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class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg/220px-Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg/330px-Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg/440px-Bokaro_Steel_Plant_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">SAIL</a> Steel Plant at <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro Steel City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> a supersize steel plant- The second biggest steel plant in India, which contributes 45% of SAIL's profit </figcaption></figure> <p> The <b> Iron and Steel industry in India</b> is among the most important industries within the country. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> surpassed <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">second largest steel producer</a> in January 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per <i>worldsteel</i>, India's crude <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production in 2018 was at 106.5 million tonnes (MT), 4.9% increase from 101.5 MT in 2017, which means that India overtook Japan as the world's second largest steel production country. Japan produced 104.3 MT in year 2018, decrease of 0.3% compared to year 2017. </p><p>Majority of the steel companies such as <a href="/wiki/Jindal_Stainless_Limited" title="Jindal Stainless Limited">Jindal Stainless</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhushan_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhushan Steel">Bhushan Steel</a>, Lloyd's Metal etc. were established in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indian steel industry was de-licensed and de-controlled in 1991 and 1992 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per the industry body Indian Steel Association (ISA), India's total installed steel-making capacity was 154 MT as of March 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-FUTURE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steel_plants">Steel plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Steel plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of steel plants - mini steel plants and integrated steel plants. About half of the country's steel is produced by medium and small enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Steel plants in India. There are more than 30 <i>Integrated Steel Plants</i> in India. Given below are integrated steel plants: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Estb. Year</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Operator </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Action_Group_(conglomerate)" title="Action Group (conglomerate)">Action Ispat & Power</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marakuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marakuta (page does not exist)">Marakuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Action_Group_(conglomerate)" title="Action Group (conglomerate)">Action Ispat & Power Pvt. Ltd.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ankur Industries Integrated Steel Plant </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur" title="Gorakhpur">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>Ankur Udyag Ltd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alloy Steel Plant </td> <td>1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atibir Industries steel plant </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>Bhorandiha, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td>Atibir Industries Co </td></tr> <tr> <td>BMM Ispat Steel Plant </td> <td>2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danapuram" title="Danapuram">Danapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMM_Ispat_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMM Ispat Ltd. (page does not exist)">BMM Ispat Ltd.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_Plant" title="Bokaro Steel Plant">Bokaro Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro Steel City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur_Ferro_Alloy_Plant" title="Chandrapur Ferro Alloy Plant">Chandrapur Ferro Alloy Plant</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandrapur" title="Chandrapur">Chandrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durgapur_Steel_Plant" title="Durgapur Steel Plant">Durgapur Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrosteel_Castings" title="Electrosteel Castings">Electrosteel Limited(ESL)</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ESSAR_Steel_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ESSAR Steel India Limited">Essar Steel India Limited</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hazira" title="Hazira">Hazira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Group#Hospet_Steel_Limited" title="Kalyani Group">Hospet Steel Limited</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koppal" title="Koppal">Koppal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Group" title="Kalyani Group">Kalyani Steels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mukand" title="Mukand">Mukand</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IISCO_Steel_Plant" title="IISCO Steel Plant">IISCO Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jayaswal Neco Industries </td> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayaswal_Neco_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayaswal Neco Industries (page does not exist)">Jayaswal Neco Industries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jayaswal Neco Industries </td> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jayaswal_Neco_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jayaswal Neco Industries (page does not exist)">Jayaswal Neco Industries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Stainless_Limited" title="Jindal Stainless Limited">JSL Stainless</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>Jindal Stainless Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Stainless_Limited" title="Jindal Stainless Limited">JSL Stainless</a> </td> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hisar_(city)" title="Hisar (city)">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>Jindal Stainless (Hisar) Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindal Steel and Power Limited">Jindal Steel and Power Limited</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal Steel and Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindal Steel and Power Limited">Jindal Steel and Power Limited</a> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Angul" title="Angul">Angul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal Steel and Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Jindal Steel and Power Limited">Jindal Steel and Power Limited</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patratu" title="Patratu">Patratu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jindal_Steel_and_Power" title="Jindal Steel and Power">Jindal Steel and Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hospet" title="Hospet">Hospet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary">Bellary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="JSW Steel Ltd">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarapur,_Maharashtra" title="Tarapur, Maharashtra">Tarapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boisar" title="Boisar">Boisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel Special Alloy Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Group" title="JSW