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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Indledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Levevis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levevis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Levevis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levevis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Levevis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levevis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbiose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbiose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Symbiose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbiose_med_planter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbiose_med_planter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Symbiose med planter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbiose_med_planter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Morfologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taksonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taksonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taksonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taksonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Taksonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taksonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dikarya:_Basidiesvampe_og_sæksvampe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dikarya:_Basidiesvampe_og_sæksvampe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dikarya: Basidiesvampe og sæksvampe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dikarya:_Basidiesvampe_og_sæksvampe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Øvrige_rækker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Øvrige_rækker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Øvrige rækker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Øvrige_rækker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sammenligning_med_dyr_og_planter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sammenligning_med_dyr_og_planter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sammenligning med dyr og planter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sammenligning_med_dyr_og_planter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tidligere_taksonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidligere_taksonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tidligere taksonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tidligere_taksonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Tidligere taksonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tidligere_taksonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formgrupper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formgrupper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Formgrupper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formgrupper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teleomorfe_og_anamorfe_svampe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleomorfe_og_anamorfe_svampe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Teleomorfe og anamorfe svampe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleomorfe_og_anamorfe_svampe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Formering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Formering</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Køn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Køn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Køn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Køn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anvendelse_og_økonomisk_betydning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anvendelse_og_økonomisk_betydning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Anvendelse og økonomisk betydning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anvendelse_og_økonomisk_betydning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Svampe_i_Danmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svampe_i_Danmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Svampe i Danmark</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Svampe_i_Danmark-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Svampe i Danmark</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Svampe_i_Danmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spiselige_svampe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiselige_svampe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Spiselige svampe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiselige_svampe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Giftige_svampe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Giftige_svampe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Giftige svampe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Giftige_svampe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Billeder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Billeder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Billeder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Billeder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kilder_og_eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kilder_og_eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Kilder og eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kilder_og_eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Svampe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 183 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">183 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swam" title="Swam – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%88%B5" title="ፈንገስ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈንገስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="फफूंदी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फफूंदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="فطر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فطر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="ভেঁকুৰ – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভেঁকুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocockweto" title="Ocockweto – atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocockweto" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6b%C9%99l%C9%99kl%C9%99r" title="Göbələklər – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göbələklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤبه‌لکلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤبه‌لکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бәшмәктәр – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәшмәктәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwammal" title="Schwammal – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwammal" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%ABba" title="Grība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грыбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грыбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гъби – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гъби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ছত্রাক – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছত্রাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Һархяаг – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һархяаг" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongs" title="Fongs – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fongs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%ADng-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cĭng-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abungawg-uhong" title="Abungawg-uhong – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Abungawg-uhong" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AD%E1%8E%BE%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏭᎾᎩ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏭᎾᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کوارگ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوارگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungu" title="Fungu – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fungu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opap%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="Opapışlar – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Opapışlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houby" title="Houby – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Houby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grz%C3%ABb%C3%AB" title="Grzëbë – kasjubisk" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Grzëbë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kasjubisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Кăмпасем – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмпасем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffwng" title="Ffwng – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffwng" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Malɛɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Malɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilze" title="Pilze – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griby" title="Griby – nedersorbisk" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Griby" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="nedersorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Μύκητας – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μύκητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun%C5%9B" title="Funś – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Funś" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungoj" title="Fungoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fungoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seened" title="Seened – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Seened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onddo" title="Onddo – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Onddo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86" title="قارچ – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قارچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siin" title="Siin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Siin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soppar" title="Soppar – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Soppar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaampen_(Fungi)" title="Swaampen (Fungi) – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swaampen (Fungi)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmels" title="Skimmels – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skimmels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungas" title="Fungas – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fungas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Fungo (bioloxía) – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fungo (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="ميش – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ميش" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupe" title="Urupe – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Urupe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungys" title="Fungys – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fungys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82n-khi%C3%B9n" title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂n-khiùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטריות – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6" title="फफूंद – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फफूंद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljive" title="Gljive – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gljive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriby" title="Hriby – øvresorbisk" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hriby" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="øvresorbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanpiyon" title="Chanpiyon – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chanpiyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomb%C3%A1k" title="Gombák – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Սունկ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սունկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ЖӀаленускалаш – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЖӀаленускалаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveppir" title="Sveppir – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sveppir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E9%A1%9E" title="菌類 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="菌類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonggos" title="Fonggos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fonggos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სოკოები – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңырауқұлақтар – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саңырауқұлақтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲೀಂಧ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%A0%EA%B3%84" title="균계 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="균계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuv" title="Kuv – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kuv" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fong" title="Fong – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fong" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Козу карындар – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Козу карындар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilzer%C3%A4ich" title="Pilzeräich – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pilzeräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Къарникъуз – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къарникъуз" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungo" title="Fungo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fungo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%B6me" title="Käöme – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Käöme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonch" title="Fonch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fonch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liy%C9%9Bb%C3%BA" title="Liyɛbú – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Liyɛbú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grybai" title="Grybai – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grybai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93nes" title="Sēnes – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sēnes" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Панга – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Панга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holatra" title="Holatra – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Holatra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Габа – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Габа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BD" title="പൂപ്പൽ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൂപ്പൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="बुरशी – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बुरशी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="မှို – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မှို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82" title="Пангт – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пангт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گوشک – mazenisk" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گوشک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazenisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanacatl" title="Nanacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Nanacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – napolitansk" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C3%A4mme" title="Swämme – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swämme" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ढुसी – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ढुसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="फुसा – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फुसा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmels" title="Schimmels – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Schimmels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopp" title="Sopp – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopper" title="Sopper – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCosh_doo_yit%CA%BC%C3%ADinii_dl%C3%A1%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%B3%C3%B3_%C3%81bishjaa%CA%BC" title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼosh doo yitʼíinii dláádí dóó Ábishjaaʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycota" title="Mycota – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mycota" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sienet" title="Sienet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sienet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faangasii" title="Faangasii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Faangasii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Зокъотæ – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зокъотæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੱਲੀ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਲੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzyby" title="Grzyby – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzyby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="الی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="چڼاس – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چڼاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27allampa" title="K'allampa – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'allampa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnul_Fungi" title="Regnul Fungi – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regnul Fungi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Грибы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грибы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कवकम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कवकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Тэллэйдэр – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тэллэйдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funci" title="Funci – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Funci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="فنگس – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فنگس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guobbarat" title="Guobbarat – nordsamisk" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guobbarat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nordsamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gljiva" title="Gljiva – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gljiva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuffit_n_u%C9%9Baqqay" title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takuffit n uɛaqqay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB" title="දිලීර – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දිලීර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huby" title="Huby – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Huby" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glive" title="Glive – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glive" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuobb%C3%A2reh" title="Kuobbâreh – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kuobbâreh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABrpudhat" title="Kërpudhat – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kërpudhat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Гљиве – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гљиве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poagenstoule_(Riek)" title="Poagenstoule (Riek) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Poagenstoule (Riek)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suung" title="Suung – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Suung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svampar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvu" title="Kuvu – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kuvu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grziby" title="Grziby – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grziby" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="பூஞ்சை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூஞ்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81" title="ಲಾಂಬು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲಾಂಬು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="శిలీంధ్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిలీంధ్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D3%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D2%93%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Занбӯруғҳо – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Занбӯруғҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เห็ดรา – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เห็ดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang-singaw" title="Halamang-singaw – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang-singaw" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talingelinga" title="Talingelinga – tongansk" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Talingelinga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantarlar" title="Mantarlar – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantarlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Гөмбәләр – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гөмбәләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Губи – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Губи" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%DB%87%D8%BA" title="زەمبۇرۇغ – uygurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زەمبۇرۇغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uygurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Гриби – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гриби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پھپھوند – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھپھوند" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamburug%CA%BBlar" title="Zamburugʻlar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zamburugʻlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungi" title="Fungi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fungi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m" title="Nấm – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nấm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funig" title="Funig – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Funig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchampion" title="Tchampion – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchampion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fungus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Теңгрин ки – kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Теңгрин ки" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Fungi" title="I-Fungi – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Fungi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სოკოეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სოკოეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9D" title="שוואם – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שוואם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88bu" title="Èbu – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èbu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen%27gin" title="Caen'gin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Caen'gin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin-kh%C3%BAn" title="Chin-khún – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chin-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukhunta" title="Ukhunta – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukhunta" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fungi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q764" title="Link til tilknyttet emne i Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideværktøjer"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Udseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Udseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flyt til sidebjælken</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="da" dir="ltr"><dl><dd><div class="plainlinks" style="display: inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/19px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/29px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Disambig_bordered_fade.svg/38px-Disambig_bordered_fade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <i>"Svamp" omdirigeres hertil. For andre betydninger af Svamp, se <a href="/wiki/Svamp_(flertydig)" class="mw-disambig" title="Svamp (flertydig)">Svamp (flertydig)</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11833479">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: lightblue;">Svampe</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fungi_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fra øverst til venstre: rød fluesvamp, frynset skjoldbæger, Aspergillus fumigatus, piskesvampe og mug"><img alt="Fra øverst til venstre: rød fluesvamp, frynset skjoldbæger, Aspergillus fumigatus, piskesvampe og mug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/260px-Fungi_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/390px-Fungi_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Fungi_collage.jpg/520px-Fungi_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1062" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fra øverst til venstre: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8d_fluesvamp" title="Rød fluesvamp">rød fluesvamp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frynset_skjoldb%C3%A6ger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frynset skjoldbæger (ikke skrevet endnu)">frynset skjoldbæger</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspergillus_fumigatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspergillus fumigatus (ikke skrevet endnu)">Aspergillus fumigatus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Piskesvampe" title="Piskesvampe">piskesvampe</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mug" class="mw-redirect" title="Mug">mug</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Klassifikation" title="Klassifikation">Videnskabelig klassifikation</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Overdom%C3%A6ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdomæne">Overdomæne</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biota_(taksonomi)" title="Biota (taksonomi)">Biota</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A6ne_(biologi)" title="Domæne (biologi)">Domæne</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">Eukaryoter</a> (Eucaryota)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i>(urangeret)</i></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i>(urangeret)</i></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi)">Rige</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fungi</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: lightblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11833479"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taksonomi)" title="Synonym (taksonomi)">Synonymer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left;"><i>Mycota</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: lightblue;"><small><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lp:Taksobokse" title="Hjælp:Taksobokse">Hjælp til læsning af taksobokse</a></small></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png/440px-Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png/660px-Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png/880px-Sch%C3%A9ma_champignon_da.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Skitse over frugtlegemet af to <a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">basidiesvampe</a> (en lamelsvamp og en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8rhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rørhat">rørhat</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Svampe</b> (<i>Fungi</i>) er en stor gruppe af <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a>, der oprindeligt blev anset for at være en form for <a href="/wiki/Planter" title="Planter">planter</a>, men nu er samlet i et selvstændigt <a href="/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi)">rige</a>, svamperiget, der har vist sig at være mere beslægtet med <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyreriget</a> end med <a href="/wiki/Planter" title="Planter">planteriget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-baldauf1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baldauf2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Blandt de 100.000 kendte <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a> er mange vigtige <a href="/wiki/Nedbrydere" title="Nedbrydere">nedbrydere</a> af dødt <a href="/wiki/Organisk_materiale" title="Organisk materiale">organisk materiale</a>. Andre er <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasitter</a>, der lever af levende planter og dyr, eller lever i <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a> med planter ved hjælp af såkaldt <a href="/wiki/Mykorrhiza" title="Mykorrhiza">mykorrhiza</a>. Svampe er desuden kendt for undertiden at indeholde <a href="/wiki/Mykotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykotoxin">giftige</a> og <a href="/wiki/Psykedeliske_stoffer" title="Psykedeliske stoffer">psykedeliske stoffer</a>. </p><p>Selvom svampe er meget almindelige over hele verden, lægges der ikke meget mærke til dem, fordi mange er mikroskopiske og lever et skjult liv f.eks. i jorden, på dødt organisk materiale eller som del af en symbiose med planter, dyr eller andre svampe. Nogle arter af svampe bemærkes, når de for at <a href="/wiki/Formering" title="Formering">formere</a> sig danner frugtlegemer (fx <a href="/wiki/Paddehat" title="Paddehat">paddehatte</a>) eller som skimmel- og mugsvampe dækker en overflade og spreder deres sporer. </p><p>Den disciplin af <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologien</a>, der beskæftiger sig med svampe, kaldes <a href="/wiki/Mykologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykologi">mykologi</a>. Mykologi blev tidligere betragtet som en gren af <a href="/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik">botanik</a>, fordi svampe henregnedes til <a href="/wiki/Planteriget" class="mw-redirect" title="Planteriget">planteriget</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levevis">Levevis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Levevis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Levevis"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mycena-strobilicola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mycena-strobilicola.jpg/220px-Mycena-strobilicola.