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in contemporary falconry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Birds_used_in_contemporary_falconry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species_for_beginners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_for_beginners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Species for beginners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_for_beginners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soaring_hawks_and_the_common_buzzard_(Buteo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soaring_hawks_and_the_common_buzzard_(Buteo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Soaring hawks and the common buzzard (<i>Buteo</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soaring_hawks_and_the_common_buzzard_(Buteo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harris's_hawk_(Parabuteo_unicinctus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harris's_hawk_(Parabuteo_unicinctus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Harris's hawk (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harris's_hawk_(Parabuteo_unicinctus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_hawks_(Accipiter)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_hawks_(Accipiter)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>True hawks (<i>Accipiter</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_hawks_(Accipiter)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harriers_(Circus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harriers_(Circus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Harriers (<i>Circus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harriers_(Circus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falcons_(Falco)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falcons_(Falco)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Falcons (<i>Falco</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falcons_(Falco)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Owls_(Strigidae)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Owls_(Strigidae)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Owls (Strigidae)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Owls_(Strigidae)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Booted_eagles_(Aquila)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booted_eagles_(Aquila)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Booted eagles (<i>Aquila</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booted_eagles_(Aquila)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_eagles_(Haliaëtus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_eagles_(Haliaëtus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Sea eagles (<i>Haliaëtus</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_eagles_(Haliaëtus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Husbandry,_training,_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Husbandry,_training,_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Husbandry, training, and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Husbandry,_training,_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falconry_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falconry_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Falconry around the world</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Falconry_around_the_world-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Falconry around the world subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Falconry_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Falconry_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falconry_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Falconry today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falconry_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clubs_and_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clubs_and_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clubs and organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clubs_and_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captive_breeding_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captive_breeding_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Captive breeding and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captive_breeding_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_falcons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_falcons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hybrid falcons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_falcons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_selection_and_domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_selection_and_domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Artificial selection and domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artificial_selection_and_domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escaped_falconry_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escaped_falconry_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Escaped falconry birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escaped_falconry_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Regulations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falconry_in_Britain_in_early_12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falconry_in_Britain_in_early_12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Falconry in Britain in early 12th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falconry_in_Britain_in_early_12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Book_of_St_Albans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Book_of_St_Albans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>The <i>Book of St Albans</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_St_Albans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falconry_in_Britain_in_1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falconry_in_Britain_in_1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Falconry in Britain in 1973</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falconry_in_Britain_in_1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intangible_cultural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intangible_cultural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Intangible cultural heritage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intangible_cultural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literature and film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_language_words_and_idioms_derived_from_falconry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_language_words_and_idioms_derived_from_falconry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>English language words and idioms derived from falconry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_language_words_and_idioms_derived_from_falconry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Falconry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="صقارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صقارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetrer%C3%ADa" title="Cetrería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cetrería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Ыласын менән һунар итеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ыласын менән һунар итеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Соколарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Соколарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolarstvo" title="Sokolarstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sokolarstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falc%27hunerezh" title="Falc'hunerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Falc'hunerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconeria" title="Falconeria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falconeria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolnictv%C3%AD" title="Sokolnictví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sokolnictví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkejagt" title="Falkejagt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Falkejagt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falknerei" title="Falknerei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Falknerei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetrer%C3%ADa" title="Cetrería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cetrería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkado" title="Falkado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Falkado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkoneria" title="Falkoneria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Falkoneria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بازداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauconnerie" title="Fauconnerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fauconnerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkejacht" title="Falkejacht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Falkejacht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcoar%C3%ADa" title="Falcoaría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falcoaría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%82%AC%EB%83%A5" title="매사냥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매사냥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="श्येनपालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्येनपालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolarstvo" title="Sokolarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sokolarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Falconry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconeria" title="Falconeria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Falconeria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1lkavei%C3%B0ar" title="Fálkaveiðar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fálkaveiðar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconeria" title="Falconeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falconeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="בזיירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזיירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Falconry" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಗಿಡುಗ ಸಾಕಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಿಡುಗ ಸಾಕಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ბაზი (ფრინველი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზი (ფრინველი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Алгыр куштар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Алгыр куштар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconaria" title="Falconaria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Falconaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakalininkyst%C4%97" title="Sakalininkystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sakalininkystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solym%C3%A1szat" title="Solymászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Solymászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Соколарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соколарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သိမ်းတိုက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိမ်းတိုက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkerij" title="Valkerij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valkerij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B7%B9%E7%8B%A9" title="鷹狩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鷹狩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkoneri" title="Falkoneri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Falkoneri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باز داری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باز داری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolnictwo" title="Sokolnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sokolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcoaria" title="Falcoaria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falcoaria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconerie" title="Falconerie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Falconerie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Соколиная охота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соколиная охота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcunir%C3%ACa" title="Falcunirìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Falcunirìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoliarstvo" title="Sokoliarstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sokoliarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Соколарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Соколарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolarstvo" title="Sokolarstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sokolarstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haukkamets%C3%A4stys" title="Haukkametsästys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haukkametsästys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkenering" title="Falkenering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Falkenering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வல்லூறு வளர்ப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வல்லூறு வளர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Боздорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Боздорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fanc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Doğancılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğancılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Соколине полювання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соколине полювання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%C3%B4i_chim_s%C4%83n" title="Nuôi chim săn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hunting with a trained bird of prey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Slechtvalk" title="Slechtvalk">Slechtvalk</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoshawkFalconry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GoshawkFalconry.jpg/220px-GoshawkFalconry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GoshawkFalconry.jpg/330px-GoshawkFalconry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/GoshawkFalconry.jpg/440px-GoshawkFalconry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Goshawk" title="Goshawk">goshawk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg/220px-Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg/330px-Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg/440px-Falconry-CRW_2879_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Flying a <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker falcon</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Falconry</b> is the hunting of wild animals in their natural state and habitat by means of a trained <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a>. Small animals are hunted; squirrels and rabbits often fall prey to these birds. Two traditional terms are used to describe a person involved in falconry: a "falconer" flies a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>; an "austringer" (<a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> origin) keeps <a href="/wiki/Goshawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshawks">Goshawks</a> and uses <a href="/wiki/Accipiter" title="Accipiter">accipiters</a> for hunting. In modern falconry, the <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a> (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a> (<i>Falco perigrinus</i>) are some of the more commonly used birds of prey. The practice of hunting with a conditioned falconry bird is also called "hawking" or "gamehawking", although the words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hawking" class="extiw" title="wikt:hawking">hawking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peddler" title="Peddler">hawker</a> have become used so much to refer to petty traveling traders, that the terms "falconer" and "falconry" now apply to most use of trained birds of prey to catch game. However, many contemporary practitioners still use these words in their original meaning. </p><p>In early English falconry literature, the word "falcon" referred to a female peregrine falcon only, while the word "hawk" or "hawke" referred to a female hawk. A male hawk or falcon was referred to as a "tiercel" (sometimes spelled "tercel"), as it was roughly one-third less than the female in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Bert,_E_1619_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bert,_E_1619-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham,_S_1633-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This traditional Arabian sport grew throughout Europe. Falconry is also an icon of Arabian culture. The <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker falcon</a> used by Arabs for falconry is called by Arabs "Hur" i.e. Free-bird,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and it has been used in falconry in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> since ancient times. Saker falcons are the national bird of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and Yemen and have been integral to Arab heritage and culture for over 9,000 years. They are the national emblem of many <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Arab countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birds_used_in_contemporary_falconry">Birds used in contemporary falconry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birds used in contemporary falconry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptors</a> are used in falconry. They are typically classed as: </p> <ul><li>"Broadwings": <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parabuteo" title="Parabuteo">Parabuteo</a></i> spp., and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> (red-tailed hawks, Harris hawks, golden eagles)</li> <li>"Shortwings": <i><a href="/wiki/Accipiter" title="Accipiter">Accipiter</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_hawk" title="Cooper's hawk">Cooper's hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goshawk" title="Goshawk">goshawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparrow hawk">sparrow hawks</a>)</li> <li>"Longwings": <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falcons</a> (peregrine falcons, kestrels, gyrfalcons, saker falcons)</li></ul> <p>Owls are also used, although they are far less common. </p><p>In determining whether a species can or should be used for falconry, the species' behavior in a captive environment, its responsiveness to training, and its typical prey and hunting habits are considered. To some degree, a species' reputation will determine whether it is used, although this factor is somewhat harder to objectively gauge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_for_beginners">Species for beginners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Species for beginners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In North America, the capable <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> is commonly flown by beginner falconers during their apprenticeship.