Group">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Group" title="JSW Group">JSW Ispat Special Products Limited</a> </td> <td>1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Group" title="JSW Group">JSW Ispat Special Products Limited</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Group" title="JSW Group">JSW Ispat Special Products Limited</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Raigarh" title="Raigarh">Raigarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Group" title="JSW Group">JSW Ispat Special Products Limited</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a></td> <td>1994</td> <td>Dolvi,<a href="/wiki/Dharamtar" title="Dharamtar">Dharamtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eicelectricityodisha.nic.in/ECONS/detail_pages/bhushan.aspx">JSW Bhushan Power & Steel Limited</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rengali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rengali">Rengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="JSW Steel Ltd">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MECON_(company)" title="MECON (company)">MECON (company)</a></td> <td>1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MECON_(company)" title="MECON (company)">MECON (company)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lloyds Konsari Steel Plant </td> <td>2023 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsari (page does not exist)">Konsari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td>Lloyds Metal & Energy Ltd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mesco Steel Kalinganagar plant </td> <td>2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>Mideast Integrated Steel (MISL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSP Metallics Odisha Steel Plant </td> <td>2008 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marakuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marakuta (page does not exist)">Marakuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>Orissa Metaliks (OMPL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orissa Sponge Iron & Steel Limited </td> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palasponga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palasponga (page does not exist)">Palasponga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>Orissa Sponge Iron & Steel Limited </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagarnar_Steel_Plant" title="Nagarnar Steel Plant">Nagarnar Steel Plant</a></td> <td>2019</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagarnar_Steel_Plant" title="Nagarnar Steel Plant">NMDC Steel Ltd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited</td> <td>1982</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MMTC_Ltd" title="MMTC Ltd">MMTC Ltd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prakash Industries steel plant </td> <td>1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Janjgir" title="Janjgir">Janjgir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prakash_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prakash Industries (page does not exist)">Prakash Industries</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pro_Mineral_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pro Mineral Ltd. (page does not exist)">Pro Mineral Ltd.</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basantpur,_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basantpur, Odisha (page does not exist)">Basantpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aditya_Birla_Group" title="Aditya Birla Group">Essel Mining Limited</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shree Metaliks Anra Steel Plant </td> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumunda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumunda (page does not exist)">Urumunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shree_Metaliks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shree Metaliks (page does not exist)">Shree Metaliks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>RML Kharagpur </td> <td>2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rashmi_Metaliks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rashmi Metaliks (page does not exist)">Rashmi Metaliks</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rungta Mines Limited. (Dhenkanal Steel Plant) </td> <td>2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal" title="Dhenkanal">Dhenkanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rungta_Mines_Limited.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rungta Mines Limited. (page does not exist)">Rungta Mines Limited.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rungta Mines Limited. (Kamanda Steel Plant) </td> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamanda" title="Kamanda">Kamanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rungta_Mines_Limited.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rungta Mines Limited. (page does not exist)">Rungta Mines Limited.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rourkela_Steel_Plant" title="Rourkela Steel Plant">Rourkela Steel Plant</a></td> <td>1959</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salem_Steel_Plant" title="Salem Steel Plant">Salem Steel Plant</a></td> <td>1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu" title="Salem, Tamil Nadu">Salem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMC_Steel_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMC Steel Plant (page does not exist)">SMC Steel Plant</a></td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukurjangha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukurjangha (page does not exist)">Kukurjangha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMC_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMC Power (page does not exist)">SMC Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMC_Steel_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMC Steel Plant (page does not exist)">SMC Steel Plant</a></td> <td>2000</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himra (page does not exist)">Himra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMC_Power&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMC Power (page does not exist)">SMC Power</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_Exchange_of_India_limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steel Exchange of India limited (page does not exist)">Steel Exchange of India limited</a></td> <td>1999</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sreerampuram_Village&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sreerampuram Village (page does not exist)">Sreerampuram Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_Exchange_of_India_limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steel Exchange of India limited (page does not exist)">Steel Exchange of India limited</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel Limited</a></td> <td>1912</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel Limited</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radha_TMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radha TMT (page does not exist)">Radha TMT</a> (Radha Smelters) </td> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radhatmt.com/">Radha TMT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Steel Limited</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meramandali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meramandali (page does not exist)">Meramandali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal" title="Dhenkanal">Dhenkanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel_BSL" title="Tata Steel BSL">Tata Steel BSL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visasteel.com/">VISA Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VISA_Steel" title="VISA Steel">VISA Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam_Steel_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Visakhapatnam Steel Plant">Visakhapatnam Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visakhapatnam" title="Visakhapatnam">Visakhapatnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Ispat_Nigam_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited">Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visvesvaraya_Iron_and_Steel_Plant" title="Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant">Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant</a> </td> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhadravati,_Karnataka" title="Bhadravati, Karnataka">Bhadravati, Karnataka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited" title="Steel Authority of India Limited">SAIL</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_steel_policy">National steel policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National steel policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National steel policy – 2005 has the long-term goal of having a modern and efficient steel industry of world standards in India. The focus is to achieve global competitiveness not only in terms of cost, quality, and product mix but also in terms of global benchmarks of efficiency and productivity. The Policy aims to achieve over 100 million metric tonnes of steel per year by 2019-20 from the 2004-05 level of 38 mt. This implies annual growth of around 7.3% per year from 2004 to 2005 onward. </p><p>The strategic goal above is justified because steel consumption in the world, around 1000 million metric tonnes in 2004, is expected to grow at 3.0% per annum to reach 1,395 million metric tonnes in 2015, compared to 2% per annum in the past fifteen years. China will continue to have a dominant share of the demand for world steel. Domestically, the growth rate of steel production over the past fifteen years was 7.0% per annum. The projected rate of 7.3% per annum in India compares well with the projected national income growth rate of 7-8% per annum, given an income elasticity of steel consumption of around 1.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National steel policy revised in 2017 with new targets and goals </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steel_prices">Steel prices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Steel prices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Price regulation of iron and steel was abolished on 16 January 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Middle Ganges Valley</a> conducted by archaeologist Rakesh Reddy with the advice of wife Aditi Venugopal show iron working in India may have begun as early as 1800 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the practice of manufacturing practical <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a> first began in India.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological sites in India, such as Malhar, Dadupur, Raja Nala Ka Tila, and Lahuradewa in the state of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> show iron implements in the period between 1800 BCE-1200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sahi (1979: 366) concluded that by the early 13th century BCE, iron smelting was practiced on a larger scale in India, suggesting that the date the technology's early period may well be placed as early as the 16th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the early iron objects found in India are dated to 1400 BCE by employing <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spikes, knives, daggers, arrowheads, bowls, spoons, saucepans, axes, chisels, tongs, door fittings, etc. ranging from 600 BCE—200 BCE have been discovered at several archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern India (present-day Mysore) iron appeared as early as the 12th or 11th century BCE. These developments were too early for any significant close contact with the northwest of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of the 1st millennium BCE saw extensive developments in iron <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological advancement and mastery of iron metallurgy was achieved during this period of peaceful settlements. The years between 322 and 185 BCE saw several advancements made to the technology involved in metallurgy during the politically stable <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya period</a> (322—185 BCE). Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (431—425 BCE) wrote the first western account of the use of iron in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps as early as 300 BCE — although certainly by 200 CE — high-quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call the <a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">crucible technique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this system, high-purity <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and glass were mixed in a crucible and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first crucible steel was the <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">wootz steel</a> that originated in India before the beginning of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wootz steel was widely exported and traded throughout ancient Europe, China, and the Arab world, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it became known as Damascus steel. Archaeological evidence suggests that this manufacturing process was already in existence in South India well before the Christian era.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_years">Medieval years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The world's first iron pillar was the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Pillar_of_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Pillar of Delhi">Iron Pillar of Delhi</a> erected during the time of <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta Vikramaditya</a> (375–413).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The swords manufactured in Indian workshops are mentioned in the written works of Muhammad al-Idrisi (flourished 1154).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian Blades made of Damascus steel found their way into Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 14th century, European scholars studied Indian casting and metallurgy technology.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian metallurgy under the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (reign: 1556–1605) produced excellent small firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jos_Gommans" title="Jos Gommans">Jos Gommans</a> (2002) holds that Mughal handguns were stronger and more accurate than their European counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1667 it has been estimated 5 tons of steel, and 25 tons of ironware were exported from India.