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mycena-strobilicola.jpg/330px-Mycena-strobilicola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mycena-strobilicola.jpg/440px-Mycena-strobilicola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2221" /></a><figcaption>En art af huesvamp (<i>Mycena</i> sp.) på en kogle.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ruhland,_Grenzstr._3,_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche,_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza,_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg/220px-Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg/330px-Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg/440px-Ruhland%2C_Grenzstr._3%2C_S%C3%A4mling_einer_Stieleiche%2C_Wurzel_mit_Mykorrhiza%2C_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Rod af <a href="/wiki/Stilkeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilkeg">stilkeg</a> (<i>Quercus robur</i>) med mykorrhiza.</figcaption></figure> <p>Svampe lever først og fremmest af at nedbryde <a href="/wiki/Organisk_materiale" title="Organisk materiale">organisk materiale</a>. Eksempelvis er <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A5ge-tragthat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tåge-tragthat">tåge-tragthat</a> en af de vigtigste nedbrydere af <a href="/wiki/Blad_(organ)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blad (organ)">blade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gren_(plantedel)" title="Gren (plantedel)">grene</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kvist_(plantedel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvist (plantedel)">kviste</a>. Svampe hører sammen med bakterier til de vigtigste nedbrydere i naturen, og er en nødvendig forudsætning for at <a href="/wiki/Stofkredsl%C3%B8b" title="Stofkredsløb">stofkredsløbet</a> kan opretholdes. Et krav for at svampesporerne kan spire er en vedholdende fugtighed, hvilket f.eks. er opfyldt i <a href="/wiki/Jord" title="Jord">jorden</a>. </p><p>Svampe lever især af <a href="/wiki/Sukker" title="Sukker">sukker</a> f.eks. i form af <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> som nedbrydes til simple sukkermolekyler og derefter fordøjes af svampens mycelium. Det meste døde plantevæv består netop af cellulose, og svampe fordøjer derfor ofte plantevæv. Langt de fleste svampe kan leve i både iltfri (fx som <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rfase" title="Gærfase">gærfase</a>) og i iltrige <a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B8" title="Miljø">miljøer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8vtygger" title="Drøvtygger">Drøvtyggere</a> (fx <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5r" title="Får">får</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tamkv%C3%A6g" title="Tamkvæg">tamkvæg</a>) fordøjer planternes cellulose ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganismer</a> som bakterier og svampe i en af deres dertil indrettede <a href="/wiki/Mave" title="Mave">maver</a>. Her nedbrydes <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> til <a href="/wiki/Glukose" title="Glukose">glukose</a> og omdannes til <a href="/wiki/Fedtsyre" title="Fedtsyre">fedtsyrerne</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddikesyre" title="Eddikesyre">eddikesyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propionsyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Propionsyre">propionsyre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B8rsyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Smørsyre">smørsyre</a>, hvilket drøvtyggerne så lever af. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbiose">Symbiose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Symbiose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Symbiose"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mange svampe har en form for <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a> med organismer fra andre biologiske riger, fx planter, dyr eller bakterier.<sup id="cite_ref-Aanen2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aanen2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nikoh2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nikoh2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Perotto1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perotto1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbiosen kan for den anden organisme (værten) enten være gavnlig eller skadelig (i nogle tilfælde dog ingen af delene). Der kan i relationen mellem svamp og vært altså både være tale om <a href="/wiki/Mutualisme_(%C3%B8kologi)" title="Mutualisme (økologi)">mutualisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasitisme</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kommensalisme" title="Kommensalisme">kommensalisme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paszkowski2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paszkowski2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hube2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hube2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lav_(symbiotisk_organisme)" title="Lav (symbiotisk organisme)">Laver</a> er en symbiose mellem svampe og visse <a href="/wiki/Alger" title="Alger">alger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbiose_med_planter">Symbiose med planter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Symbiose med planter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Symbiose med planter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symbiosen med planter ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/Mykorrhiza" title="Mykorrhiza">mykorrhiza</a>, hvor svampens <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a> gror ind i plantens rødder, er en af de bedst kendte relationer mellem planter og svampe, og den er af stor betydning for planters vækst og livsmuligheder i mange <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kosystem" title="Økosystem">økosystemer</a>. Over 90% af alle plantearter har symbiose med svampe, og kan være afhængige af dette for at overleve.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonfante2003_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonfante2003-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det øger ofte plantens optagelse af <a href="/wiki/Uorganisk" title="Uorganisk">uorganiske</a> forbindelser, f.eks. nitrat og fosfat fra steder hvor der er lave koncentrationer af disse vigtige næringsstoffer.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindahl2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindahl2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heijden2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heijden2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologi">Morfologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Morfologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Morfologi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mushroom%27s_roots_(myc%C3%A9lium).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/220px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/330px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg/440px-Mushroom%27s_roots_%28myc%C3%A9lium%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Hyfe" title="Hyfe">Hyfer</a>, der tilsammen danner et mycelium og dermed selve svampe-individet</figcaption></figure> <p>Svampe kan være encellede (fx <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp">gærsvampe</a>) eller flercellede. De flercellede består af <a href="/wiki/Hyfe" title="Hyfe">hyfer</a>, der er lange celletråde typisk omkring en hundrededel millimeter i diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-svampebog_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svampebog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disse hyfer er forgrenede og danner tilsammen det såkaldte <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>, der helt kan gennemvæve det medium (fx jord eller planteved) som det vokser i. Svampen sender <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a> ud i omgivelserne som muliggør at de større organiske forbindelser nedbrydes til mindre dele, således at de bliver tilpas små til at kunne optages gennem cellevæggene. Det er på denne måde svampen optager næring. </p><p>Det er for de flercellede svampe myceliet, der kan siges at være selve svampeindividet. Det samme individ (eller genetisk ens gruppe af individer) kan med tiden udbrede sig over et meget stort område og opnå en høj alder. F.eks. er en genetisk ens gruppe af individer af arten <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B8rk_honningsvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mørk honningsvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">mørk honningsvamp</a> (<i>Armillaria ostoyae</i>), der vokser i en nåleskov i <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (<a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>), blevet målt at dække et område på 900 <a href="/wiki/Hektar" title="Hektar">hektar</a> og være mindst 1900 år gammel.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2003_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2003-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I modsætning til det næsten skjulte mycelium kan svampens eventuelle frugtlegeme ses over jorden som fx en <a href="/wiki/Paddehat" title="Paddehat">paddehat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Taksonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Taksonomi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Basidiomycota_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Basidiomycota_collage.jpg/440px-Basidiomycota_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="587" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Basidiomycota_collage.jpg/660px-Basidiomycota_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Basidiomycota_collage.jpg/880px-Basidiomycota_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>Eksempler på formrigdommen hos <b>basidiesvampe</b>: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8d_fluesvamp" title="Rød fluesvamp">Rød fluesvamp</a> (<i>Amanita muscaria</i>) (en lamelsvamp); Tåresvamp (<i>Dacrymyces</i> sp.); Rød gitterkugle (<i>Clathrus ruber</i>) (en stinksvamp) (kun fundet en enkelt gang i Danmark);<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Johan_(svamp)" title="Karl Johan (svamp)">Karl Johan</a> (<i>Boletus edulis</i>) (en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8rhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rørhat">rørhat</a>); Tyttebærblad-bøllesvamp (<i>Exobasidium vaccinii</i>) (en mikrosvamp der kan inficere <a href="/wiki/Tytteb%C3%A6r" title="Tyttebær">tyttebær</a>); Skræpperust (<i>Uromyces rumicis</i>) (en mikrosvamp der kan inficere arter af <a href="/wiki/Skr%C3%A6ppe" title="Skræppe">skræppe</a>; <i>Phallus indusiatus</i> (en tropisk stinksvamp); <i>Meredithblackwellia eburnea</i> (en mikrosvamp indsamlet fra et bregneblad og her dyrket på et næringsrigt medium).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ascomycota_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ascomycota_collage.jpg/440px-Ascomycota_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="587" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ascomycota_collage.jpg/660px-Ascomycota_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ascomycota_collage.jpg/880px-Ascomycota_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>Eksempler på formrigdommen hos <b>sæksvampe</b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiselig_morkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiselig morkel (ikke skrevet endnu)">Spiselig morkel</a> (<i>Morchella esculenta</i> (findes i Danmark, men er ret sjælden);<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ursækkølle (<i>Neolecta vitellina</i>) (en kølleformet sæksvamp der ikke findes i Danmark);<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perigord<a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ffel" title="Trøffel">trøffel</a> (<i>Tuber melanosporum</i>) (hører hjemme i Sydeuropa og er en af de dyreste spisesvampe i verden); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penselskimmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penselskimmel (ikke skrevet endnu)">Krølhåret pragtbæger (<i>Sarcoscypha austriaca</i>) (en</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A6gersvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bægersvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">bægersvamp</a>, der vokser hist og her i Danmark);<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penselskimmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penselskimmel (ikke skrevet endnu)">Penselskimmel</a> (<i>Penicillium</i> sp.) på mandarin; Art af skorpe<a href="/wiki/Lav_(symbiotisk_organisme)" title="Lav (symbiotisk organisme)">lav</a> (to organismer, en sæksvamp og en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nalge" class="mw-redirect" title="Grønalge">grønalge</a>, lever sammen i <a href="/wiki/Symbiose" title="Symbiose">symbiose</a>); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spalteg%C3%A6r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spaltegær (ikke skrevet endnu)">Spaltegær</a> (<i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i>) (en encellet <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp">gærsvamp</a>); <a href="/wiki/Ringorm" title="Ringorm">Ringorm</a> (<i>Microsporum canis</i>) (giver infektioner i huden på husdyr og mennesker);</figcaption></figure> <div style="float:right; width:auto; border:none; margin-left:2px;"> <div style="float:none; width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px"> <div style="width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:5px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  <b>Svampe</b>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  Dikarya  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  Mucoromycota  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mortierellomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mortierellomycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mortierellomycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomeromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomeromycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Glomeromycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mucoromycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  Zoopagomycota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Zoopagomycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entomophthoromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entomophthoromycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Entomophthoromycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kickxellomycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kickxellomycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kickxellomycotina</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center">  Chytridiomyceta</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoblepharidomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoblepharidomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Monoblepharidomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Neocallimastigomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Blastocladiomycota</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthosporidia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Opisthosporidia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p>  <i><a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a>, der viser svampenes inddeling i underriger/rækker.