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(PDF) Dynamics of regional multilinks in research innovation temporal networks
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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":118121685,"created_at":"2024-04-26T11:51:18.114-07:00","from_world_paper_id":253498058,"updated_at":"2024-11-26T05:31:52.803-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"IOP Publishing","grobid_abstract":"International reach-more than 3,300 institutions have access to EPL globally, enabling your work to be read by your peers in more than 90 countries. 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Inter-Research Collaborations across Countries</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49708804" href="https://cnr-it.academia.edu/MCoccia">Mario Coccia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The purpose of this paper is to analyse the evolutionary pattern of international research collaborations. Using publication data from 1997 to 2012, this study decomposes international collaborations into two complementary types, intra-collaboration (within the same geographical area) and inter-collaboration (across different geographical areas). Our results show that the geographical concentration of international research collaborations is reducing. The formation of new network structure of international research collaborations is driven by the increase of inter-research collaborations of countries across different geographical areas rather than intracollaborations of countries within the same geographical area. Conference Topic International collaboration Introduction Scientific collaborations have been widely acknowledged to be efficient in managing time and labour in research labs (Coccia, 2014; Solla Price & Beaver, 1966), improving research quality (Presser, 1980; Narin et al...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analysis of the Spatial Dynamics of Intra- v.s. Inter-Research Collaborations across Countries","attachmentId":76818529,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65071921/Analysis_of_the_Spatial_Dynamics_of_Intra_v_s_Inter_Research_Collaborations_across_Countries","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65071921/Analysis_of_the_Spatial_Dynamics_of_Intra_v_s_Inter_Research_Collaborations_across_Countries"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28196080" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28196080/Chen_Y_Assimakopoulos_D_Xie_H_Chi_R_2013_Evolution_of_Regional_Scientific_Collaboration_Networks_in_China_and_the_EU_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_185_211">Chen, Y. Assimakopoulos D., Xie, H., Chi, R, 2013. Evolution of Regional Scientific Collaboration Networks in China and the EU, International Journal of Technology Management, 63 (3/4): 185-211</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52831837" href="https://em-lyon.academia.edu/DimitrisAssimakopoulos">Dimitris Assimakopoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Technology Management, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study analyses the dynamics of regional scientific collaboration networks between Chinese and European regions on the emerging nano-science field. Using data on the co-author publications between Chinese and European nano-scientists for the period 1990-2011, the results enable us to identify the evolutionary and active collaboration networks between China and Europe. The driving forces for engaging cross-border regional collaboration networks are identified between a new global science polar and a traditional scientific superpower. This analysis suggests that the rapid and uneven growth of scientific collaboration networks between China and European Union membership nation's evolutes, which resulting from multiple factors. Implications for promoting global-regional collaborations among scientists' communities are discussed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chen, Y. Assimakopoulos D., Xie, H., Chi, R, 2013. Evolution of Regional Scientific Collaboration Networks in China and the EU, International Journal of Technology Management, 63 (3/4): 185-211","attachmentId":48507233,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28196080/Chen_Y_Assimakopoulos_D_Xie_H_Chi_R_2013_Evolution_of_Regional_Scientific_Collaboration_Networks_in_China_and_the_EU_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_185_211","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28196080/Chen_Y_Assimakopoulos_D_Xie_H_Chi_R_2013_Evolution_of_Regional_Scientific_Collaboration_Networks_in_China_and_the_EU_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_185_211"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="66443961" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66443961/New_Insights_on_the_Relationships_between_Geographic_and_Institutional_Distance_in_Research_Collaborations_A_Long_Period_Analysis">New Insights on the Relationships between Geographic and Institutional Distance in Research Collaborations: A Long Period Analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21794051" href="https://salerno.academia.edu/RobertoIorio">Roberto Iorio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">World Journal of Management, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper analyses the relationship between institutional and geographic distance in scientific collaborations, evaluating the possible changes when a long period (sixteen years) is taken into consideration and discussing the use of some alternative measures of institutional distance. The main result, obtained by analysing the publications of the Italian biotech firms, is that international publications present an higher institutional distance than national papers, particularly in the early years, while there is no significant difference in institutional distance between regional and extra-regional papers, suggesting that opposite incentives are in action at different geographic scales and in different periods.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New Insights on the Relationships between Geographic and Institutional Distance in Research Collaborations: A Long Period Analysis","attachmentId":77632813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66443961/New_Insights_on_the_Relationships_between_Geographic_and_Institutional_Distance_in_Research_Collaborations_A_Long_Period_Analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66443961/New_Insights_on_the_Relationships_between_Geographic_and_Institutional_Distance_in_Research_Collaborations_A_Long_Period_Analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="34538282" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34538282/Analyzing_EU_LAC_bi_regional_scientific_collaboration_through_co_publications">Analyzing EU-LAC bi-regional scientific collaboration through co-publications.