<sup id="cite_ref-nic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Dutch are reported to have exported 46 tonnes of Wootz steel during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-nic_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_years">Modern years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg/220px-India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg/330px-India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg/440px-India_-_Metallurgical_and_Refractory_Plants_-_DPLA_-_83c3f5949750544cafd899e06bf8af6a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5844" data-file-height="6930" /></a><figcaption>Steel mills in India as of 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern steelmaking in India began with the setting of the first blast furnace of India at Kulti in 1870 and production began in 1874, which was set up by Bengal Iron Works. While first modern steel manufacturing plant was set up at the Gun & Shell Factory (GSF), in 1801,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and along with the Metal & Steel Factory (MSF), at Calcutta,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both still belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Yantra_India_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Yantra India Limited">Yantra India Limited</a>. All had followed on from the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in India">Coal mining in India</a>, in the late 18th century, which eliminated the need for approximately 14.5 tonnes of charcoal to be created to smelt each tonne of iron,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offering a source of power for the trains and riverboats used to carry the ores and smelted metals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tata_Steel" title="Tata Steel">Tata Iron and Steel Company</a> (TISCO) was established by <a href="/wiki/Dorabji_Tata" title="Dorabji Tata">Dorabji Tata</a> in 1907, as part of his father's conglomerate. Economic historian Dileep Wagle writes that from 1907 to 1936, TISCO "was the Indian steel industry."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1939 it operated the largest steel plant in the British Empire and accounted for a significant proportion of the 2 million tons of pig iron and 1.13 of steel produced annually.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company launched a major modernisation and expansion program in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, tariffs were erected on foreign steel with the goal to prompt the rapid industrialization of the Indian steel sector.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Independence">After Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, India was a large exporter of pig-iron, but remained an importer of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1956, marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ferro_Alloys_Corporation" title="Ferro Alloys Corporation">Ferro Alloys Corporation</a> Limited at Sriramnagar, Garividi, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh. The founder was Seth Shriman Durgaprasadji Saraf (1911–1988). The registered office is at Tumsar, Bhandara district, Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ferromanganese plant started production in 1957, equipped with three <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a> for production of high carbon ferromanganese and <a href="/wiki/Ferrosilicon" title="Ferrosilicon">ferrosilicon</a>. In 1969, a reduction furnace and a slag furnace were commissioned for the production of <a href="/wiki/Ferrochrome" title="Ferrochrome">ferrochrome</a>. The company independently, set up a 16 MVA furnace in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai Steel Plant</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Bhilai" title="Bhilai">Bhilai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> is India's first large scale integrated steel plant, a major producer of wide steel plates and other steel products. The plant also produces steel and markets various chemical by-products from its <a href="/wiki/Coke_oven" class="mw-redirect" title="Coke oven">coke ovens</a> and coal chemical plant. It was set up with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-steel_plant_1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel_plant_1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JSW Steel, Vijayanagar Works is the largest integrated steel plant in terms of production capacity with 12MTPA(steel production) which was set up in 1982.,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apart from that <a href="/wiki/Bhilai_Steel_Plant" title="Bhilai Steel Plant">Bhilai Steel Plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_Plant" title="Bokaro Steel Plant">Bokaro Steel Plant</a> are the largest steel plant in-terms of area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_arms_production">Native arms production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Native arms production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India</i>, scholar David Arnold examines the effect of the British Raj in Indian mining and metallurgy:<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_100-101_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_100-101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>With the partial exception of coal, foreign competition, aided by the absence of tariff barriers and lack of technological innovation, held back the development of mining and metal-working technology in India until the early 20th century. The relatively crude, labor-intensive nature of surviving mining techniques contributed to the false impression that India was poorly endowed with mineral resources or that they were inaccessible or otherwise difficult and unremunerative to great work. But the fate of mining and metallurgy was affected by political as well as by economic and technological considerations.</p></blockquote> <p>The British were aware of the historical role metal-working had played in supporting indigenous powers through the production of arms and ammunition. This resulted in the introduction of the Arms Act in 1878 which restricted access to firearms. They also sought to limit India's ability to mine and work metals for use in future wars and rebellions in areas like metal-rich Rajasthan. India's skill in casting brass cannon had made Indian artillery a formidable adversary from the reign of Akbar to the Maratha and Sikh wars 300 years later. By the early 19th century most of the mines in Rajasthan were abandoned and the mining caste was ‘extinct’.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_100-101_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_100-101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Company period, military opponents were eliminated and princely states extinguished, and the capacity to mine and work metals declined, largely due to British tariffs. As late as the Rebellion of 1857, the British closed mines because the mining of lead for ammunition at Ajmer was perceived as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_100-101_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold_100-101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Modern_era">The Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, a believer in <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski's</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian socialism">Fabian socialism</a>, decided that the technological revolution in India needed maximization of steel production. He, therefore, formed a government-owned company, Hindustan Steel Limited (HSL), and set up three steel plants in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 21st century <a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a> both emerged as the leading steel hub with multiple steel factories due to their ideal location with coal mines and other mineral deposits nearby as <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">chota nagpur plateau</a> is super-rich mineral area. </p><p>The NDA Government headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, is bullish on increasing India's steel production capacity and reducing the country's reliance on steel imports.