</i><sup id="cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnuRev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrBiol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>I alt er navngivet omkring 100.000 forskellige arter af svampe, men der findes måske ti gange så mange, der stadig er ubeskrevede.<sup id="cite_ref-antal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-svamperiget_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svamperiget-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svampene inddeles i seks forskellige <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A6kke_(biologi)" title="Række (biologi)">rækker</a>/underriger.<sup id="cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnuRev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrBiol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dikarya:_Basidiesvampe_og_sæksvampe"><span id="Dikarya:_Basidiesvampe_og_s.C3.A6ksvampe"></span>Dikarya: Basidiesvampe og sæksvampe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Dikarya: Basidiesvampe og sæksvampe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Dikarya: Basidiesvampe og sæksvampe"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langt de fleste arter (>97%) findes i underriget Dikarya som inkluderer de to beslægtede rækker <a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">basidiesvampe</a> (Basidiomycota) og <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ksvampe" title="Sæksvampe">sæksvampe</a> (Ascomycota). <a href="/wiki/Livscyklus" title="Livscyklus">Livscyklus</a> hos de to svampegrupper består af en lang <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> og en kort <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> fase, hvor der ind imellem er indskudt en tokernet (dikaryotisk) fase.<sup id="cite_ref-ascus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ascus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basidie_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basidie-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disse svampegrupper har navn efter det sted på svampene, hvor sporerne dannes. Hos basidiesvampe sidder sporerne fire sammen for enden af et såkaldt basidie, mens de hos sæksvampe dannes i sække med otte sporer i hver. Hos en basidiesvamp som <a href="/wiki/Champignon" class="mw-redirect" title="Champignon">champignon</a> sidder basidierne tæt sammen på lameller på hattens underside, og her kan der i løbet af få dage dannes 10-20 milliarder sporer.<sup id="cite_ref-svampebog_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svampebog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hos begge disse rækker danner nogle arter frugtlegemer medens andre arter er mikrosvampe. De største af disse frugtlegemer er de såkaldte hatsvampe hos basidiesvampene. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">Basidiesvampe</a>, <i>Basidiomycota</i> kan have frugtlegemer som fx <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamelsvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamelsvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">lamelsvampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8rhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rørhat">rørhatte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poresvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poresvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">poresvampe</a>. Omkring 32.000 kendte arter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ksvampe" title="Sæksvampe">Sæksvampe</a>, <i>Ascomycota</i> kan ligeledes have frugtlegemer som fx morkler eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A6gersvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bægersvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">bægersvampe</a>. Omkring 64.000 kendte arter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Øvrige_rækker"><span id=".C3.98vrige_r.C3.A6kker"></span>Øvrige rækker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Øvrige rækker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Øvrige rækker"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De øvrige rækker rummer kun mikrosvampe. </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucoromycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucoromycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Mucoromycota</a> former en søstergruppe til Dikarya og inkluderer mange mikrosvampe, der lever sammen med planter. En inddeling indenfor denne række er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glomeromycotina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glomeromycotina (ikke skrevet endnu)">Glomeromycotina</a>, der er mikrosvampe, der danner arbuskulært <a href="/wiki/Mykorrhiza" title="Mykorrhiza">mykorrhiza</a>. Kun cirka 169 arter kendes. Denne gruppe var traditionelt en del af formgruppen <a href="/wiki/Koblingssvampe" title="Koblingssvampe">koblingssvampe</a> (<i>Zygomycota</i>).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoopagomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoopagomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Zoopagomycota</a> er en gruppe mikrosvampe hvoraf mange lever som parasitter.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chytridiomyceta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chytridiomyceta (ikke skrevet endnu)">Chytridiomyceta</a> er et underrige, hvis medlemmer formerer sig med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoospore (ikke skrevet endnu)">zoosporer</a>, og inkluderer tre rækker, der totalt rummer mindre end 1000 arter. En række er <a href="/wiki/Piskesvampe" title="Piskesvampe">Piskesvampe</a>, Chytridiomycota, en gruppe mikrosvampe, der mest lever i vand. En anden række er <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neocallimastigomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neocallimastigomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Neocallimastigomycota</a></i>, mikrosvampe, der lever i <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8vtygger" title="Drøvtygger">drøvtyggeres</a> maver. Kun cirka 20 arter.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blastocladiomycota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blastocladiomycota (ikke skrevet endnu)">Blastocladiomycota</a> er mikrosvampe der formerer sig med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoospore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoospore (ikke skrevet endnu)">zoosporer</a> (selvbevægelige, ukønnede sporer med flageller) og alternerer mellem haploide og diploide generationer (de har en såkaldt haplodiplontisk <a href="/wiki/Livscyklus" title="Livscyklus">livscyklus</a>). Kun cirka 179 arter.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthosporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthosporidia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Opisthosporidia</a> udgør de mest basale svampe og er en muligvis <a href="/wiki/Parafyletisk_gruppe" title="Parafyletisk gruppe">parafyletisk gruppe</a> (uden fælles stamfader) af endo<a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasitter</a> (indvendige snyltere). En gruppe her er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsporidia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsporidia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Microsporidia</a>, encellede parasitter i dyr. Over tusind kendte arter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammenligning_med_dyr_og_planter">Sammenligning med dyr og planter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Sammenligning med dyr og planter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Sammenligning med dyr og planter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right; width:auto; border:none; margin-left:2px;"> <div style="float:none; width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:2px; margin:2px"> <div style="width:auto; border:solid 1px silver; padding:5px"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="font-size:90%; line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">Eukaryoter</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bikonta" title="Bikonta">Bikonta</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Planter" title="Planter">Planter</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Unikonta" title="Unikonta">Unikonta</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B8ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Amøber">Amøber</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choanozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choanozoa (ikke skrevet endnu)">Choanozoa</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">Dyr</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucleariid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucleariid (ikke skrevet endnu)">Nucleariida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:0 0.2em;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><b>Svampe</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p>  <i><a href="/wiki/Kladogram" title="Kladogram">Kladogram</a> der viser svampes slægtskab <br />  med bl.a. dyr og planter.</i><sup id="cite_ref-phylo1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phylo1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>Indenfor den nyere <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">biologiske taksonomi</a> henregnes svampe nu til et selvstændigt <a href="/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi)">rige</a> (blandt 6-7 andre riger), fordi bl.a. genetiske undersøgelser har vist, at svampe er nærmere beslægtet med dyr end med planter. Hvor man betegner et områdes planter som "flora" og dyreliv som "fauna", betegnes et områdes svampeliv som "funga". </p><p>Før indførelsen af molekylære metoder for <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetisk_systematik" title="Fylogenetisk systematik">fylogenetisk analyse</a> betragtede <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomikere</a> svampe som hørende til planteriget på grund af lighederne i vækst: både svampe og planter er hovedsageligt immobile og ligner hinanden i generel morfologi og voksested. Ligesom planter vokser svampe ofte i jord, og danner for nogle svampes vedkommende kraftige frugtlegemer, der kan ligne visse planter såsom <a href="/wiki/Mosser" title="Mosser">mosser</a>. I dag anses svampe for at høre til et selvstændigt <a href="/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi)">rige</a> - adskilt fra både planter og dyr, som de formodes at have udviklet sig fra for en milliard år siden.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruns2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruns2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baldauf1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baldauf2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visse <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">biokemiske</a> og <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetiske</a> træk har de til fælles med andre organismer, mens andre er unikke for svampe og dermed adskiller dem klart fra andre riger. </p> <ul><li>Fælles træk med dyr: Svampe mangler <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">grønkorn</a> og er <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">heterotrofe</a> organismer, der derfor kræver allerede dannet <a href="/wiki/Organisk_forbindelse" title="Organisk forbindelse">organisk materiale</a> som energikilde.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fælles med planter: Svampe har i deres celler <a href="/wiki/Vakuole" title="Vakuole">vakuoler</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shoji2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shoji2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg">cellevægge</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De kan <a href="/wiki/Formering" title="Formering">formere</a> sig både kønnet og ukønnet og ligesom lavere planter (såsom <a href="/wiki/Bregner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bregner">bregner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mosser" title="Mosser">mosser</a>) frembringe <a href="/wiki/Spore_(botanik)" title="Spore (botanik)">sporer</a>. Ligesom mosser og <a href="/wiki/Alger" title="Alger">alger</a> har svampe typisk <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploide</a> cellekerner.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unikke træk: Nogle arter lever som encellede <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvampe" class="mw-redirect" title="Gærsvampe">gærsvampe</a>, der formerer sig ved knopskydning eller binær fission. Der findes svampe, der er i stand til at skifte mellem en <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rfase" title="Gærfase">gærfase</a> og en fase med trådformede cellerækker (<a href="/wiki/Hyfe" title="Hyfe">hyfer</a>) som reaktion på ydre forhold.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svampenes cellevægge er sammensat af <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">glucaner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kitin" title="Kitin">kitin</a>. Selv om kitin også findes hos planter og glucaner i <a href="/wiki/Exoskelet" title="Exoskelet">exoskelettet</a> af <a href="/wiki/Leddyr" title="Leddyr">leddyr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowman2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowman2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> så er svampe de eneste organismer, der kombinerer disse to strukturmolekyler i deres cellevæg. I modsætning til planter og <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gsporesvampe" title="Ægsporesvampe">ægsporesvampe</a> indeholder svampes cellevægge ikke <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Selv om svampene traditionelt medtages i mange, botaniske undervisningsforløb og lærebøger, anses de nu for at være nærmere beslægtede med dyr end med planter,<sup id="cite_ref-baldauf1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baldauf2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baldauf2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og de bliver anbragt sammen med dyrene i den <a href="/wiki/Monofyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofyletisk">monofyletiske</a> gruppe, <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">opisthokonta</a> (af <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk" class="mw-redirect" title="Græsk">græsk</a>: <i>opísthios</i> = bagved, <i>kontos</i> = pol, flagel).