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42725" href="https://ucm.academia.edu/SimoneBelli">Simone Belli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cooperation in science has become increasingly important due to research networks and a shared vision that key societal challenges can only be addressed through science cooperation. Mapping bi-regional scientific collaboration demands multiple approaches to obtain a picture as complete as possible. The present paper sets out to analyze scientific publications listed by the Web of Science database which involves authors from EULAC countries between 2005 and 2016. We have used the data analysis tool for Web of Science to obtain registers per country, years of publication and research areas for each sample. We have also considered the type of document, language, and organization for the EULAC sample. The registers have been analyzed with VOSviewer drawing a net of links among countries to identify starred countries and the strongest links of the net. The data obtained shows an evolving network of scientists of 214 different countries and territories. EULAC collaboration is not only a matter of EU28 and LAC countries; it involves many other countries, especially the US. EULAC scientific collaboration will become harder and harder to separate from the whole scientific network that scientists from all countries are already building. In summary, it highlights the building of a global scientific collaboration network in which the role of the 28 European countries and the United States is crucial for the scientific development of Latin American and Caribbean countries.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Analyzing EU-LAC bi-regional scientific collaboration through co-publications.","attachmentId":54403755,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34538282/Analyzing_EU_LAC_bi_regional_scientific_collaboration_through_co_publications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34538282/Analyzing_EU_LAC_bi_regional_scientific_collaboration_through_co_publications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="6042989" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6042989/Assessing_the_influence_and_impact_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto">Assessing the influence and impact of R&D institutions by mapping international scientific networks: the case of INESC Porto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9076457" href="https://uam-ni.academia.edu/JoseSequeira">Jose Sequeira</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Studies about the influence and impact of knowledge-producing organisations' (e.g., universities or R&D institutions) have been addressed by means of strict economic analysis, stressing their economic impact in a local, regional or national extent. In the present study, an alternative methodology is put forward in order to evaluate the international scientific impact and influence of a knowledge-producing and -diffusing institution. Two main branches of the literature, dealing with the measurability of the economic impact of R&D organisations and their knowledge flows, are surveyed: standard economic studies, and scientometrics and bibliometrics analyses. With the aim of implementing an approach closer to the latter methods, we map the international scientific network of a knowledge-producing organisation using social network analysis statistical tools and thus assess the international impact and influence of such institution. Using INESC Porto -a Portuguese private non-profit organisation, recognised as being of public interest, due to its R&D activities -as our case study, we analyse the dynamics of its scientific production over the last two decades, attributing special attention to the international scientific co-authorships' evolution, outlining the architecture of the knowledge network and its changing pattern. Additionally, focusing on the most prolific scientific areas of INESC Porto, and resorting to published scientific work recorded in the Science Citation Index (SCI) of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), we trace citations and infer over INESC Porto's international scientific influence and impact.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the influence and impact of R\u0026D institutions by mapping international scientific networks: the case of INESC Porto","attachmentId":32976202,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6042989/Assessing_the_influence_and_impact_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6042989/Assessing_the_influence_and_impact_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="109669377" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109669377/The_evolution_of_triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area">The evolution of triangular research and innovation collaborations in the European area</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="274688056" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MMaragakis">Michael Maragakis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Informetrics, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the current study, we examine the multiplex network of patents and European Framework Programmes (FPs) aiming to uncover temporal variations in the formation patterns of triangles (a fully connected network between any three nodes). More specifically, the multiplex network consists of two layers whose nodes are the NUTS2 regions. On the first layer we depict the regions of the inventors that collaborated for the creation of a patent, and on the second those of the scientists in European Framework Programme (FP) funded projects. A link between two nodes exists when scientists or inventors from different regions collaborate. We split the network temporally into 28 shorter sub-networks with a span of 6 years each, and calculate the number of triangles formed at the end of the 6-year period. Next, we shuffle the data creating again 28 six-year randomized networks, in order to identify whether there is a hidden mechanism that favors a non-random behavior. Real and shuffled data are compared using a z-score, a measure of the differences of standard deviations between them. In addition, we repeat the same analysis using the clustering coefficient, which is the number of triangles over the number of triples (possible triangles). The results show that triangular FP collaborations tend to be favored over random ones, while in patents the case is strongly the opposite. Furthermore, results using triangles tend to be more comprehensive as opposed to those of the clustering coefficient. Finally, we identify which NUTS2 regions frequently exhibit a high clustering coefficient in either of the layers, and we present a map with these values for all regions. The results of this research can help policy making organizations understand the spatial dimension of subsidized research and patented innovation collaboration networks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The evolution of triangular research and innovation collaborations in the European area","attachmentId":107725267,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109669377/The_evolution_of_triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109669377/The_evolution_of_triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="28196067" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28196067/Assimakopoulos_D_and_Chen_Y_2013_Editorial_to_the_Special_Issue_on_Communities_Networks_and_Ecosystems_in_R_and_D_Management_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_145_148">Assimakopoulos D, and Chen, Y, 2013. Editorial to the Special Issue on Communities, Networks and Ecosystems in R&D Management, International Journal of Technology Management, 63 (3/4): 145-148</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52831837" href="https://em-lyon.academia.edu/DimitrisAssimakopoulos">Dimitris Assimakopoulos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Technology Management</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This special issue on 'Communities, networks and ecosystems in R&D management' is based on selected papers presented at the 2012 R&D Management Conference that it was held at the Grenoble Ecole de Management (GEM), France, in May 2012. These papers were discussed in early form in the conference track on 'networks and communities' organised by the Learning and Innovation in Networks and Communities (LINC) Lab at GEM. The main theme of the conference centred on 'Creating and capturing value through R&D management'.