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href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colour_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colour_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colour variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colour_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historical range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Behaviour and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behaviour and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behaviour_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Group_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Group organisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hunting and diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predatory_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predatory_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Predatory competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predatory_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reproduction and life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_mortality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_mortality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Health and mortality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_mortality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captive_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captive_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Captive breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captive_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interactions with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_zoos_and_circuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_zoos_and_circuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In zoos and circuses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_zoos_and_circuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunting_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunting_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hunting and games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunting_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man-eating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man-eating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Man-eating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man-eating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cultural significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 234 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-234" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">234 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%89" title="Хьэщ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хьэщ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аслъан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Аслъан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeu" title="Leeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6we" title="Löwe – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Löwe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арслан – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Арслан" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Алтай тил</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B3" title="አንበሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አንበሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिंह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93o" title="Lēo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Алым – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алым" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="أسد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%AE" title="Առիւծ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Առիւծ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সিংহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সিংহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B5" title="Leõ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Leõ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%D3%80" title="ГъалбацӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГъалбацӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eir" title="Şir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آسلان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسلان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9" title="সিংহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিংহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai" title="Sai – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыҫлан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Арыҫлан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9E" title="Леў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Леў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिंह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8A%D0%B2" title="Лъв – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лъв" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="སེང་གེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེང་གེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lav" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_(loen)" title="Leon (loen) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leon (loen)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арсалан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Арсалан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lle%C3%B3" title="Lleó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арăслан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арăслан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumba" title="Shumba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shumba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkhalamu" title="Nkhalamu – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Nkhalamu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionu" title="Lionu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lionu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llew" title="Llew – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llew" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbu%C9%A3inli" title="Gbuɣinli – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbuɣinli" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Løve" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="سبع – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سبع" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledjon" title="Ledjon – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ledjon" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6we" title="Löwe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Löwe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1shd%C3%B3%C3%ADtsoh_bitsiij%C4%AF%CA%BC_dadit%C5%82%CA%BCoo%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Náshdóítsoh bitsiijįʼ daditłʼooígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Náshdóítsoh bitsiijįʼ daditłʼooígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5vi" title="Lõvi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõvi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Λιοντάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιοντάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono" title="Leono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(animal)" title="León (animal) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="León (animal)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehoi" title="Lehoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzata" title="Dzata – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzata" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="شیر (گربه‌سان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیر (گربه‌سان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser" title="Ser – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ser" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyva" title="Leyva – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Leyva" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Aslan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B2mhann" title="Leòmhann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leòmhann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n" title="León – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="León" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Лом – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лом" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B9" title="એશિયાઇ સિંહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એશિયાઇ સિંહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌹𐍅𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-%C3%A9" title="Sṳ̂-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̂-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BB%D2%A3" title="Арслң – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арслң" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9E%90" title="사자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaki" title="Zaki – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zaki" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liona" title="Liona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Liona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE" title="Առյուծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առյուծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81)" title="सिंह (पशु) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंह (पशु)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Law" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leono_(mamifero)" title="Leono (mamifero) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leono (mamifero)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Od%C3%BAm" title="Odúm – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Odúm" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE" title="নংসা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নংসা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Цомахъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цомахъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhubesi" title="Ibhubesi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ibhubesi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3n" title="Ljón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94%C9%94y%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Tɔɔyʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔɔyʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸಿಂಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_(animal)" title="Leon (animal) – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Leon (animal)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%95%DB%81%DB%81" title="پادَر سٕہہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پادَر سٕہہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lew" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Арыстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lew" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare" title="Intare – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Intare" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intare" title="Intare – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Intare" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simba" title="Simba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Simba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkosi" title="Nkosi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Nkosi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krapol_(Panthera_leo)" title="Krapol (Panthera leo) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Krapol (Panthera leo)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AAr" title="Şêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Арстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Арыслан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аслан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аслан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBovs" title="Ļovs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ļovs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo" title="Leo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauva" title="Lauva – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lauva" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9iw" title="Léiw – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Léiw" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аслан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Аслан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABtas" title="Liūtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liūtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singo" title="Singo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Singo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_(bestia)" title="Lion (bestia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lion (bestia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liew" title="Liew – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nk%C9%94%CC%81si" title="Nkɔ́si – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nkɔ́si" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cinfo" title="cinfo – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cinfo" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroszl%C3%A1n" title="Oroszlán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oroszlán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лав" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liona" title="Liona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Liona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="സിംഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിംഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iljun" title="Iljun – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iljun" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiona" title="Raiona – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Raiona" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ნჯილო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნჯილო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="سبع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سبع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1" title="هوجور – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هوجور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯡꯁꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83i_(m%C3%A0-ku%C5%8F_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk)" title="Săi (mà-kuŏ dông-ŭk) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săi (mà-kuŏ dông-ŭk)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Орксофта – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Орксофта" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арслан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арслан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7" title="ခြင်္သေ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခြင်္သေ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuw_(dier)" title="Leeuw (dier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leeuw (dier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिंह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" title="सिंह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिंह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ライオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%98%DF%8A" title="ߖߊ߬ߘߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߊ߬ߘߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Лом – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лом" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6%C3%B6w" title="Lööw – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Lööw" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Løve" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8ve" title="Løve – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Løve" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Арыслан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B9" title="ସିଂହ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସିଂହ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenca" title="Leenca – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Leenca" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslon" title="Arslon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arslon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੱਬਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੱਬਰ ਸ਼ੇਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ببر شیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ببر شیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زمری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زمری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%84" title="តោ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តោ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew_afryka%C5%84ski" title="Lew afrykański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lew afrykański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%A3o" title="Leão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arslan" title="Arslan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Arslan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leu" title="Leu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liun" title="Liun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Liun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyun" title="Liyun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liyun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лев" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Хахай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хахай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona" title="Leona – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Leona" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="सिंहः पशुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिंहः पशुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱴᱟᱠᱩᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeuwe" title="Leeuwe – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leeuwe" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luani" title="Luani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="සිංහයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිංහයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion" title="Lion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86" title="ببر شينهن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ببر شينهن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libhubesi" title="Libhubesi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Libhubesi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_p%C3%BA%C5%A1%C5%A5ov%C3%BD" title="Lev púšťový – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lev púšťový" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8A" title="Львъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Львъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lew" title="Lew – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Lew" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libaax" title="Libaax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Libaax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="شێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Лав – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лав" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav" title="Lav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lav" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leijona" title="Leijona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leijona" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejon" title="Lejon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lejon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izm" title="Izm – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Izm" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izem" title="Izem – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Izem" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Арыслан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%82%88" title="သၢင်ႇသီႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သၢင်ႇသီႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%82" title="సింహం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింహం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="สิงโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิงโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6r" title="Kör – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Kör" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A3%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B3" title="ኣንበሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኣንበሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%95%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏢᏓᏥ ᎤᏃᏕᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9hpe%27%C3%A9nan%C3%B3se%27hame" title="Péhpe'énanóse'hame – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Péhpe'énanóse'hame" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndau" title="Ndau – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ndau" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಸಿಮ್ಮ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಸಿಮ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aslan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dolbars" title="Ýolbars – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýolbars" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1zaki" title="A̱zaki – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱zaki" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Арыслан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Арыслан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Лев – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лев" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ببر شیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ببر شیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D8%B1" title="شىر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeceij" title="Saeceij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saeceij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" title="Panthera leo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Panthera leo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev" title="Lev – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lev" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C6%B0_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Sư tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sư tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5vi" title="Lõvi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõvi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liyon" title="Liyon – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Liyon" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katnajap%C3%BC" title="Katnajapü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Katnajapü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%85" title="獅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="獅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAeuw_(b%C3%AAeste)" title="Lêeuw (bêeste) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lêeuw (bêeste)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon" title="Leon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaynde" title="Gaynde – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Gaynde" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AE" title="狮 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="狮" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91" title="לייב – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לייב" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ACn%C3%AC%C3%BAn" title="Kìnìún – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kìnìún" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90" title="獅子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="獅子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AAr" title="Şêr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şêr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C5%ABts" title="Liūts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Liūts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AE" title="狮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="狮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondou" title="Mondou – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Mondou" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinikini" title="Kinikini – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Kinikini" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singa" title="Singa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Singa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%91%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%94%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B2" title="ᥑᥣᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥲ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥑᥣᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥲ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%8E" title="ⵉⵣⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵣⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q140#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large cat native to Africa and India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lion (disambiguation)">Lion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mountain_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain lion">Mountain lion</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Lion<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Pleistocene–Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12676923077px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/220px-020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/440px-020_The_lion_king_Snyggve_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5168" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male in <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a>, Tanzania </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Okonjima_Lioness.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/220px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/330px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Okonjima_Lioness.jpg/440px-Okonjima_Lioness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1835" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female in <a href="/wiki/Okonjima" title="Okonjima">Okonjima</a>, Namibia </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a> Appendix II<small> (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Panthera" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera"><i>Panthera</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. leo<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Panthera leo<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_leo" title="Panthera leo leo">P. l. leo</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita">P. l. melanochaita</a></i></dd> <dd>†<i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lanka lion">P. l. sinhaleyus</a></i></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_IUCN_range_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg/220px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg/330px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg/440px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_IUCN_range_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="794" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Historical lion distribution </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>lion</b> (<i><b>Panthera leo</b></i>) is a large <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cat</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i>, native to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It has a muscular, broad-chested <a href="/wiki/Body_(biology)" title="Body (biology)">body</a>; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a <a href="/wiki/Social_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Social species">social species</a>, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>. The lion is an <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keystone_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone predator">keystone predator</a>; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans. </p><p>The lion inhabits <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">shrublands</a>. It is usually more <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">at night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">at twilight</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and one population in <a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">western India</a>. It has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a> and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern. </p><p>One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menageries</a> since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and have been a key species sought for exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Zoological_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological garden">zoological gardens</a> across the world since the late 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Cultural depictions of lions</a> were prominent in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The English word <i>lion</i> is derived via <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <span title="Anglo-Norman-language text"><i lang="xno">liun</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leōnem</i></span> (nominative: <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leō</i></span>), which in turn was a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λέων</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">léōn</i></span>. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">לָבִיא</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">lavi</i></span> may also be related.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic name <i>Panthera</i> is traceable to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> word 'panthēra' and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> word πάνθηρ 'panther'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/220px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/330px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg/440px-Two_cladograms_for_Panthera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2006_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-werdelin2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werdelin2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lower one on the 2010<sup id="cite_ref-davis2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2011<sup id="cite_ref-mazak2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazak2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Felis leo</i> was the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758, who described the lion in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn1758_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn1758-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus name <i>Panthera</i> was coined by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Oken" title="Lorenz Oken">Lorenz Oken</a> in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion <a href="/wiki/Zoological_specimen" title="Zoological specimen">specimens</a> were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemmer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/220px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/330px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/440px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimens</a> were described and proposed as <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>, with about a dozen recognised as <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">valid</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a> until 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2008 and 2016, <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> assessors used only two subspecific names: <i>P. l. leo</i> for African lion populations, and <i>P. l. persica</i> for the Asiatic lion population.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breitenmoser2008_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henschel2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henschel2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a>, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several <a href="/wiki/Phylogeographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeographic">phylogeographic</a> studies on lion <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, namely:<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_leo" title="Panthera leo leo"><i>P. l. leo</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Linnaeus, 1758)</span> − the <a href="/wiki/Nominate_subspecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominate subspecies">nominate</a> lion subspecies includes the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Locally_extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Locally extinct">regionally extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a>, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> include <i>P. l. persica</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Meyer, 1826)</span>, <i>P. l. senegalensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Meyer, 1826)</span>, <i>P. l. kamptzi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Paul_Matschie" title="Paul Matschie">Matschie</a>, 1900)</span>, and <i>P. l. azandica</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Joel_Asaph_Allen" title="Joel Asaph Allen">Allen</a>, 1924)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood1865_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood1865-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_melanochaita" title="Panthera leo melanochaita"><i>P. l. melanochaita</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Smith</a>, 1842)</span> − includes the extinct <a href="/wiki/Cape_lion" title="Cape lion">Cape lion</a> and lion populations in East and Southern African regions.<sup id="cite_ref-catsg_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catsg-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synonyms include <i>P. l. somaliensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Noack 1891)</span>, <i>P. l. massaica</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Oscar_Neumann" title="Oscar Neumann">Neumann</a>, 1900)</span>, <i>P. l. sabakiensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Einar_L%C3%B6nnberg" title="Einar Lönnberg">Lönnberg</a>, 1910)</span>, <i>P. l. bleyenberghi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Lönnberg, 1914)</span>, <i>P. l. roosevelti</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Heller" title="Edmund Heller">Heller</a>, 1914)</span>, <i>P. l. nyanzae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Heller, 1914)</span>, <i>P. l. hollisteri</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Joel_Asaph_Allen" title="Joel Asaph Allen">Allen</a>, 1924)</span>, <i>P. l. krugeri</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Austin_Roberts_(zoologist)" title="Austin Roberts (zoologist)">Roberts</a>, 1929)</span>, <i>P. l. vernayi</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Roberts, 1948)</span>, and <i>P. l. webbiensis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Zukowsky, 1964)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hemmer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter2018_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with <i>P. leo leo</i> in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P. <i>leo melanochaita</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lion samples from some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertola2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertola2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a>-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with <i>P. l. leo</i> in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to <i>P. l. melanochaita</i>. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.<sup id="cite_ref-DeManuel_al2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_records">Fossil records</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_Atrox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/220px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/330px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Panthera_Atrox.jpg/440px-Panthera_Atrox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Skull of an American lion on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other lion subspecies or <a href="/wiki/Sister_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister species">sister species</a> to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times:<sup id="cite_ref-Christiansen08CaveLions_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christiansen08CaveLions-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_sinhaleyus" title="Panthera leo sinhaleyus">P. l. sinhaleyus</a></i> was a <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> excavated in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthera_fossilis" title="Panthera fossilis"><i>P. fossilis</i></a> was larger than the modern lion and lived in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Marciszak2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marciszak2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sabol2014_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabol2014-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">P. spelaea</a></i>, or the <b>cave lion</b>, lived in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>. It became extinct due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate warming">climate warming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">human expansion</a> latest by 11,900 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemmer2011_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemmer2011-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It likely derived from <i>P. fossilis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia.<sup id="cite_ref-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2016_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is depicted in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer00_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer00-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_lion" title="American lion"><i>P. atrox</i></a>, or the <b>American lion</b>, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> during the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Chimento2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chimento2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fossil from <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-King2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_lion_range.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/220px-Cave_lion_range.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/330px-Cave_lion_range.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Cave_lion_range.png/440px-Cave_lion_range.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>red <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">Panthera spelaea</a></i><br />blue <i><a href="/wiki/Panthera_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthera atrox">Panthera atrox</a></i><br />green <i>Panthera leo</i><br /><br />Maximal range of the modern lion<br />and its prehistoric relatives<br />in the late Pleistocene</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Panthera</i> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineage</a> is estimated to have <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">genetically diverged</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=9.32–4.47">9.32 to 4.47</a> million years ago</span> to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=11.75–0.97">11.75 to 0.97</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2006_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Werdelin2010_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werdelin2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_al2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_al2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a> that diverged <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3.46–1.22">3.46 to 1.22</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2006_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2006-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also with the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> that diverged <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3.1–1.95">3.1 to 1.95</a> million years ago</span><sup id="cite_ref-davis2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mazak2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazak2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=4.32–0.02">4.32 to 0.02</a> million years ago</span>. <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybridisation</a> between lion and <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a> ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_al2016_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_al2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">Palearctic</a> since at least the early <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tseng2014_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tseng2014-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a> in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Werdelin2010_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Werdelin2010-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rate</a> per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area.<sup id="cite_ref-DeManuel_al2020_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> without <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> descendants on other continents.<sup id="cite_ref-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurgerJ-Molecular-phylogeny-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_al2014_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_al2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000 and 52,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-DeManuel_al2020_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett_al2014_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett_al2014-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Bertola2011_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bertola2011-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a> with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Basin" title="Nile Basin">Nile Basin</a> during the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeManuel_al2020_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeManuel_al2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panthera_hybrid" title="Panthera hybrid">Panthera hybrid</a></div> <p>In zoos, lions have been bred with <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a> to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Liger" title="Liger">liger</a> is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most <a href="/wiki/Tigon" title="Tigon">tigons</a> are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects.<sup id="cite_ref-shi_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shi-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carnivores_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnivores-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leopon" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopon">leopon</a> is a hybrid between a lion and leopard.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lioness_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/200px-Lioness_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/300px-Lioness_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lioness_12.jpg/400px-Lioness_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_(Panthera_leo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/200px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/300px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg/400px-Description_iconographique_compar%C3%A9e_du_squelette_et_du_syst%C3%A8me_dentaire_des_mammif%C3%A8res_r%C3%A9cents_et_fossiles_%28Panthera_leo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="1523" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Skeleton</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light <a href="/wiki/Buff_(colour)" title="Buff (colour)">buff</a> to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(zoology)" title="Rosette (zoology)">spots</a>, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" composed of dermal papillae.