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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> 1901 Nobel Peace Prize</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span style="font-size:120%;"><b>Henri Dunant</b> and <b>Frédéric Passy</b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg/122px-Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg/183px-Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg/244px-Henry_Dunant._Photograph._Wellcome_M0017054_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_Passy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frederic_Passy.jpg/120px-Frederic_Passy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frederic_Passy.jpg/180px-Frederic_Passy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Frederic_Passy.jpg/240px-Frederic_Passy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Dunant</a></b> <i><b>"for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding"</b></i> and <b><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Passy</a></b> <i><b>"for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration."</b></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>November 1901 <br />(announcement)</li> <li>10 December 1901 <br />(ceremony)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" style="border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint"><b>·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1902_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1902 Nobel Peace Prize (page does not exist)">1902</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1901 Nobel Peace Prize</b> was the first peace prize resulting from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>'s will to recognize in the preceding year those who "have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was equally divided between the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a> (1828–1910) "for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding" and the French <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> (1822–1912) "for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first of the many times the Nobel Peace Prize has been shared between two or more individuals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Laureates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Henri_Dunant">Jean-Henri Dunant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jean-Henri Dunant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a></div> <p>Witnessing the aftermath of the 1859 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, whereupon he saw thousands of Italian, French and Austrian soldiers killing and <a href="/wiki/Maiming" class="mw-redirect" title="Maiming">maiming</a> each other, Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman, took the initiative of establishing a neutral aid organization to help the sick and wounded on the battlefield. The result was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> in 1863 with the assistance of jurist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a>, army general <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dufour" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dufour">Henri Dufour</a>, and doctors <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Maunoir" title="Théodore Maunoir">Théodore Maunoir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Appia" title="Louis Appia">Louis Appia</a> – all would become the founding fathers of the Red Cross Committee – and the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> in the following year. It laid down the realization of Dunant's idea for an independent organization to care and rescue for wounded soldiers. Dunant write a book recording his experiences, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Memory_of_Solferino" title="A Memory of Solferino">Un Souvenir de Solferino</a></i> ("A Memory of Solferino", 1862), which he uses as a reminder for his humanitarian advocacy and inspiration for his cause.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frédéric_Passy"><span id="Fr.C3.A9d.C3.A9ric_Passy"></span>Frédéric Passy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frédéric Passy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></div> <p>As a prominent economist and politician, Frédéric Passy was involved in many pacifist causes. He founded the first French Peace Society, which held a congress in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1878)" title="Exposition Universelle (1878)">1878 World Exhibition</a> and also was one of the founding fathers of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>, an organization for cooperation between the elected representatives of different countries. As an independent leftist republic in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">French Chamber of Deputies</a>, he opposed France's colonial policy since it went against the principles of free trade and maintained that free trade between independent nations promoted peace. Passy continued to campaigning for peace despite his advanced age. Despite his economic works gaining little traction, his efforts in the peace movement resulted in him being recognized as the "dean of European peace activists".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliberations">Deliberations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deliberations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominations">Nominations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henri Dunant was nominated with 20 separate nominations from politicians, academics and heads of peace societies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frédéric Passy, on the other hand, earned 42, making it the highest number of nominations for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> received 137 nominations for 29 individuals and 6 organizations including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> (both awarded in 1902), <a href="/wiki/William_Randal_Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a> (awarded in 1903), <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a> (awarded in 1908), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Martens" title="Friedrich Martens">Friedrich Martens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">The Institute of International Law</a> (awarded in 1904) and <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>. The Austrian author <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> (awarded in 1905) and American politician <a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a> were the first two women nominated for the peace prize.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Nominee</th> <th>Country/<br />Headquarters</th> <th>Motivations</th> <th>Nominator(s) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="center" style="background:lightgray;white-space:nowrap"><b>Individuals</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a> <br />(1837–1922) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Bajer promoted Nordic neutrality and brotherhood. He was one of the initiators and founders of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">Permanent International Peace Bureau</a>, and he was the first president of the Peace Bureau. He was also member of the council of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>. He organized peace work both in Denmark and internationally, both popular peace movements and parliamentary peace work. He was Scandinavia's most prominent peace advocate." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bernhard_Hanssen" title="Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen">Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen</a> <br />(1864–1939)<sup id="cite_ref-hanssen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanssen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sofus Høgsbro <br />(1822–1902)<sup id="cite_ref-sofus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sofus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Konrad Beyer <br />(1834–1906) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td>Emil Jonas (?)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">3 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gotlib_Bloch" title="Jan Gotlib Bloch">Jan Gotlib Bloch</a> <br />(1836–1902) </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a><br />(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/23px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/35px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/45px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) </td> <td rowspan="5">"Bloch was nominated for his work <i>The Future of War in its Technical, Economic and Political Relations</i> (6 vols., 1898). One of his conclusions was that there would be no decisive victories in future land wars between great powers; the armies would entrench themselves and the ensuing deadlock would last for years. Armed conflict would be determined not by military success but by the eventual economic collapse of societies." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Jan_Rostworowski" title="Michał Jan Rostworowski">Michał Jan Rostworowski</a> <br />(1864–1940) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Nigra" title="Costantino Nigra">Costantino Nigra</a> <br />(1828–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Kasparek" title="Franciszek Kasparek">Franciszek Kasparek</a> <br />(1844–1903) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippe Sagnac <br />(1868–1954) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">4 </td> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/William_Randal_Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a> <br />(1828–1908) </td> <td rowspan="9"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> </td> <td rowspan="9">"Cremer established the <a href="/wiki/International_Arbitration_League" title="International Arbitration League">International Arbitration League</a> in 1870. He initiated an arbitration treaty between Great Britain and the United States. He organized and promoted inter-parliamentary peace conferences, and he was editor of the journal <i>The Arbitrator</i>. He was the only labor leader in the peace movement. He was also one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_van_Houten" title="Samuel van Houten">Samuel van Houten</a> <br />(1837–1930) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_1st_Baron_Weardale" title="Philip Stanhope, 1st Baron Weardale">Philip James Stanhope</a> <br />(1847–1923)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ernst Beckman <br />(1850–1924) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> <br />(1846–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-apponyi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apponyi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 members of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Włodzimierz Gniewosz <br />(1838–1909)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)<sup id="cite_ref-count_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-count-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Pirquet <br />(1838–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a> <br />(1853–1920)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11">5 </td> <td rowspan="11"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Descamps" title="Édouard Descamps">Édouard Descamps</a> <br />(1847–1933) </td> <td rowspan="11"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td rowspan="11">"Descamps was nominated for his inter-parliamentary peace work. President of the sixth Inter-Parliamentary Peace Conference in Brussels in 1895, and Belgian delegate to the peace conference at <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">The Hague in 1899</a>. He was elected Secretary General of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institute of International Law</a> in 1900. He wrote significant works on neutrality and disarmament, and he also contributed to the abolitionist movement." </td> <td>professors at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">University of Louvain</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> <br />(1846–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Pirquet <br />(1838–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ernest Lehr <br />(1835–1919)<sup id="cite_ref-lehr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Erskine_Holland" title="Thomas Erskine Holland">Thomas Erskine Holland</a> <br />(1835–1926) </td></tr> <tr> <td>António de Macedo Papança <br />(1852–1913) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 members of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">German Parliament</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Liszt" title="Franz von Liszt">Franz von Liszt</a> <br />(1851–1919) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manuel Torres Campos <br />(1850–1918) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Ferdinand_Carl_Goos" title="August Hermann Ferdinand Carl Goos">Carl Goos</a> <br />(1835–1917) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Włodzimierz Gniewosz <br />(1838–1909)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7">6 </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> <br />(1833–1906) </td> <td rowspan="7"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">"Ducommun was the unpaid leader of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">Permanent International Peace Bureau</a>, and his work was therefore closely connected to it. He actively started working for peace in 1867 when he participated at the foundation of Ligue de la Paix et de la Liberté. He advocated a pragmatic and practical approach to peace work, and he promoted international arbitration." </td> <td>Ludwig Stein <br />(1859–1930)<sup id="cite_ref-stein_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Robinson" title="Ellen Robinson">Ellen Robinson</a> <br />(1840–1912) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Morel_(Swiss_politician)" title="Henri Morel (Swiss politician)">Henri Morel</a> <br />(1838–1912)<sup id="cite_ref-morel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lacheval (?)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Jeanhenry <br />(1845–1902)<sup id="cite_ref-alfred_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alfred-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">7 </td> <td rowspan="10"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a> <br />(1828–1910) </td> <td rowspan="10"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td rowspan="10">Dunant was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and he was the initiator of the Geneva Convention. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Getz" title="Bernhard Getz">Bernhard Getz</a> <br />(1850–1901)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elias_Sunde" title="Elias Sunde">Elias Sunde</a> <br />(1851–1910)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 professors at the University of Amsterdam </td></tr> <tr> <td>92 members of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 members of the Württemberg Parliament </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 members of the Württemberg Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-umfrid_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umfrid-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 professors at the University of Brussels<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ole_Anton_Qvam" title="Ole Anton Qvam">Ole Anton Qvam</a> <br />(1834–1904)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Richard Kleen <br />(1841–1923)<sup id="cite_ref-kleen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Ferrero" title="Guglielmo Ferrero">Guglielmo Ferrero</a> <br />(1871–1942) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>"Ferrero had given numerous lectures on militarism in Milan, and the lectures had been received with great acclaim by the people in Milan." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a> <br />(1833–1918)<sup id="cite_ref-moneta_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> <br />(1843–1914) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>"Gobat was secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Bureau, which had been established at the Inter-Parliamentary Union's conference in 1892. He was the Union's leading administrator, organizing its meetings and publishing proceedings from its conferences. He was particularly preoccupied with the idea of international arbitration, and he was central to the establishment of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague in 1899. He was also a member of the Permanent International Peace Bureau." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodor_Lund" title="John Theodor Lund">John Theodor Lund</a> <br />(1842–1913)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Edouard Linker (?) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a> </td> <td>"for his thirty years in the service of the cause of peace and humanitarianism." </td> <td>A. Vutkovitch (?)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Ann Lockwood</a> <br />(1830–1917) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>"Lockwood attended several international peace conferences. She supported Bajer in his work to found the Permanent International Peace Bureau, promoted arbitration and founded a branch of the Bureau in Washington. She was for a long time associated with the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Peace_Union" title="Universal Peace Union">Universal Peace Union</a> in Philadelphia. In 1879, Lockwood became the first woman allowed to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. In <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a> and <a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>, she ran for the U.S. presidency as candidate for the <a href="/wiki/National_Equal_Rights_Party" title="National Equal Rights Party">National Equal Rights Party</a>." </td> <td>members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">12 </td> <td rowspan="2">Eduard Loewenthal <br />(1836–1917) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Loewenthal was one of the earliest promoters of the necessity to establish a league of European states. He also promoted disarmament, reform of international law and the introduction of obligatory arbitration of disputes between states through an international system of "peace justice". He was instrumental in the founding of what was later known as the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a>." </td> <td>Hugo Hermes <br />(1837–1915) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Traeger" title="Albert Traeger">Albert Traeger</a> <br />(1830–1912) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">13 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Martens" title="Friedrich Martens">Friedrich Martens</a> <br />(1845–1909) </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">"Martens advocated international arbitration and he also worked to establish a codification of the laws of war. He often acted as mediator in disputes between European states." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henning_Matzen" title="Henning Matzen">Henning Matzen</a> <br />(1840–1910) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edgar Rouard de Card <br />(1853–1934) </td></tr> <tr> <td>professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Gaetano (Umano) Meale <br />(1858–1927) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>"Umano was nominated for his writings on peace. He had written extensively on such subjects as war and peace, patriotism, and he had also constructed a 'law on patriotism'." </td> <td>Malachia De Cristoforis <br />(1832–1915) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a> <br />(1826–1910) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td>"Moynier was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>, and he was nominated for his efforts to organize its work. He drafted the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. He was also one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institute of International Law</a>." </td> <td>Richard Kleen <br />(1841–1923)<sup id="cite_ref-kleen_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">16 </td> <td rowspan="2">Arthur Mülberger <br />(1847–1907) </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"Mülberger was nominated for his extensive thinking on war and peace, and especially for his book on <i><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">P. J. Proudhon: Leben und Werke</a></i> ("P. J. Proudhon: Life and Works", 1899), in which he expressed several ideas on how to deal with the issue of war and peace." </td> <td>Friedrich Haussmann <br />(1857–1907) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Allemane" title="Jean Allemane">Jean Allemane</a> <br />(1843–1935)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">17 </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Czar_Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar Nicholas II of Russia">Czar Nicholas II of Russia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </td> <td rowspan="5">"Nicholas II initiated the first <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Peace Conference in 1899</a>. The Czar's intention was to seek agreements to limit armaments and the financial burden of excessive armament, and to improve the prospects of peaceful settlement of international conflicts and to codify the laws of war." </td> <td>Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)<sup id="cite_ref-count_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-count-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Pirquet <br />(1838–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Nigra" title="Costantino Nigra">Costantino Nigra</a> <br />(1828–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a> <br />(1853–1920)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Włodzimierz Gniewosz <br />(1838–1909)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Beniamino Pandolfi Guttadauro <br />(1836–1909) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>"Pandolfi was nominated for his efforts to establish local peace associations (Venice and Turin) and the Italian Peace Society, and also for his inter-parliamentary peace work. He acted as mediator between Italy and Romania, and Italy and France, in an attempt to create greater understanding and a sense of brotherhood between these states." </td> <td>Italian Inter-Parliamentary Group<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="31">19 </td> <td rowspan="31"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> <br />(1822–1912) </td> <td rowspan="31"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> </td> <td rowspan="31">"Passy's career as a peace worker began in 1856 with his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. In 1867. he founded the first French Peace Society. He promoted free trade, pacifism, international law and arbitration. As a member of parliament (1881-1889), he also contributed to the founding of the Inter-Parliamentary Union." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bernhard_Hanssen" title="Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen">Cornelius Bernhard Hanssen</a> <br />(1864–1939)<sup id="cite_ref-hanssen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanssen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sofus Høgsbro <br />(1822–1902)<sup id="cite_ref-sofus_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sofus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 members of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> <br />(1846–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-apponyi_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apponyi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ernst Beckman <br />(1850–1924) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samuel_van_Houten" title="Samuel van Houten">Samuel van Houten</a> <br />(1837–1930) </td></tr> <tr> <td>professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alfred Jeanhenry <br />(1845–1902)<sup id="cite_ref-alfred_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alfred-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 members of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)<sup id="cite_ref-count_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-count-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Pirquet <br />(1838–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Nigra" title="Costantino Nigra">Costantino Nigra</a> <br />(1828–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a> <br />(1853–1920)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Włodzimierz Gniewosz <br />(1838–1909)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edvard Wavrinsky <br />(1848–1924) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Michel M. Kebedgy (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iakov Novikov <br />(1849–1912) </td></tr> <tr> <td>A. Lainez (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hedin" title="Adolf Hedin">Adolf Hedin</a> <br />(1834–1905) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jules Clère <br />(1850–1934) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> <br />(1843–1914)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ac<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Adolf Richter <br />(1839–1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Morel_(Swiss_politician)" title="Henri Morel (Swiss politician)">Henri Morel</a> <br />(1838–1912)<sup id="cite_ref-morel_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Moch" title="Gaston Moch">Gaston Moch</a> <br />(1859–1935)<sup id="cite_ref-moch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sebastião de Magalhães Lima <br />(1850–1928)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ae<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a> <br />(1854–1943) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Felix_Graf_von_Bothmer" title="Felix Graf von Bothmer">Felix Graf von Bothmer</a> <br />(1852–1937) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a> <br />(1837–1922) </td></tr> <tr> <td>members of the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>members of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_Morales_et_Politiques" title="Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques">Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julian_Pauncefote,_1st_Baron_Pauncefote" title="Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote">Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote</a> <br />(1828–1902) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>"Pauncefote dealt successfully with the problems concerning seal fishing in the Bering Sea, the Venezuela Boundary Dispute, and the Panama Canal question (the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote_Treaty" title="Hay–Pauncefote Treaty">Hay-Pauncefote Treaties 1899-1901</a>). As a delegate to the First Hague Conference (1899), he was a leading figure in the formation of a permanent tribunal of arbitration." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodor_Lund" title="John Theodor Lund">John Theodor Lund</a> <br />(1842–1913) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Policarpo Petrocchi <br />(1852–1902) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>"for his pacifist work <i>La Guerre</i> ("The War", 1899)" </td> <td>Alessandro Chiappelli <br />(1857–1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Adolf Richter <br />(1839–1914) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </td> <td>"Richter was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/German_Peace_Society" title="German Peace Society">German Peace Association</a>. One of the central figures of the early German peace movement. He attended international peace conferences and presided over the peace conference in Hamburg in 1897." </td> <td>24 members of the Württemberg Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-umfrid_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umfrid-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> <br />(1820–1903) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilty" title="Carl Hilty">Carl Hilty</a> <br />(1833–1909) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">William Thomas Stead</a> <br />(1849–1912) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> </td> <td>"Stead promoted peace and international arbitration. He attended several peace conferences, including The Hague (1899) and Kristiania (1899). Stead instigated the so-called "Peace Crusade" in England and Scotland, and he published the journal <i>War Against War in South Africa</i> (1885). He believed that the best guarantee for world peace would be a peace treaty between Great Britain and Russia. Stead also agitated vigorously against the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodor_Lund" title="John Theodor Lund">John Theodor Lund</a> <br />(1842–1913)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>af<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td>Jan Jacob Lodewijk ten Kate <br />(1850–1929) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">26 </td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha Sophie von Suttner</a> <br />(1843–1914) </td> <td rowspan="10"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a> </td> <td rowspan="10">"Suttner was the author of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Waffen_nieder!" title="Die Waffen nieder!">Die Waffen nieder!