<sup id="cite_ref-Minge_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minge-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undersøgelser af den molekylære fylogenetik støtter svampenes oprindelse i en monofyletisk gruppe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tidligere_taksonomi">Tidligere taksonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Tidligere taksonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tidligere taksonomi"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionelt var svampene inddelt i fire grupper: <a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">basidiesvampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6ksvampe" title="Sæksvampe">sæksvampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koblingssvampe" title="Koblingssvampe">koblingssvampe</a> og "imperfekte svampe".<sup id="cite_ref-salmonsen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Til midten af <a href="/wiki/1900-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1900-tallet">1900-tallet</a> blev svampene regnet til planteriget og ofte kaldt <a href="/wiki/Kryptogam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kryptogam">kryptogamer</a>, men man erkendte på det tidspunkt, at svampene var så afvigende fra andre organismer, at de skulle have deres eget rige, svamperiget. Siden er dette blevet bekræftet af undersøgelser på celleniveau og senest også molekylære studier.<sup id="cite_ref-svamperiget_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svamperiget-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Svampenes <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomi</a> er siden blevet revideret flere gange, særligt under indtryk af den nyeste forskning, der er baseret på sammenligninger af <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Disse igangværende fylogenetiske undersøgelser vender ofte op og ned på de klassificeringer, der bygger på ældre og til tider noget mindre præcise metoder. Den gamle klassifikation var baseret på <a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">morfologiske</a> metoder og biologiske artsafgrænsninger, der byggede på eksperimentelle krydsningsforsøg.<sup id="cite_ref-Palaeos_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palaeos-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En omfattende ny klassificering af svamperiget, der blev gennemført i 2007, var resultatet af et storstilet forskningssamarbejde, der inddrog snesevis af svampespecialister og andre forskere, der arbejdede med svampenes taksonomi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den opstillede syv <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A6kke_(biologi)" title="Række (biologi)">rækker</a>, hvoraf de to – sæksvampe og basidiesvampe – blev placeret i en gren, som rummer underriget <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dikarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dikarya (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dikarya</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnuRev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrBiol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I takt med at <a href="/wiki/Genom" class="mw-redirect" title="Genom">genomer</a> for flere og flere svampe er blevet kortlagt er er denne klassificering efterfølgende blev udviklet yderligere, og omfatter nu kun seks rækker<sup id="cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnnuRev-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrBiol-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Der forekommer stadig hyppige navneændringer på alle niveauer fra og med artsniveau og opefter. Blandt mange forskere gøres der anstrengelser for at opbygge en fælles og mere sammenhængende <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatur" title="Nomenklatur">nomenklatur</a>, som man kan bede folk om at bruge.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Celio_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Celio-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svampearterne kan tilmed have flere forskellige videnskabelige navne alt efter deres <a href="/wiki/Livscyklus" title="Livscyklus">livscyklus</a> og formeringsmåde (kønnet eller ukønnet). Netsteder som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Index_Fungorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Index Fungorum (ikke skrevet endnu)">Index Fungorum</a> og <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a> bringer lister over de gældende navne for svampearter (med henvisning til ældre synonymer). </p><p>Man har tidligere klassificeret andre organismer som svampe, f.eks.: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svampedyr" title="Svampedyr">Svampedyr</a> (tidligere <a href="/wiki/Slimsvamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Slimsvamp">slimsvampe</a>) (<i>Mycetozoa</i>) er nu en infrarække af <a href="/wiki/Protozoer" title="Protozoer">protozoer</a>, i rækken <i>Amoebozoa</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gsporesvampe" title="Ægsporesvampe">Ægsporesvampe</a> (<i>Oomycota</i>, <i>Oomycetes</i>) er en gruppe svampelignende mikroorganismer, der nu tilhører riget <a href="/wiki/Stramenopila" title="Stramenopila">Stramenopila</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formgrupper">Formgrupper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Formgrupper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Formgrupper"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svampe kan inddeles i såkaldte formgrupper, der forener arter med ens udseende, hvilket også kan omfatte mikroskopiske træk. Eksempler på formgrupper: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamelsvampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamelsvampe (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lamelsvampe</a> er <a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">basidiesvampe</a> med lameller på frugtlegemet. Nogle lamelsvampe er dog beslægtet med rørhatte og hører til <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8rhat-ordenen" title="Rørhat-ordenen">rørhat-ordenen</a><sup id="cite_ref-svamperiget_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svamperiget-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poresvampe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poresvampe (ikke skrevet endnu)">Poresvampe</a> er basidiesvampe med porer på undersiden af frugtlegemet, men tilhører flere forskellige svampefamilier, der ikke er indbyrdes beslægtede.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ffel" title="Trøffel">Trøfler</a> har underjordiske, knoldformede frugtlegemer og passiv sporespredning.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koblingssvampe" title="Koblingssvampe">Koblingssvampe</a> (<i>Zygomycota</i>) er svampe, der i deres kønnede formering anvender såkaldte zygosporer. Denne formgruppe er indtil for nylig også blevet regnet som en række indenfor svampene. Gruppen omfatter eksempelvis mikrosvampe såsom <a href="/wiki/Insektskimmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Insektskimmel">insektskimmel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-svamperiget_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svamperiget-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Fungi imperfecti</i> (imperfekte svampe) er svampe, hvor der ikke kendes kønnet formering og hvor kun det anamorfe stadie er kendt. Et eksempel på en sådan "uperfekt svamp" er <a href="/wiki/Mug_(svamp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mug (svamp)">mug</a>.</li></ul> <p>Arterne indenfor en formgruppe er ikke nødvendigvis beslægtet med hinanden og nogle arter tilhører flere formgrupper. Eksempelvis har det vist sig at den samme art både kan have anamorfe og teleomorfe livsstadier, som det er tilfældet for arter af slægten <i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i>. På samme måde har nogle arter både et gærstadie og et andet stadie med hyfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teleomorfe_og_anamorfe_svampe">Teleomorfe og anamorfe svampe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigér afsnit: Teleomorfe og anamorfe svampe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Teleomorfe og anamorfe svampe"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indenfor mykologien findes to uafhængige måder at klassificere svampe. Den ene måde omfatter svampe med kønnet formering (typisk med frugtlegemer), mens den anden omfatter svampe med ukønnet formering, hvorfra ingen frugtlegemer kendes (imperfekte svampe), det vil sige henholdsvis teleomorfe og anamorfe svampe. Mykologer klassificerer teleomorfer efter deres slægtskab (<a href="/wiki/Fylogenetisk_systematik" title="Fylogenetisk systematik">fylogeni</a>), mens anamorfer klassificeres i såkaldte formgrupper, der ikke siger noget om deres slægtskab. Disse formgrupper af anamorfer benævnes parallelt med det sædvanlige system, der indeholder rækker, klasser, ordener, familier, slægter og arter.<sup id="cite_ref-drfungus_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drfungus-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den samme svamp kan både bestå af en teleomorf og af en eller flere anamorfer. Den kaldes samlet for holomorfen. Dette betyder, at svampen kan være navngivet (ubevidst) både som teleomorf og anamorf. F.eks. er den svamp, hvis teleomorf kaldes <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B8dbrun_k%C3%B8dkernesvamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rødbrun kødkernesvamp (ikke skrevet endnu)">rødbrun kødkernesvamp</a> (<i>Hypocrea rufa</i>) identisk med den anamorfe svamp <i>Trichoderma viride</i>. Ved hjælp af <a href="/wiki/DNA-sekventering" title="DNA-sekventering">sammenligninger af svampes DNA</a> har man kunnet artsbestemme en række selvstændige arter, som tidligere blev anset for samme art. Samme teknik er benyttet til at knytte flere anamorfer sammen med deres teleomorfer, se slægten <i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaverri_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaverri-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formering">Formering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigér afsnit: Formering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Formering"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Basidium_schematic_da.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Basidium_schematic_da.svg/220px-Basidium_schematic_da.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Basidium_schematic_da.svg/330px-Basidium_schematic_da.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Basidium_schematic_da.svg/440px-Basidium_schematic_da.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption> En typisk <a href="/wiki/Basidiesvampe" title="Basidiesvampe">basidiesvamp</a>, hvor basidier vises forstørret </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png/220px-Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png/330px-Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png/440px-Fungi_sessuate_reproduction_da.png 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption> Eksempel på livscyklus hos en basidiesvamp </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv/220px--Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fil:Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv/Fungus_spore_ejection.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>En svamp udleder svampesporer.</figcaption></figure> <p>Svampes formering er kompleks, idet den afspejler den store variation i levevis og <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a> indenfor svamperiget. Det skønnes at en tredjedel af alle svampe formerer sig på mere end en måde. F.eks. kan formeringen i en arts livscyklus foregå i to helt forskellige typer af stadier. Nemlig i et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleomorf_(svamp)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleomorf (svamp) (ikke skrevet endnu)">teleomorft</a> stadie med kønnet fomering, hvor sporer typisk spredes fra et frugtlegeme, eller i et <a href="/wiki/Anamorf_(svamp)" title="Anamorf (svamp)">anamorft</a> stadie med ukønnet formering og altid uden frugtlegeme. Det er forhold i miljøet, der udløser disse genetisk bestemte udviklingsstadier, og som medfører dannelsen af strukturer (fx teleomorfe eller anamorfe) beregnet for enten kønnet eller ukønnet formering. </p><p>Frugtlegemet hæver sporerne op, så de nemmere spredes med vinden. Sporerne fra den kønnede formering kaldes <b>meiosporer</b>. Der findes dog mange svampearter, som ikke producerer frugtlegemer, de såkaldt imperfekte svampe. Hos disse svampe kan der også udvikles sporer. Hos rækken sæksvampe dannes fx såkaldte konidier (<b>mitosporer</b>) i det anamorfe stadie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Køn"><span id="K.C3.B8n"></span>Køn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigér afsnit: Køn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Køn"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svampe findes hverken som hanner eller hunner, fordi <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B8nscelle" title="Kønscelle">kønscellerne</a> er ens i størrelse og udseende, såkaldte <a href="/wiki/Isogami" title="Isogami">isogameter</a>. Hos mange arter, fx <i>Phycomyces blakesleeanus</i>, hvor der findes to typer kønsceller, kaldes de i stedet plus-køn (med <i>sexP</i>-genet) og minus-køn (med <i>sexM</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Daily_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daily-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gamlin_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gamlin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sydney_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sydney-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Andre arter har mere end to køn (parringstyper), idet nogle arter har fire, otte eller hos arten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kl%C3%B8vblad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kløvblad (ikke skrevet endnu)">kløvblad</a> (<i>Schizophyllum commune</i>) helt op til 28000 forskellige køn. Mange køn har den fordel, at sandsynligheden er meget stor for, at to individer er af forskelligt køn, når de mødes (det vil sige når <a href="/wiki/Hyfe" title="Hyfe">hyfetråde</a> fra to forskellige individer mødes).