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Bath</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A" title="أديلار الباثي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أديلار الباثي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Адэлард Бацкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адэлард Бацкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_de_Bath" title="Adelard de Bath – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adelard de Bath" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_z_Bathu" title="Adelard z Bathu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adelard z Bathu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_af_Bath" title="Adelard af Bath – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adelard af Bath" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_von_Bath" title="Adelard von Bath – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adelard von Bath" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard" title="Adelard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adelard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelardo_de_Bath" title="Adelardo de Bath – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adelardo de Bath" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelardo_de_Bath" title="Adelardo de Bath – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adelardo de Bath" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lard_de_Bath" title="Adélard de Bath – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adélard de Bath" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_de_Bath" title="Adelard de Bath – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adelard de Bath" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_dari_Bath" title="Adelard dari Bath – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adelard dari Bath" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelardo_di_Bath" title="Adelardo di Bath – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adelardo di Bath" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%90%D7%AA%27" title="אדלארד מבאת' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדלארד מבאת'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ადელარ ბათელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადელარ ბათელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelardus_Bathensis" title="Adelardus Bathensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adelardus Bathensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathi_Ad%C3%A9lard" title="Bathi Adélard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bathi Adélard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%89" title="اديلار الباثى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اديلار الباثى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_van_Bath" title="Adelard van Bath – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adelard van Bath" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="バースのアデラード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バースのアデラード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_fra_Bath" title="Adelard fra Bath – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adelard fra Bath" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_z_Bath" title="Adelard z Bath – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adelard z Bath" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelardo_de_Bath" title="Adelardo de Bath – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adelardo de Bath" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_din_Bath" title="Adelard din Bath – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adelard din Bath" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аделард Батский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аделард Батский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_z_Bathu" title="Adelard z Bathu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adelard z Bathu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard" title="Adelard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adelard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_od_Batha" title="Adelard od Batha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adelard od Batha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard" title="Adelard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adelard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathl%C4%B1_Adelard" title="Bathlı Adelard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bathlı Adelard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Аделард Батський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аделард Батський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelard_ar%C3%A1_Bath" title="Adelard ará Bath – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Adelard ará Bath" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Adelard_of_Bath" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Adelard_of_Bath" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">12th-century English natural philosopher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adelard of Bath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelard_of_Bath_(teaching).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg/220px-Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg/330px-Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg/440px-Adelard_of_Bath_%28teaching%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Adelard of Bath, teaching<br /><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated</a> by Virgil Master (<span title="circa">c.</span> 1400) in the <i>Regulae abaci</i> manuscript <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/1805678#page/6/mode/1up">SCA 1</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span> 1080?<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span> 1142-1152?<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Bath, Somerset</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements">Euclid's Elements</a> (Translation from Arabic), Natural Questions, Treatise on the Astrolabe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adelard of Bath</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Adelardus Bathensis</i>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1080? –  <span title="circa">c.</span> 1142–1152?) was a 12th-century English natural philosopher. He is known both for his original works and for translating many important Greek<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scientific works of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> into Latin from Arabic versions, which were then introduced to Western Europe. The oldest surviving Latin translation of Euclid's <i>Elements</i> is a 12th-century translation by Adelard from an Arabic version.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell212_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known as one of the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numeral_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic numeral system">Arabic numeral system</a> to Europe. He stands at the convergence of three intellectual schools: the traditional learning of French schools, the Greek culture of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Southern Italy</a>, and the Arabic science of the East.