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opinions differ on the usefulness of the kestrel for beginners due to its inherent fragility. In the UK, beginner falconers are often permitted to acquire a larger variety of birds, but Harris's hawk and the red-tailed hawk remain the most commonly used for beginners and experienced falconers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red-tailed hawks are held in high regard in the UK due to the ease of breeding them in captivity, their inherent hardiness, and their capability hunting the rabbits and hares commonly found throughout the countryside in the UK. Many falconers in the UK and North America switch to accipiters or large falcons following their introduction with easier birds. In the US, accipiters, several types of buteos, and large falcons are only allowed to be owned by falconers who hold a general license. The three kinds of falconry licenses in the United States, typically, are the apprentice class, general class, and master class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soaring_hawks_and_the_common_buzzard_(Buteo)"><span id="Soaring_hawks_and_the_common_buzzard_.28Buteo.29"></span>Soaring hawks and the common buzzard (<i>Buteo</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soaring hawks and the common buzzard (Buteo)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red-tailed_hawk,_falconer%27s_bird.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg/220px-Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg/330px-Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg/440px-Red-tailed_hawk%2C_falconer%27s_bird.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A falconer's red-tailed hawk (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Buteo" title="Buteo">Buteo</a></i>, known as "hawks" in North America and not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>, has worldwide distribution, but is particularly well represented in North America. The red-tailed hawk, <a href="/wiki/Ferruginous_hawk" title="Ferruginous hawk">ferruginous hawk</a>, and rarely, the <a href="/wiki/Red-shouldered_hawk" title="Red-shouldered hawk">red-shouldered hawk</a> are all examples of species from this genus that are used in falconry today. The red-tailed hawk is hardy and versatile, taking rabbits, hares, and squirrels; given the right conditions, it can catch the occasional <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>. The red-tailed hawk is also considered a good bird for beginners. The Eurasian or <a href="/wiki/Common_buzzard" title="Common buzzard">common buzzard</a> is also used, although this species requires more perseverance if <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> are to be hunted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harris's_hawk_(Parabuteo_unicinctus)"><span id="Harris.27s_hawk_.28Parabuteo_unicinctus.29"></span>Harris's hawk (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Harris's hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg/220px-Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg/330px-Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg/440px-Harris%27_Hawk_plumage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Harris's hawk used in falconry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg/220px-Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg/330px-Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg/440px-Parabuteo_unicinctus01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption>Falconer with a <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i> is one of two representatives of the <i>Parabuteo</i> genus worldwide. The other is the <a href="/wiki/White-rumped_hawk" title="White-rumped hawk">white-rumped hawk</a> (<i>P. leucorrhous</i>). Arguably the best rabbit or hare raptor available anywhere, Harris's hawk is also adept at catching birds. Often captive-bred, Harris's hawk is remarkably popular because of its temperament and ability. It is found in the wild living in groups or packs, and hunts cooperatively, with a social hierarchy similar to wolves. This highly social behavior is not observed in any other bird-of-prey species, and is very adaptable to falconry. This genus is native to the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> from southern Texas and Arizona to South America. Harris's hawk is often used in the modern technique of <a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">car hawking</a> (or drive-by falconry), where the raptor is launched from the window of a moving car at suitable prey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_hawks_(Accipiter)"><span id="True_hawks_.28Accipiter.29"></span>True hawks (<i>Accipiter</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: True hawks (Accipiter)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i>Accipiter</i> is also found worldwide. Hawk expert Mike McDermott once said, "The attack of the accipiters is extremely swift, rapid, and violent in every way." They are well known in falconry use both in Europe and North America. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">northern goshawk</a> has been trained for falconry for hundreds of years, taking a variety of birds and mammals. Other popular <i>Accipiter</i> species used in falconry include Cooper's hawk and the sharp-shinned hawk in North America and the European sparrowhawk in Europe and Eurasia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harriers_(Circus)"><span id="Harriers_.28Circus.29"></span>Harriers (<i>Circus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Harriers (Circus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Zealand is likely to be one of the few countries to use a harrier species for falconry; there, falconers successfully hunt with the <a href="/wiki/Swamp_harrier" title="Swamp harrier">Australasian harrier</a> (<i>Circus approximans</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Falconry001.JPG/220px-Falconry001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Falconry001.JPG/330px-Falconry001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Falconry001.JPG/440px-Falconry001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lanner_falcon" title="Lanner falcon">lanner falcon</a> with its lure</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falcons_(Falco)"><span id="Falcons_.28Falco.29"></span>Falcons (<i>Falco</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Falcons (Falco)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">Falco</a></i> is found worldwide and has occupied a central niche in ancient and modern falconry. Most falcon species used in falconry are specialized predators, most adapted to capturing bird prey such as the peregrine falcon and <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a>. A notable exception is the use of desert falcons such the saker falcon in ancient and modern falconry in Asia and Western Asia, where <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> were and are commonly taken. In North America, the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_falcon" title="Prairie falcon">prairie falcon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcon</a> can capture small mammal prey such as rabbits and hares (as well as the standard gamebirds and waterfowl) in falconry, but this is rarely practiced. Young falconry apprentices in the United States often begin practicing the art with <a href="/wiki/American_kestrel" title="American kestrel">American kestrels</a>, the smallest of the falcons in North America; debate remains on this, as they are small, fragile birds, and can die easily if neglected.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small species, such as kestrels, <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hobby_(bird)" title="Hobby (bird)">hobbys</a> are most often flown on small birds such as starlings or sparrows, but can also be used for recreational bug hawking – that is, hunting large flying insects such as dragonflies, grasshoppers, and moths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Owls_(Strigidae)"><span id="Owls_.28Strigidae.29"></span>Owls (Strigidae)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Owls (Strigidae)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg/220px-Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg/330px-Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg/440px-Tyto_alba_-_Cetrer%C3%ADa_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5477" data-file-height="3651" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Western_barn_owl" title="Western barn owl">barn owl</a> landing on a falconer's hand</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">Owls</a> (family Strigidae) are not closely related to hawks or falcons. Little is written in classic falconry that discusses the use of owls in falconry. However, at least two species have successfully been used, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl">Eurasian eagle-owl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Melling_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melling-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successful training of owls is much different from the training of hawks and falcons, as they are hearing- rather than sight-oriented. (Owls can only see black and white, and are long-sighted.) This often leads falconers to believe that they are less intelligent, as they are distracted easily by new or unnatural noises, and they do not respond as readily to food cues. However, if trained successfully, owls show intelligence on the same level as those of hawks and falcons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Booted_eagles_(Aquila)"><span id="Booted_eagles_.28Aquila.29"></span>Booted eagles (<i>Aquila</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Booted eagles (Aquila)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg/220px-Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg/330px-Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg/440px-Mongolian_Man_and_his_Eagle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A Mongolian man inspects his <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> (Aquila chrysaetos) before competing in an eagle hunting contest in northern Mongolia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Hunting with eagles</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquila (genus)">Aquila</a></i> (all have "booted" or feathered tarsi) genus has a nearly worldwide distribution. The more powerful types are used in falconry; for example golden eagles have reportedly been used to hunt <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and are now most widely used by the Altaic Kazakh eagle hunters in the western Mongolian province of <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgii_Province" title="Bayan-Ölgii Province">Bayan-Ölgii</a> to hunt foxes,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discover-bayanolgii.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discover-bayanolgii.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other large prey, as they are in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are primarily ground-oriented, but occasionally take birds. Eagles are not used as widely in falconry as other birds of prey, due to the lack of versatility in the larger species (they primarily hunt over large, open ground), the greater potential danger to other people if hunted in a widely populated area, and the difficulty of training and managing an eagle. A little over 300 active falconers are using eagles in Central Asia, with 250 in western <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, 50 in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and smaller numbers in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> and western <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-discover-bayanolgii.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discover-bayanolgii.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_eagles_(Haliaëtus)"><span id="Sea_eagles_.28Halia.C3.ABtus.29"></span>Sea eagles (<i>Haliaëtus</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sea eagles (Haliaëtus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most species of genus <i><a href="/wiki/Halia%C3%ABtus" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliaëtus">Haliaëtus</a></i> catch and eat fish, some almost exclusively, but in countries where they are not protected, some have been effectively used in hunting for ground quarry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Husbandry,_training,_and_equipment"><span id="Husbandry.2C_training.2C_and_equipment"></span>Husbandry, training, and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Husbandry, training, and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hack_(falconry)" title="Hack (falconry)">Hack (falconry)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falconry_around_the_world">Falconry around the world</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Falconry around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg/220px-Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg/330px-Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg/440px-Falco_berigora_taranna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Brown_falcon" title="Brown falcon">brown falcon</a> used for falconry in Tasmania</figcaption></figure> <p>Falconry is currently practiced in many countries around the world. The falconer's traditional choice of bird is the northern goshawk and peregrine falcon. In contemporary falconry in both North America and the UK, they remain popular, although Harris' hawks and red-tailed hawks are likely more widely used. The northern goshawk and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> are more commonly used in Eastern Europe than elsewhere. In the <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">west Asia</a>, the saker falcon is the most traditional species flown against the <a href="/wiki/Houbara_bustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbara bustard">houbara bustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandgrouse" title="Sandgrouse">sandgrouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stone-curlew" title="Stone-curlew">stone-curlew</a>, other birds, and <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>. Peregrines and other captive-bred imported falcons are also commonplace. Falconry remains an important part of the Arab heritage and culture. The <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> reportedly spends over US$27 million annually towards the protection and conservation of wild falcons, and has set up several state-of-the-art falcon hospitals in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Falcon_Hospital" title="Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital">Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital</a> is the largest falcon hospital in the world. Two breeding farms are in the Emirates, as well as those in Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Every year, falcon beauty contests and demonstrations take place at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ADIHEX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADIHEX (page does not exist)">ADIHEX</a> exhibition in Abu Dhabi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg/170px-Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg/255px-Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg/340px-Falco_cherrug_Qatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3643" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker falcon</a> used for falconry in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HobbyFalconry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HobbyFalconry.jpg/170px-HobbyFalconry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HobbyFalconry.jpg/255px-HobbyFalconry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HobbyFalconry.jpg/340px-HobbyFalconry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="829" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Hobby_(bird)" title="Hobby (bird)">hobby</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconer_Picture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Falconer_Picture.jpg/220px-Falconer_Picture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Falconer_Picture.