<sup id="cite_ref-vestrehus_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestrehus-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-volk_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volk-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kønnet formering er dog mindre almindelig end ukønnet formering blandt svampe. <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anvendelse_og_økonomisk_betydning"><span id="Anvendelse_og_.C3.B8konomisk_betydning"></span>Anvendelse og økonomisk betydning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Redigér afsnit: Anvendelse og økonomisk betydning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Anvendelse og økonomisk betydning"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Når man taler om anvendelse af svampe, tænker de fleste på "storsvampe" som en direkte kilde til mad, som fx (<a href="/wiki/Champignon" class="mw-redirect" title="Champignon">champignoner</a> og <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ffel" title="Trøffel">trøfler</a>). Dette har en vis økonomisk betydning i f.eks. Østeuropa og Østasien, mens den økonomiske betydning i Danmark er ret lille. </p><p>Derimod er der mikroskopiske svampe af uhyre stor økonomisk betydning, også i Danmark. Disse falder groft sagt i fire grupper: </p> <ul><li>Fødevareproduktion, f.eks. som hævemiddel til <a href="/wiki/Bagning" title="Bagning">bagning</a> eller som <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Gæring">gæringsmiddel</a> i forskellige <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B8devare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fødevare">fødevarer</a> som <a href="/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl">øl</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vin</a>. Gærsvampe fordøjer normalt sukker og cellulose uden brug af atmosfærisk <a href="/wiki/Ilt" title="Ilt">ilt</a>, og i en menneskestyret proces kaldes dette for <a href="/wiki/Alkoholfermentering" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkoholfermentering">alkoholfermentering</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%98l" title="Øl">Øl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cider" title="Cider">cider</a> og <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vin</a> er resultatet af, at visse typer af <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp">gærsvampe</a> har fordøjet sukker og omdannet meget af det til <a href="/wiki/%C3%86tanol" title="Ætanol">ætanol</a> (sprit). Dog kan gæren også utilsigtet indeholde arter af gærsvampe, som omdanner noget af sukkeret til det giftige <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6sprit" class="mw-redirect" title="Træsprit">træsprit</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Hævningen hos de <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8d" title="Brød">brødtyper</a>, hvor <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvamp" title="Gærsvamp">gærsvampen</a> enten tilsættes som "ren" <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Gær">gær</a> eller som <a href="/wiki/Surdej" title="Surdej">surdej</a>, fungerer ved at gærsvampe ligesom i øl, vin og cider omdanner sukker til ætanol. Under hævningsprocessen svulmer brødet op på grund af gærsvampenes udskillelse af <a href="/wiki/Carbondioxid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbondioxid">carbondioxid</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) og dejens klæbrige konsistens. Carbondioxid forbliver i <a href="/wiki/Dej" title="Dej">dejens</a> små <a href="/wiki/Hulrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulrum">hulrum</a>. Når brødet bages fordamper ætanolen og udgasser ligesom carbondioxiden, mens brødet til sidst stivner og slår små revner.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5skimmelost" title="Blåskimmelost">Blåskimmeloste</a> fremstilles, i modsætning til alkoholfermentering, i iltrige omgivelser ved, at man poder <a href="/wiki/Ost" title="Ost">ost</a> med svampen <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5skimmel" title="Blåskimmel">blåskimmel</a>, hvilket giver osten dens særlige, kraftige blåskimmelsmag.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>I de tilfælde hvor <a href="/wiki/Halm" title="Halm">halm</a>, brød, <a href="/wiki/Frugt" title="Frugt">frugter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8ntsag" title="Grøntsag">grøntsager</a> og <a href="/wiki/Korn" title="Korn">korn</a> <a href="/wiki/Mug_(svamp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mug (svamp)">mugner</a>, skyldes det andre og normalt giftige svampetyper.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Medicinsk anvendelse. Svampe er længe blevet anvendt til mange forskellige formål, f.eks. , Siden <a href="/wiki/1940%27erne" title="1940'erne">1940'erne</a> er svampe som fx <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penselskimmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penselskimmel (ikke skrevet endnu)">penselskimmel</a> (<i>Penicilium sp.</i>) blevet anvendt i produktionen af <a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">antibiotika</a></li> <li>Bioteknologisk anvendelse. Mikroskopiske svampe anvendes som producenter af <a href="/wiki/Enzym" title="Enzym">enzymer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Masseproduktion" title="Masseproduktion">industrien</a> , fx til anvendelse i <a href="/wiki/Vaskemiddel" title="Vaskemiddel">vaskemidler</a>.</li> <li>Svampe anvendes også som biologiske <a href="/wiki/Pesticid" title="Pesticid">pesticider</a> imod <a href="/wiki/Ukrudt" title="Ukrudt">ukrudt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantesygdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantesygdom">plantesygdomme</a> eller skadevoldende <a href="/wiki/Insekter" title="Insekter">insekter</a>.</li></ul> <p>Nogle svampe kan have negativ betydning ved at nedbryde <a href="/wiki/Materiale" title="Materiale">materialer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Bygning" title="Bygning">bygninger</a>, eller ved at være årsag til sygdomme blandt mennesker eller <a href="/wiki/Husdyr" title="Husdyr">husdyr</a>, fx <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvampesygdomme" title="Gærsvampesygdomme">gærsvampesygdomme</a>. Tab af afgrøder som følge af svampesygdomme eller råd kan have stor indflydelse på den lokale fødevareforsyning og økonomi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Svampe_i_Danmark">Svampe i Danmark</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Redigér afsnit: Svampe i Danmark" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Svampe i Danmark"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Svampe er en af de mest artsrige grupper af organismer i den <a href="/wiki/Danske_naturtyper" class="mw-redirect" title="Danske naturtyper">danske natur</a>. Det skønnes er der findes omkring 8000 arter i Danmark, men mange er endnu ikke registreret. Af disse kan 3000 arter betegnes som "storsvampe", der har frugtlegemer større end 10 millimeter. De fleste af disse storsvampe findes i skove. Den rigeste funga findes i gamle <a href="/wiki/Naturskov" title="Naturskov">naturskove</a>, hvor dødt ved ikke fjernes, som det er tilfældet hvor der drives intensivt <a href="/wiki/Skovbrug" title="Skovbrug">skovbrug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DN2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DN2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Svampes frugtlegemer ses i Danmark især sidst på <a href="/wiki/Sommer" title="Sommer">sommeren</a> og om <a href="/wiki/Efter%C3%A5r" title="Efterår">efteråret</a>. De behøver fugtigt vejr igennem flere dage, for at kunne udvikles. Små arters frugtlegemer kan dannes på få timer, mens de større arters normalt udvikles på et par dage. Hvis vejrforholdene er gunstige kan frugtlegemer herefter stå i flere uger. De hårde, konsolformede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poresvamp-ordenen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poresvamp-ordenen (ikke skrevet endnu)">poresvampe</a> kan dog blive flere år gamle og danner nye porelag året rundt.<sup id="cite_ref-garnweidner_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garnweidner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiselige_svampe">Spiselige svampe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Redigér afsnit: Spiselige svampe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Spiselige svampe"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Spiselige_svampe" title="Spiselige svampe">Spiselige svampe</a></span></span></div> <p>Svampe har været kendt af mennesker som spiselige i tusinder af år, bl.a. i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Antikkens_Rom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antikkens Rom">antikkens Rom</a> kendte man ligeledes til både spiselige og giftige svampe, og man troede på den tid, at de var "udvækster" fra fugtig jord. Først i <a href="/wiki/1710" title="1710">1710</a> opdagede italieneren Pier Antonio Micheli, at svampe formerer sig ved sporer, og han beskrev en lang række arter. Det er dog hollænderen Christian Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836) og svenskeren <a href="/wiki/Elias_Fries" title="Elias Fries">Elias Fries</a> (1794-1878), der regnes som mykologiens grundlæggere.<sup id="cite_ref-illinois_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinois-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garnweidner_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garnweidner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En del svampe, eller rettere deres frugtlegemer, er spiselige. Der findes en stor variation i smag, farve og konsistens. Som friske indeholder svampe typisk omkring 90% vand, 3-4% <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, 3-4% <a href="/wiki/Kulhydrat" title="Kulhydrat">kulhydrat</a>, 1% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral_(kost)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineral (kost) (ikke skrevet endnu)">mineraler</a>, 0,2% <a href="/wiki/Fedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedt">fedt</a> og nogle få <a href="/wiki/Kostfibre" title="Kostfibre">fibre</a>. Der er således mere protein i svampe end i grønsager, men mindre end i kød. Indholdet af vitaminer er stort med f.eks. både <a href="/wiki/C-vitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="C-vitamin">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-vitamin" class="mw-redirect" title="D-vitamin">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin B1">B<sub>1</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">B<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitamin B6 (ikke skrevet endnu)">B<sub>6</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin" title="Niacin">niacin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Folinsyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Folinsyre">folinsyre</a> samt forskellige mineraler og <a href="/wiki/Sporstof" title="Sporstof">sporstoffer</a>, dog ikke <a href="/wiki/Kalk_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalk (mineral)">kalk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-svampebog_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svampebog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Svampe er tungt <a href="/wiki/Ford%C3%B8jelse" title="Fordøjelse">fordøjelige</a> for mennesker og bør derfor tygges grundigt.<sup id="cite_ref-svampebog_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svampebog-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Giftige_svampe">Giftige svampe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Redigér afsnit: Giftige svampe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Giftige svampe"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Giftige_svampe" title="Giftige svampe">Giftige svampe</a></span></span></div> <div class="detail"><span><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Uddybende"><img alt="Uddybende" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/15px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/23px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/30px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span>Uddybende artikel: <a href="/wiki/Spiselige_svampe" title="Spiselige svampe">Spiselige svampe</a></span></span></div> <p>Svampe er i stand til at danne meget komplicerede <a href="/wiki/Organisk_forbindelse" title="Organisk forbindelse">organiske forbindelser</a>. En række svampe danner stoffer, der ved indtagelse, kan angribe de menneskelige organer, fx <a href="/wiki/Nyre" title="Nyre">nyrer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a>, hvilket i nogle tilfælde kan medføre <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8d" title="Død">døden</a>. I Danmark er den almindeligste årsag til forgiftninger stoffet <a href="/wiki/Amatoxiner" title="Amatoxiner">alfa-amanitin</a>, der bl.a. findes hos <a href="/wiki/Hvid_fluesvamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvid fluesvamp">hvid</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_fluesvamp" title="Grøn fluesvamp">grøn fluesvamp</a>. Andre giftstoffer er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orellanin (ikke skrevet endnu)">orellanin</a> og <a href="/wiki/Gyromitrin" title="Gyromitrin">gyromitrin</a>, der findes hos henholdsvis giftslørhatte<sup id="cite_ref-slørhat_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slørhat-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almindelig_stenmorkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almindelig stenmorkel (ikke skrevet endnu)">stenmorkel</a> (<i>Gyromitra esculentia</i>). Endelig findes stoffet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscarin (ikke skrevet endnu)">muscarin</a>, der virker som en nervegift på hjertet. Det findes hos mange svampearter, som f.eks. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8d_fluesvamp" title="Rød fluesvamp">rød fluesvamp</a>, men kun i dødelig dosis hos visse trævlhatte (<i>Inocybe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-trævlhat_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trævlhat-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muscarin kan neutraliseres med <a href="/wiki/Atropin" title="Atropin">atropin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-garnweidner_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garnweidner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mange svampe indeholder desuden betydelige mængder af <a href="/wiki/Tungmetal" title="Tungmetal">tungmetaller</a>, især <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>. Dette er målt i arterne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulhvid_champignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulhvid champignon (ikke skrevet endnu)">gulhvid champignon</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landsby-champignon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landsby-champignon (ikke skrevet endnu)">landsby-champignon</a>, men optages muligvis ikke af mennesker, der spiser disse svampe.<sup id="cite_ref-garnweidner_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garnweidner-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andre svampe har desuden en hallucinerende virkning som f.eks. <a href="/wiki/Psilocybinsvampe" title="Psilocybinsvampe">psilocybinsvampe</a> uden dog at være direkte giftige. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Billeder">Billeder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Redigér afsnit: Billeder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Billeder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dried_mushrooms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madsvampe sælges ofte som tørrede. Foto: Aka"><img alt="Madsvampe sælges ofte som tørrede. Foto: Aka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dried_mushrooms.jpg/120px-Dried_mushrooms.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dried_mushrooms.jpg/180px-Dried_mushrooms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dried_mushrooms.jpg/240px-Dried_mushrooms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madsvampe sælges ofte som tørrede. Foto: <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Aka">Aka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stinksvamp (Phallus impudicus)."