</a></i> ("Lay Down Your Arms", 1889), the most important antiwar novel of the period. She was the founder and president of the Austrian Peace Society (1891), and she contributed to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">Permanent International Peace Bureau</a> (1891). She was nominated for her contribution to the international peace movement." </td> <td>E. N. Rahnsen (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a> <br />(1846–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-apponyi_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apponyi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>professors at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Kem%C3%A9ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Kemény (page does not exist)">Ferenc Kemény</a> <br />(1860–1944) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Pirquet <br />(1838–1906)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Włodzimierz Gniewosz <br />(1838–1909)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Lammasch" title="Heinrich Lammasch">Heinrich Lammasch</a> <br />(1853–1920)<sup id="cite_ref-pirquet_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Costantino_Nigra" title="Costantino Nigra">Costantino Nigra</a> <br />(1828–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-nigra_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Count Fr. Schönbrunn (?)<sup id="cite_ref-count_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-count-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ag<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(1828–1910) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hilty" title="Carl Hilty">Carl Hilty</a> <br />(1833–1909) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Otto Umfrid <br />(1857–1923) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> </td> <td>"Umfried was chairman of the Stuttgart Peace Society and vice-president of the German Peace Society. He worked hard to change the attitude of the German evangelical clergy towards peace. He wrote and published numerous articles on peace. His major work was <i>Europa den Europäern: Politische Ketzereien</i>." </td> <td>24 members of the Würtemberg Parliament<sup id="cite_ref-umfrid_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umfrid-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis-L%C3%A9ger_Vauthier" title="Louis-Léger Vauthier">Louis-Léger Vauthier</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ah<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(1887–1963) </td> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td>C. Pajot (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" align="center" style="background:lightgray;white-space:nowrap"><b>Organizations</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peace_Society" title="Peace Society">English Peace Society</a> <br />(founded in 1816) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td><i>No motivation given for nomination.</i> </td> <td>William Evans Darby <br />(1844–1922)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ai<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">31 </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institute of International Law</a> (IDI)<br />(founded in 1873) </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"for its work to draft the first international arbitration regulations, and for its efforts to establish a codification of the laws of war." </td> <td>Ernest Lehr <br />(1835–1919)<sup id="cite_ref-lehr_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lehr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Richard Kleen <br />(1841–1923)<sup id="cite_ref-kleen_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> (ICRC)<br />(founded in 1863) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> </td> <td>"for its aim to help victims of war, both military personnel and civilians." </td> <td>Alfred Martin <br />(1839–1903) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10">33 </td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">Permanent International Peace Bureau</a> (IPB)<br />(founded in 1891) </td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td rowspan="10">"The Peace Bureau organized peace conferences, and it collected and published peace literature. It was the heart of the European peace movement, and it coordinated the activities of the various national and non-governmental peace organizations." </td> <td>Alfred Jeanhenry <br />(1845–1902)<sup id="cite_ref-alfred_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alfred-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 members of the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish Parliament</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ludwig Stein <br />(1859–1930)<sup id="cite_ref-stein_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Moch" title="Gaston Moch">Gaston Moch</a> <br />(1859–1935)<sup id="cite_ref-moch_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Léon-Adrien de Montluc <br />(1847–?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_Pratt" title="Hodgson Pratt">Hodgson Pratt</a> <br />(1824–1907)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aj<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a> <br />(1833–1918)<sup id="cite_ref-moneta_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moneta-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Arnaud" title="Émile Arnaud">Émile Arnaud</a> <br />(1864–1921) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_Morel_(Swiss_politician)" title="Henri Morel (Swiss politician)">Henri Morel</a> <br />(1838–1912)<sup id="cite_ref-morel_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Baart de la Faille <br />(1871–1917)<sup id="cite_ref-faille_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faille-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8">34 </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> <br />(founded in 1889) </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> </td> <td rowspan="8">"The Inter-Parliamentary Union promoted international arbitration and organized annual inter-parliamentary conferences." </td> <td>U.S. Inter-Parliamentary Group<sup id="cite_ref-ipg_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipg-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ak<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgian Inter-Parliamentary Group<sup id="cite_ref-ipg_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipg-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ak<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portuguese Inter-Parliamentary Group<sup id="cite_ref-ipg_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipg-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ak<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> <br />(1843–1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Richard" title="Eugène Richard">Eugène Richard</a> <br />(1843–1925) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Theodor_Lund" title="John Theodor Lund">John Theodor Lund</a> <br />(1842–1913) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jacob_Horst" title="Hans Jacob Horst">Hans Jacob Horst</a> <br />(1848–1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_von_Bar" title="Carl Ludwig von Bar">Carl Ludwig von Bar</a> <br />(1836–1913) </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td>Societá Interregionale per la Pace, Unione Lombarda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> </td> <td>"The Società interregionale per la pace, Unione Lombarda, was nominated for its efforts to peace and peace issues." </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Porro" title="Edoardo Porro">Edoardo Porro</a> <br />(1842–1902) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norwegian_Nobel_Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Norwegian Nobel Committee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> were responsible for the selection of the 1901 Nobel laureate in accordance with the will