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption>Falconer from <a href="/wiki/Al_Ain" title="Al Ain">Al Ain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-WDL_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Eurasian sparrowhawks were formerly used to take a range of small birds, but have since fallen out of favor due to their fragility and the availability of various American species. </p><p>In North America and the UK, falcons usually fly only after birds. Large falcons are typically trained to fly in the "waiting-on" style, where the falcon climbs and circles above the falconer and/or dog and the quarry is flushed when the falcon is in the desired commanding position. Classical game hawking in the UK had a <a href="/wiki/Brace_(hunting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace (hunting)">brace</a> of peregrine falcons flown against the <a href="/wiki/Red_grouse" title="Red grouse">red grouse</a>, or merlins in "ringing" flights after <a href="/wiki/Skylark" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylark">skylarks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">Rooks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> are classic game for the larger falcons, and the <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpie</a>, making up in cunning what it lacks in flying ability, is another common target. Short-wings can be flown in both open and wooded country against a variety of bird and small mammal prey. Most hunting with large falcons requires large, open tracts where the falcon is afforded opportunity to strike or seize its quarry before it reaches cover. Most of Europe practices similar styles of falconry, but with differing degrees of regulation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> falconers often rode horses, but this is now rare with the exception of contemporary Kazakh and Mongolian falconry. In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, the golden eagle is traditionally flown (often from horseback), hunting game as large as <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a> and wolves.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the northern goshawk has been used for centuries. Japan continues to honor its strong historical links with falconry (<i><a href="/wiki/Takagari" title="Takagari">takagari</a></i>), while adopting some modern techniques and technologies. </p><p>In Australia, although falconry is not specifically illegal, it is illegal to keep any type of bird of prey in captivity without the appropriate permits. The only exemption is when the birds are kept for purposes of rehabilitation (for which a licence must still be held), and in such circumstances it may be possible for a competent falconer to teach a bird to hunt and kill wild quarry, as part of its regime of rehabilitation to good health and a fit state to be released into the wild. </p><p>In New Zealand, falconry was formally legalised for one species only, the swamp/Australasian harrier (<i><a href="/wiki/Circus_approximans" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus approximans">Circus approximans</a></i>) in 2011. This was only possible with over 25 years of effort from both Wingspan National Bird of Prey Center<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Raptor Association of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falconry can only be practiced by people who have been issued a falconry permit by the Department of Conservation. Tangent aspects, such as <a href="/wiki/Bird_abatement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird abatement">bird abatement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raptor_rehabilitation" title="Raptor rehabilitation">raptor rehabilitation</a>, also employ falconry techniques to accomplish their goals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falconry_today">Falconry today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Falconry today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Falconry</figcaption></figure> <p>Falcons can live into their midteens, with larger hawks living longer and eagles likely to see out middle-aged owners. Through the captive breeding of rescued birds, the last 30 years have had a great rebirth of the sport, with a host of innovations; falconry's popularity, through <a href="/wiki/Lure_(falconry)" title="Lure (falconry)">lure</a> flying displays at country houses and game fairs, has probably never been higher in the past 300 years. Ornithologist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Gallagher" title="Tim Gallagher">Tim Gallagher</a>, editor of the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Bird" title="Living Bird">Living Bird</a></i> magazine, documented his experiences with modern falconry in a 2008 book, <i>Falcon Fever</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making use of the natural relationship between raptors and their prey, falconry is now used <a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/to_control" class="extiw" title="is:to control">to control</a> pest birds and animals in urban areas, landfills, commercial buildings, hotels, and airports.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Falconry centres or bird-of-prey centres house these raptors. They are responsible for many aspects of bird-of-prey conservation (through keeping the birds for education and breeding). Many conduct regular flying demonstrations and educational talks, and are popular with visitors worldwide. </p><p>Such centres may also provide falconry courses, hawk walks, displays, and other experiences with these raptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clubs_and_organizations">Clubs and organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Clubs and organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Falconry" title="Special:EditPage/Falconry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the UK, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Falconers%27_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Falconers' Club (page does not exist)">British Falconers' Club</a> (BFC) is the oldest and largest of the falconry clubs. BFC was founded in 1927 by the surviving members of the Old Hawking Club, itself founded in 1864. Working closely with the Hawk Board, an advisory body representing the interests of UK bird of prey keepers, the BFC is in the forefront of raptor conservation, falconer education, and sustainable falconry. Established in 1927, the BFC now has a membership over 1,200 falconers. It began as a small and elite club, but it is now a sizeable democratic organisation that has members from all walks of life, flying hawks, falcons, and eagles at legal quarry throughout the British Isles. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NAFA), founded in 1961, is the premier <a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/club_for_falconry" class="extiw" title="is:club for falconry">club for falconry</a> in the US, Canada, and Mexico, and has members worldwide. NAFA is the primary club in the United States and has a membership from around the world. Most USA states have their own falconry clubs. Although these clubs are primarily social, they also serve to represent falconers within their states in regards to that state's wildlife regulations. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Association_for_Falconry_and_Conservation_of_Birds_of_Prey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey (page does not exist)">International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded in 1968, currently represents 156 falconry clubs and conservation organisations from 87 countries worldwide, totalling over 75,000 members. </p><p>The Saudi Falcons Club preserves the historical heritage associated with the falconry culture, and spreads awareness and provides training to protect falcons and flourish falconry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The tone or style of material in the vicinity of this tag may not be appropriate for Wikipedia. (November 2022)">tone</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Captive_breeding_and_conservation">Captive breeding and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Captive breeding and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successful and now widespread captive breeding of birds of prey began as a response to dwindling wild populations due to persistent toxins such as <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane">DDT</a>, systematic persecution as undesirable predators, habitat loss, and the resulting limited availability of popular species for falconry, particularly the peregrine falcon. The first known raptors to breed in captivity belonged to a German falconer named Renz Waller. In 1942–43, he produced two young peregrines in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Falconry_equipment.jpg/220px-Falconry_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Falconry_equipment.jpg/330px-Falconry_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Falconry_equipment.jpg/440px-Falconry_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Falconry equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>The first successful captive breeding of <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcons</a> in North America occurred in the early 1970s by the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine Fund">Peregrine Fund</a>, professor and falconer Heinz Meng, and other private falconer/breeders such as David Jamieson and Les Boyd who bred the first peregrines by means of artificial insemination. In Great Britain, falconer <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Glasier" title="Phillip Glasier">Phillip Glasier</a> of the Falconry Centre in <a href="/wiki/Newent,_Gloucestershire" class="mw-redirect" title="Newent, Gloucestershire">Newent, Gloucestershire</a>, was successful in obtaining young from more than 20 species of captive raptors. A cooperative effort began between various government agencies, non-government organizations, and falconers to supplement various wild raptor populations in peril. This effort was strongest in North America where significant private donations along with funding allocations through the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> of 1972 provided the means to continue the release of captive-bred peregrines, <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aplomado_falcon" title="Aplomado falcon">aplomado falcons</a> and others. By the mid-1980s, falconers had become self-sufficient as regards sources of birds to train and fly, in addition to the immensely important conservation benefits conferred by captive breeding. </p><p>Between 1972 and 2001, nearly all peregrines used for falconry in the U.S. were captive-bred from the progeny of falcons taken before the U. S. <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species Act</a> was passed, and from those few infusions of wild genes available from Canada and special circumstances. Peregrine falcons were removed from the United States' endangered species list on August 25, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, after years of close work with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, a limited take of wild peregrines was allowed in 2001, the first wild peregrines taken specifically for falconry in over 30 years. </p><p>Some controversy has existed over the origins of captive-breeding stock used by the Peregrine Fund in the recovery of peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a> of the eastern subspecies (<i>Falco peregrinus anatum</i>), its near extirpation in the Midwest, and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to optimize the <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a> found within the species as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such strategies are common in endangered species reintroduction scenarios, where dramatic population declines result in a <a href="/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a> and the loss of genetic diversity. </p><p>Laws regulating the hunting, import and export of wild falcons vary across Asia, and effective enforcement of current national and international regulations is lacking in some regions. It is possible that the spread of captive-bred falcons in falcon markets in the Arabian Peninsula has mitigated this demand for wild falcons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hybrid_falcons">Hybrid falcons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hybrid falcons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The species within the genus <i>Falco</i> are closely related, and some pairings produce viable offspring. The heavy northern gyrfalcon and Asiatic saker are especially closely related, and whether the <a href="/wiki/Altai_falcon" title="Altai falcon">Altai falcon</a> is a subspecies of the saker or descendants of naturally occurring hybrids is not known. Peregrine and prairie falcons have been observed breeding in the wild and have produced offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pairings are thought to be rare, but <a href="/wiki/Extra-pair_copulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-pair copulations">extra-pair copulations</a> between closely related species may occur more frequently and/or account for most natural occurring hybridization. Some male first-generation hybrids may have viable sperm, whereas very few first-generation female hybrids lay fertile eggs. Thus, naturally occurring hybridization is thought to be somewhat insignificant to gene flow in raptor species. </p><p>The first hybrid falcons produced in captivity occurred in western Ireland when veteran falconer Ronald Stevens and John Morris put a male saker and a female peregrine into the same moulting <a href="/wiki/Mews" title="Mews">mews</a> for the spring and early summer, and the two mated and produced offspring. </p><p>Captive-bred hybrid falcons have been available since the late 1970s, and enjoyed a meteoric rise in popularity in North America and the UK in the 1990s. Hybrids were initially "created" to combine the horizontal speed and size of the gyrfalcon with the good disposition and aerial ability of the peregrine. Hybrid falcons first gained large popularity throughout the Arabian Peninsula, feeding a demand for particularly large and aggressive female falcons capable and willing to take on the very large houbara bustard, the classic falconry quarry in the deserts of the West Asia. These falcons were also very popular with Arab falconers, as they tended to withstand a respiratory disease (aspergillosis from the mold genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i>) in stressful desert conditions better than other pure species from the Northern Hemisphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_selection_and_domestication">Artificial selection and domestication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Artificial selection and domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Falconry" title="Special:EditPage/Falconry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some believe that no species of raptor have been in captivity long enough to have undergone successful selective breeding for desired traits. Captive breeding of raptors over several generations tends to result, either deliberately, or inevitably as a result of captivity, in selection for certain traits, including: </p> <ul><li>Ability to survive in captivity</li> <li>Ability to breed in captivity</li> <li>Suitability (in most cases) for interactions with humans for falconry: Birds that demonstrated an unwillingness to hunt with men were most often discarded, rather than being placed in breeding projects</li> <li>With gyrfalcons in areas away from their natural Arctic <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a>, better <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">disease resistance</a></li> <li>With gyrfalcons, feather color<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escaped_falconry_birds">Escaped falconry birds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Escaped falconry birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG/220px-Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG/330px-Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG/440px-Shaw_Monument_-_North_Facing_side.