><img alt="Stinksvamp (Phallus impudicus)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg/120px-Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg/180px-Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg/240px-Phallus-impudicus-stinkmorchel-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Almindelig_stinksvamp" title="Almindelig stinksvamp">Stinksvamp</a> (<i>Phallus impudicus</i>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Østershat (Pleurotus ostreatus)"><img alt="Østershat (Pleurotus ostreatus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg/120px-Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg/180px-Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg/240px-Pleurotus_ostreatus_G3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2495" data-file-height="1871" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Almindelig_%C3%B8stershat" title="Almindelig østershat">Østershat</a> (<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:-_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiselig rørhat (Boletus edulis), også kaldet Karl Johan, er en almindelig madsvamp."><img alt="Spiselig rørhat (Boletus edulis), også kaldet Karl Johan, er en almindelig madsvamp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg/120px--_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg/180px--_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/-_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg/240px--_Boletus_edulis_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Spiselig_r%C3%B8rhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiselig rørhat">Spiselig rørhat</a> (<i>Boletus edulis</i>), også kaldet Karl Johan, er en almindelig madsvamp.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skimmelsvampen Aspergillus niger på et løg."><img alt="Skimmelsvampen Aspergillus niger på et løg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg/120px-Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg/180px-Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg/240px-Aspergillus_niger_on_onion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Skimmelsvampen <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_niger" title="Aspergillus niger">Aspergillus niger</a></i> på et <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B8g" title="Løg">løg</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Violet hekseringshat ses her tydeligt vokse i en såkaldt heksering."><img alt="Violet hekseringshat ses her tydeligt vokse i en såkaldt heksering." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg/120px-Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg/180px-Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg/240px-Lepista.nuda3.-.lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Violet_hekseringshat" title="Violet hekseringshat">Violet hekseringshat</a> ses her tydeligt vokse i en såkaldt <a href="/wiki/Heksering" title="Heksering">heksering</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gærsvampen Saccharomyces cerevisiae, der vokser i agar i en petriskål."><img alt="Gærsvampen Saccharomyces cerevisiae, der vokser i agar i en petriskål." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg/120px-Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg/180px-Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg/240px-Yeast_agar_plate-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gærsvampen <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i>, der vokser i <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a> i en <a href="/wiki/Petrisk%C3%A5l" title="Petriskål">petriskål</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodfordærver (Heterobasidion annosum) er meget udbredt på den nordlige halvkugle."><img alt="Rodfordærver (Heterobasidion annosum) er meget udbredt på den nordlige halvkugle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg/120px-Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg/180px-Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg/240px-Heterobasidion_annosum_-_Lindsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Rodford%C3%A6rver" title="Rodfordærver">Rodfordærver</a> (<i>Heterobasidion annosum</i>) er meget udbredt på den <a href="/wiki/Nordlige_halvkugle" title="Nordlige halvkugle">nordlige halvkugle</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:CordycepsSinensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kinesisk snyltekølle (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) er en parasit på larver af humleæder. Til slut "mumificeres" larven af svampen."><img alt="Kinesisk snyltekølle (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) er en parasit på larver af humleæder. Til slut "mumificeres" larven af svampen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CordycepsSinensis.jpg/120px-CordycepsSinensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CordycepsSinensis.jpg/180px-CordycepsSinensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/CordycepsSinensis.jpg/240px-CordycepsSinensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_snyltek%C3%B8lle" title="Kinesisk snyltekølle">Kinesisk snyltekølle</a> (<i>Ophiocordyceps sinensis</i>) er en parasit på larver af <a href="/wiki/Humle%C3%A6der" title="Humleæder">humleæder</a>. Til slut "mumificeres" larven af svampen. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_(Pers.)_Fuckel_206884.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sortbæger (Pseudoplectania nigrella). Et eksempel på frugtlegemet af en sæksvamp."><img alt="Sortbæger (Pseudoplectania nigrella). Et eksempel på frugtlegemet af en sæksvamp." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg/120px-2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg/180px-2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg/240px-2012-03-20_Pseudoplectania_nigrella_%28Pers.%29_Fuckel_206884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Sortb%C3%A6ger" title="Sortbæger">Sortbæger</a> (<i>Pseudoplectania nigrella</i>). Et eksempel på frugtlegemet af en sæksvamp.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Mycena_chlorophos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Den bioluminiscente Mycena chlorophos vokser i subtropisk Sydøst-Asien, Australien og Brazilien"><img alt="Den bioluminiscente Mycena chlorophos vokser i subtropisk Sydøst-Asien, Australien og Brazilien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mycena_chlorophos.jpg/120px-Mycena_chlorophos.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mycena_chlorophos.jpg/180px-Mycena_chlorophos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Mycena_chlorophos.jpg/240px-Mycena_chlorophos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Den <a href="/wiki/Bioluminiscens" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioluminiscens">bioluminiscente</a> <i>Mycena chlorophos</i> vokser i subtropisk Sydøst-Asien, Australien og Brazilien</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heksering" title="Heksering">Heksering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lav_(symbiotisk_organisme)" title="Lav (symbiotisk organisme)">Laver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykorrhiza" title="Mykorrhiza">Mykorrhiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungicid" title="Fungicid">Fungicid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantesygdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantesygdom">Plantesygdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A6rsvampesygdomme" title="Gærsvampesygdomme">Gærsvampesygdomme</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Redigér afsnit: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Noter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Forest+Research&rft.atitle=Coarse-scale+population+structure+of+pathogenic+Armillaria+species+in+a+mixed-conifer+forest+in+the+Blue+Mountains+of+northeast+Oregon&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=612-623&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2Fx03-065&rft.au=Ferguson+BA%2C+Dreisbach+TA%2C+Parks+CG%2C+Filip+GM%2C+Schmitt+CL.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_canadian-journal-of-forest-research_2003-04_33_4%2Fpage%2F612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svampe.databasen.org/taxon/11682">Rød gitterkugle</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danmarks_svampeatlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danmarks svampeatlas (ikke skrevet endnu)">Danmarks svampeatlas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svampe.databasen.org/taxon/17154">Spiselig morkel</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danmarks_svampeatlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danmarks svampeatlas (ikke skrevet endnu)">Danmarks svampeatlas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svampe.databasen.org/taxon/17662">Ursækkølle</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danmarks_svampeatlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danmarks svampeatlas (ikke skrevet endnu)">Danmarks svampeatlas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svampe.databasen.org/taxon/20171">Krølhåret pragtbæger</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danmarks_svampeatlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danmarks svampeatlas (ikke skrevet endnu)">Danmarks svampeatlas</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AnnuRev-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AnnuRev_18-3"><sup>d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori%3Arid%3Acrossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed">James TY, Stajich JE, Hittinger CT, Rokas A (2020) Toward a Fully Resolved Fungal Tree of Life.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005205740/https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub++0pubmed">Arkiveret</a> 5. oktober 2021 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Annual Review of Microbiology</i> 74: 291-313. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-022020-051835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CurrBiol-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CurrBiol_19-3"><sup>d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/sci">https://www.sciencedirect.com/sci</a> ence/article/pii/S0960982221001391 Li Y, Steenwyk JL, Chang Y, Wang Y, James TY, Stajich JE, Spatafora JW, Groenewald M, Dunn CW, Hittinger CT, Shen XX, Rokas A (2021) A genome-scale phylogeny of the kingdom Fungi.] <i>Current Biology</i> 31: 1653-1665 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.074.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antal-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-antal_20-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Skønnet på i alt 100.000 svampearter er fremkommet ved at lægge antallet af arter sammen række for række, baseret på tal fra 10. udgave af <i>Dictionary of the Fungi</i> (Kirk <i>et al</i>., 2008): Ascomycota, 64163 arter (s. 55); Basidiomycota, 31515 (s. 78); Blastocladiomycota, 179 (s. 94); Chytridiomycota, 706 (s. 142); Glomeromycota, 169 (s. 287); Microsporidia, >1300 (s. 427); Neocallimastigomycota, 20 (s. 463).</span> 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Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danske-svampe.dk/DKText/baggrund/svamperiget.html">originalen</a> 3. september 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Evolutionary biology: a kingdom revised". <i>Nature</i>. <b>443</b> (7113): 758-761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.443..758B">2006Natur.443..758B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F443758a">10.1038/443758a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17051197">17051197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+biology%3A+a+kingdom+revised&rft.volume=443&rft.issue=7113&rft.pages=758-761&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17051197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F443758a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.443..758B&rft.au=Bruns+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., side 28–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shoji2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shoji2006_27-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFShoji_JY,_Arioka_M,_Kitamoto_K.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shoji JY, Arioka M, Kitamoto K. (2006). "Possible involvement of pleiomorphic vacuolar networks in nutrient recycling in filamentous fungi". <i>Autophagy</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 226-227. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16874107">16874107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Autophagy&rft.atitle=Possible+involvement+of+pleiomorphic+vacuolar+networks+in+nutrient+recycling+in+filamentous+fungi&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-227&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16874107&rft.au=Shoji+JY%2C+Arioka+M%2C+Kitamoto+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_journal" title="Skabelon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., side 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon58-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon58_29-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDeacon_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Deacon J. (2005). <i>Fungal Biology</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. s. 58. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/1-4051-3066-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/1-4051-3066-0"><bdi>1-4051-3066-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Biology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-3066-0&rft.au=Deacon+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., side 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., side 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowman2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowman2006_32-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFBowman_SM,_Free_SJ.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman SM, Free SJ. (2006). "The structure and synthesis of the fungal cell wall". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 799-808. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20441">10.1002/bies.20441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16927300">16927300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=The+structure+and+synthesis+of+the+fungal+cell+wall&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=799-808&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20441&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16927300&rft.au=Bowman+SM%2C+Free+SJ.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., side 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minge-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Minge_34-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi, Marianna A. Minge, Mari Espelund, Russell Orr, Torgeir Ruden, Kjetill S. Jakobsen og Thomas Cavalier-Smith: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002098"><i>Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals</i></a> i <i>PLoS ONE</i>, 2008, 3, 5 side 2098.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbett-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett_35-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett_35-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett_35-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David S. Hibbett m.fl.