hartmann I, Count of Dillingen-Kyburg,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I,_Lord_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas I, Lord of Coucy">Thomas, Lord of Marle and La Fère and Count of Amien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Carpenter" title="William the Carpenter">William the Carpenter, Viscount of Milun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contradicts the often repeated narrative that Emicho's army was mostly composed of peasants and burghers who were ignorant and instinctively prejudiced against Jews, mostly for economic reasons. Instead, there were a number of relatively educated and wealthy men, likely accompanied by clerics, in Emicho's army who would have known that forced conversions were forbidden according to the tenets of the Church. The violence of the Rhineland massacres cannot be explained away under the assumption that the army was mostly composed of ignorant and provincial peasants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhineland_massacres">Rhineland massacres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rhineland massacres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></div> <p>Count Emicho's precise role in the Rhineland Massacres, the series of violent attacks and forced conversions of the Rhineland's Jews just prior to the First Crusade, has been the subject of significant debate.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were many crusading forces moving through the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, but most were interested primarily in reaching the Holy Land. For instance, when <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> and his mob of Crusaders passed through these towns and threatened the Jewish population, they had been amenable to bribes and largely left the Jews free from harassment.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2000_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Emicho has frequently been referenced in secondary and tertiary sources as having been present during the massacres of Jews in Cologne and Worms, there is sparse evidence in the primary accounts to support his involvement. Indeed, the only massacre in which Emicho definitively participated was that in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriele2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish writer of the account known as the <a href="/wiki/Mainz_Anonymous" title="Mainz Anonymous">Mainz Anonymous</a> mentions Emicho as having been in the rough vicinity of Speyer during the massacre there, but clearly notes he did not participate in the violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2000_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2000-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet Emicho certainly led the forces that massacred the Jews of Mainz, one of the largest European Jewish communities at the time, in May 1096. The Jews within the city were well-aware of the earlier massacres and forced conversions in other Rhineland cities and feared the worst.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They appealed to the Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthard">Ruthard</a> and the area's lay lords to protect them from the approaching mob, offering money and valuable possessions to further encourage the lords. In an attempt to deter the approaching crusaders, Ruthard closed the city's gates and attempted to hide Jews in his palace.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, however, the city gates were opened by sympathetic burghers within Mainz and the Jews were attacked despite the archbishop's best attempts to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1980_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of what distinguished Emicho and his army from other crusading armies that crossed the Rhineland was their unwillingness to be swayed from committing violence by bribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Runciman1980_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runciman1980-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greed was clearly not their sole motivation, contrary to many cursory accounts of Emicho. While money was likely necessary to fund their pilgrimage to reach the Holy Land, the Crusaders could have easily taken the possessions and money offered to them by the Jews and continued on their way without a significant amount of violence. Yet, they chose to kill the majority of the Jews they encountered, even women and children whom they could have compelled to convert. Emicho and his men went to great lengths to hunt down and kill every refugee they could find in Mainz;<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they intended to inflict maximal damage. This is exemplified by the Mainz Anonymous's description of Emicho: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was our chief persecutor. He had no mercy on the elderly, on young men and young women, on infants or sucklings, nor on the ill. He made the people of the Lord like dust to be trampled. Their young men he put to the sword, and their pregnant women he ripped open.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This ideologically based hatred of Jews, along with the far higher death count, is what made the massacre in Mainz distinct from previous attacks in the Rhineland. The motivations behind this hatred are yet another source of contention by historians. Certain historians have characterized these sentiments as part of the broader context of apocalyptic mythology, with the Crusaders anticipating an imminent end of the world, a "zero-sum game between good and evil”. This end of days would be precipitated by Christian control of the Holy Land and mass conversions of Jews to Christianity. For the end of time to occur, Jews had to either die or abandon Judaism and embrace Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriele2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others see instead this animosity as emerging from the crusade to the Holy Land itself. With the shrines of Christendom being discussed, and the destination being Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a>, Christ's burial place, the role Jews played in Christ's crucifixion must have been in the forefront of many crusaders' minds.