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller28_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller28-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter <a href="/wiki/Postorbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Postorbital">postorbital</a> region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocock1939_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocock1939-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USSR_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lion has a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Fast_twitch_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast twitch muscle">fast twitch muscle</a> fibers, giving them quick bursts of speed but less stamina.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3></div> <p>Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_etal_1980_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chellam1993_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BCKM1993_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCKM1993-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nowak_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAP_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAP-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_et_al.,_1982_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_et_al.,_1982-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1987_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1987-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Average</th> <th>Female lions</th> <th>Male lions </th></tr> <tr> <td>Head-and-body length </td> <td>160–184 cm (63–72 in)<sup id="cite_ref-West2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>184–208 cm (72–82 in)<sup id="cite_ref-West2013_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tail length </td> <td>72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in)<sup id="cite_ref-West2013_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in)<sup id="cite_ref-West2013_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-West2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weight </td> <td>118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_etal_1980_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_etal_1980_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India<sup id="cite_ref-Chellam1993_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_etal_1980_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Smuts_etal_1980_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smuts_etal_1980-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India<sup id="cite_ref-Chellam1993_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chellam1993-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mane">Mane</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_male_6y.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/200px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/300px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg/400px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_6y.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A six-year-old male in <a href="/wiki/Phinda_Private_Game_Reserve" title="Phinda Private Game Reserve">Phinda Private Game Reserve</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/200px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/300px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg/400px-Lion_au_repos_parc_pendjari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Young male in Pendjari National Park</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-Hemmer_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hemmer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Yamaguchietal2004Mane_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yamaguchietal2004Mane-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations in the genes <a href="/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor" title="Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor">microphthalmia-associated transcription factor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">tyrosinase</a> are possibly responsible for the colour of manes.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It starts growing when lions enter adolescence, when <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnettYamaguchi2006_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This feature likely evolved to signal the <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">fitness</a> of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress.<sup id="cite_ref-PeytonPacker1992_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeytonPacker1992-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The core body temperature does apparently not increase regardless of sex, season, feeding time, length and colour of mane, but only surface temperature is affected.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in other felid species, female lions consistently interact with multiple males at once.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all male lions in <a href="/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">Pendjari National Park</a> are either maneless or have very short manes.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoeetal2010_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoeetal2010-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maneless_lion" title="Maneless lion">Maneless lions</a> have also been reported in Senegal, in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dinder_National_Park" title="Dinder National Park">Dinder National Park</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_East_National_Park" title="Tsavo East National Park">Tsavo East National Park</a>, Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">Castrated</a> lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> inhibits testosterone production.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, both wild and captive lionesses have manes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colour_variation">Colour variation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/White_lion" title="White lion">White lion</a></div> <p>The white lion is a rare <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">morph</a> with a genetic condition called <a href="/wiki/Leucism" title="Leucism">leucism</a>, which is caused by a double <a href="/wiki/Recessive_allele" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive allele">recessive allele</a>. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around <a href="/wiki/Kruger_National_Park" title="Kruger National Park">Kruger National Park</a> and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Timbavati_Private_Game_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbavati Private Game Reserve">Timbavati Private Game Reserve</a> in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion <a href="/wiki/Gene_pool" title="Gene pool">gene pool</a>. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White lions are selected for breeding in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during <a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">canned hunts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic_lion_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/220px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/330px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Asiatic_lion_01.jpg/440px-Asiatic_lion_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>Lion in <a href="/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannahs</a>, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elgon" title="Mount Elgon">Mount Elgon</a>, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savannahs with an annual rainfall of 300 to 1,500 mm (12 to 59 in) make up the majority of lion habitat in Africa, estimated at 3,390,821 km<sup>2</sup> (1,309,203 sq mi) at most, but remnant populations are also present in tropical moist forests in West Africa and <a href="/wiki/Afromontane" title="Afromontane">montane</a> forests in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Riggio_al2013_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggio_al2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around <a href="/wiki/Gir_National_Park" title="Gir National Park">Gir National Park</a> in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous <a href="/wiki/Scrub_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrub forest">scrub forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitenmoser2008_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_range">Historical range</h3></div> <p>In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central <a href="/wiki/African_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="African rainforest">African rainforest</a> zone and the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller5_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller5-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-Chardonnet2002_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chardonnet2002-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Riggio_al2013_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riggio_al2013-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_al2013_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_al2013-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the mid-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct <a href="/wiki/Panthera_spelaea" title="Panthera spelaea">cave lion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marciszak2022_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marciszak2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present.<sup id="cite_ref-Marciszak2022_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marciszak2022-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greece, it was common, as reported by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> by AD 100.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was present in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> until the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-USSR_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It lived in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Firouz05_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Firouz05-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan province</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-simba_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simba-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It once ranged from <a href="/wiki/Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind">Sind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in Pakistan to <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada River</a> in central India.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinnear1920_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinnear1920-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour_and_ecology">Behaviour and ecology</h2></div> <p>Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller122_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller122-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating. <a href="/wiki/Cathemerality" title="Cathemerality">Intermittent bursts of activity</a> continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller120_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller120-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_organisation">Group organisation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/200px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/300px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg/400px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_male_and_cub_Etosha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5640" data-file-height="3736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lion pride in Etosha National Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/200px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/300px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg/400px-Lions_Family_Portrait_Masai_Mara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "<a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_names#L" title="List of animal names">pride</a>". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions".<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller33_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller37_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller37-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">disperse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer33_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer33-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole exception to this pattern is the <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsavo lion">Tsavo lion</a> pride that always has just one adult male.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prides act as <a href="/wiki/Fission%E2%80%93fusion_society" title="Fission–fusion society">fission–fusion societies</a>, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with <a href="/wiki/Roar" title="Roar">roars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller33_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a> allow nomadic males to approach them.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study undertaken in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a> revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kruger National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a> they can defend; "hotspots" being near river <a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluences</a>, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range".<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller33_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller33-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominance_hierarchy" title="Dominance hierarchy">Dominance hierarchies</a> do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Joslin1973_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joslin1973-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-Chakrabarti2017_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarti2017-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_diet">Hunting and diet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_and_eland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/200px-Lion_and_eland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/300px-Lion_and_eland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lion_and_eland.jpg/400px-Lion_and_eland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a <a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">common eland</a>, on display at <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Osteology" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Osteology">The Museum of Osteology</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/200px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/300px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg/400px-Lions_taking_down_cape_buffalo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2293" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg/200px-Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg/300px-Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg/400px-Lions_and_a_Zebra_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lions feeding on a zebra</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The lion is a <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">hypercarnivore</a> and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frank1998_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank1998-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">blue wildebeest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>. It also frequently takes <a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">common warthog</a> despite it being much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward2005_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, <a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">chital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">sambar deer</a> are the most common wild prey,<sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayward2005_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward2005-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mukherjee_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukherjee-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually avoids fully grown adult <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a> and small prey like <a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">dik-dik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyraxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>. Unusual prey include <a href="/wiki/Old_World_porcupine" title="Old World porcupine">porcupines</a> and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller153_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller153-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like buffalo and giraffe are riskier.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Chobe_National_Park" title="Chobe National Park">Chobe National Park</a>, large prides have been observed hunting <a href="/wiki/African_bush_elephant" title="African bush elephant">African bush elephants</a> up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-hunt_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunt-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about 48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller2478_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller2478-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller237_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller237-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s²</a>, whereas zebras, wildebeest and <a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle</a> accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a clamping bite to the <a href="/wiki/Throat_clamp" title="Throat clamp">throat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_clamp" title="Muzzle clamp">muzzle</a>. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a <a href="/wiki/Bite_force_quotient" title="Bite force quotient">bite force</a> from 1593.8 to 1768 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">Newtons</a> at the canine tip and up 4167.6 Newtons at the <a href="/wiki/Carnassial" title="Carnassial">carnassial</a> notch.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/220px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/330px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG/440px-Male_Lion_and_Cub_Chitwa_South_Africa_Luca_Galuzzi_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Male lion and cub with mostly eaten buffalo carcass in <a href="/wiki/Sabi_Sand_Game_Reserve" title="Sabi Sand Game Reserve">Sabi Sand Game Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller2706_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller2706-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on leftovers.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large kills are shared more widely among pride members.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller133_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller133-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session.<sup id="cite_ref-simba_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simba-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller2706_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller2706-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions scavenge on <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carrion</a> when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller213_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller213-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions.<sup id="cite_ref-nowak_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.<sup id="cite_ref-AWF_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWF-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predatory_competition">Predatory competition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg/200px-Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg/300px-Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg/400px-Lioness_vs._Hyena_in_KNP_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/200px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/300px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png/400px-Lioness_vs_Leopard_9_July_2016_Latest_Sightings_1.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="618" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lions and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">spotted hyenas</a> occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-prey_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prey-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or without the presence of food. In the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro crater">Ngorongoro crater</a>, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruuk_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruuk-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished.<sup id="cite_ref-schaller272_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaller272-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason.<sup id="cite_ref-schaller273_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaller273-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a>. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the lion population in Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara_National_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara National Reserve">Masai Mara National Reserve</a> declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions tend to dominate <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a> and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-laurenson_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laurenson-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheetahs avoid their competitors by hunting at different times and habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions affect leopard abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller293_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller293-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions similarly dominate <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dogs</a>, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pienaar1969_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pienaar1969-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaller,_p._188_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller,_p._188-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/200px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/300px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg/400px-Panthera_leo_massaica_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5588" data-file-height="4456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lions mating at Masai Mara</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_cub,_Masai_Mara,_Kenya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/200px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/300px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg/400px-Lion_cub%2C_Masai_Mara%2C_Kenya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2334" data-file-height="1667" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A lion cub in Masai Mara</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller29_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller29-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are <a href="/wiki/Polyestrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyestrous">polyestrous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller174_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller174-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has <a href="/wiki/Penile_spines" title="Penile spines">spines</a> that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is <a href="/wiki/Estrous_cycle" title="Estrous cycle">in heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller142_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller142-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions of both sexes may be involved in group <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuality in animals">homosexual</a> and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation length</a> of the lion is about seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average gestation period is around 110<span class="nowrap"> </span>days;<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller174_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller174-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott45_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott45-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lion cubs are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller143_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller143-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott45_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott45-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott45_167-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott45-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaller148_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When first introduced to the rest of the pride, lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller148_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/220px--Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="125" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="768" data-height="438" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="252" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="420" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/94/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv/Lion_Cubs_Phinda_2011.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="632" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve</figcaption></figure> <p>Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaller148_169-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller148-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often <a href="/wiki/Infanticide_(zoology)" title="Infanticide (zoology)">kill any existing young cubs</a>, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male.<sup id="cite_ref-Packpus83_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packpus83-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller44_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller44-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some females may leave when they reach the age of two.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer33_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer33-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_mortality">Health and mortality</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/220px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/330px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG/440px-Lake-Nakuru-Lions-in-Tree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2725" /></a><figcaption>Lions in a tree near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nakuru" title="Lake Nakuru">Lake Nakuru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas2005_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller183_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller183-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when fighting at a kill.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller1889_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller1889-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller1890_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller1890-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodiles</a> may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1972_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1972-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">Ticks</a> commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller184_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller184-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult forms of several <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworm</a> species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Taenia_(flatworm)" title="Taenia (flatworm)">Taenia</a></i> have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> meat.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (<i><a href="/wiki/Stable_fly" title="Stable fly">Stomoxys calcitrans</a></i>) in 1962, resulting in lions becoming emaciated and covered in bloody, bare patches. Lions sought unsuccessfully to evade the biting flies by climbing trees or crawling into hyena burrows; many died or migrated and the local population dropped from 70 to 15 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more recent outbreak in 2001 killed six lions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nkwame06_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nkwame06-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captive lions have been infected with <a href="/wiki/Canine_distemper" title="Canine distemper">canine distemper</a> virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virus" title="Feline immunodeficiency virus">Feline immunodeficiency virus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">lentivirus</a> also affect captive lions.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/200px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/300px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg/400px-Lion_cub_with_mother.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_(Panthera_leo)_marking_its_territory_..._(52806595064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/200px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/300px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg/400px-Lion_%28Panthera_leo%29_marking_its_territory_..._%2852806595064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4429" data-file-height="2948" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are <a href="/wiki/Bunting_(animal_behavior)" title="Bunting (animal behavior)">head rubbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_licking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social licking">social licking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller85_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller85-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which have been compared with the role of <a href="/wiki/Allogrooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Allogrooming">allogrooming</a> among primates.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller858_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller858-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social licking often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller8891_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller8891-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" title="File:Lion raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg">Lion roar</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="10" data-mwtitle="Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg/Lion_raring-sound1TamilNadu178.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A captive lion roaring</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller92102_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller92102-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or <a href="/wiki/Flehmen_response" title="Flehmen response">flehmen response</a>, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions also use chemical and visual marking;<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller92102_193-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller92102-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> males <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)#Scent_marking" title="Territory (animal)">spray urine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schaller116_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller116-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller92102_193-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller92102-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of <a href="/wiki/Growling" title="Growling">growling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snarling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snarling">snarling</a>, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Schaller10313_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaller10313-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <p>The lion is listed as <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">Vulnerable</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>. The Indian population is listed on <a href="/wiki/CITES_Appendix_I" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix I">CITES Appendix I</a> and the African population on <a href="/wiki/CITES_Appendix_II" class="mw-redirect" title="CITES Appendix II">CITES Appendix II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Africa">In Africa</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lion.ogv/220px--Lion.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="85" data-mwtitle="Lion.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lion.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="532" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Lion.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="532" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Lion.ogv/Lion.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a wild lioness</figcaption></figure> <p>Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa; their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chardonnet2002_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chardonnet2002-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odzala-Kokoua_National_Park" title="Odzala-Kokoua National Park">Odzala-Kokoua National Park</a> was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-carn_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carn-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W</a> <a href="/wiki/Arli_National_Park" title="Arli National Park">A</a> <a href="/wiki/Pendjari_National_Park" title="Pendjari National Park">P</a> protected area complex, shared by <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. This population is listed as <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Henschel2015_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henschel2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Field surveys in the <a href="/wiki/W-Arly-Pendjari_Complex" title="W-Arly-Pendjari Complex">WAP ecosystem</a> revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A population occurs in Cameroon's <a href="/wiki/Waza_National_Park" title="Waza National Park">Waza National Park</a>, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's <a href="/wiki/Arly-Singou" title="Arly-Singou">Arly-Singou</a> ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_&_van_der_Merwe_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer_&_van_der_Merwe-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Mole_National_Park" title="Mole National Park">Mole National Park</a>. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a> was filmed in the <a href="/wiki/Alatash_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Alatash National Park">Alatash National Park</a>, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist2016_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist2016-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Ethiopian_lion,_2016_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ethiopian_lion,_2016-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human coexistence sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93lion_conflict" title="Human–lion conflict">human–lion conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Asia">In Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Gir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/220px-Lion_Gir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/330px-Lion_Gir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lion_Gir.jpg/440px-Lion_Gir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>A lioness in Gir National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km<sup>2</sup> (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">region of Saurashtra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathiawar Peninsula">Kathiawar Peninsula</a> in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh,_Gibson_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh,_Gibson-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is geographically isolated, which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> and reduced <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">Endangered</a> on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Breitenmoser2008_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breitenmoser2008-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km<sup>2</sup> (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-Venkataraman2016_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman2016-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Venkataraman2016_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venkataraman2016-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.<sup id="cite_ref-Meena2016_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meena2016-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captive_breeding">Captive breeding</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/220px-India_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/330px-India_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/India_Animals.jpg/440px-India_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Two captive male Asiatic lions in <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Gandhi_National_Park" title="Sanjay Gandhi National Park">Sanjay Gandhi National Park</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Zoo" title="Addis Ababa Zoo">Addis Ababa Zoo</a> are descendants of animals owned by <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Emperor Haile Selassie</a>. WildLink International in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> launched an ambitious International <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary Lion Project</a> with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-yamaguchi-haddane_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yamaguchi-haddane-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruche_al2012_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruche_al2012-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Zoos_and_Aquariums" title="Association of Zoos and Aquariums">Association of Zoos and Aquariums</a> started a <a href="/wiki/Species_Survival_Plan" title="Species Survival Plan">Species Survival Plan</a> for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions.<sup id="cite_ref-OBrien1987_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBrien1987-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing their conservation value.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and <a href="/wiki/Pedigree_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedigree (animal)">pedigree</a>. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 77% of the captive lions registered in the <a href="/wiki/International_Species_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Species Information System">International Species Information System</a> in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variability" title="Genetic variability">genetic variability</a> of the lion.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnettYamaguchi2006_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_zoos_and_circuses">In zoos and circuses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/200px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/300px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg/400px-Lion_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Lion at <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_tamer_(LOC_pga.03749).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/200px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/300px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg/400px-Lion_tamer_%28LOC_pga.03749%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9202" data-file-height="6629" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">19th-century <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits,<sup id="cite_ref-dc81_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc81-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-WAZA_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAZA-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Zoo" title="Honolulu Zoo">Honolulu Zoo</a> lived to the age of 22 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglios</a>. At that time, they came to be called <a href="/wiki/Menagerie" title="Menagerie">menageries</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinet of curiosities</a>. They spread from France and Italy during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the rest of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London#Menagerie" title="Tower of London">kept at the Tower of London</a> in a seraglio established by <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> in the 13th century;<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a> at his hunting lodge in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_Oxfordshire" title="Woodstock, Oxfordshire">Woodstock, Oxfordshire</a>, where according to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> lions had been stocked.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt15_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt15-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at <a href="/wiki/London_Zoo" title="London Zoo">London Zoo</a> until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt208_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt208-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further changes took place in the early 20th century when <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hagenbeck" title="Carl Hagenbeck">Carl Hagenbeck</a> designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Zoo" title="Melbourne Zoo">Melbourne Zoo</a> and Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Taronga_Zoo" title="Taronga Zoo">Taronga Zoo</a>; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-dc69_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc69-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Zoo_and_Botanical_Garden" title="Oklahoma City Zoo and Botanical Garden">Oklahoma City Zoological Park</a> placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lion_taming" title="Lion taming">Lion taming</a> has been part of both established <a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circuses</a> and individual acts such as <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy" title="Siegfried & Roy">Siegfried & Roy</a>. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American <a href="/wiki/Isaac_A._Van_Amburgh" title="Isaac A. Van Amburgh">Isaac Van Amburgh</a>, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers.<sup id="cite_ref-baratay187_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baratay187-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Amburgh performed before <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a> titled <i>Les Lions de Mysore</i> ("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a> acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-baratay187_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baratay187-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Beatty" title="Clyde Beatty">Clyde Beatty</a> (1903–1965).<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunting_and_games">Hunting and games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion hunting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lion_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion baiting">Lion baiting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722183731).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722183731%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> of a wounded lioness from <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 645–635 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_palace_reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian palace reliefs">Assyrian palace reliefs</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 640 BC</span>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a>. Lions were also hunted during the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, where Emperor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> is said to have excelled at it.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson156_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson156-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, lions were kept by emperors for <a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">hunts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bestiarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiarii">gladiator fights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias" title="Damnatio ad bestias">executions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai people</a> have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">European colonisation of Africa</a> in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£1</a> each.