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adelard's biography is incomplete in places, and leaves some aspects open to interpretation. Consequently, much of what is ascribed to Adelard is a product of his own testimony.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adelard claims to come from the Roman English city of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>. How he lived is not entirely known. Despite his extensive travels, by the end of his life he is thought to have returned to Bath where he died around 1160 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parents of the philosopher are not known for sure, but Fastred, a tenant of the Bishop of Wells, is noted by scholars as a possible father.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Adelard is of Anglo-Saxon origin, which would make him to be of low status in 11th-century England.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that he left England toward the end of the 11th century for <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> likely on the advice of Bishop <a href="/wiki/John_of_Tours" title="John of Tours">John de Villula</a>, who had moved the seat of his bishopric from <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a> to Bath in 1090. During his studies in Tours, an anonymous "wise man of Tours" inspired Adelard with his interest in astronomy to study the science.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelard later taught for a time at <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, leaving no later than 1109 for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Laon, Adelard describes himself as travelling to Southern Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> no later than 1116.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelard also reports extensive travel throughout the "lands of the Crusades": Greece, West Asia, Sicily, possibly Spain, <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and potentially Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians believe that Adelard learned Arabic in Sicily or in Spain during his travels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time spent in these areas would help explain his fascination with mathematics and his access to <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic scholars</a>. His travels are contested by scholars, some of whom speculate that he used references to "travel" and claims of discourse with "Arabs" as a cover for original ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1126, Adelard returned to the West with the intention of spreading the knowledge he had gained about Arab astronomy and geometry to the Latin world.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This time of remarkable transition and crusade marked an opportunity for someone to gain valuable influence over the evolution of human history. While the Crusades offered little in the way of a victor, Adelard's non-discriminatory scholarly work inspired him to bring back to England many ancient texts and new questions that would later give rise to an English Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherbee,_Amy_2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherbee,_Amy_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Adelard's lifetime in the 11th century it was understandably difficult for him to have achieved his educational pursuits. As printing had not been introduced and the literacy rate was very low, books were rare in medieval Europe, usually held only by royal courts or Catholic monastic communities (Kraye, <i>et al.</i> 1987). Fittingly, Adelard studied with monks at the Benedictine Monastery at <a href="/wiki/Bath_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath Cathedral">Bath Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherbee,_Amy_2007_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherbee,_Amy_2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_works">Main works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg/220px-Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg/330px-Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg/440px-Woman_teaching_geometry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>The frontispiece of an Adelard of Bath Latin translation of Euclid's <i>Elements</i>, British Library manuscript 275, c. 14th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Among Adelard of Bath's original works is a trio of dialogues, written to mimic the Platonic style, or correspondences with his nephew. The earliest of these is <i>De Eodem et Diverso (On the Same and the Different)</i>. It is written in the style of a <a href="/wiki/Protreptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protreptic">protreptic</a>, or an exhortation to the study of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxii_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work is modelled on <a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Consolation_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolation of Philosophy">Consolation of Philosophy</a></i>, evident in Adelard's vocabulary and phraseology.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxx_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxx-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to have been written near Tours after he had already travelled, though there is no indication that he had travelled past Southern Italy and Sicily at the time of writing.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work takes the form of a dramatic dialogue between Philocosmia, who advocates worldly pleasures, and Philosophia, whose defence of scholarship leads into a summary of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">seven liberal arts</a>. Underlining the entire work is the contrast between Philocosmia's <i>res</i> (perceptible reality), and Philosophia's <i>verba</i> (mental concepts).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each section of the liberal arts is divided into two parts. Presented first is a description of the allegorical figure representing the art, in which the importance of that art is indicated, followed by a summary of the doctrines of that art, as told by the allegorical figure who is presented as the founder or main proponent of the particular art.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxx_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxx-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second of this trio, and arguably Adelard's most significant contribution, was his <i>Questiones Naturales</i> or <i>Questions on Natural Science</i>. It can be dated between 1107 and 1133 as, in the text, Adelard himself mentions that seven years have passed since his lecturing in schools at Laon.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chooses to present this work as a forum for Arabic learning, referring often to his experiences in Antioch.