<sup id="cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chazan2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attitude is illustrated by a crusader's supposed remark to a Jew as written by the chronicler Bar-Simson: "You are the children of those who killed the object of our veneration, hanging him on a tree. And he himself had said, 'there will yet come a day when my children will come and avenge my blood.' We are his children and it is, therefore, our duty to avenge him against you who disbelieve in him."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beneath either motivation behind massacring the Rhineland's Jews is the reality that Jews in 1096 were alienated from their Christian neighbors. Jews and Muslims were scarcely distinguished in the eleventh century as both were seen as agents of the devil and in league with one another, plotting against Christendom. Thus, it is not surprising that a crusade ostensibly directed against one group could be seamlessly redirected against the other. Especially in the apocalyptic mindset, both Jews and Muslims had to be destroyed or converted for the Earth to reach the end of days.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriele2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disintegration_of_Emicho's_army"><span id="Disintegration_of_Emicho.27s_army"></span>Disintegration of Emicho's army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disintegration of Emicho's army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The army continued down the Rhine until they reached the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, which they followed to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. Here, after having run out of money and food, they began to pillage. Much of the army was killed by the Hungarians; the rest split up to join the other Crusader armies, and Emicho went back home to his family, where he was scorned for not fulfilling his vow to capture <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_legend_of_Emicho">The legend of Emicho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The legend of Emicho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Count Emicho was said to be influenced into action by a divine vision. In the vision an apostle is giving Emicho a crown in "Italian Greece" and promising him "victory over his foes". This vision is a grave reference to the "Last Roman Emperor",<sup id="cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabriele2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the legend of a man surrendering his "earthly power to God" and being given the power to destroy the enemies of Christians, mercilessly. In the legend the purpose of the "Last Roman Emperor" is to restore God's power in the Holy Land. To restore God's power the chosen one, the one granted the vision, is expected to kill or convert those who oppose Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By having such a divine vision, those who knew of Count Emicho and believed in his vision interpreted him as the main leader of the Rhineland Massacres. </p><p>Chroniclers, such as Ekkehard, saw Count Emicho's vision as his rebirth. Ekkehard was a monk of Aura who later joined a Crusading army in 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ekkehard, in his account, noted Count Emicho as a person who was once tyrannical, but was "called by a divine revelation, like another <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in medieval political thought, Saul was a complex character that was often employed in discussions of the nature of lay authority, and its derivation from the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, medieval churchmen often evoked Saul's contest with <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> – and used Samuel to support their position that lay authority was dependant on legitimacy granted by the Church, rather than the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering Ekkehard's support for the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">reform movement</a>, and his position regarding the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, a comparison to Saul may not be an entirely positive one.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The account of Albert of Aachen places Count Emicho as the main leader of the Rhineland Massacre by using diction such as "Emicho and the rest of his band".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emicho's vision played an important role to his ability to be a leader during the Rhineland Massacre. He was qualified to lead the crusading army because his vision was interpreted as God placing him in the role of power. Even after his death, there were accounts stating the myth that Emicho's soul was guarding the gate of Rhineland.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Count Emicho has been viewed as both a person who took part in the Rhineland Massacres as a soldier as well as the person who is directly responsible for the actions committed in the Rhineland. His documented involvement in the massacres could be attributed to the legend of the Last Roman Emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms massacre (1096)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emichones" title="Emichones">Emichones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Leiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Leiningen">House of Leiningen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Horrible_Histories_episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Horrible Histories episodes">Horrible Histories</a></i>, Season 4, Episode 3</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert of Aachen">Albert of Aachen</a>, <i>Historia Ierosolimitana</i>, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford: Oxford Medieval Texts, 2007), bk. I, ch. 30, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203161110/https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=360&kw=Hartmanni+I%2C+Count+of+Dillingen-Kyburg&n=42&nav=0&total=127">"A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=360&kw=Hartmanni+I%2C+Count+of+Dillingen-Kyburg&n=42&nav=0&total=127">the original</a> on 2017-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Database+of+Crusaders+to+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrionline.ac.uk%2Fcrusaders%2Fperson%2F%3Fid%3D360%26kw%3DHartmanni%2BI%252C%2BCount%2Bof%2BDillingen-Kyburg%26n%3D42%26nav%3D0%26total%3D127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmicho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhi.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=693&kw=Thomas%2C+Lord+of+Marle+and+La+F%C3%A8re+and+Count+of+Amien">"A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Database+of+Crusaders+to+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhi.ac.uk%2Fcrusaders%2Fperson%2F%3Fid%3D693%26kw%3DThomas%252C%2BLord%2Bof%2BMarle%2Band%2BLa%2BF%25C3%25A8re%2Band%2BCount%2Bof%2BAmien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmicho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080345/https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=742&kw=william+of+melon&n=108&nav=0&total=152">"A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/person/?id=742&kw=william+of+melon&n=108&nav=0&total=152">the original</a> on 2017-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Database+of+Crusaders+to+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrionline.ac.uk%2Fcrusaders%2Fperson%2F%3Fid%3D742%26kw%3Dwilliam%2Bof%2Bmelon%26n%3D108%26nav%3D0%26total%3D152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmicho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stow, Kenneth. “Conversion, Apostasy, and Apprehensiveness: Emicho of Flonheim and the Fear of Jews in the Twelfth Century,” <i>Speculum</i> Vol. 76, No. 4 (Oct. 2001), pp. 911–933. Sourcebook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan2000-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2000_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2000_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazan, Robert. “The Mainz Anonymous: Structure, Authorship, Dating and Objectives,” in <i>God, Humanity and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives</i>. 28–51. University of California Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabriele2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabriele2007_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriele, Matthew. “Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade” in <i>Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: a casebook</i>, edited by Michael Frassetto, 61–83, New York: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krey, August C. <i>The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants</i>, “Ekkehard of Aura” (Princeton: 1921), 53–54, electronically published by Internet Medieval.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chazan2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chazan2010_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazan, Robert. “Chapter III, Christians: Assault, Assistance, Ambiguity,” In the <i>Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews</i>. 51–72. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Runciman1980-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1980_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Runciman1980_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Runciman, Steven. “The German Crusade” in <i>The First Crusade</i>. 82–92, Cambridge University Press, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madden, Thomas F. <i>The New Concise History of the Crusades</i>. Rowman & Littlefield: New York, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, Paul J. “The Medieval Legend of the Last Roman Emperor and Its Messianic Origin.” <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes</i>, vol. 41, 1978, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Edward, editor. “Ekkehard of Aura.” <i>The First Crusades: the Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials</i> , University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The March to Constantinople: Ekkehards Account.” <i>The First Crusade: the Accounts of Eye-Witnesses and Participants</i>, by August C. Krey, Forgotten Books, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkenstein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Funkenstein, Josef (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hpstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/78229ce5-74b4-4c88-9a2a-eb9e449e251f.pdf">"Samuel and Saul in Medieval Political Thought"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hebraic Political Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 149–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebraic+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Samuel+and+Saul+in+Medieval+Political+Thought&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-163&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Funkenstein&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhpstudies.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2F78229ce5-74b4-4c88-9a2a-eb9e449e251f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmicho" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Edward, editor. “Albert of Aachen.” <i>The First Crusades: the Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stow, Kenneth. “Conversion, Apostasy, and Apprehensiveness: Emicho of Floheim and the Fear of Jews in the Twelfth Century.” <i>Speculum</i>, vol. 76, no. 4, 2001, pp. 911–933.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emicho&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Toussaint, Ingo: <i>Die Grafen von Leiningen.</i> Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7995-7017-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7995-7017-9">3-7995-7017-9</a>.</li> <li>"A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land", 1095–1149 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/">archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002557/https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/crusaders/">Archived</a> 2017-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup 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