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Monument" title="Shaw Monument">Shaw Monument</a>, a falconry observation tower in Scotland.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Falconry" title="Special:EditPage/Falconry">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Falconers' birds are inevitably lost on occasion, though most are found again. The main reason birds can be found again is because, during free flights, birds usually wear radio transmitters or bells. The transmitters are in the middle of the tail, on the back, or attached to the bird's legs. </p><p>Records of species becoming established in Britain after escaping or being released include: </p> <ul><li>Escaped <a href="/wiki/Harris_hawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris hawk">Harris hawks</a> reportedly bred in the wild in Britain.</li> <li>The return of the goshawk as a breeding bird to Britain since 1945 is due in large part to falconers' escapes; the earlier British population was wiped out by gamekeepers and egg collectors in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</li> <li>A pair of <a href="/wiki/European_eagle_owl" class="mw-redirect" title="European eagle owl">European eagle owls</a> bred in the wild in Yorkshire for several years, feeding largely or entirely on rabbits. The pair are most likely captive escapees. If this will lead to a population becoming established is not yet known.</li></ul> <p>In 1986, a lost captive-bred female prairie falcon (which had been <a href="/wiki/Cross-foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-foster">cross-fostered</a> by an adult peregrine in captivity) mated with a wild male peregrine in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. The prairie falcon was trapped and the eggs removed, incubated, and hatched, and the hybrid offspring were given to falconers. The wild peregrine paired with another peregrine the next year. </p><p>Falconry in Hawaii is prohibited largely due to the fears of escaped non-native birds of prey becoming established on the island chain and aggravating an already rampant problem of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> impacts on native wildlife and plant communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Great_Britain">In Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg/220px-Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg/330px-Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg/440px-Falconry_eagles_hares_Scotland_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7724" data-file-height="4914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_hare" title="Mountain hare">Mountain hare</a> hunting with a <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In sharp contrast to the US, falconry in Great Britain is permitted without a special license, but a restriction exists of using only captive-bred birds. In the lengthy, record-breaking debates in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a> during the passage of the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Bill, efforts were made by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> and other lobby groups to have falconry outlawed, but these were successfully resisted. After a centuries-old but informal existence in Britain, the sport of falconry was finally given formal legal status in Great Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_and_Countryside_Act_1981" title="Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981">Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981</a>, which allowed it to continue, provided all captive raptors native to the UK were officially ringed and government-registered. <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> testing was also available to verify birds' origins. Since 1982, the British government's licensing requirements have been overseen by the Chief Wildlife Act Inspector for Great Britain, who is assisted by a panel of unpaid assistant inspectors. </p><p>British falconers are entirely reliant upon captive-bred birds for their sport. The taking of raptors from the wild for falconry, although permitted by law under government licence, has not been allowed in recent decades. </p><p>Anyone is permitted to possess legally registered or captive-bred raptors, although falconers are anxious to point out this is not synonymous with falconry, which specifically entails the hunting of live quarry with a trained bird. A raptor kept merely as a pet or possession, although the law may allow it, is not considered to be a falconer's bird. Birds may be used for breeding or kept after their hunting days are over, but falconers believe it is preferable that young, fit birds are flown at quarry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, falconry is legal in all states except <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. A falconer must have a state permit to practice the sport. (Requirements for a federal permit were changed in 2008 and the program discontinued effective January 1, 2014.)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acquiring a falconry license in the United States requires an aspiring falconer to pass a written test, have equipment and facilities inspected, and serve a minimum of two years as an apprentice under a licensed falconer, during which time, the apprentice falconer may only possess one raptor. Three classes of the falconry license have a permit issued jointly by the falconer's state of residence and the federal government. The aforementioned apprentice license matriculates to a general class license, which allows the falconer to up to three raptors at one time. (Some jurisdictions may further limit this.) After a minimum of five years at general level, falconers may apply for a master class license, which allows them to keep up to five wild raptors for falconry and an unlimited number of captive-produced raptors. (All must be used for falconry.) Certain highly experienced master falconers may also apply to possess golden eagles for falconry. </p><p>Within the United States, a state's regulations are limited by federal law and treaties protecting raptors. Most states afford falconers an extended hunting season relative to seasons for archery and firearms, but species to be hunted, bag limits, and possession limits remain the same for both. No extended seasons for falconry exist for the hunting of migratory birds such as waterfowl and doves. </p><p>Federal regulation of falconry in North America is enforced under the statutes of the <a href="/wiki/Migratory_Bird_Treaty" title="Migratory Bird Treaty">Migratory Bird Treaty</a> Act of 1918 (MBTA), originally designed to address the rampant commercial market hunting of migratory waterfowl during the early 20th century. Birds of prey suffered extreme persecution from the early 20th century through the 1960s, where thousands of birds were shot at conspicuous migration sites, and many state wildlife agencies issued bounties for carcasses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to widespread persecution and further impacts to raptor populations from DDT and other toxins, the act was amended in 1972 to include birds of prey. (Eagles are also protected under the <a href="/wiki/Bald_and_Golden_Eagle_Protection_Act" title="Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act">Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act</a> of 1959.) Under the MBTA, taking migratory birds, their eggs, feathers, or nests is illegal. Take is defined in the MBTA to "include by any means or in any manner, any attempt at hunting, pursuing, wounding, killing, possessing, or transporting any migratory bird, nest, egg, or part thereof".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Falconers are allowed to trap and otherwise possess certain birds of prey and their feathers with special permits issued by the Migratory Bird Office of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and by state wildlife agencies (issuers of trapping permits). </p><p>The Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>) restricts the import and export of most native birds species and are listed in the CITES Appendices I, II, and III. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bird_Conservation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Bird Conservation Act">Wild Bird Conservation Act</a>, legislation put into effect <i>circa</i> 1993, regulates importation of any CITES-listed birds into the United States. </p><p>Some controversy exists over the issue of falconer's ownership of captive-bred birds of prey. Falconry permits are issued by states in a manner that entrusts falconers to "take" (trap) and possess permitted birds and use them only for permitted activities, but does not transfer legal ownership. No legal distinction is made between native wild-trapped vs. captive-bred birds of the same species. This legal position is designed to discourage the commercial exploitation of native wildlife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/220px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/330px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/440px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Detail of two falconers from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i><a href="/wiki/De_arte_venandi_cum_avibus" title="De arte venandi cum avibus">De arte venandi cum avibus</a></i>, 1240s</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+arte+venandi+cum+avibus&rft.date=1240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg/220px-Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg/330px-Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg/440px-Maharaja_Suraj_Mal_with_a_hawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Indian king, <a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Maharaja Suraj Mal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bharatpur_State" title="Bharatpur State">Bharatpur</a> with a hawk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg/220px-A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg/330px-A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg/440px-A_Prince_with_a_Falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="7200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> with a hawk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altstetten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Altstetten.jpg/220px-Altstetten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Altstetten.jpg/330px-Altstetten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Altstetten.jpg/440px-Altstetten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1451" /></a><figcaption>The medieval poet <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Altstetten" title="Konrad von Altstetten">Konrad von Altstetten</a> shown with his falcon, in the embrace of his lover. From the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence suggests that the art of falconry may have begun in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, with the earliest accounts dating to around 2,000 BC. Also, some raptor representations are in the northern <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a>, western Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham,_S_1633-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iafor.org_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iafor.org-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The falcon was a <a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/symbolic_bird" class="extiw" title="is:symbolic bird">symbolic bird</a> of ancient Mongol tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some disagreement exists about whether such early accounts document the practice of falconry (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i> and others) or are misinterpreted depictions of humans with birds of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the Turkic Period of Central Asia (seventh century AD), concrete figures of falconers on horseback were described on the rocks in Kyrgyz.<sup id="cite_ref-iafor.org_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iafor.org-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Hohenstaufen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Hohenstaufen">Frederick II of Hohenstaufen</a> (1194–1250) is generally acknowledged as the most significant wellspring of traditional falconry knowledge. He is believed to have obtained firsthand knowledge of Arabic falconry during wars in the region (between June 1228 and June 1229). He obtained a copy of <a href="/wiki/Moamyn" title="Moamyn">Moamyn</a>'s manual on falconry and had it translated into Latin by Theodore of Antioch. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a> himself made corrections to the translation in 1241, resulting in <i>De Scientia Venandi per Aves</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-egerton_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egerton-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Frederick II is most recognized for his falconry treatise, <i><a href="/wiki/De_arte_venandi_cum_avibus" title="De arte venandi cum avibus">De arte venandi cum avibus</a></i> (<i>On The Art of Hunting with Birds</i>). Written himself toward the end of his life, it is widely accepted as the first comprehensive book of falconry, but also notable in its contributions to <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>. <i>De arte venandi cum avibus</i> incorporated a diversity of scholarly traditions from east to west, and is one of the earliest challenges to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s explanations of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_panel-hawking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Three_panel-hawking.jpg/220px-Three_panel-hawking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Three_panel-hawking.jpg/330px-Three_panel-hawking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Three_panel-hawking.jpg/440px-Three_panel-hawking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Three panels depicting hawking in England from various time periods, as reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(engraver_and_antiquary)" title="Joseph Strutt (engraver and antiquary)">Joseph Strutt's</a> 1801 book, <i>The Sports and Pastimes of the People of England from the Earliest Period</i>: The middle panel is from a Saxon manuscript dated to the late 10th century – early 11th century, as of 1801 held in the "Cotton Library", showing a Saxon nobleman and his falconer. The top and bottom panels are drawings from a manuscript held, as of 1801, in the Royal Library, dating from the early 14th century, showing parties of both sexes hawking by the waterside; the falconer is frightening the fowl to make them rise and the hawk is in the act of seizing upon one of them.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_A_Falconer_and_a_Gamekeeper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Mughal emperor Jahangir in the desert hunting deer with a falcon.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>, c. 1600</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+emperor+Jahangir+in+the+desert+hunting+deer+with+a+falcon.&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lning,_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk,_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif/lossy-page1-220px-M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif/lossy-page1-330px-M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif/lossy-page1-440px-M%C3%A5lning%2C_Isl%C3%A4ndsk_jaktfalk%2C_1759_-_Livrustkammaren_-_89009.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="4396" /></a><figcaption>Icelandic gyrfalcon, 1759, <a href="/wiki/Livrustkammaren" title="Livrustkammaren">Livrustkammaren</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, falconry was a popular sport and status symbol among the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many historical illustrations left in Rashid al Din's "Compendium chronicles" book described falconry of the middle centuries with Mongol images. Falconry was largely restricted to the noble classes due to the prerequisite commitment of time, money, and space. In art and other aspects of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, falconry remained a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> long after it was no longer popularly practiced. The historical significance of falconry within lower social classes may be underrepresented in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_record" title="Archaeological record">archaeological record</a>, due to a lack of surviving evidence, especially from nonliterate <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> and non<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian societies">agrarian societies</a>. Within nomadic societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a>, falconry was not practiced for recreation by noblemen. Instead, falcons were trapped and hunted on small game during the winter to supplement a very limited diet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the UK and parts of Europe, falconry probably reached its zenith in the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Bert,_E_1619_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bert,_E_1619-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latham,_S_1633-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but soon faded, particularly in the late 18th and 19th centuries, as firearms became the tool of choice for hunting. (This likely took place throughout Europe and Asia in differing degrees.) Falconry in the UK had a resurgence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when a number of falconry books were published.