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a> of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">killing of Cecil the lion</a> in mid-2015.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Man-eating">Man-eating</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/220px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/330px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg/440px-Lionsoftsavo2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum of Natural History</a> in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal#Lions" title="Man-eating animal">Man-eater lions</a></div> <p>Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the <a href="/wiki/Tsavo_maneaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsavo maneaters">Tsavo maneaters</a>; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a> were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lions' proclivity for <a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal#Lions" title="Man-eating animal">man-eating</a> has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near <a href="/wiki/Selous_Game_Reserve" title="Selous Game Reserve">Selous Game Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rufiji_River" title="Rufiji River">Rufiji River</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lindi_Region" title="Lindi Region">Lindi Region</a> near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of substantial villages have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer05_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer05-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the <a href="/wiki/Full_moon" title="Full moon">full moon</a>, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people.<sup id="cite_ref-fullmoon_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fullmoon-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions" title="Cultural depictions of lions">Cultural depictions of lions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/170px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/255px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG/340px-Luxor_Sekhmet_New_Kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption>Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Luxor_Temple" title="Luxor Temple">Luxor Temple</a>, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including <a href="/wiki/Sundiata_Keita" title="Sundiata Keita">Sundiata Keita</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>, who was called "Lion of Mali",<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a> of England.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_250-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>, the lion is known as <i>simba</i> which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong".<sup id="cite_ref-BCKM1993_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCKM1993-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">seers</a> and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogarth_255-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogarth-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In much of <a href="/wiki/African_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="African folklore">African folklore</a>, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynch_251-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynch-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, The lion-god <a href="/wiki/Apedemak" title="Apedemak">Apedemak</a> was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maahes" title="Maahes">Maahes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a> the goddess of moisture. <a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a>, god of the air, was depicted kneeing between two lions while holding a headrest. The lions mark where the sun rises and sets and symbolise yesterday and tomorrow.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/220px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/330px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG/440px-Berl%C3%ADn_Ishtar_le%C3%B3n._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>, 6th century BC, from <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> times, where it was strongly associated with kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Symbolism_250-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Symbolism-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions decorate the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Gate#Ishtar_Gate_and_Processional_Way" title="Ishtar Gate">Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate</a> in Babylon which was built by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> in the 6th century BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Babylon" title="Lion of Babylon">Lion of Babylon</a> symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constellation <a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo the lion</a> was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>. In ancient Israel, <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Judah" title="Lion of Judah">a lion</a> represented the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">tribe of Judah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lions are frequently mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">eponymous hero</a> refuses to worship <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">King Darius</a> and is forced to sleep in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den" title="Daniel in the lions' den">the lions' den</a> where he is miraculously unharmed (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%206&version=nrsv">Dan 6</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cowardly_lion2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/170px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/255px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cowardly_lion2.jpg/340px-Cowardly_lion2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="2410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Gale" title="Dorothy Gale">Dorothy Gale</a> meets the Cowardly Lion in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>. Art by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Denslow" title="W. W. Denslow">W. W. Denslow</a>, 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <i>mrigendra</i> signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Ashoka" title="Lion Capital of Ashoka">Lion Capital of Ashoka</a>, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the half-lion <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a>, an avatar of the deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, battles and slays the evil ruler <a href="/wiki/Hiranyakashipu" title="Hiranyakashipu">Hiranyakashipu</a>. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both <i><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">arhats</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a> and may be ridden by the <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The <a href="/wiki/Lion_dance" title="Lion dance">lion dance</a> has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, the lion is featured in several of <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_fables" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesop's fables">Aesop's fables</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Mouse" title="The Lion and the Mouse">The Lion and the Mouse</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nemean_lion" title="Nemean lion">Nemean lion</a> is slain by the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> who wears its skin. <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a> were also heroes slaying lions in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Europe</a>. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the <a href="/wiki/Cowardly_Lion" title="Cowardly Lion">Cowardly Lion</a> in <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s 1900 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wonderful_Wizard_of_Oz" title="The Wonderful Wizard of Oz">The Wonderful Wizard of Oz</a></i>, and in <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></i>. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Disney_animated_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney animated feature">Disney animated feature</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cats" title="List of largest cats">List of largest cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapogo_lion_coalition" title="Mapogo lion coalition">Mapogo lion coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roar_(film)" title="Roar (film)">Roar (film)</a> from 1981</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Populations of India are listed in Appendix I.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MSW3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSW3_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWozencraft2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._Chris_Wozencraft" title="W. Chris Wozencraft">Wozencraft, W. C.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000228">"Species <i>Panthera leo</i>"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Don_E._Wilson" title="Don E. Wilson">Wilson, D. E.</a>; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA546"><i>Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference</i></a> (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0"><bdi>978-0-8018-8221-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494">62265494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Species+Panthera+leo&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+A+Taxonomic+and+Geographic+Reference&rft.pages=546&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62265494&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8221-0&rft.aulast=Wozencraft&rft.aufirst=W.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departments.bucknell.edu%2Fbiology%2Fresources%2Fmsw3%2Fbrowse.asp%3Fid%3D14000228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson,_S.Bauer,_H.Strampelli,_P.Sogbohossou,_E.2024" class="citation journal cs1">Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G.; Loveridge, A. (2024) [amended version of 2023 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/15951/259030422">"<i>Panthera leo</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2024</b>: e.T15951A259030422<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Panthera+leo&rft.volume=2024&rft.pages=e.T15951A259030422&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+S.&rft.au=Bauer%2C+H.&rft.au=Strampelli%2C+P.&rft.au=Sogbohossou%2C+E.&rft.au=Ikanda%2C+D.&rft.au=Tumenta%2C+P.+F.&rft.au=Venktraman%2C+M.&rft.au=Chapron%2C+G.&rft.au=Loveridge%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F15951%2F259030422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn1758-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Linn1758_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Linnaeus, C. (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up">"<i>Felis leo</i>"</a>. <i>Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i>. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Felis+leo&rft.btitle=Caroli+Linn%C3%A6i+Systema+natur%C3%A6+per+regna+tria+natur%C3%A6%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=decima%2C+reformata&rft.pub=Laurentius+Salvius&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmobot31753000798865%23page%2F41%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-lion" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=lion">"lion"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245068">"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>117</b> (20): 10927–10934. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PNAS..11710927D">2020PNAS..11710927D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1919423117">10.1073/pnas.1919423117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7245068">7245068</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32366643">32366643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+history+of+extinct+and+living+lions&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=10927-10934&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7245068%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32366643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1919423117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PNAS..11710927D&rft.aulast=de+Manuel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Barnett%2C+R.&rft.au=Sandoval-Velasco%2C+M.&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+N.&rft.au=Vieira%2C+F.+G.&rft.au=Mendoza%2C+M.+L.+Z.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.&rft.au=Martin%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Sinding%2C+M-S.+S.&rft.au=Mak%2C+S.+S.+T.&rft.au=Car%C3%B8e%2C+C.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.&rft.au=Guo%2C+C.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+J.&rft.au=Zazula%2C+G.&rft.au=Baryshnikov%2C+G.&rft.au=Eizirik%2C+E.&rft.au=Koepfli%2C+K.-P.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Antunes%2C+A.&rft.au=Sicheritz-Ponten%2C+T.&rft.au=Gopalakrishnan%2C+S.&rft.au=Larson%2C+G.&rft.au=Yang%2C+H.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+G.&rft.au=Marques-Bonet%2C+T.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+T.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7245068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertola2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bertola2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertola,_L._D.Jongbloed,_H.Van_Der_Gaag,_K._J.De_Knijff,_P.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bertola, L. 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G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T.; Gilbert, M. T. P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lion-Tiger+Hybrid&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1496&rft.pages=200&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4056029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F058200b0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1898Natur..58Q.200P&rft.au=Pocock%2C+R.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1889713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenirschke,_K.1967" class="citation book cs1">Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids". <i>Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure</i>. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-48949-5_12">10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-48949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-48949-5"><bdi>978-3-642-48949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sterility+and+Fertility+of+Interspecific+Mammalian+Hybrids&rft.btitle=Comparative+Aspects+of+Reproductive+Failure&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&rft.pages=218-234&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-48949-5_12&rft.isbn=978-3-642-48949-5&rft.au=Benirschke%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shi-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shi_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShi2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Shi, W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"Hybrid dysgenesis effects"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4784"><i>Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis</i></a> (PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 8–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518050521/http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:165749/FULLTEXT01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Growth+and+Behaviour%3A+Epigenetic+and+Genetic+Factors+Involved+in+Hybrid+Dysgenesis&rft.inst=Acta+Universitatis+Upsaliensis&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A165749%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnivores-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carnivores_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafferty2011" class="citation book cs1">Rafferty, J. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMui7zVOqeUC&pg=PA120">"The Liger"</a>. <i>Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals</i>. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-340-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-340-3"><bdi>978-1-61530-340-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150613/https://books.google.com/books?id=EMui7zVOqeUC&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Liger&rft.btitle=Carnivores%3A+Meat-eating+Mammals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-340-3&rft.aulast=Rafferty&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMui7zVOqeUC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang,_Z.Chen,_J.Li,_L.Tao,_M.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1.pdf">"Research advances in animal distant hybridization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science China Life Sciences</i>. <b>57</b> (9): 889–902. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1">10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25091377">25091377</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18179301">18179301</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181030104852/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+China+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Research+advances+in+animal+distant+hybridization&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=889-902&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18179301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25091377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Chen%2C+J.&rft.au=Li%2C+L.&rft.au=Tao%2C+M.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+C.&rft.au=Qin%2C+Q.&rft.au=Xiao%2C+J.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y.&rft.au=Liu%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2Fs11427-014-4707-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guggisberg1975-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guggisberg1975_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuggisberg1975" class="citation book cs1">Guggisberg, C. 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K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf">"<i>Panthera leo</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mammalian Species</i>. <b>762</b>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1410%282005%29762%5B0001%3APL%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198968757">198968757</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mammalian+Species&rft.atitle=Panthera+leo&rft.volume=762&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1644%2F1545-1410%282005%29762%5B0001%3APL%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198968757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Haas%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Hayssen%2C+V.&rft.au=Krausman%2C+P.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.smith.edu%2Fmsi%2Fpdf%2F762_Panthera_leo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1873" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, W.C. 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I. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n261/mode/2up">"<i>Panthera leo</i>"</a>. <i>The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma</i>. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. 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(1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up">"Lion"</a>. <i>Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola</i> [<i>Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2</i>]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08876-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08876-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pages=83-95&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08876-4&rft.aulast=Heptner&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rft.au=Sludskii%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov221992gept%23page%2F82%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1962" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, D. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Panthera+leo&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=832-834&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT37sFCl43E8C%26pg%3DPR832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAP-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CAP_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowellJackson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. 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Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0045-8"><bdi>978-2-8317-0045-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050529182212/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+lion%2C+Panthera+leo+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29%3B+Asiatic+lion%2C+Panthera+leo+persica+%28Meyer%2C+1826%29&rft.btitle=Wild+Cats%3A+Status+Survey+and+Conservation+Action+Plan&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=17-21%2C+37-41&rft.pub=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8&rft.aulast=Nowell&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarnivoractionplans1.free.fr%2Fwildcats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smuts_et_al.,_1982-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smuts_et_al.,_1982_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmuts,_G._L.1982" class="citation book cs1">Smuts, G. 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One is likely a female"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/160418-lions-mating-africa-animals-science">the original</a> on 28 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>436</b> (7053): 927–928. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.436..927P">2005Natur.436..927P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F436927a">10.1038/436927a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16107828">16107828</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3190757">3190757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Conservation+biology%3A+lion+attacks+on+humans+in+Tanzania&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=7053&rft.pages=927-928&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F436927a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3190757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16107828&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.436..927P&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Ikanda%2C+D.