of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightgrey;white-space:nowrap" colspan="6" align="center"><b>1964 Norwegian Nobel Committee</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Picture </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Position </th> <th>Political Party </th> <th>Other posts </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J._L%C3%B8vland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-J._L%C3%B8vland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="3025" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_L%C3%B8vland" title="Jørgen Løvland">Jørgen Løvland</a> <br />(1848–1922) </td> <td align="center">Chairman </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Minister of Labour and Social Inclusion">Minister of Labour</a> (1900–1903) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_Theodor_Lund_1842-1913_Norw._politician_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_Theodor_Lund" title="John Theodor Lund">John Theodor Lund</a> <br />(1842–1913) </td> <td align="center">Member </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="center">former President of the <a href="/wiki/Lagting_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagting (Norway)">Lagting</a> (1893–1900) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson,_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Portrett_av_Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson%2C_1909_-_no-nb_digifoto_20150129_00043_bldsa_BB0791_-_Restoration_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="3223" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> <br />(1832–1910) </td> <td align="center">Member </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="center">National Poet laureate; <br /><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903 Nobel Prize laureate in Literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Steen_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Johannes_Steen_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="619" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steen" title="Johannes Steen">Johannes Steen</a> <br />(1827–1906) </td> <td align="center">Member </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="center">6th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> (1898–1902)<br /><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Labour_and_Social_Inclusion" title="Minister of Labour and Social Inclusion">Minister of the Interior</a> (1900–1902) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BLANK_ICON_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png/75px-BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png/113px-BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png/150px-BLANK_ICON_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="249" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jacob_Horst" title="Hans Jacob Horst">Hans Jacob Horst</a> <br />(1848–1931) </td> <td align="center">Member </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal</a> </td> <td align="center">President of the <a href="/wiki/Lagting_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagting (Norway)">Lagting</a> (1900–1903) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hanssen-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanssen_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanssen_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanssen was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee from 1913 to 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sofus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sofus_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sofus_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Høgsbro nominated Bajer and Passy on behalf of the Danish Inter-Parliamentary Group.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emil Jonas did not qualify as a nominator, but his nomination was supported by several letters from people who did qualify as nominators, including a declaration from Fr. von Balz, president of the Stuttgart Parliament.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nigra-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nigra_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigra and Lammasch wanted the Norwegian Nobel Committee to bestow an honorary peace award on Czar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> for his initiative that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1899 Hague Peace Conference</a>. In addition,they wished that the Nobel Committee would divide the prize money between some worthy peace workers, namely <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Gotlib_Bloch" title="Jan Gotlib Bloch">Jan Gotlib Bloch</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faille-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faille_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. de la Faille wanted to draw the Norwegian Nobel Committee's attention to the following candidates as worthy recipients of the peace prize: (1) the International Peace Bureau and Ducommun, (2) Passy, (3) Dunant, (4) Suttner, (5) Bloch, and (6) ten Kate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This nomination was supported by 105 members of the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apponyi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apponyi_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apponyi_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apponyi_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Apponyi wanted his three candidates to share the peace prize, and to divide the prize money equally among them (Cremer 35%), Passy (35%) and Suttner (30%). Only Cremer and Passy were included on the short list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pirquet-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pirquet_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirquet and Gniewosz wanted the Norwegian Nobel Committee to bestow an honorary peace award on Czar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> for his initiative that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1899 Hague Peace Conference</a>. In addition, they wished that the Nobel Committee would divide the prize money between some worthy peace workers, namely <a href="/wiki/William_Randal_Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Descamps" title="Édouard Descamps">Édouard Descamps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-count-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-count_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-count_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-count_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-count_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schönbrunn wanted the Norwegian Nobel Committee to bestow an honorary peace award on Czar Nicholas II of Russia for his initiative that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">1899 Hague Peace Conference</a>. In addition, Schönbrunn wished that the Nobel Committee would divide the prize money between some worthy peace workers, namely <a href="/wiki/William_Randal_Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a>. Lange did not include this nomination among the official nominations. However, Schönbrunn was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Arbitration Court</a> at the Hague and he was thereby entitled to nominate a candidate for the peace prize.