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxii_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sets out seventy-six questions, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Platonic dialogue</a> about meteorology and natural science. It was used heavily in schools into and beyond the 13th century but the teaching on natural things would ultimately be superseded by Aristotle's writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is broken up into three parts: <i>On Plants and Brute Animals</i>, <i>On Man</i> and <i>On Earth, Water, Air, and Fire</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the more specific features associated with this text are (1) a preference for reason over authority in matters of science and nature (in other words, seeking solutions via reason and logic rather than through faith) and (2) the use of the literary device of invoking Arab teachings when presenting very controversial topics (e.g. that brute animals may possess knowledge and souls)<sup id="cite_ref-hackett_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackett-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelard didn't think that the use of reason to seek knowledge was in any way contradictory with Christian faith in God. The soul is a large part of the dialogue in this text as <i>On Man</i> discusses a corporeal soul in man, while the final section elaborates on the incorporeal soul of elements and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxii_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Questiones Naturales</i> appears to have been an immediate success as it was copied on both sides of the English Channel and was even presented in a "pocket-book" format, suggesting that it was meant to be carried around.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final section in his trilogy is a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hawking</a> called <i>De Avibus Tractatus (Treatise on Birds)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a medical text that addresses disease from head-to-toe.<sup id="cite_ref-burnettxii_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burnettxii-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has been argued that this treatise was not widely distributed, an investigation of later Latin and French treatises reveals a number of excerpts from Adelard's work.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remainder of Adelard's original works did not involve the persona of his nephew. He wrote a treatise on the use of the <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">abacus</a> called <i>Regulae Abaci</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was likely written very early in his career because it shows no trace of Arab influence.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treatise is believed to be proof that Adelard was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer" title="Exchequer">Exchequer</a> table that was used for monetary calculations in the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-poole52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If you read the source quoted, its obvious Adelard of Bath probably knew who worked at the Exchequer and might have met them at Laon, but what is common among them is that their educations are in Laon! Further evidence for this can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_rolls" title="Pipe rolls">Pipe Roll of Henry I</a>, which shows that he had received a discharge from the "murder fine" (a fine levied on all inhabitants of a certain area based on the murder of a Norman that occurred in a generally accessible field in the area)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> levied on the community of Wiltshire in 1130,<sup id="cite_ref-poole52_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poole52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is no other proof for this fact. There is debate about whether the Adelard who lived in Bath and who was levied with this charge really is the same Adelard of Bath, considering Adelard is a common name. The work that Adelard of Bath is known for in the Latin world is his translation of the astronomical tables of <a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">al-Khwarizmi</a>, the first widely accessible Latin translation of the Islamic ideas about algebra.<sup id="cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> he was known for his rediscovery and teaching of geometry, earning his reputation when he made the first full translation of <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i>"Elements"</i></a> and began the process of interpreting the text for a Western audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adelard's work impacted the course of natural philosophy, notably influencing <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work in natural philosophy helped lay the foundations for much of the progress that was made in the later centuries after <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. His work surrounding Euclid's <i>Elements</i> provided training in demonstrative and geometrical proofs. While his original writings demonstrate a sincere passion for the seven liberal arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, geometry, music, and astronomy), his work in <i>Quaestiones naturales</i> illustrated a more encompassing dedication to subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>. </p><p>His influence is evident in <i>De philosophia mundi</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the work of <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Stella" title="Isaac of Stella">Isaac of Stella</a>'s <i>Letters to Alcher on the Soul</i> and in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a>'s <i>Hexaemeron</i>. </p><p>He introduced algebra to the Latin world and his commentaries in Euclid's <i>Elements</i> were extremely influential in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-hackett_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hackett-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelard was also responsible for introducing Arabic numerals, including the symbol for zero, to Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adelard displayed original thought of a scientific bent, questioning the shape of the Earth (he believed it was round) and asking how it remains stationary in space. He developed the classic physics question of how far a rock would fall if a hole were drilled through the Earth and a rock dropped through it (see <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>). He later supplemented his mathematical translations with "De opere astrolapsus," a text explaining the use of an astrolabe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Campanus_of_Novara" title="Campanus of Novara">Campanus of Novara</a> probably had access to Adelard's translation of <i>Elements</i>, and it is Campanus' edition that was first published in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1482 after the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>. It became the chief <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a> of the mathematical schools of Western Europe until the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burnett, Charles. (1998) <i>Adelard of Bath: Conversations with His Nephew.</i></li> <li>Burnett, Charles. (1987) <i>Adelard of Bath: An English Scientist and Arabist of the Twelfth Century.</i> (Anthology)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClagett1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clagett, Marshall. (1970). "Adelard of Bath". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 61–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adelard+of+Bath&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61-64&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Clagett&rft.aufirst=Marshall.