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All eyes are on the <a href="/wiki/Gadchiroli" title="Gadchiroli">Gadchiroli</a> iron ore reserves to achieve this. Minister of Road Transport and Highways of India 2024, <a href="/wiki/Nitin_Gadkari" title="Nitin Gadkari">Nitin Gadkari</a>, spoke about how the region might emerge as the next steel city of India. This is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> Government's push for Gadchiroli as the next investment destination.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While mineral reserves in the region have been known, community conflict in the region has kept industrial activity at bay. But in 2022, Lloyd's Metal and Energy Limited, in a strategic partnership with Thriveni Earthmovers were able to start mining operations in the region. This successful effort was led by Mr. B. Prabhakaran, managing director of the Thriveni group. </p><p>Over the last few years, 19 more blocks have been opened up and bids invited for the lease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thermo mechanical treatment of reinforced steel was one such innovation that catapulted the Indian TMT industry into modernization. First introduced in 1979 with <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">IS</a> 1785:1979, these TMT bars came with Grade Fe 415, Fe 500. In 1985, a higher grade of these bars – FE 500 (<a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">IS</a> 1786:1985) was introduced in the market and since then the demand of TMT bars have only risen the Indian construction industry. 2008 saw the introduction of Fe 600 grade tMT bars conforming to <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Standards" title="Bureau of Indian Standards">IS</a> 1786:2008. </p><p>Ladle Refining Furnace (LRF) technology is a state-of-the-art method for producing construction grade steel, with iron ore as the raw material. The Ladle Refining Furnace is a furnace in which the quality of liquid steel is improved by raising the temperature, to create a more refined grade of steel.LRF technology helps to make the best quality of TMT steel bars, The best TMT steel bars in India are produced Ladle Refining Furnace (LRF) technology as per the standard IS:1786.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High strength <a href="/wiki/Defence_Metallurgical_Research_Laboratory" title="Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory">DMR</a>-1700 metal, This steel is a nickel bearing micro alloyed steel characterized by higher strength and superior toughness even at sub zero temperatures. This steel has got Cr, higher Ni, Cu and Mo also. Because of the presence of these elements it yields higher strength with good toughness at minus 50'C.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DMR 1700 has brought the cost down by 60 per cent compared to 250 grade maraging steel. </p><p>There are multiple steel equipment companies in India such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_Engineering_Corporation" title="Heavy Engineering Corporation">Heavy Engineering Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsen_%26_Toubro" title="Larsen & Toubro">Larsen & Toubro</a> and <a href="/wiki/CG_Power_and_Industrial_Solutions" title="CG Power and Industrial Solutions">CG Industrial Solutions</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future">Future</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Indian state of Odisha in the east of the country, at least 12 steel plants with a production capacity of 60 million tons per year will be built by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per Assocham, around 40 MT new steel capacity to be commissioned in India by FY26.<sup id="cite_ref-FUTURE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUTURE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List of integrated steel plants proposed/under-construction </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Operator </th></tr> <tr> <td>AP High grades steel </td> <td>Peddandlur, YSR Kadapa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=YSR_Steel_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YSR Steel Corporation (page does not exist)">YSR Steel Corporation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lloyd's Metal Konsari Steel Plant </td> <td>Konsari </td> <td>Lloyd's Metal & Energy Ltd. </td></tr> <tr> <td>JSW Utkal Steel </td> <td>Paradeep </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>JSW Kadapa Steel </td> <td>Sunnapurallapalli, YSR Kadapa </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JSW_Steel" title="JSW Steel">JSW Steel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SAIL Paradeep Steel Plant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradeep" title="Paradeep">Paradeep</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Steel_Authority_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel Authority of India">SAIL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jai Balaji Steels Purulia Ltd </td> <td>Purulia, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jai_Balaji_Steels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jai Balaji Steels (page does not exist)">Jai Balaji Steels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NMDC Karnataka steel plant </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballari" title="Ballari">Ballari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagarnar_Steel_Plant" title="Nagarnar Steel Plant">NMDC Steel Ltd.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xindia Steels Karnataka plant </td> <td>Hospete </td> <td>Xindia Steels Ltd </td></tr> <tr> <td>MSP Metallics Odisha steel plant </td> <td>Sambalpur </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=MSP_Metallics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MSP Metallics (page does not exist)">MSP Metallics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>JSW BPSL Potka </td> <td>Potka, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhushan_Power_%26_Steel" title="Bhushan Power & Steel">JSW BPSL</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Allied Publishers. p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2024" class="citation web cs1">Law, Abhishek (14 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-looks-to-rehaul-its-steel-import-reporting-mechanism/article68061548.ece">"India looks to rehaul its steel import reporting mechanism"</a>. <i>BusinessLine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessLine&rft.atitle=India+looks+to+rehaul+its+steel+import+reporting+mechanism&rft.date=2024-04-14&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Abhishek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Feconomy%2Findia-looks-to-rehaul-its-steel-import-reporting-mechanism%2Farticle68061548.