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This revival led to the introduction of falconry in North America in the early 20th century. Colonel R. Luff Meredith is recognized as the father of North American falconry.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 20th century, modern veterinary practices and the advent of <a href="/wiki/Radio_telemetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio telemetry">radio telemetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> attached to free-flying birds) increased the average lifespan of falconry birds, and allowed falconers to pursue quarry and styles of flight that had previously resulted in the loss of their hawk or falcon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zambals_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/220px-Zambals_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/330px-Zambals_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zambals_3.png/440px-Zambals_3.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>A couple belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a> warrior class, documented by the 16th-century<i> <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></i>: The female warrior is holding a raptor, which has captured a bird, exemplifying a culture of falconry.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>722–705 BC</b> – An <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> found in the ruins at <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a> during the excavation of the palace of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (Sargon II) has been claimed to depict falconry. In fact, it depicts an archer shooting at raptors and an attendant capturing a raptor. <a href="/wiki/A._H._Layard" class="mw-redirect" title="A. H. Layard">A. H. Layard</a>'s statement in his 1853 book <i>Discoveries in the Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></i> is "A falconer bearing a hawk on his wrist appeared to be represented in a bas-relief which I saw on my last visit to those ruins."</li> <li><b>680 BC</b> – Chinese records describe falconry.</li> <li><b>Fourth century BC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> wrote that in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient thrace">Thrace</a>, the boys who want to hunt small birds, take hawks with them. When they call the hawks addressing them by name, the hawks swoop down on the birds. The small birds fly in terror into the bushes, where the boys catch them by knocking them down with sticks; in case the hawks themselves catch any of the birds, they throw them down to the hunters. When the hunting finishes, the hunters give a portion of all that is caught to the hawks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote that in the city of Cedripolis (Κεδρίπολις), men and hawks jointly hunt small birds. The men drive them away with sticks, while the hawks pursue closely, and the small birds in their flight fall into the clutches of the men. Because of this, they share their prey with the hawks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Third century BC</b> – <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_of_Carystus" title="Antigonus of Carystus">Antigonus of Carystus</a> wrote the same story about the city of Cedripolis.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>355 AD</b> – <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon-shoki">Nihon-shoki</a></i>, a largely mythical narrative, records hawking first arriving in Japan from <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> as of the 16th emperor <a href="/wiki/Nintoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintoku">Nintoku</a>.</li> <li><b>Second–fourth century</b> – the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> learned falconry from the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>.</li> <li><b>Fifth century</b> – the son of <a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a>, Roman Emperor 455–<a href="/wiki/456" title="456">56</a>, from the Celtic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Arverni" title="Arverni">Arverni</a>, who fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2lons" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Châlons">Battle of Châlons</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, introduced falconry in Rome.</li> <li><b>500</b> – a Roman floor mosaic in <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos, Peloponnese</a> depicts a falconer and his hawk hunting <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>.</li> <li><b>Early seventh century</b> – Prey caught by trained dogs or falcons is considered <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, falconry was already popular in the Arabian Peninsula.</li> <li><b>818</b> – Japanese <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Saga" title="Emperor Saga">Emperor Saga</a> ordered someone to edit a falconry text named <i>Shinshuu Youkyou</i>.</li> <li><b>875</b> – Western Europe and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> England practiced falconry widely.</li> <li><b>991</b> – In the poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Maldon" title="The Battle of Maldon">The Battle of Maldon</a></i> describing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon" title="Battle of Maldon">Battle of Maldon</a> in Essex, before the battle, the Anglo-Saxons' leader <a href="/wiki/Byrhtnoth" title="Byrhtnoth">Byrhtnoth</a> says, "let his tame hawk fly from his hand to the wood".</li> <li><b>1070s</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> shows <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">King Harold of England</a> with a hawk in one scene. The king is said to have owned the largest collection of books on the sport in all of Europe.</li> <li><b>Around 1182</b> – <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> wrote about hawks that are trained to hunt at the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Around the 1240s</b> – The treatise of an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> falconer, Moamyn, was translated into Latin by Master Theodore of Antioch, at the court of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, it was called <i>De Scientia Venandi per Aves</i> and much copied.</li> <li><b>1250</b> – Frederick II wrote in the last years of his life a treatise on the art of hunting with birds: <i>De arte venandi cum avibus</i>.</li> <li><b>1285</b> – The <i>Baz-Nama-yi Nasiri</i>, a Persian treatise on falconry, was compiled by Taymur Mirza, an English translation of which was produced in 1908 by D. C. Phillott.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1325</b> – The <i>Libro de la caza</i>, by the prince of <a href="/wiki/Villena" title="Villena">Villena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel,_Prince_of_Villena" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena">Don Juan Manuel</a>, includes a detailed description of the best hunting places for falconry in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">kingdom of Castile</a>.</li> <li><b>1390s</b> – In his <i>Libro de la caza de las aves</i>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castilian</a> poet and chronicler <a href="/wiki/Pero_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" title="Pero López de Ayala">Pero López de Ayala</a> attempts to compile all the available correct knowledge concerning falconry.</li> <li><b>1486</b> – See the <i><a href="/wiki/Boke_of_Saint_Albans" class="mw-redirect" title="Boke of Saint Albans">Boke of Saint Albans</a></i></li> <li><b>Early 16th century</b> – Japanese warlord <a href="/wiki/Asakura_Norikage" title="Asakura Norikage">Asakura Norikage</a> (1476–1555) succeeded in captive breeding of <a href="/wiki/Goshawk" title="Goshawk">goshawks</a>.</li> <li><b>1580s</b> – Spanish drawings of Sambal people recorded in the <i>Boxer Codex</i> showed a culture of falconry in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</li> <li><b>1600s</b> – In Dutch records of falconry, the town of <a href="/wiki/Valkenswaard" title="Valkenswaard">Valkenswaard</a> was almost entirely dependent on falconry for its economy.</li> <li><b>1660s</b> – <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Alexis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Alexis">Tsar Alexis</a> of Russia writes a treatise that celebrates aesthetic pleasures derived from falconry.</li> <li><b>1801</b> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strutt_(engraver_and_antiquary)" title="Joseph Strutt (engraver and antiquary)">Joseph Strutt</a> of England writes, "the ladies not only accompanied the gentlemen in pursuit of the diversion [falconry], but often practiced it by themselves; and even excelled the men in knowledge and exercise of the art."</li> <li><b>1864</b> – The Old Hawking Club is formed in Great Britain.</li> <li><b>1921</b> – Deutscher Falkenorden is founded in Germany. Today, it is the largest and oldest falconry club in Europe.</li> <li><b>1927</b> – The British Falconers' Club is founded by the surviving members of the Old Hawking Club.</li> <li><b>1934</b> – The first US falconry club, the Peregrine Club of Philadelphia, is formed; it became inactive during World War II and was reconstituted in 2013 by Dwight A. Lasure of Pennsylvania.</li> <li><b>1941</b> – Falconer's Club of America formed</li> <li><b>1961</b> – Falconer's Club of America was defunct</li> <li><b>1961</b> – <a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a> formed</li> <li><b>1968</b> – International Association for Falconry and Conservation of Birds of Prey formed<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1970</b> – Peregrine falcons were listed as an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> in the U.S., due primarily to the use of <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> as a pesticide (35 Federal Register 8495; June 2, 1970).</li> <li><b>1970</b> – The <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Peregrine Fund">Peregrine Fund</a> is founded, mostly by falconers, to conserve raptors, and focusing on peregrine falcons.</li> <li><b>1972</b> – DDT banned in the U.S. (EPA press release – December 31, 1972) but continues to be used in Mexico and other nations.</li> <li><b>1999</b> – Peregrine falcon removed from the Endangered Species List in the United States, due to reports that at least 1,650 peregrine breeding pairs existed in the U.S. and Canada at that time. (64 Federal Register 46541-558, August 25, 1999)</li> <li><b>2003</b> – A population study by the USFWS shows peregrine falcon numbers climbing ever more rapidly, with well over 3000 pairs in North America<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg/220px-Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg/330px-Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Landseer_-_Falcon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Hunting falcon as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Henry_Landseer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Henry Landseer">Edwin Henry Landseer</a> in 1837.</figcaption></figure></li> <li><b>2006</b> – A population study by the USFWS shows peregrine falcon numbers still climbing. (Federal Register circa September 2006)</li> <li><b>2008</b> – USFWS rewrites falconry regulations virtually eliminating federal involvement. {Federal Register: October 8, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 196)}</li> <li><b>2010</b> – Falconry is added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization</a> (UNESCO)<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falconry_in_Britain_in_early_12th_century">Falconry in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> in early <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Falconry in Britain in early 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">Medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> distinguished falconry from the <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">sport</a> of 'hawking'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> practiced falconry by <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horseback</a> and 'hawking' by <a href="/wiki/Pedestrianism" title="Pedestrianism">foot</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An immediate impact of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> was a penchant for falconry enjoyed by <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> So much so, in fact, that they <a href="/wiki/Outlawed" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlawed">outlawed</a> <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoners</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> particular lands so that <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> could freely enjoy both <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">sports</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Both falconry and 'hawking' were central to <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> in <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">medieval times</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> transported their falcons on a frame called a <a href="/wiki/Cadge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadge">cadge</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Book_of_St_Albans">The <i>Book of St Albans</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: The Book of St Albans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg/220px-Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg/330px-Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg/440px-Sibylle-Schreiner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1221" /></a><figcaption>A lady with <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a> on horse</figcaption></figure> <p>The often-quoted <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Saint_Albans" title="Book of Saint Albans">Book of Saint Albans</a></i> or <i>Boke of St Albans</i>, first printed in 1486, often attributed to Dame <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Berners" title="Juliana Berners">Juliana Berners</a>, provides this hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Social rank">social ranks</a> for which each bird was supposedly appropriate. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">King</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gyrfalcon" title="Gyrfalcon">gyrfalcon</a> and the tercel of the gyrfalcon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">Prince</a>: falcon gentle and the tercel gentle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a>: falcon of the <a href="/wiki/Loch" title="Loch">loch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">Peregrine falcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">bustard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">sacre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sakret" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakret">sacret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">Esquire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lanner_falcon" title="Lanner falcon">lanere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lanneret" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanneret">laneret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady" title="Lady">Lady</a>: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_(bird)" title="Merlin (bird)">marlyon</a></li> <li>Young man: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_hobby" title="Eurasian hobby">hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeoman" title="Yeoman">Yeoman</a>: <a href="/wiki/Goshawk" title="Goshawk">goshawk</a></li> <li>Poor man: tercel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">sparrowhawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperges" title="Asperges">Holy water clerk</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_sparrowhawk" title="Eurasian sparrowhawk">musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Knave</a> or <a href="/wiki/Servant_(domestic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant (domestic)">servant</a>: <a href="/wiki/Common_kestrel" title="Common kestrel">kestrel</a></li></ol> <p>This list, however, was mistaken in several respects. </p> <ul><li>1) Vultures are not used for falconry.</li> <li>3) 4) 5) These are usually said to be different names for the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>. But there is an opinion that renders 4) as "rock falcon" = a peregrine from remote rocky areas, which would be bigger and stronger than other peregrines. This could also refer to the Scottish peregrine.