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assimakopoulos D, and Chen, Y, 2013. Editorial to the Special Issue on Communities, Networks and Ecosystems in R\u0026D Management, International Journal of Technology Management, 63 (3/4): 145-148","attachmentId":48507232,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28196067/Assimakopoulos_D_and_Chen_Y_2013_Editorial_to_the_Special_Issue_on_Communities_Networks_and_Ecosystems_in_R_and_D_Management_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_145_148","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28196067/Assimakopoulos_D_and_Chen_Y_2013_Editorial_to_the_Special_Issue_on_Communities_Networks_and_Ecosystems_in_R_and_D_Management_International_Journal_of_Technology_Management_63_3_4_145_148"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="122988996" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122988996/The_scientific_periphery_and_new_flows_of_knowledge_the_case_of_regional_preprint_servers">The scientific periphery and new flows of knowledge: the case of regional preprint servers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="941976" href="https://sun.academia.edu/FrancoisvanSchalkwyk">Francois B van Schalkwyk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Online Information Review, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose-It is unclear whether regional rather than global or discipline-focussed preprint platforms as an innovation in the communication of science are removing any of the barriers faced by researchers in the scientific periphery or whether they are increasing access to and visibility of science from the periphery. In response, this paper focusses on the uptake, visibility and academic impact of regional preprint publishing platforms in two peripheral regions (Africa and Latin America) to gain insights into the use and possible impact of regional preprint servers. Design/methodology/approach-Comparative quantitative analysis using bibliometric and altmetric data to compare six preprint servers (two regional, one global and three discipline-specific). Findings-There is evidence of the uptake of regional preprint servers, but the uptake is comparatively modest compared with global and discipline-focussed preprint servers. The academic and social visibility of preprints available on regional preprint servers is comparatively lower when compared to other preprint servers. The preprint server SciELO preprint in comparison to AfricArxiv shows signs of increasing growth and visibility, but more time is required to reach any definitive conclusions. Research limitations/implications-The research is limited by the short timeframe that the regional preprint servers have existed compared to some of the other preprint servers. The absence of reliable data on the research populations by region or globally by discipline places limits on the comparability of the raw data. Originality/value-The article provides for the first time a detailed empirical analysis of the contribution of preprint servers targeted at researchers from the scientific periphery to global science.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The scientific periphery and new flows of knowledge: the case of regional preprint servers","attachmentId":117530128,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122988996/The_scientific_periphery_and_new_flows_of_knowledge_the_case_of_regional_preprint_servers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122988996/The_scientific_periphery_and_new_flows_of_knowledge_the_case_of_regional_preprint_servers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="6042987" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6042987/Assessing_the_influence_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto">Assessing the influence of R&D institutions by mapping international scientific networks: the case of INESC Porto</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9076457" href="https://uam-ni.academia.edu/JoseSequeira">Jose Sequeira</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Assessing the influence of R\u0026D institutions by mapping international scientific networks: the case of INESC Porto","attachmentId":32976201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6042987/Assessing_the_influence_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6042987/Assessing_the_influence_of_R_and_D_institutions_by_mapping_international_scientific_networks_the_case_of_INESC_Porto"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="109669375" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/109669375/Triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area">Triangular research and innovation collaborations in the European area</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="274688056" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MMaragakis">Michael Maragakis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">arXiv (Cornell University), 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In the current study, we examine the multiplex network of patents and European Framework Programmes (FPs) aiming to uncover temporal variations in the formation patterns of triangles (a fully connected network between any three nodes). More specifically, the multiplex network consists of two layers whose nodes are the NUTS2 regions. On the first layer we depict the regions of the inventors that collaborated for the creation of a patent, and on the second those of the scientists in European Framework Programme (FP) funded projects. A link between two nodes exists when scientists or inventors from different regions collaborate. We split the network temporally into 28 shorter sub-networks with a span of 6 years each, and calculate the number of triangles formed at the end of the 6-year period. Next, we shuffle the data creating again 28 six-year randomized networks, in order to identify whether there is a hidden mechanism that favors a non-random behavior. Real and shuffled data are compared using a z-score, a measure of the differences of standard deviations between them. In addition, we repeat the same analysis using the clustering coefficient, which is the number of triangles over the number of triples (possible triangles). The results show that triangular FP collaborations tend to be favored over random ones, while in patents the case is strongly the opposite. Furthermore, results using triangles tend to be more comprehensive as opposed to those of the clustering coefficient. Finally, we identify which NUTS2 regions frequently exhibit a high clustering coefficient in either of the layers, and we present a map with these values for all regions. The results of this research can help policy making organizations understand the spatial dimension of subsidized research and patented innovation collaboration networks.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Triangular research and innovation collaborations in the European area","attachmentId":107725228,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109669375/Triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/109669375/Triangular_research_and_innovation_collaborations_in_the_European_area"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":113820991,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":113820991,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_113820991" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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