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+and+steel+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/in-maharashtra-19-mining-bids-called-50-in-forests/articleshow/97964742.cms">"In Maharashtra, 19 mining bids called, 50% in forests"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 16 February 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=In+Maharashtra%2C+19+mining+bids+called%2C+50%25+in+forests&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fnagpur%2Fin-maharashtra-19-mining-bids-called-50-in-forests%2Farticleshow%2F97964742.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+and+steel+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/lrf-technology-and-the-role-it-plays-in-the-quality-of-tmt-bars-radha-tmt20220112122312/">LRF technology and the role it plays in the quality of TMT bars: Radha TMT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525002115/https://aninews.in/news/business/business/lrf-technology-and-the-role-it-plays-in-the-quality-of-tmt-bars-radha-tmt20220112122312/">Archived</a> 25 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> January 12, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230613055813/https://www.dnhsecheron.com/Knowledgebase/studentCenter/welding-of-high-strength-dmr-grade-steel">"Welding of High Strength DMR Grade Steel | D&H Secheron Electrodes"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welding+of+High+Strength+DMR+Grade+Steel+%26%23124%3B+D%26H+Secheron+Electrodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnhsecheron.com%2FKnowledgebase%2FstudentCenter%2Fwelding-of-high-strength-dmr-grade-steel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+and+steel+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Mello1988" class="citation journal cs1">d'Mello, Bernard (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378206">"Soviet Collaboration in Indian Steel Industry, 1954-84"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>23</b> (10): 473–486. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378206">4378206</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230614060123/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4378206">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Soviet+Collaboration+in+Indian+Steel+Industry%2C+1954-84&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=473-486&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4378206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=d%27Mello&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4378206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+and+steel+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gmk.center/en/news/india-plans-to-build-12-steel-plants-with-a-capacity-of-60-million-tons-per-year/">"India wants to build 12 new steel plants — News — GMK Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412075941/https://gmk.center/en/news/india-plans-to-build-12-steel-plants-with-a-capacity-of-60-million-tons-per-year/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+wants+to+build+12+new+steel+plants+%E2%80%94+News+%E2%80%94+GMK+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgmk.center%2Fen%2Fnews%2Findia-plans-to-build-12-steel-plants-with-a-capacity-of-60-million-tons-per-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+and+steel+industry+in+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_and_steel_industry_in_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>National Steel Policy, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Arnold, David (2004), <i>The New Cambridge History of India: Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56319-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56319-4">0-521-56319-4</a>.</li> <li>Balasubramaniam, R. (2002), <i>Delhi Iron Pillar: New Insights</i>, Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7305-223-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7305-223-9">81-7305-223-9</a>.</li> <li>Bouri, Nisha. "Global Titans: Early Corporate Development in India's Steel Industry and the Legacy of British Imperialism" (PhD dissertation, Harvard University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2022. 28966826).</li> <li>CHAUDHURI, SAMIR. "THE GROWTH AND PROSPECTS OF THE IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA" (PhD. Diss. American University, 1965; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1965. 1300732).</li> <li>Gommans, Jos J. L. (2002), <i>Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and Highroads to Empire, 1500-1700</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23989-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23989-3">0-415-23989-3</a></li> <li>Rakesh Tewari, 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ProjGall/tewari/tewari.pdf">The origins of iron-working in India: new evidence from the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas</a></li> <li>Srinivasan, S. & Ranganathan, S., <i>Wootz Steel: An Advanced Material of the Ancient World</i>, Indian Institute of Science.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)" title="Minister of Finance (India)">Finance ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Ministry of Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Commission" title="Finance Commission">Finance Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Advisory_Council" title="Economic Advisory Council">Economic Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(India)" title="Central Statistics Office (India)">Central Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Board_of_India" title="Securities and Exchange Board of India">Securities and Exchange Board of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a></li> <li><a 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Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business">Voluntary guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NITI_Aayog" title="NITI Aayog">NITI Aayog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmanirbhar_Bharat" title="Atmanirbhar Bharat">Atmanirbhar Bharat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee_sign" title="Indian rupee sign">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_rupee" title="History of the rupee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_history_of_the_Indian_rupee" title="Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee">Historical Forex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rupee" title="Digital rupee">Digital rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_paisa" title="Indian paisa">Paisa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Government_Mint" title="India Government Mint">Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_India" title="Inflation in India">Inflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_India" title="Banking in India">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_India" title="Insurance in India">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Commodity_Exchange" title="Multi Commodity Exchange">Multi Commodity Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gold_(Control)_Act,_1968" title="The Gold (Control) Act, 1968">Bullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_black_money" title="Indian black money">Black money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange" title="Bombay Stock Exchange">Bombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India" title="National Stock Exchange of India">National</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_Raj" title="Licence