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This nomination was supported by several jurists and politicians. One of the nominating professors was the former the Minister of Justice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The evaluation of Descamps listed the Hungarian Inter-Parliamentary Group, led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Apponyi" title="Albert Apponyi">Albert Apponyi</a>, as one of the nominators. However, in the letter from this group there is no mention of Descamps, only of <a href="/wiki/William_Randal_Cremer" class="mw-redirect" title="William Randal Cremer">William Randal Cremer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lehr-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lehr_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lehr_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehr only wished to nominate the Institute of International Law on condition that the Nobel Committee decided to give the prize to an institution. If the Nobel Committee decided to give the prize to a person, then he wished to nominate Chevalier Descamps.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The nominators were: Engelberg-Maria von Ahrenberg (1872–1949), Hubert Sittart (1860–1942), Carl Becker (1863–1938) and Charles Régnault de Savigny (1836–1914)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stein-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stein_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stein_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein nominated the Permanent International Peace Bureau as his first choice. Ducommun was his second choice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morel-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morel_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morel_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morel_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morel nominated Elie Ducommun as his primary choice. Secondly he suggested a divided prize to Ducommun and the Permanent International Peace Bureau. As a third alternative he suggested giving the prize to both Ducommun and Passy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lacheval fully supported Henri Morel's nomination, and he especially recommended Élie Ducommun as a worthy recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alfred-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alfred_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alfred_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alfred_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeanhenry nominated three candidates: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">The Permanent International Peace Bureau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a>. He especially recommended Élie Ducommun as a worthy recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. Jeanhenry fully supported <a href="/wiki/Henri_Morel_(Swiss_politician)" title="Henri Morel (Swiss politician)">Henri Morel</a> in his efforts to promote the candidacy of Ducommun, I.P.B.P. and Passy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Getz nominated Dunant twice. He himself nominated Dunant in February 1901, and in March, he nominated Dunant on behalf of Norske Kvinders Sanitetsforening (The Norwegian Women's Sanitary Association). <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_L%C3%B8vland" title="Jørgen Løvland">Jørgen Løvland</a> became the new chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jacob_Horst" title="Hans Jacob Horst">Hans Jacob Horst</a> became a new member of the Committee. Getz died in 1901 before the committee had reached its decision as to who would receive the peace prize.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sunde endorsed a nomination initiated by Mrs. Liane Fyhn and the Alliance Universelle des Femmes Pour la Paix. Liane Fyhn emphasized the importance of the efforts conducted by Dunant and the Red Cross Committee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umfrid-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-umfrid_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umfrid_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-umfrid_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The nominators wished to promote the candidacies of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a>, Dr. Adolf Richter and Otto Umfrid, deputy chairman of the Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The professors were: Leclére, Vauder Rinsere and Pergameny.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Qvam endorsed a nomination initiated by Landskvinnestemmerettsforeningen (National Association for Female Suffrage). Qvam's wife Fredrikke Marie was president of said organization.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleen-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kleen_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kleen_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kleen_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kleen nominated the Institute of International Law. However, in his letter to the Norwegian Nobel Committee, he stated that he would rather have nominated <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dunant" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Dunant">Henri Dunant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a> if it had been possible to do so. He believed that according to the peace prize statutes they did not qualify as candidates. In one of the paragraphs it is stated that the laureate will receive the peace prize for his or her accomplishments during the last year. Kleen stated that since Dunant and Moynier's lifelong peace work was the achievement of a lifetime and since he could not refer to any particular accomplishments of the last year, he reckoned that they did not qualify for the peace prize. He strongly believed that the two were the best candidates for the peace prize, and he regretted not being able to nominate them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moneta-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moneta_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moneta_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moneta nominated the Italian author <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Ferrero" title="Guglielmo Ferrero">Guglielmo Ferrero</a> and the Permanent International Peace Bureau. The two nominations were submitted as individual nominations, and Moneta did not suggest a division of the prize between them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lund also nominated the Inter-Parliamentary Union and <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">William Stead</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the documents Vutkovitch sent to the Nobel Committee were two sheets of music written by Linker. One was a peace hymn ("The Dawn of Peace"), and the other was a royal jubilee march written in commemoration of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a>'s silver jubilee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allemane used Mülberger's pen name N. J. Pierlin during the nomination.