&rft.au=Kissui%2C+B.&rft.au=Kushnir%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fullmoon-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fullmoon_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackerSwanson,_A.Ikanda,_D.Kushnir,_H.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140494">"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a></i>. <b>6</b> (7): e22285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...622285P">2011PLoSO...622285P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022285">10.1371/journal.pone.0022285</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3140494">3140494</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21799812">21799812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=Fear+of+Darkness%2C+the+Full+Moon+and+the+Nocturnal+Ecology+of+African+Lions&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e22285&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140494%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21799812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022285&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...622285P&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Swanson%2C+A.&rft.au=Ikanda%2C+D.&rft.au=Kushnir%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3140494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrump2006" class="citation book cs1">Frump, R. R. (2006). <i>The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park</i>. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59228-892-2"><bdi>978-1-59228-892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man-Eaters+of+Eden%3A+Life+and+Death+in+Kruger+National+Park&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59228-892-2&rft.aulast=Frump&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symbolism-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Symbolism_250-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symbolism_250-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Symbolism_250-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerness2007" class="citation book cs1">Werness, Hope B. (2007). <i>The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art</i>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826419132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826419132"><bdi>978-0826419132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Continuum+Encyclopedia+of+Animal+Symbolism+in+World+Art&rft.pages=254-260&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0826419132&rft.aulast=Werness&rft.aufirst=Hope+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_251-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch_251-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2004" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, P. A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanmythology00lync_0/page/63">"Lion"</a>. <i>African Mythology A to Z</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4892-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-4892-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=African+Mythology+A+to+Z&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4892-2&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=P.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanmythology00lync_0%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogarth-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hogarth_255-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarthButler2004" class="citation book cs1">Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA3">"Animal Symbolism (Africa)"</a>. In Walter, M. N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shamanism00mari/page/3"><i>Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture</i></a>. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-645-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-645-3"><bdi>978-1-57607-645-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+Symbolism+%28Africa%29&rft.btitle=Shamanism%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-645-3&rft.aulast=Hogarth&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Butler%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8waCmzjiD4C%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 107–108, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassin1981" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Cassin" title="Elena Cassin">Cassin, Elena</a> (1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The King and the Lion]. <i>Revue de l'Histoire des Religions</i> (in French). <b>298</b> (198–4): 355–401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frhr.1981.4828">10.3406/rhr.1981.4828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+de+l%27Histoire+des+Religions&rft.atitle=Le+roi+et+le+lion&rft.volume=298&rft.issue=198%E2%80%934&rft.pages=355-401&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frhr.1981.4828&rft.aulast=Cassin&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabe2015" class="citation journal cs1">Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu". <i>Iraq</i>. <b>77</b>: 215–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Firq.2015.17">10.1017/irq.2015.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iraq&rft.atitle=The+symbolic+role+of+animals+in+Babylon%3A+a+contextual+approach+to+the+lion%2C+the+bull+and+the+mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u&rft.volume=77&rft.pages=215-224&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Firq.2015.17&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 109, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorowski,_O.2008" class="citation book cs1">Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.). <i>New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0687333653" title="Special:BookSources/978-0687333653"><bdi>978-0687333653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=New+Interpreter%27s+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=669-670&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0687333653&rft.au=Borowski%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangarajan,_M.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rangarajan, M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhith.10690">"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India"</a>. <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 109–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhith.10690">10.1111/hith.10690</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Animals+with+rich+histories%3A+the+case+of+the+lions+of+Gir+Forest%2C+Gujarat%2C+India&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=109-127&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhith.10690&rft.au=Rangarajan%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fhith.10690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 113, 119–122, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Jackson">Jackson</a>, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Baratay" class="citation book cs1">Baratay, E.; Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3"><i>Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-111-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-111-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-111-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505151453/https://books.google.com/books?id=V0JSVvpZvYYC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoo%3A+A+History+of+Zoological+Gardens+in+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-111-2&rft.aulast=Baratay&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Hardouin-Fugier%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0JSVvpZvYYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Blunt" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, W. (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_241893313"><i>The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century</i></a></span>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-89331-9"><bdi>978-0-241-89331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ark+in+the+Park%3A+The+Zoo+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-241-89331-9&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_241893313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Courcy" class="citation book cs1">de Courcy, C. (1995). <i>The Zoo Story</i>. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-023919-5"><bdi>978-0-14-023919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zoo+Story&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-14-023919-5&rft.aulast=de+Courcy&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jackson" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, D. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC"><i>Lion</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861896551" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861896551"><bdi>978-1861896551</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240305201628/https://books.google.com/books?id=65lK7UIVRfIC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1861896551&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D65lK7UIVRfIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Packer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Packer" title="Craig Packer">Packer, C.</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYOREAAAQBAJ&q=The+Lion:+Behavior,+Ecology,+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species"><i>The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691215297" title="Special:BookSources/9780691215297"><bdi>9780691215297</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828195723/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYOREAAAQBAJ&q=The+Lion:+Behavior,+Ecology,+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lion%3A+Behavior%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Conservation+of+an+Iconic+Species&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780691215297&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYOREAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLion%3A%2BBehavior%2C%2BEcology%2C%2Band%2BConservation%2Bof%2Ban%2BIconic%2BSpecies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schaller" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Schaller" title="George Schaller">Schaller, G. B.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1"><i>The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6"><bdi>978-0-226-73639-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505151524/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ann2dYn9iYC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serengeti+Lion%3A+A+Study+of+Predator%E2%80%93Prey+Relations&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73639-6&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ann2dYn9iYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Scott" class="citation book cs1">Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002). <i>Big Cat Diary: Lion</i>. New York: Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007146666" title="Special:BookSources/9780007146666"><bdi>9780007146666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Cat+Diary%3A+Lion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780007146666&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/lion" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/lion">lion</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera leo">Lion</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Lion" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Lion">Lion</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="commons:Panthera leo">Lion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUCN/SSC_Cat_Specialist_Group" class="citation web cs1">IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=108">"Lion <i>Panthera leo</i>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Panthera+leo&rft.au=IUCN%2FSSC+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lionconservationfund.org/">"Lion Conservation Fund"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lion+Conservation+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionconservationfund.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802223523/http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633">"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data"</a>. <i>The Portugal News</i>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/rare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data/32633">the original</a> on 2 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Portugal+News&rft.atitle=Rare+desert+lion+killed+in+Angola+after+supplying+unprecedented+data&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theportugalnews.com%2Fnews%2Frare-desert-lion-killed-in-angola-after-supplying-unprecedented-data%2F32633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Lion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Lion">"Lion" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carnivora" title="Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carnivora" title="Template talk:Carnivora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carnivora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Carnivora_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Feliformia_(&quot;cat-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("cat-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feliformia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feliformia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_palm_civet" title="African palm civet">African palm civet (<i>Nandinia binotata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Feloidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Feliformia" title="Feliformia">Feloidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prionodon_(Asiatic_linsangs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatic_linsang" title="Asiatic linsang">Prionodon</a></i> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Asiatic linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banded_linsang" title="Banded linsang">Banded linsang (<i>P. linsang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_linsang" title="Spotted linsang">Spotted linsang (<i>P. pardicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Felidae_(cats)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">Felidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(cats)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantherinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pantherinae" title="Pantherinae">Pantherinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neofelis" title="Neofelis">Neofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_clouded_leopard" title="Sunda clouded leopard">Sunda clouded leopard (<i>N. diardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">Clouded leopard (<i>N. nebulosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Panthera" title="Panthera">Panthera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard (<i>P. uncia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">Tiger (<i>P. tigris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguar (<i>P. onca</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lion (<i>P. leo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard (<i>P. pardus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Felinae" title="Felinae">Felinae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Bay cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pardofelis" title="Pardofelis">Pardofelis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_cat" title="Marbled cat">Marbled cat (<i>P. marmorata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Catopuma" title="Catopuma">Catopuma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_cat" title="Bay cat">Bay cat (<i>C. badia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_golden_cat" title="Asian golden cat">Asian golden cat (<i>C. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Caracal<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serval" title="Serval">Serval (<i>Leptailurus serval</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Caracal_(genus)" title="Caracal (genus)">Caracal</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_golden_cat" title="African golden cat">African golden cat (<i>C. aurata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracal" title="Caracal">Caracal (<i>C. caracal</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Leopardus" title="Leopardus">Leopardus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_cat" title="Pampas cat">Pampas cat (<i>L. colocola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_cat" title="Geoffroy's cat">Geoffroy's cat (<i>L. geoffroyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodkod" title="Kodkod">Kodkod (<i>L. guigna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopardus_guttulus" title="Leopardus guttulus">Southern tiger cat (<i>L. guttulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_mountain_cat" title="Andean mountain cat">Andean mountain cat (<i>L. jacobita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">Ocelot (<i>L. pardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncilla" title="Oncilla">Oncilla (<i>L. tigrinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margay" title="Margay">Margay (<i>L. wiedii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">Lynx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx (<i>L. lynx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_lynx" title="Iberian lynx">Iberian lynx (<i>L. pardinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat (<i>L. rufus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Puma<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Acinonyx" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Acinonyx" title="Acinonyx">Acinonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">Cheetah (<i>A. jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaguarundi" title="Jaguarundi">Jaguarundi (<i>Herpailurus yagouaroundi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Puma_(genus)" title="Puma (genus)">Puma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (<i>P. concolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;">Leopard cat<br />lineage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat (<i>Otocolobus manul</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Prionailurus" title="Prionailurus">Prionailurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_cat" title="Leopard cat">Leopard cat (<i>P. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_leopard_cat" title="Sunda leopard cat">Sunda leopard cat (<i>P. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_cat" title="Flat-headed cat">Flat-headed cat (<i>P. planiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_cat" title="Rusty-spotted cat">Rusty-spotted cat (<i>P. rubiginosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat (<i>P. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Felis" title="Felis">Felis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mountain_cat" title="Chinese mountain cat">Chinese mountain cat (<i>F. bieti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Domestic cat (<i>F. catus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_cat" title="Jungle cat">Jungle cat (<i>F. chaus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wildcat" title="African wildcat">African wildcat (<i>F. lybica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_cat" title="Sand cat">Sand cat (<i>F. margarita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_cat" title="Black-footed cat">Black-footed cat (<i>F. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat (<i>F. silvestris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Viverroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Viverroidea" title="Viverroidea">Viverroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Viverridae" title="Viverridae">Viverridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigalinae" title="Hemigalinae">Hemigalinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owston%27s_palm_civet" title="Owston's palm civet">Owston's palm civet (<i>Chrotogale owstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otter_civet" title="Otter civet">Otter civet (<i>Cynogale bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose%27s_palm_civet" title="Hose's palm civet">Hose's palm civet (<i>Diplogale hosei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_palm_civet" title="Banded palm civet">Banded palm civet (<i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurinae" title="Paradoxurinae">Paradoxurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binturong" title="Binturong">Binturong (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-toothed_palm_civet" title="Small-toothed palm civet">Small-toothed palm civet (<i>Arctogalidia trivirgata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_palm_civet" title="Sulawesi palm civet">Sulawesi palm civet (<i>Macrogalidia musschenbroekii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_palm_civet" title="Masked palm civet">Masked palm civet (<i>Paguma larvata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Paradoxurus" title="Paradoxurus">Paradoxurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_palm_civet" title="Brown palm civet">Brown palm civet (<i>P. jerdoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_palm_civet" title="Golden palm civet">Golden palm civet (<i>P. zeylonensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Viverrinae_sensu_lato" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><br /><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a> <br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Viverrinae" title="Viverrinae">Viverrinae</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu stricto</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_civet" title="Small Indian civet">Small Indian civet (<i>Viverricula indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">African civet (<i>Civettictis civetta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Viverra" title="Viverra">Viverra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_large-spotted_civet" title="Malabar large-spotted civet">Malabar large-spotted civet (<i>V. civettina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-spotted_civet" title="Large-spotted civet">Large-spotted civet (<i>V. megaspila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_civet" title="Malayan civet">Malayan civet (<i>V. tangalunga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Indian_civet" title="Large Indian civet">Large Indian civet (<i>V. zibetha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Genettinae" title="Genettinae">Genettinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Poiana_(genus)" title="Poiana (genus)">Poiana</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(African linsangs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_oyan" title="Central African oyan">Central African oyan (<i>P. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_oyan" title="West African oyan">West African oyan (<i>P. leightoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genetta</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(genets)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinian_genet" title="Abyssinian genet">Abyssinian genet (<i>G. abyssinica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_genet" title="Angolan genet">Angolan genet (<i>G. angolensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourlon%27s_genet" title="Bourlon's genet">Bourlon's genet (<i>G. bourloni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_servaline_genet" title="Crested servaline genet">Crested servaline genet (<i>G. cristata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_genet" title="Common genet">Common genet (<i>G. genetta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston%27s_genet" title="Johnston's genet">Johnston's genet (<i>G. johnstoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letaba_genet" title="Letaba genet">Letaba genet (<i>G. letabae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty-spotted_genet" title="Rusty-spotted genet">Rusty-spotted genet (<i>G. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardine_genet" title="Pardine genet">Pardine genet (<i>G. pardina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_genet" title="Aquatic genet">Aquatic genet (<i>G. piscivora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_genet" title="King genet">King genet (<i>G. poensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servaline_genet" title="Servaline genet">Servaline genet (<i>G. servalina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_genet" title="Hausa genet">Hausa genet (<i>G. thierryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_genet" title="Cape genet">Cape genet (<i>G. tigrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_genet" title="Giant forest genet">Giant forest genet (<i>G. victoriae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_small-spotted_genet" title="South African small-spotted genet">South African small-spotted genet (<i>G. felina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Herpestoidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herpestoidea" title="Herpestoidea">Herpestoidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hyaenidae(hyenas)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">Hyaenidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Proteles" title="Proteles">Proteles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aardwolf" title="Aardwolf">Aardwolf (<i>P. cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Hyaeninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyaeninae">Hyaeninae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bone-crushing hyenas)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">Striped hyena (<i>Hyaena hyaena</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_hyena" title="Brown hyena">Brown hyena (<i>Parahyaena brunnea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocuta" title="Crocuta">Crocuta</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyena" title="Spotted hyena">Spotted hyena (<i>C. crocuta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><i>sensu lato</i></span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eupleridae" title="Eupleridae">Eupleridae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(Malagasy<br />carnivorans)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Euplerinae" title="Euplerinae">Euplerinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(animal)" title="Fossa (animal)">Fossa (<i>Cryptoprocta ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_civet" title="Malagasy civet">Malagasy civet (<i>Fossa fossana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Eupleres" title="Eupleres">Eupleres</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_falanouc" title="Eastern falanouc">Eastern falanouc (<i>E. goudotii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_falanouc" title="Western falanouc">Western falanouc (<i>E. major</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.7em"><a href="/wiki/Galidiinae" title="Galidiinae">Galidiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_vontsira" title="Ring-tailed vontsira">Ring-tailed vontsira (<i>Galidia elegans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Galidictis" title="Galidictis">Galidictis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad-striped_Malagasy_mongoose" title="Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose">Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose (<i>G. fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandidier%27s_mongoose" title="Grandidier's mongoose">Grandidier's mongoose (<i>G. grandidieri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-striped_mongoose" title="Narrow-striped mongoose">Narrow-striped mongoose (<i>Mungotictis decemlineata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Salanoia" title="Salanoia">Salanoia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-tailed_mongoose" title="Brown-tailed mongoose">Brown-tailed mongoose (<i>S. concolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrell%27s_vontsira" title="Durrell's vontsira">Durrell's vontsira (<i>S. durrelli</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">Herpestidae</a> <span style="font-weight:normal"><br /><i>sensu stricto</i></span><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(mongooses)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Mungotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Suricata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Suricata" title="Suricata">Suricata</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat" title="Meerkat">Meerkat (<i>S. suricatta</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_mongoose" title="Liberian mongoose">Liberian mongoose (<i>Liberiictus kuhni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mungos" title="Mungos">Mungos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_mongoose" title="Gambian mongoose">Gambian mongoose (<i>M. gambianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_mongoose" title="Banded mongoose">Banded mongoose (<i>M. mungo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pousargues%27s_mongoose" title="Pousargues's mongoose">Pousargues's mongoose (<i>Dologale dybowskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Helogale" title="Helogale">Helogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_dwarf_mongoose" title="Ethiopian dwarf mongoose">Ethiopian dwarf mongoose (<i>H. hirtula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dwarf_mongoose" title="Common dwarf mongoose">Common dwarf mongoose (<i>H. parvula</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crossarchus" title="Crossarchus">Crossarchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_kusimanse" title="Alexander's kusimanse">Alexander's kusimanse (<i>C. alexandri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_kusimanse" title="Angolan kusimanse">Angolan kusimanse (<i>C. ansorgei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_kusimanse" title="Common kusimanse">Common kusimanse (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat-headed_kusimanse" title="Flat-headed kusimanse">Flat-headed kusimanse (<i>C. platycephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongoose#Taxonomy" title="Mongoose">Herpestinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_mongoose" title="Marsh mongoose">Marsh mongoose (<i>Atilax paludinosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_mongoose" title="Long-nosed mongoose">Long-nosed mongoose (<i>Xenogale naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Urva_(genus)" title="Urva (genus)">Urva</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">Small Indian mongoose (<i>U. auropunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_mongoose" title="Short-tailed mongoose">Short-tailed mongoose (<i>U. brachyura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose (<i>U. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_brown_mongoose" title="Indian brown mongoose">Indian brown mongoose (<i>U. fusca</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_mongoose" title="Javan mongoose">Javan mongoose (<i>U. javanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collared_mongoose" title="Collared mongoose">Collared mongoose (<i>U. semitorquata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruddy_mongoose" title="Ruddy mongoose">Ruddy mongoose (<i>U. smithii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_mongoose" title="Crab-eating mongoose">Crab-eating mongoose (<i>U. urva</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripe-necked_mongoose" title="Stripe-necked mongoose">Stripe-necked mongoose (<i>U. vitticolla</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mongoose" title="White-tailed mongoose">White-tailed mongoose (<i>Ichneumia albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_mongoose" title="Yellow mongoose">Yellow mongoose (<i>Cynictis penicillata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selous%27s_mongoose" title="Selous's mongoose">Selous's mongoose (<i>Paracynictis selousi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meller%27s_mongoose" title="Meller's mongoose">Meller's mongoose (<i>Rhynchogale melleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bdeogale" title="Bdeogale">Bdeogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushy-tailed_mongoose" title="Bushy-tailed mongoose">Bushy-tailed mongoose (<i>B. crassicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_mongoose" title="Jackson's mongoose">Jackson's mongoose (<i>B. jacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_mongoose" title="Black-footed mongoose">Black-footed mongoose (<i>B. nigripes</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Herpestes" title="Herpestes">Herpestes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_slender_mongoose" title="Angolan slender mongoose">Angolan slender mongoose (<i>H. flavescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mongoose" title="Egyptian mongoose">Egyptian mongoose (<i>H. ichneumon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_slender_mongoose" title="Somalian slender mongoose">Somalian slender mongoose (<i>H. ochracea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_gray_mongoose" title="Cape gray mongoose">Cape gray mongoose (<i>H. pulverulenta</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_slender_mongoose" title="Common slender mongoose">Common slender mongoose (<i>H. sanguinea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Caniformia_(&quot;dog-like&quot;_carnivorans)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caniformia" title="Caniformia">Caniformia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("dog-like" carnivorans)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Canidae_(dogs)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Canidae" title="Canidae">Canidae</a> <small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(dogs)</span></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Urocyon" title="Urocyon">Urocyon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox (<i>U. cinereoargenteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_fox" title="Island fox">Island fox (<i>U. littoralis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Vulpini" title="Vulpini">Vulpini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bat-eared_fox" title="Bat-eared fox">Bat-eared fox (<i>Otocyon megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nyctereutes" title="Nyctereutes">Nyctereutes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_raccoon_dog" title="Common raccoon dog">Common raccoon dog (<i>N. procyonoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raccoon_dog" title="Japanese raccoon dog">Japanese raccoon dog (<i>N. viverrinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em;line-height:1em"><i><a href="/wiki/Vulpes" title="Vulpes">Vulpes</a></i><br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fox" title="Bengal fox">Bengal fox (<i>V. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanford%27s_fox" title="Blanford's fox">Blanford's fox (<i>V. cana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_fox" title="Cape fox">Cape fox (<i>V. chama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsac_fox" title="Corsac fox">Corsac fox (<i>V. corsac</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_fox" title="Tibetan fox">Tibetan fox (<i>V. ferrilata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox (<i>V. lagopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox (<i>V. macrotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_fox" title="Pale fox">Pale fox (<i>V. pallida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCppell%27s_fox" title="Rüppell's fox">Rüppell's fox (<i>V. rueppelli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_fox" title="Swift fox">Swift fox (<i>V. velox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox (<i>V. vulpes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">Fennec fox (<i>V. zerda</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.63em;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canini_(tribe)" title="Canini (tribe)">Canini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(true dogs)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Cerdocyonina" title="Cerdocyonina">Cerdocyonina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(zorro)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maned_wolf" title="Maned wolf">Maned wolf (<i>Chrysocyon brachyurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Speothos" title="Speothos">Speothos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">Bush dog (<i>S. venaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-eared_dog" title="Short-eared dog">Short-eared dog (<i>Atelocynus microtis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_fox" title="Crab-eating fox">Crab-eating fox (<i>Cerdocyon thous</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/South_American_fox" title="South American fox">Lycalopex</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeo" title="Culpeo">Culpeo (<i>L. culpaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_fox" title="Darwin's fox">Darwin's fox (<i>L. fulvipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_gray_fox" title="South American gray fox">South American gray fox (<i>L. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_fox" title="Pampas fox">Pampas fox (<i>L. gymnocercus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechuran_fox" title="Sechuran fox">Sechuran fox (<i>L. sechurae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_fox" title="Hoary fox">Hoary fox (<i>L. vetulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Canina_(subtribe)" title="Canina (subtribe)">Canina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(wolf-like canids)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lupulella" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lupulella" title="Lupulella">Lupulella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Side-striped_jackal" title="Side-striped jackal">Side-striped jackal (<i>L. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-backed_jackal" title="Black-backed jackal">Black-backed jackal (<i>L. mesomelas</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dog (<i>Lycaon pictus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhole" title="Dhole">Dhole (<i>Cuon alpinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">Canis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">Golden jackal (<i>C. aureus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Domestic dog (<i>C. familiaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote (<i>C. latrans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_wolf" title="African wolf">African wolf (<i>C. lupaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf (<i>C. lupus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_wolf" title="Eastern wolf">Eastern wolf (<i>C. lycaon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_wolf" title="Red wolf">Red wolf (<i>C. rufus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wolf" title="Ethiopian wolf">Ethiopian wolf (<i>C. simensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Arctoidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">Ursidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969;font-weight:normal">(bears)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ailuropoda" title="Ailuropoda">Ailuropoda</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">Giant panda (<i>A. melanoleuca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tremarctos" title="Tremarctos">Tremarctos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectacled_bear" title="Spectacled bear">Spectacled bear (<i>T. ornatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.66em"><a href="/wiki/Ursinae" title="Ursinae">Ursinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sloth_bear" title="Sloth bear">Sloth bear (<i>Melursus ursinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_bear" title="Sun bear">Sun bear (<i>Helarctos malayanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ursus_(mammal)" title="Ursus (mammal)">Ursus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">American black bear (<i>U. americanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear (<i>U. thibetanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear (<i>U. arctos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear (<i>U. maritimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Arctoidea" title="Arctoidea">Mustelida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia</a> <small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pinnipedia_(seals)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">Pinnipedia <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(seals)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Odobenidae" title="Odobenidae">Odobenidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">Walrus (<i>Odobenus rosmarus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">Otariidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(eared seals:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Callorhinus" title="Callorhinus">Callorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_fur_seal" title="Northern fur seal">Northern fur seal (<i>C. ursinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otariinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Otariinae">Otariinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steller_sea_lion" title="Steller sea lion">Steller sea lion (<i>Eumetopias jubatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Zalophus" title="Zalophus">Zalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_sea_lion" title="California sea lion">California sea lion (<i>Z. californianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_sea_lion" title="Galápagos sea lion">Galápagos sea lion (<i>Z. wollebaeki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_sea_lion" title="South American sea lion">South American sea lion (<i>Otaria flavescens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neophoca" title="Neophoca">Neophoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sea_lion" title="Australian sea lion">Australian sea lion (<i>N. cinerea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sea_lion" title="New Zealand sea lion">New Zealand sea lion (<i>Phocarctos hookeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus" title="Arctocephalus">Arctocephalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_fur_seal" title="South American fur seal">South American fur seal (<i>A. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctocephalus_forsteri" title="Arctocephalus forsteri">Australasian fur seal (<i>A. forsteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_fur_seal" title="Galápagos fur seal">Galápagos fur seal (<i>A. galapagoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal (<i>A. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_fur_seal" title="Juan Fernández fur seal">Juan Fernández fur seal (<i>A. philippii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_fur_seal" title="Brown fur seal">Brown fur seal (<i>A. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_fur_seal" title="Guadalupe fur seal">Guadalupe fur seal (<i>A. townsendi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_fur_seal" title="Subantarctic fur seal">Subantarctic fur seal (<i>A. tropicalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Earless_seal" title="Earless seal">Phocidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(earless seals<br />or true seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Phocinae" title="Phocinae">Phocinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("northern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">Bearded seal (<i>Erignathus barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_seal" title="Hooded seal">Hooded seal (<i>Cystophora cristata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phocini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocini">Phocini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harp_seal" title="Harp seal">Harp seal (<i>Pagophilus groenlandicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_seal" title="Ribbon seal">Ribbon seal (<i>Histriophoca fasciata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_seal" title="Grey seal">Grey seal (<i>Halichoerus grypus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Phoca" title="Phoca">Phoca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_seal" title="Spotted seal">Spotted seal (<i>P. largha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor_seal" title="Harbor seal">Harbor seal (<i>P. vitulina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Pusa" title="Pusa">Pusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal (<i>P. caspica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">Ringed seal (<i>P. hispida</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_seal" title="Baikal seal">Baikal seal (<i>P. sibirica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1em;;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monachinae" title="Monachinae">Monachinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">("southern seals")</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monachini(monk_seals)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Monk_seal" title="Monk seal">Monachini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(monk seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_monk_seal" title="Mediterranean monk seal">Mediterranean monk seal (<i>Monachus monachus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Neomonachus" title="Neomonachus">Neomonachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_monk_seal" title="Hawaiian monk seal">Hawaiian monk seal (<i>N. schauinslandi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_seal" title="Elephant seal">Mirounga</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(elephant seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_elephant_seal" title="Northern elephant seal">Northern elephant seal (<i>M. angustirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">Southern elephant seal (<i>M. leonina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Lobodontini" title="Lobodontini">Lobodontini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Antarctic seals)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_seal" title="Leopard seal">Leopard seal (<i>Hydrurga leptonyx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_seal" title="Weddell seal">Weddell seal (<i>Leptonychotes weddellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crabeater_seal" title="Crabeater seal">Crabeater seal (<i>Lobodon carcinophagus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_seal" title="Ross seal">Ross seal (<i>Ommatophoca rossi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Musteloidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musteloidea" title="Musteloidea">Musteloidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ailuridae" title="Ailuridae">Ailuridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda (<i>Ailurus fulgens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mephitidae" title="Mephitidae">Mephitidae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunks</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog-nosed_skunk" title="Hog-nosed skunk">Conepatus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(hog-nosed skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molina%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Molina's hog-nosed skunk">Molina's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. chinga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk">Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. humboldtii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_hog-nosed_skunk" title="American hog-nosed skunk">American hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. leuconotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_hog-nosed_skunk" title="Striped hog-nosed skunk">Striped hog-nosed skunk (<i>C. semistriatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mephitis_(genus)" title="Mephitis (genus)">Mephitis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_skunk" title="Hooded skunk">Hooded skunk (<i>M. macroura</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_skunk" title="Striped skunk">Striped skunk (<i>M. mephitis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Stink_badger" title="Stink badger">Mydaus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(stink badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_stink_badger" title="Sunda stink badger">Sunda stink badger (<i>M. javanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_stink_badger" title="Palawan stink badger">Palawan stink badger (<i>M. marchei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_skunk" title="Spotted skunk">Spilogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(spotted skunks)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_spotted_skunk" title="Southern spotted skunk">Southern spotted skunk (<i>S. angustifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">Western spotted skunk (<i>S. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_spotted_skunk" title="Eastern spotted skunk">Eastern spotted skunk (<i>S. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_spotted_skunk" title="Pygmy spotted skunk">Pygmy spotted skunk (<i>S. pygmaea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Procyonidae" title="Procyonidae">Procyonidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinkajou" title="Kinkajou">Kinkajou (<i>Potos flavus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassariscus" title="Bassariscus">Bassariscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ringtail" title="Ringtail">Ringtail (<i>B. astutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacomistle" title="Cacomistle">Cacomistle (<i>B. sumichrasti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Procyon_(genus)" title="Procyon (genus)">Procyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(raccoons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_raccoon" title="Crab-eating raccoon">Crab-eating raccoon (<i>P. cancrivorus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon (<i>P. lotor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozumel_raccoon" title="Cozumel raccoon">Cozumel raccoon (<i>P. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bassaricyon" title="Bassaricyon">Bassaricyon</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(olingos)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_lowland_olingo" title="Eastern lowland olingo">Eastern lowland olingo (<i>B. alleni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_olingo" title="Northern olingo">Northern olingo (<i>B. gabbii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_olingo" title="Western lowland olingo">Western lowland olingo (<i>B. medius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olinguito" title="Olinguito">Olinguito (<i>B. neblina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">Nasuina</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(coatis)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasua" title="Nasua">Nasua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_American_coati" title="South American coati">South American coati (<i>N. nasua</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati (<i>N. narica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasuella" title="Nasuella">Nasuella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_meridensis" title="Nasuella meridensis">Eastern mountain coati (<i>N. meridensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasuella_olivacea" title="Nasuella olivacea">Western mountain coati (<i>N. olivacea</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mustelidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mustelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg)"><a href="/wiki/Mustelidae" title="Mustelidae">Mustelidae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_badger" title="American badger">American badger (<i>Taxidea taxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Mellivora" title="Mellivora">Mellivora</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">Honey badger (<i>M. capensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Melinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(Eurasian badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Hog_badger" title="Hog badger">Arctonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_hog_badger" title="Northern hog badger">Northern hog badger (<i>A. albogularis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_hog_badger" title="Greater hog badger">Greater hog badger (<i>A. collaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_hog_badger" title="Sumatran hog badger">Sumatran hog badger (<i>A. hoevenii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Meles_(genus)" title="Meles (genus)">Meles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_badger" title="Japanese badger">Japanese badger (<i>M. anakuma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_badger" title="Caucasian badger">Caucasian badger (<i>M. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_badger" title="Asian badger">Asian badger (<i>M. leucurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger (<i>M. meles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ferret-badger" title="Ferret-badger">Melogale</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(ferret-badgers)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_ferret-badger" title="Vietnam ferret-badger">Vietnam ferret-badger (<i>M. cucphuongensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_ferret_badger" title="Bornean ferret badger">Bornean ferret badger (<i>M. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ferret-badger" title="Chinese ferret-badger">Chinese ferret-badger (<i>M. moschata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_ferret-badger" title="Javan ferret-badger">Javan ferret-badger (<i>M. orientalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_ferret-badger" title="Burmese ferret-badger">Burmese ferret-badger (<i>M. personata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_ferret-badger" title="Formosan ferret-badger">Formosan ferret-badger (<i>M. subaurantiaca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Guloninae" title="Guloninae">Guloninae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayra" title="Tayra">Tayra (<i>Eira barbara</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Pekania" title="Pekania">Pekania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_(animal)" title="Fisher (animal)">Fisher (<i>P. pennanti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gulo" title="Gulo">Gulo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">Wolverine (<i>G. gulo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">Martes</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(martens)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_marten" title="American marten">American marten (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_marten" title="Pacific marten">Pacific marten (<i>M. caurina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-throated_marten" title="Yellow-throated marten">Yellow-throated marten (<i>M. flavigula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_marten" title="Beech marten">Beech marten (<i>M. foina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_marten" title="Nilgiri marten">Nilgiri marten (<i>M. gwatkinsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_pine_marten" title="European pine marten">European pine marten (<i>M. martes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_marten" title="Japanese marten">Japanese marten (<i>M. melampus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable" title="Sable">Sable (<i>M. zibellina</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Ictonychinae" title="Ictonychinae">Ictonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyncodontini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyncodontini (page does not exist)">Lyncodontini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_weasel" title="Patagonian weasel">Patagonian weasel (<i>Lyncodon patagonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Galictis" title="Galictis">Galictis</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(grisons)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_grison" title="Lesser grison">Lesser grison (<i>G. cuja</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_grison" title="Greater grison">Greater grison (<i>G. vittata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ictonychini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ictonychini (page does not exist)">Ictonychini</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(African polecats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vormela" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Vormela</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_polecat" title="Marbled polecat">Marbled polecat (<i>V. peregusna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_striped_weasel" title="African striped weasel">African striped weasel (<i>Poecilogale albinucha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ictonyx" title="Ictonyx">Ictonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_striped_polecat" title="Saharan striped polecat">Saharan striped polecat (<i>I. libycus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_polecat" title="Striped polecat">Striped polecat (<i>I. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Lutrinae</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(otters)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_otter" title="Giant otter">Giant otter (<i>Pteronura brasiliensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lontra" title="Lontra">Lontra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">North American river otter (<i>L. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_otter" title="Marine otter">Marine otter (<i>L. felina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotropical_otter" title="Neotropical otter">Neotropical otter (<i>L. longicaudis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_river_otter" title="Southern river otter">Southern river otter (<i>L. provocax</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enhydra" title="Enhydra">Enhydra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">Sea otter (<i>E. lutris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spotted-necked_otter" title="Spotted-necked otter">Spotted-necked otter (<i>Hydrictis maculicollis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutra" title="Lutra">Lutra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">Eurasian otter (<i>L. lutra</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-nosed_otter" title="Hairy-nosed otter">Hairy-nosed otter (<i>L. sumatrana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Lutrogale" title="Lutrogale">Lutrogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smooth-coated_otter" title="Smooth-coated otter">Smooth-coated otter (<i>L. perspicillata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Aonyx" title="Aonyx">Aonyx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_clawless_otter" title="African clawless otter">African clawless otter (<i>A. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_small-clawed_otter" title="Asian small-clawed otter">Asian small-clawed otter (<i>A. cinereus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_clawless_otter" title="Congo clawless otter">Congo clawless otter (<i>A. congicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mustelinae" title="Mustelinae">Mustelinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Neogale" title="Neogale">Neogale</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_weasel" title="Amazon weasel">Amazon weasel (<i>N. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_weasel" title="Colombian weasel">Colombian weasel (<i>N. felipei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">Long-tailed weasel (<i>N. frenata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_mink" title="American mink">American mink (<i>N. vison</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.0em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">Mustela</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(weasels)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustela_aistoodonnivalis" title="Mustela aistoodonnivalis">Sichuan weasel (<i>M. aistoodonnivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_weasel" title="Mountain weasel">Mountain weasel (<i>M. altaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">Stoat/Beringian ermine (<i>M. erminea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_polecat" title="Steppe polecat">Steppe polecat (<i>M. eversmannii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret (<i>M. furo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_ermine" title="Haida ermine">Haida ermine (<i>M. haidarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_weasel" title="Japanese weasel">Japanese weasel (<i>M. itatsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-bellied_weasel" title="Yellow-bellied weasel">Yellow-bellied weasel (<i>M. kathiah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European mink (<i>M. lutreola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mountain_weasel" title="Indonesian mountain weasel">Indonesian mountain weasel (<i>M. lutreolina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-footed_ferret" title="Black-footed ferret">Black-footed ferret (<i>M. nigripes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">Least weasel (<i>M. nivalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_weasel" title="Malayan weasel">Malayan weasel (<i>M. nudipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_polecat" title="European polecat">European polecat (<i>M. putorius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ermine" title="American ermine">American ermine (<i>M. richardsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_weasel" title="Siberian weasel">Siberian weasel (<i>M. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-striped_weasel" title="Back-striped weasel">Back-striped weasel (<i>M. strigidorsa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Panthera leo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q140">Q140</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Panthera leo">Panthera leo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Panthera_leo/">Panthera_leo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2004">2004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4CGXP">4CGXP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">CMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cms.int/en/species/panthera-leo">panthera-leo</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328672">328672</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PNTHLE">PNTHLE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/17292">17292</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5219404">5219404</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/41964">41964</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10196306">10196306</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/70719">70719</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183803">183803</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/15951">15951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006020">1006020</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14000228">14000228</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9689">9689</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79432/">79432</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=563151">563151</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=46521">46521</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=49734">49734</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Species+</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/6353">6353</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/123566">123566</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12799">12799</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Felis leo</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15294488" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15294488">Q15294488</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Felis_leo" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Felis leo">Felis leo</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4443790">4443790</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7630906">7630906</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4">DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140572-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077276">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932251d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932251d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00616831">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lvi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122474&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lev"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph436691&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Leones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530613">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531516005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10665610">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cat03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/19px-Cat03.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/29px-Cat03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Cat03.jpg/38px-Cat03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cats" title="Portal:Cats">Cats</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/21px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/42px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/21px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/32px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/42px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&oldid=1259790302">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion&oldid=1259790302</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:IUCN_Red_List_vulnerable_species" title="Category:IUCN Red List vulnerable species">IUCN Red List vulnerable species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lions" title="Category:Lions">Lions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apex_predators" title="Category:Apex predators">Apex predators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Big_cats" title="Category:Big cats">Big cats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Pliocene_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Pliocene first appearances">Extant Pliocene first appearances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Felids_of_Africa" title="Category:Felids of Africa">Felids of Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_described_in_1758" title="Category:Mammals described in 1758">Mammals described in 1758</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Sub-Saharan_Africa" 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