</li> <li>6) The <a href="/wiki/Bustard" title="Bustard">bustard</a> is not a <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a>, but a <a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">game</a> species that was commonly hunted by falconers; this entry may have been a mistake for <a href="/wiki/Buzzard" title="Buzzard">buzzard</a>, or for <i>busard</i> which is <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Harrier_(bird)" title="Harrier (bird)">harrier</a>"; but any of these would be a poor deal for <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barons</a>; some treat this entry as "bastard hawk", possibly meaning a hawk of unknown lineage, or a hawk that could not be identified.</li> <li>7) Sakers were imported from abroad and very expensive, and ordinary knights and squires would be unlikely to have them.</li> <li>8) Contemporary records have <a href="/wiki/Lanner_falcon" title="Lanner falcon">lanners</a> as native to England.</li> <li>10) 15) Hobbies and kestrels are historically considered to be of little use for serious falconry (the French name for the hobby is <i>faucon hobereau</i>, <i>hobereau</i> meaning <i>local/country <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squire</a></i>. That may be the source of the confusion), however King Edward I of England sent a falconer to catch hobbies for his use. Kestrels are coming into their own as worthy hunting birds, as modern falconers dedicate more time to their specific style of hunting. While not suitable for catching game for the falconer's table, kestrels are certainly capable of catching enough quarry that they can be fed on surplus kills through the molt.</li> <li>12) An opinion<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds that since the previous entry is the goshawk, this entry ("Ther is a Tercell. And that is for the powere [= poor] man.") means a male goshawk and that here "poor man" means not a labourer or beggar, but someone at the bottom of the scale of <a href="/wiki/Landowner" class="mw-redirect" title="Landowner">landowners</a>.</li></ul> <p>The relevance of the "Boke" to practical falconry past or present is extremely tenuous, and veteran British falconer Phillip Glasier dismissed it as "merely a formalised and rather fanciful listing of birds". </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the 15th century illuminated falconry manuscript: <a href="/wiki/Kerdeston_Hawking_Book" title="Kerdeston Hawking Book">Kerdeston Hawking Book</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falconry_in_Britain_in_1973">Falconry in Britain in 1973</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Falconry in Britain in 1973"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A book about falconry published in 1973<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> says: </p> <ul><li>Most falconry birds used in Britain were taken from the wild, either in Britain, or taken abroad and then imported.</li> <li>Captive breeding was initiated. The book mentions a captive-bred <a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">goshawk</a> and a brood of captive-bred <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawks</a>. It describes as a new and remarkable event captive breeding hybrid young in 1971 and 1972 from John Morris's female <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker</a> and Ronald Stevens's peregrine <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>.</li> <li>Peregrine falcons were suffering from the post–World War II severe decline caused by <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>. Taking wild peregrines in Britain was only allowed to train them to keep birds off <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> airfields to prevent <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strikes</a>.</li> <li>The book does not mention <a href="/wiki/Telemetry#Falconry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>.</li> <li>Harris hawks were known to falconers but unusual. For example, the book lists a falconry meet on four days in August 1971 at White Hill and Leafield in <a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a> in Scotland; the hawks flown were 11 goshawks and one Harris hawk. The book felt it necessary to say what a Harris hawk is.</li> <li>The usual species for a beginner was a <a href="/wiki/Kestrel" title="Kestrel">kestrel</a>.</li> <li>A few falconers used <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a>.</li> <li>Falcons in falconry would have bells on their legs so the hunters could find them. If the bells fell off the falcon, the hunter would not be able to find his bird easily. The bird usually died if it could not find a way to remove the leather binding on its feet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intangible_cultural_heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intangible cultural heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #eee; font-size: 125%;">Falconry, a living human heritage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; text-align:center; font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/01708">01708</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee; font-size:110%;">Inscription history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2021 (16th session)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">List</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Representative</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2010, UNESCO inscribed falconry on its Representative List of the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity</a> upon the nomination of eleven countries in which it is an important element of their culture: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> were added in 2012; <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> were added in 2016; and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> were added in 2021. Nominated by a total of twenty-four countries, falconry is the largest multi-national element on the Representative List.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their rationale for inscription on the list, the nominators highlighted that "Originally a means of obtaining food, falconry has acquired other values over time and has been integrated into communities as a social and recreational practice and as a way of connecting with nature. Today, falconry is practised by people of all ages in many countries. As an important cultural symbol in many of those countries, it is transmitted from generation to generation through a variety of means, including through mentoring, within families or in training clubs".<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_film">Literature and film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literature and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg/170px-Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg/255px-Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Camel_Races_Near_Manifa_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3840250783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A falconer from Saudi Arabia, 1970s.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In historic literature of Mongols, <i>The Secret History of Mongol</i> is one of earliest books that described Bodonchar Munkhag, first leader of the Borjigan tribe as having first caught a falcon and fed it until spring. Through falconry, he not only survived, but also made it his tribal custom. His eighth-generation descendant Esukhei Baatar (hereo) was also in falconry, and he was the father of Genghis Khan. Through Genghis Khan's Great Mongol empire, this custom was introduced to China, Korea, Japan, and Europe, as well as the Western Asia.</li> <li>In the Tale XXXIII of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Count_Lucanor" title="Tales of Count Lucanor">Tales of Count Lucanor</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_Manuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Juan Manuel">prince of Villena</a>, <i>Lo que sucedió a un halcón sacre del infante don Manuel con una garza y un águila</i>, the tale tries to teach a moral based on a story about falconry lived by the father of the author.</li> <li>In the ninth novel of the fifth day of Giovanni Boccaccio's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a></i>, a medieval collection of novellas, a falcon is central to the plot: Nobleman Federigo degli Alberighi has wasted his fortune courting his unrequited love until nothing is left but his brave falcon. When his lady comes to see him, he gives her the falcon to eat. Knowing his case, she changes her mind, marries him, and makes him rich.</li> <li>Famous explorer <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Francis_Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Francis Burton">Sir Richard Francis Burton</a> wrote an account of falconry in India, <i>Falconry in the Valley of the Indus</i>, first published in 1852 and now available in modern reprints.</li> <li>A 17th-century English physician-philosopher, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a>, wrote a short essay on falconry.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.H._White" class="mw-redirect" title="T.H. White">T.H. White</a> was a falconer and wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goshawk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Goshawk">The Goshawk</a></i> about his attempt to train a hawk in the traditional art of falconry. Falconry is also featured and discussed in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King" title="The Once and Future King">The Once and Future King</a></i>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Henley" title="Virginia Henley">Virginia Henley</a>'s historical romance books, <i>The Falcon and the Flower</i>, <i>The Dragon and the Jewel</i>, <i>The Marriage Prize</i>, <i>The Border Hostage</i>, and <i>Infamous</i>, numerous mentions to the art of falconry are made, as these books are set at dates ranging from the 1150s to the 16th century.</li> <li>The main character, Sam Gribley, in the children's novel <i><a href="/wiki/My_Side_of_the_Mountain" title="My Side of the Mountain">My Side of the Mountain</a></i>, is a falconer. His trained falcon is named Frightful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bayer" title="William Bayer">William Bayer</a>'s novel <i>Peregrine</i> set in the world of falconry, about a rogue peregrine falcon in New York City, won the 1982 Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Mystery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stana_Katic" title="Stana Katic">Stana Katic</a>, the Canadian actress who played <a href="/wiki/Detective" title="Detective">Detective</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Beckett" title="Kate Beckett">Kate Beckett</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_(TV_series)" title="Castle (TV series)">Castle</a></i>, enjoys falconry in her spare time.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has said that "It gives me self-respect."</li> <li>In the book and movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Falcon_and_the_Snowman" title="The Falcon and the Snowman">The Falcon and the Snowman</a></i> about two Americans who sold secrets to the Soviets, one of the two main characters, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Boyce">Christopher Boyce</a>, is a falconer.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Tenenbaums" title="The Royal Tenenbaums">The Royal Tenenbaums</a></i>, Richie keeps a falcon named Mordecai on the roof of his home in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>.</li> <li>In James Clavell's <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dgun_(novel)" title="Shōgun (novel)">Shōgun</a></i>, Toranaga, one of the main characters, practices falconry throughout the book, often during or immediately before or after important plot events. His thoughts also reveal an analogy between his falconry and his use of other characters towards his ends.</li> <li>The 1985 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ladyhawke_(film)" title="Ladyhawke (film)">Ladyhawke</a></i> involved a medieval warrior who carried a red-tailed hawk as a pet, but in truth, the hawk was actually his lover, who had been cursed by an evil bishop to keep the two apart.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series)" title="The Dark Tower (series)">The Dark Tower</a></i> series, the main character, Roland, uses a hawk named David, to win a trial by combat to become a Gunslinger.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recurring_Saturday_Night_Live_characters_and_sketches_introduced_2002%E2%80%932003#The_Falconer" class="mw-redirect" title="Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 2002–2003">The Falconer</a>" is a recurring sketch on <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Will_Forte" title="Will Forte">Will Forte</a> as a falconer who constantly finds himself in mortal peril and must rely on his loyal falcon, Donald, to rescue him.</li> <li>Gabriel García Márquez's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_a_Death_Foretold" title="Chronicle of a Death Foretold">Chronicle of a Death Foretold</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s main character, Santiago Nasar, and his father are falconers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_characters#Hodgesaargh" class="mw-redirect" title="Discworld characters">Hodgesaargh</a> is a falconer based in <a href="/wiki/Lancre" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancre">Lancre</a> Castle in <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pratchett" title="Terry Pratchett">Terry Pratchett</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i> books. He is an expert and dedicated falconer who unluckily seems to only keep birds that enjoy attacking him.</li> <li>Fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a> is a falconer and often adds birds of prey to her novels. Among the Tayledras or Hawkbrother race in her <i>Chronicles of Valdemar</i>, everyone bonds with a specially bred raptor called a bondbird, which has limited powers of speech mind-to-mind and can scout and hunt for its human bondmate.</li> <li>Crime novelist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Straka" title="Andy Straka">Andy Straka</a> is a falconer and his Frank Pavlicek private eye series features a former NYPD homicide detective and falconer as protagonist. The books include <i>A Witness Above</i>, <i>A Killing Sky</i>, <i>Cold Quarry</i> (2001, 2002, 2003), and <i>Kitty Hitter</i> (2009).</li> <li>In Irish poet <a href="/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>'s poem, "<a href="/wiki/The_Second_Coming_(poem)" title="The Second Coming (poem)">The Second Coming</a>", Yeats uses the image of "The falcon cannot hear the falconer" as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Social_disintegration" class="mw-redirect" title="Social disintegration">social disintegration</a>.</li> <li>American poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duncan_(poet)" title="Robert Duncan (poet)">Robert Duncan</a>'s poem "My Mother Would Be a Falconress"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The comic book <i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Ring" title="Gold Ring">Gold Ring</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Qais_M._Sedki" class="mw-redirect" title="Qais M. Sedki">Qais M. Sedki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Himekawa" title="Akira Himekawa">Akira Himekawa</a> features falconers and falcons.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> character <a href="/wiki/Falcon_(comics)" title="Falcon (comics)">The Falcon</a> is both named after the animal, but is a falconer himself, fighting crime with his falcon Redwing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Box" title="C. J. Box">C. J. Box</a>'s Joe Pickett series of novels has a recurring character, Nate Romanowski, who is a falconer.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Kestrel_for_a_Knave" title="A Kestrel for a Knave">A Kestrel for a Knave</a></i> is a novel by British author <a href="/wiki/Barry_Hines" title="Barry Hines">Barry Hines</a>, published in 1968. It is set in <a href="/wiki/Barnsley,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnsley, South Yorkshire">Barnsley, South Yorkshire</a>, and tells of Billy Casper, a young working-class boy troubled at home and at school, who only finds solace when he finds and trains a kestrel, which he names "Kes". The film made from the book in 1969 by Ken Loach is also called <i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i>.</li> <li>Barry Hines was inspired by his younger brother Richard, who like Billy Casper, took kestrels from the wild and trained them. (He trained the three hawks used in the film <i>Kes</i>.) He has written of this in his memoir <i>No Way But Gentleness: A Memoir of How Kes, My Kestrel, Changed My Life</i> (Bloomsbury, 2016).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H_is_for_Hawk" title="H is for Hawk">H is for Hawk</a></i> (Vintage, 2015) by Helen Macdonald, which won the Samuel Johnson Prize and Costa Book of the Year prizes in 2014, tells of how she trained a goshawk and mourned her father in the same year. It has echoes of T.H. White's <i>The Goshawk</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonheart" title="Dragonheart">Dragonheart</a></i> features Brok, the brutal knight for the iron fisted King Einon, who proved a capable falconer and owns a falcon.