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name of the nominator is unclear. Inter-Parliamentary Group or Italian Peace Society? In the protocol, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lous Lange</a> gave the executive committee of the Italian Peace Society as nominators, whereas in the report to the Nobel Committee he listed the Italian Inter-Parliamentary Group as nominators. The Italian Peace Society was not entitled to nominate, but some of its members qualified as nominators because they were members of the Italian Parliament and the Italian Inter-Parliamentary Group. The nomination is missing from the archive at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. Pandolfi himself asked to borrow the documents concerning him and the secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, Christian Lous Lange, obliged. The papers were probably never returned to the Norwegian Nobel Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suttner also mentioned other possible candidates without specifically naming them as nominees for 1901. She wanted Passy, the oldest and most revered of the peace workers, to receive the first peace prize, and she also recommended a division of the prize in order to honor as many as the worthy candidates as possible. In addition, she wrote a lengthy letter about how she interpreted the notions in Alfred Nobel's will. She had been a friend of Nobel, and she wished to share her thoughts on the peace prize with the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Among others, she opposed the idea of giving the prize to an organization.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moch-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moch_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moch_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moch wanted the peace prize to be divided between Passy and the Permanent International Peace Bureau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lima nominated Passy on behalf of Liga Portugueza de Paz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Lund also nominated the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a>. Stead was a passenger on the British transatlantic liner <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> when the ship struck an iceberg and sank in 1912, and he was one of the approximately 1,500 passengers who perished.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolstoy did not wish to receive a Nobel Prize. He stated that he would decline if he was awarded a prize.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another nominee (nominated in 1951) with the same surname have been merged with him at the nomination archive.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darby pointed out that the English Peace Society had a claim on the Nobel Peace Prize, and he referred to several letters he had sent to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Steen" title="Johannes Steen">Johannes Steen</a>, who was also a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pratt recommended that the Permanent International Peace Bureau would receive annual support from the Norwegian Nobel Committee and thereby secure the Peace Bureau's continued existence. He reckoned that the tireless peace efforts of the Peace Bureau and its general secretary Élie Ducommun deserved recognition in the form of a secure financial foundation at the core of the Peace Bureau's peace work. Pratt contributed to the founding of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipg-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipg_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipg_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipg_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lous Lange</a>, secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>, lists the American Inter-Parliamentary Group, the Belgian Inter-Parliamentary Group and the Portuguese Inter-Parliamentary Group among the nominators who nominated the Inter-Parliamentary Union. However, there are no mention of these three nominations in the protocol in which Lange recorded all the incoming nominations. It is possible that these nominations were submitted and not recorded, or that the nominations were submitted orally either to Lange or to one of the committee members and therefore they were not recorded in the protocol. Most of the IPU's nominators nominated either the Inter-Parliamentary Union or the Inter-Parliamentary Bureau or both. Christian Lous Lange, secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, regarded the Union and the Bureau as one candidate; the Bureau was the executive body of the Union. The nominators wished to reward the I.P.U. and its Bureau with a Nobel Peace Prize for its accomplishments so far and to provide the I.P.U. with means to develop the organization and to guarantee the continued existence of the I.P.U.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/full-text-of-alfred-nobels-will-2/">Full text of Alfred Nobel’s will</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/summary/">The Nobel Peace Prize 1901</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/dunant/facts/">Henry Dunant – Facts</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henri-Dunant">"Henri Dunant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Henri+Dunant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenri-Dunant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1901+Nobel+Peace+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/misc/57jnvq.htm">"Henry Dunant (1828-1910)"</a>. <i>icrc.org</i>. 6 April 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=icrc.org&rft.atitle=Henry+Dunant+%281828-1910%29&rft.date=1998-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fdoc%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Fmisc%2F57jnvq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1901+Nobel+Peace+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1901/passy/facts/">Frédéric Passy – Facts</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederic-Passy">"Frédéric Passy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric+Passy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFrederic-Passy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1901+Nobel+Peace+Prize" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=2594">Nomination archive – Jean Henry Dunant</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7015">Nomination archive – Frédéric Passy</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/list.php?prize=5&year=1901">Nomination archive – 1901</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=9571">Nomination archive – Louis Constant Vauthier</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-norwegian-nobel-committee-1901-2017/">The Norwegian Nobel Committee 1901-2017</a> nobelprize.org</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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selflink">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_navbox" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_navbox" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Committee</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="List of members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee">members</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Institute" title="Norwegian Nobel Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Center" title="Nobel Peace Center">Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Concert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Spektrum" title="Oslo Spektrum">Oslo Spektrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall" title="Oslo City Hall">Oslo City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit</a></li> <li>Nominees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">By year</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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