Raj">Licence Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution_in_India" title="Green Revolution in India">Green revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schemes_of_the_government_of_India" title="List of schemes of the government of India">Government initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth" title="List of Indians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_India" title="Income in India">Income</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">Poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_labour_law" title="Indian labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_India" title="Pensions in India">Pensions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employees%27_Provident_Fund_Organisation" title="Employees' Provident Fund Organisation">EPFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pension_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pension Scheme">NPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Provident_Fund_(India)" title="Public Provident Fund (India)">PPF</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Economy of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Assam" title="Economy of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bihar" title="Economy of Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Delhi" title="Economy of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Goa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haryana" title="Economy of Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Economy of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kerala" title="Economy of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Economy of Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Maharashtra" title="Economy of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mizoram" title="Economy of Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_India" title="Economy of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rajasthan" title="Economy of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Economy of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Telangana" title="Economy of Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Economy of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_India" title="Animal husbandry in India">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_India" title="Fishing in India">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_India" title="Automotive industry in India">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_India" title="Chemical industry in India">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_India" title="Defence industry of India">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_India" title="Energy in India">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_India" title="Electricity sector in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_India" title="Oil and gas industry in India">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_India" title="Solar power in India">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_India" title="Wind power in India">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_and_semiconductor_manufacturing_industry_in_India" title="Electronics and semiconductor manufacturing industry in India">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry in India">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_India" title="Forestry in India">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_India" title="Gambling in India">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_India" title="Healthcare in India">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_India" title="Information technology in India">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of India">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_India" title="FM broadcasting in India">FM Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_industry_in_India" title="Printing industry in India">Printing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_India" title="Mining in India">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">Coal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron and Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_India" title="Pharmaceutical industry in India">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">Pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailing_in_India" title="Retailing in India">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_India" title="Biotechnology in India">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_India" title="Textile industry in India">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_India" title="Transport in India">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_India" title="Aviation in India">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_India" title="Civil aviation in India">Civil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_India" title="List of ports in India">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_India" title="Rail transport in India">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">Roads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_organisations_in_India" title="List of electricity organisations in India">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_India" title="Water supply and sanitation in India">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Regulatory_and_Development_Authority" title="Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority">IRDAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">RBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEBI" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBI">SEBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Tribunal">NCLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Company_Law_Appellate_Tribunal" title="National Company Law Appellate Tribunal">NCLAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_for_Industrial_and_Financial_Reconstruction" title="Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction">BIFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Board_of_India" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India">IBBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insolvency_and_Bankruptcy_Code,_2016" title="Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016">IBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitisation_and_Reconstruction_of_Financial_Assets_and_Enforcement_of_Security_Interest_Act,_2002" title="Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002">SARFESI Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income-tax_Act,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Income-tax Act, 1961">Income Tax Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companies_Act,_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="Companies Act, 2013">Companies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949" title="Banking Regulation Act, 1949">Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_Act,_1938" title="Insurance Act, 1938">Insurance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Exchange_Management_Act" title="Foreign Exchange Management Act">FEMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Consensus" title="Mumbai Consensus">Mumbai Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_India" title="Category:Economy of India">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Economy_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Economy