</li> <li>On <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_Returns" title="The Mummy Returns">The Mummy Returns</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Mummy_characters#Ardeth_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="List of The Mummy characters">Ardeth Bay</a> proved a capable falconer and owned a <a href="/wiki/Saker_falcon" title="Saker falcon">saker falcon</a> named after the Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a>. Sadly, while delivering a message, Horus was shot to death by <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Mummy_characters#Lock-Nah" class="mw-redirect" title="List of The Mummy characters">Lock-Nah</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a> featured falconry, involving many using messenger hawks to deliver messages. Also the <a href="/wiki/Assassin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin">assassin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender_characters#Combustion_Man" title="List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters">Combustion Man</a> showed talents with falconry. owned a raven eagle, which he used to intercept a messenger hawk carrying information about <a href="/wiki/List_of_Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender_characters#Avatar_Aang" title="List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters">Aang</a>'s whereabouts. The raven eagle tied the hawk up, stole the message it was carrying, and delivered it to Combustion Man, thus keeping the Avatar's survival after the Coup of Ba Sing Se a secret.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_language_words_and_idioms_derived_from_falconry">English language words and idioms derived from falconry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: English language words and idioms derived from falconry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These English language words and idioms are derived from falconry: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Expression </th> <th>Meaning in falconry </th> <th>Derived meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haggard" class="extiw" title="wikt:haggard">haggard</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>of a hawk, caught from the wild when adult</td> <td>looking exhausted and unwell, in poor condition; wild or untamed </td></tr> <tr> <td>lure<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Originally a device used to recall hawks. The hawks, when young, were trained to associate the device (usually a bunch of feathers) with food.</td> <td>To tempt with a promise/reward/bait </td></tr> <tr> <td>rouse<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>To shake one's feathers</td> <td>Stir or awaken </td></tr> <tr> <td>pounce<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Referring to a hawk's claws, later derived to refer to birds springing or swooping to catch prey</td> <td>Jump forward to seize or attack something </td></tr> <tr> <td>to turn tail<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Fly away</td> <td>To turn and run away </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/23px-Eagle_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/35px-Eagle_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Eagle_01.svg/47px-Eagle_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="381" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Birds" title="Portal:Birds">Birds portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_Falcon_Hospital" title="Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital">Abu Dhabi Falcon Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_training" title="Animal training">Animal training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hunting">Anti-hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconer%27s_knot" title="Falconer's knot">Falconer's knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack_(falconry)" title="Hack (falconry)">Hack (falconry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Hunting with eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_(falconry)" title="Jess (falconry)">Jess (falconry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet-rearing" title="Puppet-rearing">Puppet-rearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takagari" title="Takagari">Takagari</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> About 5,000 falconers were in the United States in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bert,_E_1619-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bert,_E_1619_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bert,_E_1619_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBert1619" class="citation cs2">Bert, E. (1619), <i>An Approved Treatise on Hawks and Hawking</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Approved+Treatise+on+Hawks+and+Hawking&rft.date=1619&rft.aulast=Bert&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latham,_S_1633-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latham,_S_1633_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham1633" class="citation cs2">Latham, S. (1633), <i>The Falcon's Lure and Cure</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falcon%27s+Lure+and+Cure&rft.date=1633&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Syz, Francesca (20 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/society/peregrine-falcons-ultimate-status-symbol-middle-east/#:~:text=Falcons%20are%20the%20national%20bird,symbol%20of%20power%20and%20strength.">"Why peregrine falcons are the ultimate status symbol in the Middle East"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114023521/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/luxury/society/peregrine-falcons-ultimate-status-symbol-middle-east/#:~:text=Falcons%20are%20the%20national%20bird,symbol%20of%20power%20and%20strength.">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+peregrine+falcons+are+the+ultimate+status+symbol+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2021-06-20&rft.aulast=Syz&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fluxury%2Fsociety%2Fperegrine-falcons-ultimate-status-symbol-middle-east%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFalcons%2520are%2520the%2520national%2520bird%2Csymbol%2520of%2520power%2520and%2520strength.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ead.gov.ae/en/Discover-Our-Biodiversity/Birds/Saker-Falcon">"Saker Falcon entry at Abu Dhabi Environment division"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114023527/https://www.ead.gov.ae/en/Discover-Our-Biodiversity/Birds/Saker-Falcon">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saker+Falcon+entry+at+Abu+Dhabi+Environment+division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ead.gov.ae%2Fen%2FDiscover-Our-Biodiversity%2FBirds%2FSaker-Falcon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernapprentice.com/redtail.htm">"The Modern Apprentice – The Red-Tail Hawk"</a>. <i>Themodernapprentice.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022064059/http://www.themodernapprentice.com/redtail.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wingspan+National+Bird+of+Prey+Center&rft.place=NZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wingspan.co.nz%2Ffalconry_education_flight_demonstrations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raptors.org.nz/">"Raptor Association"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">NZ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208015036/http://raptors.org.nz/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raptor+Association&rft.place=NZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raptors.org.nz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildbirdonthefly.blogspot.com/2008/05/tim-gallaghers-got-falcon-fever.html">"Tim Gallagher's got "Falcon Fever"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Blog spot)</span>. <i>Wild Bird on the Fly</i> (<a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> log). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072458/http://wildbirdonthefly.blogspot.com/2008/05/tim-gallaghers-got-falcon-fever.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wild+Bird+on+the+Fly&rft.atitle=Tim+Gallagher%27s+got+%22Falcon+Fever%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwildbirdonthefly.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Ftim-gallaghers-got-falcon-fever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanahan2022" class="citation news cs1">Ranahan, Jared (28 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2022/01/28/birds-of-prey-work-for-hotels/">"Preying for a paycheck: The birds that work for hotels"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128190729/https://www.washingtonpost.com/travel/2022/01/28/birds-of-prey-work-for-hotels/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Preying+for+a+paycheck%3A+The+birds+that+work+for+hotels&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft.aulast=Ranahan&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftravel%2F2022%2F01%2F28%2Fbirds-of-prey-work-for-hotels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.n-a-f-a.com/">"North American Falconers Association"</a>. <i>N-a-f-a.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100531023759/http://www.n-a-f-a.com/AboutFalconry.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Species+Program&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+Regarding+Peregrine+Falcons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fws.gov%2Fendangered%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fperegrine-falcon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadeBurnham2003" class="citation cs2">Cade, TJ; Burnham, W (2003), <i>The Return of the Peregrine: a North American sage of tenacity and teamwork</i>, The Peregrine Fund</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Peregrine%3A+a+North+American+sage+of+tenacity+and+teamwork&rft.pub=The+Peregrine+Fund&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cade&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Burnham%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphant1991" class="citation cs2">Oliphant, LW (1991), "Hybridization Between a Peregrine Falcon and a Prairie Falcon in the Wild.", <i>The Journal of Raptor Research</i>, <b>25</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">36–</span>39</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Raptor+Research&rft.atitle=Hybridization+Between+a+Peregrine+Falcon+and+a+Prairie+Falcon+in+the+Wild.&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=LW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230114821/http://falconscanada.com/">"Welcome to Canada's oldest and most successful gyrfalcon breeding establishment"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Canada%27s+oldest+and+most+successful+gyrfalcon+breeding+establishment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.falconscanada.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-10-08/pdf/E8-23226.pdf">"73 FR 59448"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gpo.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831144821/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-10-08/pdf/E8-23226.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACSS&rft.atitle=The+Asian+Conference+on+the+Social+Sciences+%28ACSS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiafor.org%2Farchives%2Foffprints%2Facss2012-offprints%2FACSS2012_0271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701171441/http://www.mefrg.org/images/manp/educational%20resources/teachers%20notes%20-%20falconry%20in%20mongolia%20-%20english.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.mefrg.org</i>. 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Kimmel, James 'Jimmy' (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV_B5fGxZW4">"On Falconry"</a>. <i>You tube</i> (video). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923200740/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV_B5fGxZW4&feature=related">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=You+tube&rft.atitle=On+Falconry&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft.aulast=Katic&rft.aufirst=Stana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwV_B5fGxZW4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFaapone2005" class="citation web cs1">aapone (6 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054840/http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15709">"My Mother Would Be a Falconress"</a>. <i>My Mother Would Be a Falconress</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15709">the original</a> on 2013-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Mother+Would+Be+a+Falconress&rft.atitle=My+Mother+Would+Be+a+Falconress&rft.date=2005-05-06&rft.au=aapone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fviewmedia.php%2FprmMID%2F15709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/haggard">"haggard"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=haggard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fhaggard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/lure">"lure"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=lure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Flure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/rouse">"rouse"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=rouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Frouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/pounce">"pounce"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pounce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fpounce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/tail">"tail"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Ftail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh" class="citation cs2">Ash, Lydia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernapprentice.com/"><i>Modern Apprentice</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Apprentice&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themodernapprentice.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>: site for North Americans interested in falconry. Much information for this entry was due to her research.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeebeWebster2000" class="citation cs2">Beebe, FL; Webster, HM (2000), <i>North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks</i> (8th ed.), North American Falconry and Hunting Hawks, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-685-66290-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-685-66290-X"><bdi>0-685-66290-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Falconry+and+Hunting+Hawks&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=North+American+Falconry+and+Hunting+Hawks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-685-66290-X&rft.aulast=Beebe&rft.aufirst=FL&rft.au=Webster%2C+HM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenuDes_Murs1862" class="citation book cs1">Chenu, Jean Charles; Des Murs, Marc Athanase Parfait Œillet (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafauconneriean00mursgoog"><i>La fauconnerie, ancienne et moderne</i></a>. Paris: Librairie L. Hachette et Cie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fauconnerie%2C+ancienne+et+moderne&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+L.+Hachette+et+Cie.&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Chenu&rft.aufirst=Jean+Charles&rft.au=Des+Murs%2C+Marc+Athanase+Parfait+%C5%92illet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafauconneriean00mursgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiorino1906" class="citation book cs1">Chiorino, G. E. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Chiorino"><i>Il Manuale del moderno Falconiere</i></a>. Milan: Ulrico Hoepli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Manuale+del+moderno+Falconiere&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Ulrico+Hoepli&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Chiorino&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FChiorino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandes_Ferreira_(b._1546)Cordeiro_(1844–1900)1899" class="citation book cs1">Fernandes Ferreira (b. 1546), Diogo; Cordeiro (1844–1900), Luciano (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artedacaadealt00fernuoft"><i>Arte da caça de altaneria</i></a>. Lisbon: Lisboa Escriptorio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arte+da+ca%C3%A7a+de+altaneria&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Lisboa+Escriptorio&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Fernandes+Ferreira+%28b.+1546%29&rft.aufirst=Diogo&rft.au=Cordeiro+%281844%E2%80%931900%29%2C+Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartedacaadealt00fernuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanSalvin1859" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Gage Earle; Salvin, Francis Henry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/falconry00freegoog"><i>Falconry : Its Claims, History and Practice</i></a>. London: Longman, Green, Longman and Roberts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falconry+%3A+Its+Claims%2C+History+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Green%2C+Longman+and+Roberts&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Gage+Earle&rft.au=Salvin%2C+Francis+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffalconry00freegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1869" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Gage Earle (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicalfalconr00free"><i>Practical falconry – to which is added, How I became a falconer</i></a>. London: Horace Cox.