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf"><i>A higher level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326135053/http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023%2C%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 26. marts 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> i <i>Mycological Research</i>, 2007, 111, 5, side 509–47. (Kladogrammer efter side 97)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salmonsen-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-salmonsen_36-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Ferdinandsen (og F. Kølpin Ravn): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/22/0642.html">opslaget <i>Svampe</i></a> i <a href="/wiki/Salmonsens_Konversationsleksikon" title="Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon">Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon</a> 2.udgave, bind 22, 1930</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palaeos-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Palaeos_37-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Palaeos: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220182954/http://palaeos.com/Fungi/default.htm"><i>Fungi</i></a>, med en introduktion til svampenes taxonomi, og med de seneste tvivlstilfælde.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Celio-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Celio_38-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G.J. Celio, M. Padamsee, B.T. Dentinger, R. Bauer og D.J. McLaughlin: <i>Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life: constructing the structural and biochemical database</i> i <i>Mycologia</i>, 2006, 98, 6 side 850–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drfungus-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-drfungus_39-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">doctorfungus.org: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorfungus.org/thelabor/sec13.pdf">Mould and actinomycetes identification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903145302/http://www.doctorfungus.org/thelabor/sec13.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 3. september 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, side 3 om "Fungi Imperfecti".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyde-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_40-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, KoKo TW. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mycosphere.org/pdfs/MC2_1_No1.pdf">Towards incorporating anamorphic fungi in a natural classification – checklist and notes for 2010</a>. Mycosphere 2(1), 1–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaverri-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaverri_41-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Priscila Chaverri and Gary J. Samuels (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610022655/http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/simonline/sim_048/part1.pdf">Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Ascomycota, Hypocreales, Hypocreaceae): species with green ascospores</a> Studies in Mycology 48: 1-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_42-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFScience_Daily2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Science Daily (10. januar 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080109173726.htm">"Evolution Of The Sexes: What A Fungus Can Tell Us"</a> (engelsk).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+Of+The+Sexes%3A+What+A+Fungus+Can+Tell+Us&rft.date=2008-01-10&rft.au=Science+Daily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F01%2F080109173726.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamlin-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gamlin_43-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Side 36-37 i "Svampe" i Gamlin, L. og Vines, G.:"<i>Livet på Jorden</i>" i Videnskabens Verden-serien (7), 1987, Bonniers Bøger, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-427-0258-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-427-0258-5">87-427-0258-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sydney-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sydney_44-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Sydney" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">University of Sydney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173933/http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/Reprodn_Dispersal/sexualStructures.shtml">"Mycology - Reproduction and Dispersal"</a> (engelsk). Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/Reprodn_Dispersal/sexualStructures.shtml">originalen</a> 2. oktober 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 2. oktober 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mycology+-+Reproduction+and+Dispersal&rft.au=University+of+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbugs.bio.usyd.edu.au%2Flearning%2Fresources%2FMycology%2FReprodn_Dispersal%2FsexualStructures.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vestrehus-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-vestrehus_45-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjørli Lehrmann: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vestrehus.dk/Dyresider/sex.htm#svampesex">www.vestrehus.dk/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volk-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-volk_46-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas J. Volk, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/feb2000.html">Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for February 2000</a> University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">s. 154 i "Fungi" i Margulis' Five Kingdoms (1988): "<i>Most fungi, even those that have sexual stages, can form spores directly – that is, without sex. In fact, most reproduce asexually more often than they do sexually.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DN2010-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DN2010_48-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Danmarks Naturfredningsforening (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botaniskforening.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Projekter/Danmarks_natur_2010.pdf">Danmarks natur 2010 - om tabet af biologisk mangfoldighed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020132520/http://www.botaniskforening.dk/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/Projekter/Danmarks_natur_2010.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 20. oktober 2013 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, side 69-74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garnweidner-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-garnweidner_49-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garnweidner_49-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garnweidner_49-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-garnweidner_49-3"><sup>d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Garnweidner: <i>Svampe</i> oversat af Linda Bruhn Jørgensen. Gyldendal 1991. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-01-30274-4" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-01-30274-4">87-01-30274-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FAO_50-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Boa, <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/y5489e/y5489e.pdf">Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People</a> Udgivet i Rom 2004. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/92-5-105157-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/92-5-105157-7">92-5-105157-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illinois-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-illinois_51-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Persoon21.html">Christian Hendrik Persoon</a> af <i>Illinois Mycological Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20130530120621/http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Persoon21.html">Arkiveret</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slørhat-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-slørhat_52-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De i Danmark sjældne arter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hv%C3%A6lvet_gift-sl%C3%B8rhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hvælvet gift-slørhat (ikke skrevet endnu)">hvælvet gift-slørhat</a> (<i>Cortinarius orellanus</i>) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puklet_gift-sl%C3%B8rhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puklet gift-slørhat (ikke skrevet endnu)">puklet gift-slørhat</a> (<i>Cortinarius rubellus</i>) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trævlhat-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-trævlhat_53-0">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muscarin findes i livstruende dosis hos de almindelige arter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Almindelig_tr%C3%A6vlhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almindelig trævlhat (ikke skrevet endnu)">almindelig trævlhat</a> (<i>Inocybe geophylla</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulbladet_tr%C3%A6vlhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulbladet trævlhat (ikke skrevet endnu)">gulbladet trævlhat</a> (<i>Inocybe rimosa</i>) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giftig_tr%C3%A6vlhat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giftig trævlhat (ikke skrevet endnu)">giftig trævlhatog</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleg_tragthat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bleg tragthat (ikke skrevet endnu)">bleg tragthat</a> (<i>Inocybe erubescens</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kilder_og_eksterne_henvisninger">Kilder og eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Redigér afsnit: Kilder og eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Kilder og eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havenyt.dk/artikler/prydhaven/graesplaenen/638.html">Havenyt: Svampe i have og græsplæne</a> Citat: "...De svampelegemer, der er synlige på overfladen er kun frugtlegemer (toppen af isbjerget) – selve svampen består af et stort underjordisk mycelium..."</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603022039/http://www.netbiologen.dk/botanik/svampe.html">Netbiologen: Svampe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040519194533/http://ljohans.com/planteleksikon/jog19.html">Livet i jorden: Et tyndt lag rummer livets motor</a> (Webarchive) – god information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.havenyt.dk/spoergsmaal/ukrudt/595.html">Havenyt: Hvad er det for nogle gule svampe i vores bed?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svampe.dk/">Foreningen til Svampekundskabens Fremme</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/2335.htm">Systema Naturae 2000: Kingdom Fungi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031106160443/http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/2335.htm">Arkiveret</a> 6. november 2003 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/869808.stm">7 August, 2000, Fantastic fungus find</a> Citat: "...Researchers in the US have found what is probably the largest living organism on Earth....Scientists say it covers 890 hectares (2,200 acres) of land – an area equivalent to about 1,220 football pitches. The fungus is called <i>Armillaria ostoyae</i>, but is more popularly known as the honey mushroom. This particular specimen is calculated to be about 2,400 years old, although it could be two to three times this age...."</li></ul> <ul><li><div class="plainlinks" style="display:inline;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/11px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> har flere filer relateret til <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fungi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fungi">Svampe</a></b> </div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svampe&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFAlexopoulos_CJ,_Mims_CW,_Blackwell_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductorymyco0000alex_q5x1"><i>Introductory Mycology</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-471-52229-5" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-471-52229-5"><bdi>0-471-52229-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Mycology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-471-52229-5&rft.au=Alexopoulos+CJ%2C+Mims+CW%2C+Blackwell+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductorymyco0000alex_q5x1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Henderson's Dictionary of Biological Terms, 11th Edition, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-582-22708-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-582-22708-9">0-582-22708-9</a>, Longman</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKirk_PM,_Cannon_PF,_Minter_DW,_Stalpers_JA.2008" class="citation book cs1">Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9"><i>Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed</i></a>. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-85199-826-7" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-85199-826-7"><bdi>0-85199-826-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi.+10th+ed&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+UK&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=0-85199-826-7&rft.au=Kirk+PM%2C+Cannon+PF%2C+Minter+DW%2C+Stalpers+JA.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fainsworthbisbysd0000unse_r4s9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ASvampe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Skabelon:Cite_book" title="Skabelon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse:_Flere_navne:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1-vedligeholdelse: Flere navne: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>L. Margulis, Schwartz, K.V.:Five Kingdoms, An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth, 2nd Edition, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-7167-1912-6" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-7167-1912-6">0-7167-1912-6</a>, Freeman.</li> <li>Jørgen Eilenberg, Annette Bruun Jensen og Nicolai Vitt Meyling: <i>Insekternes svampesygdomme – fascinerende og nyttige</i> i <i>SVAMPE i verden</i>, Jubilæumsskrift 2005, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-984481-8-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-984481-8-8">87-984481-8-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mycokey.com/MycokeyDK/DKkeysPDFs/DeDanskeSvampenavne.pdf">Jens H. Petersen & Jan Vesterholt: <i>De danske svampenavne</i></a>, 1. udg. 1993, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-984481-1-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-984481-1-0">87-984481-1-0</a> (PDFudgave 2003)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931145z">(data)</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_parlamentsbibliotek" title="Nationale parlamentsbibliotek">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565853">00565853</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjekkisk_nationalbibliotek" title="Tjekkisk nationalbibliotek">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114706&CON_LNG=ENG">ph114706</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniens_nationalbibliotek" title="Spaniens nationalbibliotek">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525307">XX525307</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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