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cochrane, Louise. (1994) <i>Adelard of Bath: The First English Scientist.</i></li> <li>Hackett, Jeremiah. (2002). <i>Adelard of Bath, A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages</i>. eds. Jorge J. E. Garcia, Timothy B. Noone. vol. 24. Germany: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 86, 87. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21672-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21672-3">0-631-21672-3</a></li> <li>Hannam, James. (2009). <i>God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science</i>. London: Icon Books.</li> <li>Haskins, Charles H. (1911). <i>Adelard of Bath</i>, The English Historical Review, vol. 26, no. 103, Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 491–498. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/549837">549837</a></li> <li>Haskins, Charles H. (1913). <i>Adelard of Bath and Henry Plantagenet</i>, The English Historical Review, vol. 28, no. 111, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. 515, 516.</li> <li>Haskins, Charles. (1924) <i>Studies in the History of Medieval Science.</i></li> <li>Thorndike, Lynn. (1923) <i>A History of Magic and Experimental Science.</i></li> <li>Webb, Simon. (2019) <i>The Life and Times of Adelard of Bath: Twelfth Century Renaissance Man.</i></li> <li>Witherbee, Amy. "Adelard of Bath." Great Neck Publishing, 2007. Web. 20 March 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translations of the 12th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibert_of_Nogent" title="Guibert of Nogent">Guibert of Nogent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Alphonsi" title="Petrus Alphonsi">Petrus Alphonsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St._Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St. Victor">Hugh of St. Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Stella" title="Isaac of Stella">Isaac of Stella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Venerable" title="Peter the Venerable">Peter the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marion Dolan, <i>Astronomical Knowledge Transmission Through Illustrated Aratea Manuscripts</i>, (Springer International, 2017), 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas B. Noone, <i>A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages</i>, (Wiley, 2008), 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell212-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell212_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey94E3sOMA0C&q=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy"><i>A History of Western Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32505-9"><bdi>978-0-415-32505-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Philosophy&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32505-9&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy94E3sOMA0C%26q%3DA%2BHistory%2Bof%2BWestern%2BPhilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adelardofbath-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adelardofbath_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskins1911" class="citation journal cs1">Haskins, Charles H. (1911). "Adelard of Bath". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>XXVI</b> (CIII). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Journals">Oxford Journals</a>: 491–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXVI.CIII.491">10.1093/ehr/XXVI.CIII.491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Adelard+of+Bath&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.issue=CIII&rft.pages=491-498&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXVI.CIII.491&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnett, Charles. Adelard of Bath, Conversations with His Nephew. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherbee2007" class="citation web cs1">Witherbee, Amy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=25181458&site=ehost-live">"Adelard of Bath"</a>. <i>EBSCOhost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EBSCOhost&rft.atitle=Adelard+of+Bath&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Witherbee&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Df5h%26AN%3D25181458%26site%3Dehost-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kraye, Jill, and W. F. Ryan, eds. Adelard of Bath. London: Warburg Institute, 1987. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Witherbee, Amy. "Adelard of Bath." MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO 2007. Web. 29 February 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskins1913" class="citation journal cs1">Haskins, Charles H. (1913). "Adelard of Bath and Henry Plantagenet". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>XXVIII</b> (CXI). Oxford Journals: 515–516. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXVIII.CXI.515">10.1093/ehr/XXVIII.CXI.515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Adelard+of+Bath+and+Henry+Plantagenet&rft.volume=XXVIII&rft.issue=CXI&rft.pages=515-516&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXVIII.CXI.515&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adelard_of_Bath_1998_xv_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1911" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Reginald (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184141/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/poole/exchequer12c.pdf"><i>The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. p. 51. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/poole/exchequer12c.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exchequer+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocserv2.mcmaster.ca%2F~econ%2Fugcm%2F3ll3%2Fpoole%2Fexchequer12c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gracia,_Jorge_J._E_2003_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gracia, Jorge J. E. and Timothy B. Noone (eds.). A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cochrane, Louise. Adelard of Bath: The First English Scientist.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherbee,_Amy_2007-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherbee,_Amy_2007_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherbee,_Amy_2007_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Witherbee, Amy. "Adelard of Bath." MasterFILE Premier. EBSCO 2007. Web. 29 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnettxii-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxii_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxii_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxii_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxii_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burnettxx-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxx_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burnettxx_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xx&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hackett-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hackett_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hackett_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2007" class="citation book cs1">Hackett, Jeremiah (2007). "Chapter 2. Adelard of Bath". In Gracia, Jorge J. E.; Noone, Timothy B. (eds.). <i>A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages</i>. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470996669.ch10">10.1002/9780470996669.ch10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21672-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21672-8"><bdi>978-0-631-21672-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2.+Adelard+of+Bath&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Philosophy+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=86&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470996669.ch10&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21672-8&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxivii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39471-0"><bdi>978-0-521-39471-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelard+of+Bath%2C+Conversations+with+his+Nephew%3A+On+the+Same+and+the+Different%2C+Questions+on+Natural+Science%2C+and+On+Birds&rft.pages=xxxivii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39471-0&rft.au=Adelard+of+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelard_of_Bath1998" class="citation book cs1">Adelard of Bath (1998). Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. 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Burnett, Charles (ed.). <i>Adelard of Bath, Conversations with his Nephew: On the Same and the Different, Questions on Natural Science, and On Birds</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exchequer+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocserv2.mcmaster.ca%2F~econ%2Fugcm%2F3ll3%2Fpoole%2Fexchequer12c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poole52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poole52_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poole52_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole1911" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Reginald (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184141/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/poole/exchequer12c.pdf"><i>The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Oxford. p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/poole/exchequer12c.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exchequer+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocserv2.mcmaster.ca%2F~econ%2Fugcm%2F3ll3%2Fpoole%2Fexchequer12c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halsall, Paul. (1998). <i>Laws of Henry I: The Murder Fine</i>, The Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/12Chenry1-murderfine.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/12Chenry1-murderfine.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gracia, Jorge J. E. and Timothy B. Noone (eds.). A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2022" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Jonathan (2022). <i>Making Sense of ingenium: Translating Thought in Twelfth-Century Latin Texts on Cognition</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 97, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003258704" title="Special:BookSources/9781003258704"><bdi>9781003258704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+ingenium%3A+Translating+Thought+in+Twelfth-Century+Latin+Texts+on+Cognition&rft.pages=97%2C+99&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781003258704&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Hannam (2009) p67.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adelard_of_Bath&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Adelard" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adelard">Adelard</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adelard_of_Bath" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adelard of Bath">Adelard of Bath</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Adelard.html">"Adelard of Bath"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adelard+of+Bath&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAdelard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdelard+of+Bath" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adelardofbath.org">Adelard of Bath</a> Adelard Project at the Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution</li> <li>Institutes and Projects with leading investigations on Adelard of Bath and/or Cultural Transfer in the Middle Ages: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211063712/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/home/">The Warburg Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uco.es/cneru/">CNERU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilc.csic.es/es">Instituto de Lenguas y Culturas del Mediterraneo y Oriente Próximo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/research/centre-for-the-history-of-arabic-studies-in-europe-chase/">CHASE</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grupsderecerca.uab.cat/islamolatina/content/alexander-fidora-riera">IslamoLatina</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100180783">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2044159474196127661089">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309813657">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268278240">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52167864418122742551">7</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/299167803613417772942">8</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4555161882026134100006">9</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39344849">10</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1803436/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjtMpMkgdXBkfkgKtgTH3P">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adelard, von Bath"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118847155">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84218229">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118855703">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118855703">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adelardus : Bathensis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV219063">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36155692">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002113814&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1214797">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071792694">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90504850">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdd0zj0x3m8sh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813251194805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/7471">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/7473">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/7474">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007300777705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507496906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14361073">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:adelard-of-bath.">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/256058">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330567">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1221228">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118847155.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118847155">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026647915">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67f30n4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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