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+falconry+%E2%80%93+to+which+is+added%2C+How+I+became+a+falconer&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Horace+Cox&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Gage+Earle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticalfalconr00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuertesWetmore1920" class="citation journal cs1">Fuertes, Louis Agassiz; Wetmore, Alexander (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022546653">"Falconry, the sport of kings"</a>. <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>. <b>38</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=Falconry%2C+the+sport+of+kings&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Fuertes&rft.aufirst=Louis+Agassiz&rft.au=Wetmore%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924022546653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcíaHartman2007" class="citation cs2">García, Beatriz E. Candil; Hartman, Arjen E (2007), <i>Ars Accipitraria: An Essential Dictionary for the Practice of Falconry and hawking</i>, London: Yarak, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555607-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555607-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9555607-0-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ars+Accipitraria%3A+An+Essential+Dictionary+for+the+Practice+of+Falconry+and+hawking&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yarak&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9555607-0-5&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Beatriz+E.+Candil&rft.au=Hartman%2C+Arjen+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span> (the excerpt on the language of falconry comes from this book).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcía2008" class="citation cs2">——— (2008), <i>The Red-tailed Hawk: The Great Unknown</i>, London: Yarak, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555607-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555607-4-3"><bdi>978-0-9555607-4-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red-tailed+Hawk%3A+The+Great+Unknown&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yarak&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9555607-4-3&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Beatriz+E.+Candil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarting1891" class="citation book cs1">Harting, James Edmund (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bibliothecaacci00hartgoog"><i>Bibliotheca Accipitraria: A Catalogue of Books Ancient and Modern Relating to Falconry, with notes, glossary and vocabulary</i></a>. London: Bernard Quaritch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bibliotheca+Accipitraria%3A+A+Catalogue+of+Books+Ancient+and+Modern+Relating+to+Falconry%2C+with+notes%2C+glossary+and+vocabulary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Harting&rft.aufirst=James+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbibliothecaacci00hartgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_de_Ayala_(1332–1407)de_la_Cueva,_duque_de_Albuquerque_(d._1492)de_Gayangos_(1809–1897)Lafuente_y_Alcántara1869" class="citation book cs1">López de Ayala (1332–1407), Pedro; de la Cueva, duque de Albuquerque (d. 1492), Beltrán; de Gayangos (1809–1897), Pascual; Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ellibrodelasaves00lp"><i>El libro de las aves de caça</i></a>. Madrid: M. Galiano.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+libro+de+las+aves+de+ca%C3%A7a&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=M.+Galiano&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+de+Ayala+%281332%E2%80%931407%29&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft.au=de+la+Cueva%2C+duque+de+Albuquerque+%28d.+1492%29%2C+Beltr%C3%A1n&rft.au=de+Gayangos+%281809%E2%80%931897%29%2C+Pascual&rft.au=Lafuente+y+Alc%C3%A1ntara%2C+Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fellibrodelasaves00lp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatini_(1220–1295)Bono_(c._1240_–_c._1292)1851" class="citation book cs1">Latini (1220–1295), Brunetto; Bono (c. 1240 – c. 1292), Giamboni (1851). de Mortara, Alessandro (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scrittureantich02giamgoog"><i>Scritture antiche toscane di falconeria ed alcuni capitoli nell' originale francese del Tesoro di Brunetto Latini sopra la stessa materia</i></a>. Prato: Tipografia F. Alberghetti e C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scritture+antiche+toscane+di+falconeria+ed+alcuni+capitoli+nell%27+originale+francese+del+Tesoro+di+Brunetto+Latini+sopra+la+stessa+materia&rft.place=Prato&rft.pub=Tipografia+F.+Alberghetti+e+C.&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Latini+%281220%E2%80%931295%29&rft.aufirst=Brunetto&rft.au=Bono+%28c.+1240+%E2%80%93+c.+1292%29%2C+Giamboni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscrittureantich02giamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillottal-Dawlah_Timur_Mirza1908" class="citation book cs1">Phillott, Douglas Craven; al-Dawlah Timur Mirza, Husam (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baznamayinasirip00husarich"><i>The Baz-nama-yi Nasiri, a Persian treatise on falconry</i></a>. London: Bernard Quaritch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baz-nama-yi+Nasiri%2C+a+Persian+treatise+on+falconry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bernard+Quaritch&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Phillott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Craven&rft.au=al-Dawlah+Timur+Mirza%2C+Husam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaznamayinasirip00husarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiesenthal1876" class="citation book cs1">Riesenthal, Oskar von (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dieraubvogeldeutoska"><i>Die Raubvögel Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Mitteleuropas; Darstellung und Beschreibung der in Deutschland und den benachbarten Ländern von Mitteleuropa vorkommenden Raubvögel</i></a>. Cassel, Germany: Verlag von Theodor Fischer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Raubv%C3%B6gel+Deutschlands+und+des+angrenzenden+Mitteleuropas%3B+Darstellung+und+Beschreibung+der+in+Deutschland+und+den+benachbarten+L%C3%A4ndern+von+Mitteleuropa+vorkommenden+Raubv%C3%B6gel&rft.place=Cassel%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Verlag+von+Theodor+Fischer&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Riesenthal&rft.aufirst=Oskar+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdieraubvogeldeutoska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeva,_Raja_of_KumaonShastri_(tr.)1910" class="citation book cs1">Deva, Raja of Kumaon, Rudra; Shastri (tr.), Hara Prasad (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft"><i>Syanika satra: or a book on hawking</i></a>. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syanika+satra%3A+or+a+book+on+hawking&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Deva%2C+Raja+of+Kumaon&rft.aufirst=Rudra&rft.au=Shastri+%28tr.%29%2C+Hara+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyanikasatraorbo00rudruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFalconry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’<i>The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)</i>, pp. 103–111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621075823/http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02">Archived</a> 2017-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Soma, Takuya. 2013. 'Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers', <i>Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41</i>, pp. 10–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017084620/http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Falconry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/falconry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/falconry">falconry</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Busójárás">Busójárás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lu%C8%99ari" title="Călușari">Căluşari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doina" title="Doina">Doina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujara" title="Fujara">Fujara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hlinecko_Shrovetide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hlinecko Shrovetide (page does not exist)">Hlinecko Shrovetide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Kings" title="Ride of the Kings">Ride of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_the_Kalyady_Tsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rite of the Kalyady Tsars">Rite of the Kalyady Tsars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeiskie" title="Semeiskie">Semeiskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1nch%C3%A1z" title="Táncház">Táncház</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbunkos" title="Verbunkos">Verbunkos</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nestinar.bulgari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nestinari in Strandzha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/100px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/150px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nestinar.bulgari.jpg/200px-Nestinar.bulgari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_use_of_birds115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Birds_in_culture" title="Template talk:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Birds_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Birds in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_use_of_birds115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_uses_of_birds" title="Human uses of birds">Human use</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviculture" title="Aviculture">Aviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birdwatching" title="Birdwatching">Birdwatching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_year" title="Big year">Big year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_conservation" title="Bird conservation">Bird conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">Fletching</a></li> <li>In sport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">Cockfighting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falconry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">Vinkensport</a></li></ul></li> <li>In science <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li></ul></li> <li>In mythology and religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sacred_ibis" title="African sacred ibis">Sacred ibis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li>In hunting <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cormorant_fishing" title="Cormorant fishing">Cormorant fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Wildfowling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/80px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/120px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg/160px-Falconry_Book_of_Frederick_II_1240s_detail_falconers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_feather" title="Down feather">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggs_as_food" title="Eggs as food">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">Feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>In art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird-and-flower_painting" title="Bird-and-flower painting">Bird-and-flower painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_tights" title="Feather tights">Feather tights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heraldic_birds" title="Category:Heraldic birds">In heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalerion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalerion">Avalerion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvus (heraldry)">Crow/Raven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(heraldry)" title="Eagle (heraldry)">Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martlet" title="Martlet">Martlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turul" title="Turul">Turul</a></li></ul></li> <li>In poetry <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_a_Skylark" title="To a Skylark">To a Skylark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crow_(poetry)" title="Crow (poetry)">Crow</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In prose <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Jemima_Puddle-Duck" title="The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck">The Tale of Jemima Puddle-Duck</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ugly_Duckling" title="The Ugly Duckling">The Ugly Duckling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In theatre and ballet <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swan_Lake" title="Swan Lake">Swan Lake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Firebird" title="The Firebird">The Firebird</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>In film <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(film)" title="The Birds (film)">The Birds</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Year" title="The Big Year">The Big Year</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animated_films_about_birds" title="Category:Animated films about birds">Animated films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_chickens" title="Category:Films about chickens">Chicken films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horror_films_about_birds" title="Category:Horror films about birds">Horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_in_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds in music">In music</a></li> <li>In fashion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigrette" title="Aigrette">Aigrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Feather boa">Feather boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feather_cloak" title="Feather cloak">Feather cloak</a></li></ul></li> <li>In dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cendrawasih_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cendrawasih (dance)">Cendrawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_(dance)" title="Chicken (dance)">Chicken dance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_eagles_in_human_culture" title="Golden eagles in human culture">Golden eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_penguins" title="Cultural depictions of penguins">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbidae#Domestication" title="Columbidae">Pigeon/Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens" title="Cultural depictions of ravens">Raven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">of the Tower of London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Illustrators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Jonsson_(illustrator)" title="Lars Jonsson (illustrator)">Lars Jonsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewington_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lewington (artist)">Richard Lewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tory_Peterson" title="Roger Tory Peterson">Roger Tory Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Thorburn" title="Archibald Thorburn">Archibald Thorburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a></li></ul></li> <li>Conservationists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Krabbe" title="Niels Krabbe">Niels Krabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li></ul></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93dinosaur_coexistence" title="Human–dinosaur coexistence">Human–dinosaur coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birds_and_humans" title="Category:Birds and humans">Category:Birds and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hunting_topics139" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hunting_topics" title="Template talk:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hunting topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hunting_topics139" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting,_fishing_and_animals_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Hunting, fishing and animals in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_hunting" title="Medieval hunting">Medieval hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_hunting_technologies" title="North American hunting technologies">North American hunting technologies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-fowling" title="Bat-fowling">Bat-fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagling" title="Beagling">Beagling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowhunting" title="Bowhunting">Bowhunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big%E2%80%93game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big–game hunting">Big–game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coursing" title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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