of India">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Economy_of_India" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Economy of India">Wikiquotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iron_and_steel_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Template talk:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron_and_steel_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron and steel production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iron_and_steel_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steel_producers" title="List of steel producers">List of steel producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iron production<br />(<a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Ironworks</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloomery" title="Bloomery">Bloomery</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">sponge iron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">Blast furnace</a> (produces <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_blast" title="Cold blast">Cold blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_blast" title="Hot blast">Hot blast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_iron" title="Anthracite iron">Anthracite iron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_reduced_iron" title="Direct reduced iron">Direct reduced iron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Finery_forge" title="Finery forge">Finery forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">Reverberatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Puddling_(metallurgy)" title="Puddling (metallurgy)">Puddling</a> <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">Furnace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">Cast iron</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Cupola_furnace" title="Cupola furnace">Cupola furnace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Induction_furnace" title="Induction furnace">Induction furnace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/120px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/180px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg/240px-Fotothek_df_n-08_0000320.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">Steelmaking</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel mill</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Pre-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_welding" title="Pattern welding">Pattern welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucible_steel" title="Crucible steel">Crucible steel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatara_(furnace)" title="Tatara (furnace)">Tatara furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cementation_process" title="Cementation process">Cementation process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary (Post-1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_process" title="Bessemer process">Bessemer process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_hearth_furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Open hearth furnace">Open hearth furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">Electric arc furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_oxygen_steelmaking" title="Basic oxygen steelmaking">Basic oxygen process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secondary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-slag_remelting" title="Electro-slag remelting">Electro-slag remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_arc_remelting" title="Vacuum arc remelting">Vacuum arc remelting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_oxygen_decarburization" title="Argon oxygen decarburization">Argon oxygen decarburization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treatment</a> methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(metallurgy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annealing (metallurgy)">Annealing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_hydrogen_annealing" title="Low hydrogen annealing">Low hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annealing_by_short_circuit" title="Annealing by short circuit">Short circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hardening_(metallurgy)" title="Hardening (metallurgy)">Hardening</a> / <br /><a href="/wiki/Case-hardening" title="Case-hardening">Case-hardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausforming" title="Ausforming">Ausforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boriding" title="Boriding">Boriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonitriding" title="Carbonitriding">Carbonitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburizing" title="Carburizing">Carburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Cryogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferritic_nitrocarburizing" title="Ferritic nitrocarburizing">Ferritic nitrocarburizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_hardening" title="Induction hardening">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitriding" title="Nitriding">Nitriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_hardening" title="Precipitation hardening">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quench_polish_quench" title="Quench polish quench">Quench polish quench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(metallurgy)" title="Tempering (metallurgy)">Tempering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austempering" title="Austempering">Austempering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martempering" title="Martempering">Martempering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_treatment" title="Cryogenic treatment">Cryogenic treatment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deburring" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic deburring">Deburring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_deflashing" title="Cryogenic deflashing">Deflashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_hardening" title="Cryogenic hardening">Hardening</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_heat_treatment" title="Differential heat treatment">Differential heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_weld_heat_treatment" title="Post weld heat treatment">Post weld heat treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">Quenching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superplastic_forming" title="Superplastic forming">Superplastic forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production" title="List of countries by steel production">Production by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">China</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Luxembourg" title="Steel industry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Steel industry in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_and_steel_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Iron and steel industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531051134/http://steel.gov.in/06112012%20National%20Steel%20Policy%20Draft.pdf">"National Steel Policy 2012 (Draft)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Steel.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steel.gov.in/06112012%20National%20Steel%20Policy%20Draft.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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